10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒    Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐    Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission file number 1-11848

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Missouri	43-1627032
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

16600 Swingley Ridge Road, Chesterfield, Missouri                 63017

    (Address of principal executive offices)                     (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (636) 736-7000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01	RGA	New York Stock Exchange
5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2056	RZB	New York Stock Exchange
7.125% Fixed Rate Reset Subordinated Debentures due 2052	RZC	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes x  No ☐ 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐  No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes x  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x       Accelerated filer ☐        Non-accelerated filer  ☐        Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of

the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.

7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company.  Yes ☐  No x

The aggregate market value of the stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of the common stock on June 30, 2022, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange was approximately $7.9 billion.

As of January 31, 2023, 66,860,481 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be held on May 24, 2023, to be filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the year ended December 31, 2022.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item		Page
PART I
1	Business	4
1A	Risk Factors	22
1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	35
2	Properties	35
3	Legal Proceedings	35
4	Mine Safety Disclosures	35
PART II
5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholders Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	36
6	Reserved	37
7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	38
7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	85
8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	86
9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	159
9A	Controls and Procedures	159
9B	Other Information	161
PART III
10	Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance	161
11	Executive Compensation	163
12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	163
13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	164
14	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	164
PART IV
15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	165
16	Form 10-K Summary	165
Glossary of Selected Terms		173

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Item 1.         BUSINESS

A. Overview

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. The consolidated financial statements herein include the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of RGA and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, and is referred to as the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company is a leading global provider of traditional life and health reinsurance and financial solutions with operations in the U.S., Latin America, Canada, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australia. Reinsurance is an arrangement under which an insurance company, the “reinsurer,” agrees to indemnify another insurance company, the “ceding company,” for all or a portion of the insurance and/or investment risks underwritten by the ceding company. Reinsurance is designed to:

i.reduce the net amount at risk on individual risks, thereby enabling the ceding company to increase the volume of business it can underwrite, as well as increase the maximum risk it can underwrite on a single risk;

ii.enhance the ceding company’s financial strength and surplus position;

iii.stabilize operating results by leveling fluctuations in the ceding company’s loss experience; and

iv.assist the ceding company in meeting applicable regulatory requirements.

The Company has the following geographic-based and business-based operational segments:

•U.S. and Latin America;

•Canada;

•Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”);

•Asia Pacific; and

•Corporate and Other.

Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. The Company’s segments primarily write traditional reinsurance and financial solutions business that is wholly or partially retained in one or more of RGA’s reinsurance subsidiaries. See “Segments” for more information concerning the Company’s operating segments.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on RGA’s Business

The COVID-19 global pandemic and the response thereto continued to result in increases in mortality, morbidity and other insurance risks during 2022, and is expected to have a negative impact on the Company’s mortality business. The global financial markets have stabilized since the beginning of the pandemic; however, they continue to be in a state of uncertainty due to COVID-19, an increase in inflation, higher interest rates and ongoing supply chain issues. The extent to which the Company’s future results continue to be affected by COVID-19 will largely depend on, among other factors, country-specific circumstances, measures by public and private institutions, the impact of new variants of the virus, and vaccination levels globally. Given these many variables, the Company cannot reliably predict the future impact of the pandemic on its business, results of operations and financial condition. For a further discussion of the risks, uncertainties and actions taken in response to COVID-19, refer to Item 1A "Risk Factors" and Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Traditional Reinsurance

Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, long-term care and critical illness reinsurance, as further described below:

•Life reinsurance primarily refers to reinsurance of individual or group-issued term, whole life, universal life, and joint and last survivor insurance policies.

•Health and disability reinsurance primarily refers to reinsurance of individual or group health policies.

•Long-term care reinsurance provides benefits in the event a person is no longer able to perform some specified activities of daily living.

•Critical illness reinsurance provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness.

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Traditional reinsurance is written on a facultative or automatic treaty basis. Facultative reinsurance is individually underwritten by the reinsurer for each policy to be reinsured, with the pricing and other terms established based upon rates negotiated in advance. Facultative reinsurance is normally purchased by ceding companies for medically impaired lives, unusual risks, or liabilities in excess of the binding limits specified in their automatic reinsurance treaties.

An automatic reinsurance treaty provides that the ceding company will cede risks to a reinsurer on specified blocks of policies where the underlying policies meet the ceding company’s underwriting criteria. In contrast to facultative reinsurance, the reinsurer does not approve each individual policy being reinsured. Automatic reinsurance treaties generally provide that the reinsurer will be liable for a portion of the risk associated with the specified policies written by the ceding company. Automatic reinsurance treaties specify the ceding company’s binding limit, which is the maximum amount of risk on a given life that can be ceded automatically to the reinsurer and that the reinsurer must accept. The binding limit may be stated either as a multiple of the ceding company’s retention or as a stated dollar amount.

Facultative and automatic reinsurance may be written as yearly renewable term, coinsurance, modified coinsurance or coinsurance with funds withheld, as further described below:

•Yearly renewable term treaty – The reinsurer assumes primarily the mortality or morbidity risk.

•Coinsurance arrangement – Depending upon the terms of the contract, the reinsurer may share in the risk of loss due to mortality or morbidity, lapses, and the investment risk, if any, inherent in the underlying policy.

•Modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld agreements – Differ from coinsurance arrangements in that the assets supporting the reserves are retained by the ceding company.

Generally, the amount of life and health reinsurance ceded is stated on an excess or a quota share basis. Reinsurance on an excess basis covers amounts in excess of an agreed-upon retention limit. Retention limits vary by ceding company and also may vary by the age or underwriting classification of the insured, the product, and other factors. Under quota share reinsurance, the ceding company states its retention in terms of a fixed percentage of the risk with the remainder to be ceded to one or more reinsurers up to the maximum binding limit.

Many reinsurance agreements include recapture rights that permit the ceding company to reassume all or a portion of the risk formerly ceded to the reinsurer after an agreed-upon period of time or in some cases due to deterioration in the financial condition or ratings of the reinsurer. Recapture of business previously ceded does not affect premiums ceded prior to the recapture of such business, but would reduce premiums in subsequent periods. The potential adverse effects of recapture rights are mitigated by the following factors: (i) recapture rights vary by treaty and the risk of recapture is a factor that is considered when pricing a reinsurance agreement; (ii) ceding companies generally may exercise their recapture rights only to the extent they have increased their retention limits for the reinsured policies; (iii) ceding companies generally must recapture all of the policies eligible for recapture under the agreement in a particular year if any are recaptured, which prevents a ceding company from recapturing only the most profitable policies; and (iv) the ceding company is sometimes required to pay a fee to the reinsurer upon recapture. In addition, when a ceding company recaptures reinsured policies, the reinsurer releases the reserves it maintained to support the recaptured portion of the policies.

Financial Solutions

Financial solutions include asset-intensive reinsurance, longevity reinsurance, stable value products and capital solutions.

Asset-Intensive Reinsurance

    Asset-intensive reinsurance refers to transactions with a significant investment component, which qualify as reinsurance under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Asset-intensive reinsurance allows the Company’s clients to manage their investment risk and available capital to pursue new growth opportunities.

An ongoing partnership with clients is important with asset-intensive reinsurance because of the active management involved in this type of reinsurance. This active management includes investment decisions, investment and claims management, and the determination of non-guaranteed elements. Some examples of asset-intensive reinsurance are fixed deferred annuities, indexed annuities, unit-linked variable annuities, universal life, corporate-owned life insurance and bank-owned life insurance, unit-linked variable life, immediate/payout annuities, whole life, disabled life reserves, and extended term insurance.

Longevity Reinsurance

    RGA’s longevity reinsurance products are reinsurance contracts from which the Company earns premium for assuming the longevity risk of pension plans and other annuity products that have been insured by third parties. In many countries, companies are increasingly interested in reducing their exposure to longevity risk related to employee retirement benefits and individual annuities. This concern comes from both the absolute size of the risk and also through the volatility that

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changes in life expectancy can have on their reported earnings. In addition, insurance companies that offer lifetime annuities are seeking ways to manage their current exposure, while also recognizing the potential to take on more risk from employers and individuals.

The Company has entered into reinsurance transactions on existing longevity business for clients in the U.S., Europe and Canada. These have been arrangements with traditional insurance companies, as well as customized arrangements for banks dealing with pension schemes. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered the U.S. pension risk transfer market, and has begun working with partners to provide pension plan sponsors solutions that will enable them to diversify and protect the benefits provided to the annuitants.

Stable Value Products

The Company provides guaranteed investment contracts to retirement plans that include investment-only, stable value wrap products. The assets are owned by the trustees of such plans, who invest the assets under the terms of investment guidelines to which the Company agrees. The contracts contain a guarantee of a minimum rate of return on participant balances supported by the underlying assets, and a guarantee of liquidity to meet certain participant-initiated plan cash flow requirements.

Capital Solutions

Capital solutions includes financial reinsurance and fee-based transactions which assist ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position. While low risk, these transactions do meet the risk transfer guidelines under National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) reporting rules, providing protection against significantly adverse changes in the business. Financial reinsurance and fee-based transactions do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP due to the remote-risk nature of the transactions and are reported in accordance with deposit accounting guidelines or other applicable accounting guidelines.

B. Corporate Structure

As a holding company, RGA is separate and distinct from its subsidiaries and has no significant business operations of its own. Therefore, it relies on capital raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments and dividends from its insurance companies and other subsidiaries as the principal source of cash flow to meet its obligations, pay dividends and repurchase common stock. Information regarding the cash flow and liquidity needs of RGA may be found in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Regulation

The following table provides the jurisdiction of the regulatory authority for RGA’s primary operating and captive subsidiaries:

Subsidiary	Regulatory Authority Jurisdiction
RGA Reinsurance Company (“RGA Reinsurance”)	Missouri
Parkway Reinsurance Company (“Parkway Re”)	Missouri
Rockwood Reinsurance Company (“Rockwood Re”)	Missouri
Castlewood Reinsurance Company (“Castlewood Re”)	Missouri
Chesterfield Reinsurance Company (“Chesterfield Re”)	Missouri
RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company (“RGA Life and Annuity”)	Missouri
RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada (“RGA Canada”)	Canada
RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd. (“RGA Barbados”)	Barbados
RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (“RGA Americas”)	Bermuda
Manor Reinsurance, Ltd. (“Manor Re”)	Barbados
RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“RGA Atlantic”)	Barbados
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (“RGA Worldwide”)	Barbados
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (“RGA Global”)	Bermuda
RGA Reinsurance Company of Australia Limited (“RGA Australia”)	Australia
RGA International Reinsurance Company dac (“RGA International”)	Ireland
RGA Reinsurance Company of South Africa, Limited (“RGA South Africa”)	South Africa
Aurora National Life Assurance Company (“Aurora National”)	California
Omnilife Insurance Company, Limited	United Kingdom
Hodge Life Assurance Company Limited	United Kingdom

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are subject to regulations in the other jurisdictions in which they are licensed or authorized to do business. Insurance laws and regulations, among other things, establish minimum capital requirements and

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limit the amount of dividends, distributions, and intercompany payments that affiliates can make without regulatory approval. Additionally, insurance laws and regulations impose restrictions on the amounts and types of investments that insurance companies may hold. New capital standards (discussed below) are being developed and are likely to be applied to one or more of the Company’s subsidiaries to either require more capital and/or limit the extent to which some forms of existing capital may be counted in an evaluation of financial strength by its regulators.

U.S. Regulation

Insurance Regulation

The insurance laws and regulations, as well as the level of supervisory authority that may be exercised by the various state insurance departments, vary by jurisdiction. These laws and regulations generally:

•Grant broad powers to supervisory agencies or regulators to examine and supervise insurance companies and insurance holding companies with respect to every significant aspect of the conduct of the insurance business. This includes the power to pre-approve the execution or modification of contractual arrangements.

•Require insurance companies to meet certain solvency standards and asset tests, to maintain minimum standards of financial strength and to file certain reports with regulatory authorities (including information concerning their capital structure, ownership and financial condition).

•Subject insurers to potential assessments for amounts paid by guarantee funds.

RGA Reinsurance, Chesterfield Re and RGA Life and Annuity are subject to the state of Missouri’s adoption of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) Model Audit Rule, which requires an insurer to have an annual audit by an independent certified public accountant, provide an annual management report of internal control over financial reporting, file the resulting reports with the Director of Insurance and maintain an audit committee under certain conditions. Aurora National is subject to similar regulation by the State of California.

The Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Acts in the U.S. permit the Missouri regulator to request and consider similar information in its regulation of the solvency of and capital standards for RGA Reinsurance, Chesterfield Re and RGA Life and Annuity. In addition, the California regulator is permitted to request and consider in its regulation of the solvency of and capital standards for Aurora National, information about the operations of other subsidiaries of RGA and the extent to which contagion risk posed by those operations may also exist.

In addition, RGA is subject to a supervisory college, conducted by its group supervisor the Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance (“MDCI”). The supervisory college is comprised of insurance regulators of the major jurisdictions in which RGA has established insurance branches and subsidiaries. Since the inception of the supervisory college in October 2012, the MDCI has conducted regular in-person supervisory college meetings in addition to numerous regulator-only conference calls. These meetings generate requests for information from RGA’s regulators as they monitor RGA’s solvency, governance and overall management. While the supervisory college has the ability to impose limitations on the activities of the insurance subsidiaries of RGA, particularly since RGA has been designated by its group supervisor as an Internationally Active Insurance Group (“IAIG”), no such limitations have been imposed to date. The existence of the supervisory college generally helps regulators understand RGA’s business to a greater degree and encourages a more global view by RGA of its own regulation.

RGA’s reinsurance subsidiaries are required to file statutory financial statements in each jurisdiction in which they are licensed and may be subject to onsite, periodic examinations by the insurance regulators of the jurisdictions in which each is licensed, authorized, or accredited. To date, none of the regulators’ reports related to the Company’s periodic examinations have contained material adverse findings.

Although some of the rates and policy terms of U.S. direct insurance agreements are regulated by state insurance departments, the rates, policy terms, and conditions of reinsurance agreements generally are not subject to regulation by any regulatory authority, which is also true outside of the U.S. In the U.S., however, the NAIC Model Law on Credit for Reinsurance, which has been adopted in most states, including Missouri, imposes certain requirements for an insurer to take reserve credit for risk ceded to a reinsurer. Generally, the reinsurer is required to be licensed, accredited or certified in the insurer’s state of domicile or the reinsurer must be domiciled in a jurisdiction that is found by the U.S. regulators to observe the standards established in the U.S. – E.U. Covered Agreement. Otherwise, the reinsurer must post security for reserves transferred to the reinsurer in the form of letters of credit or assets placed in trust. The option for a U.S. domiciled insurer to obtain credit for the reserves it cedes to a reinsurer domiciled in a jurisdiction that observes the standards established in the U.S. – E.U. Covered Agreement is termed ceding reinsurance to a “reciprocal reinsurer.” Insurers ceding business to reciprocal reinsurers are permitted to take reserve credit without the reinsurer having to establish security. The NAIC Life and Health Reinsurance Agreements Model Regulation, which has been adopted in most states, including Missouri, imposes additional requirements for insurers to claim reserve credit for reinsurance ceded (excluding yearly renewable term reinsurance and non-

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proportional reinsurance). These requirements include bona fide risk transfer, an insolvency clause, written agreements, and filing of reinsurance agreements involving in force business, among other things. Outside of the U.S., rules for reinsurance and requirements for minimum risk transfer are less specific and are less likely to be published as rules, but nevertheless standards can be imposed to varying extents.

U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX), implemented beginning in 2002 for various types of life insurance business, significantly increased the level of reserves that U.S. life insurance and life reinsurance companies must maintain on their statutory financial statements for various types of life insurance business, primarily certain level premium term life products. The reserve levels required under Regulation XXX are normally in excess of reserves required under GAAP. In situations where primary insurers have reinsured business to reinsurers that are unlicensed and unaccredited in the U.S., the reinsurer must provide collateral equal to its reinsurance reserves in order for the ceding company to receive statutory financial statement credit. Reinsurers have historically utilized letters of credit for the benefit of the ceding company, or have placed assets in trust for the benefit of the ceding company, or have used other structures as the primary forms of collateral. An exception to this requirement is expected to exist for reinsurance ceded to reciprocal reinsurers.

    RGA Reinsurance is the primary subsidiary of the Company subject to Regulation XXX. In order to manage the effect of Regulation XXX on its statutory financial statements, RGA Reinsurance has retroceded a majority of Regulation XXX reserves to unaffiliated and affiliated unlicensed reinsurers and special purpose reinsurers, or captives. RGA Reinsurance’s statutory capital may be significantly reduced if the unaffiliated or affiliated reinsurer is unable to provide the required collateral to support RGA Reinsurance’s statutory reserve credits and RGA Reinsurance cannot find an alternative source for the collateral. The NAIC has requirements for life insurers using special purpose reinsurers. Current standards addressing the use of captive reinsurers allow captives organized prior to 2016 to continue in accordance with their currently approved plans. State insurance regulators that regulate domestic insurance companies have placed additional restrictions on the use of newly established captive reinsurers, which may increase costs and add complexity. While RGA Reinsurance’s reserve financing arrangements using special purpose reinsurers or “captive reinsurers” are permitted, the rules place limitations on RGA Reinsurance’s ability to utilize captive reinsurers to finance reserve growth related to future business. As a result, RGA Reinsurance may need to alter the type and volume of business it reinsures, increase prices on those products, raise additional capital to support higher regulatory reserves or implement higher cost strategies, primarily involving the use of a certified reinsurer as discussed below.

Based on the growth of the Company’s business and the pattern of reserve levels under Regulation XXX associated with term life business and other statutory reserve requirements, the amount of ceded reserve credits is expected to grow, albeit, with the implementation of principles-based reserves in the U.S., reserve growth is proceeding at slower rates than in the immediate past. This growth will require the Company to retrocede business to affiliated or unaffiliated parties, to obtain additional letters of credit, put additional assets in trust, or utilize other funding mechanisms to support reserve credits. If the Company is unable to support the reserve credits, the regulatory capital levels of several of its subsidiaries may be significantly reduced, while the regulatory capital requirements for these subsidiaries would not change. The reduction in regulatory capital could affect the Company’s ability to write new business and retain existing business.

Affiliated captives are commonly used in the insurance industry to help manage statutory reserve and collateral requirements and are often domiciled in the same state as the insurance company that sponsors the captive. The NAIC has analyzed the insurance industry’s use of affiliated captive reinsurers to satisfy certain reserve requirements and has adopted measures to promote uniformity in both the approval and supervision of such reinsurers. Current standards addressing the use of captive reinsurers allow captives organized prior to 2016 to continue in accordance with their currently approved plans. Standards imposed upon the use of captive insurers for transactions after 2015 increase costs and add complexity to the use of captive insurers. As a result, the Company may need to alter the type and volume of business it reinsures, increase prices on those products, raise additional capital to support higher regulatory reserves or implement higher cost strategies.

In the U.S., a certified reinsurer designation provides an alternative way to manage regulatory reserves and collateral requirements. In 2014, RGA Americas was designated as a certified reinsurer by the MDCI. This designation allows the Company to retrocede business to RGA Americas in lieu of using captives for collateral requirements. Beginning in 2017, the NAIC approved principles-based reserving for U.S. insurers; however, implementation required approval by the states. To achieve this, the NAIC amended the standard valuation law to adopt life principles-based reserving (PBR) that was effective January 1, 2017, allowing a three-year adoption period. The Company adopted PBR in 2020, and PBR reserves are determined based on the terms of the reinsurance agreement which may differ from those of the direct policies.

Reinsurers may place assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements for certain treaties. In addition, the Company holds securities in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under certain third-party reinsurance treaties. Under certain conditions in some treaties, the Company may be obligated to move reinsurance from one subsidiary of RGA to another subsidiary, post additional collateral for the ceding insurer or allow the ceding insurer to cancel the reinsurance. These conditions include change in control, level of capital or ratings of the subsidiary, insolvency, nonperformance under a treaty, or loss of the

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subsidiary’s reinsurance license. If the Company is ever required to perform under these obligations, the risk to the consolidated company under the reinsurance treaties would not change; however, additional capital may be required due to the change in jurisdiction of the subsidiary reinsuring the business and may create a strain on liquidity, possibly causing a reduction in dividend payments or hampering the Company’s ability to write new business or retain existing business. In the event that a treaty is terminated, the future profits related to the terminated treaty may be lost.

RGA Reinsurance, Chesterfield Re, Parkway Re, Rockwood Re, Castlewood Re and RGA Life and Annuity prepare statutory financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the State of Missouri. Aurora National prepares its statutory financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the State of California. Each of these states require domestic insurance companies to prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures manual subject to any deviations permitted by each state’s insurance commissioner. The Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries are subject to the regulations and reporting requirements of their respective countries of domicile.

Capital Requirements

Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) guidelines promulgated by the NAIC are applicable to RGA Reinsurance, RGA Life and Annuity, Aurora National, and Chesterfield Re, and identify minimum capital requirements based upon business levels and asset mix. These subsidiaries maintain capital levels in excess of the amounts required by the applicable guidelines. Parkway Re, Rockwood Re and Castlewood Re’s capital requirements are determined solely by their licensing orders issued by the MDCI, and are not subject to the RBC guidelines. As to RGA Reinsurance, RGA Life and Annuity, Aurora National and Chesterfield Re, a decline in the RBC of one or more of the Company’s U.S. insurers can cause the appearance of less capitalization in its U.S. insurers, individually, or when considered as a group.

While the NAIC is still developing its group capital calculation and has not yet articulated the ways in which it intends U.S. states to use the calculation, the calculation is expected to be used to assess the adequacy of capital within an insurance group domiciled in the U.S., particularly for groups such as RGA that are designated an IAIG by the group supervisor. The Company cannot currently predict the effect that any proposed or future group capital standard will have on its financial condition or operations or the financial condition or operations of its subsidiaries.

Regulations in international jurisdictions also require certain minimum capital levels, and subject the companies operating in such jurisdictions, to oversight by the applicable regulatory bodies. RGA’s subsidiaries meet the minimum capital requirements in their respective jurisdictions. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors continues work on its insurance capital standard. While the insurance capital standard is a model for capital standards and not a standard that must be followed on its own in any jurisdiction, it is likely to influence capital requirements for insurers around the world and may lead to a need for additional capital in one or more of RGA’s subsidiaries. The Company cannot predict the effect that any proposed or future legislation or rulemaking in the countries in which it operates may have on the financial condition or operations of the Company or its subsidiaries.

Insurance Holding Company Regulations

RGA Reinsurance, Chesterfield Re and RGA Life and Annuity are subject to regulation under the insurance and insurance holding company statutes of Missouri. Aurora National is subject to regulation under the insurance and insurance holding company statutes of California. These insurance holding company laws and regulations generally require insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries of insurance holding companies to register and file with the home state regulator certain reports describing, among other information, capital structure, ownership, financial condition, certain intercompany transactions, and general business operations. The insurance holding company statutes and regulations also require prior approval of, or in certain circumstances, prior notice to the home state regulator of, certain material intercompany transfers of assets, as well as certain transactions between insurance companies, their parent companies and affiliates.

    Under current Missouri and California insurance laws and regulations, no person may acquire any voting security or security convertible into a voting security of an insurance holding company, such as RGA, if as a result of the acquisition such person would “control” the insurance holding company. “Control” is presumed to exist under Missouri and California law if a person directly or indirectly owns or controls 10% or more of the voting securities of another person. Changes in control of an insurer are not permitted under the laws of these states unless: (i) certain filings are made with the home state regulator, (ii) certain requirements are met, including a public hearing, and (iii) approval or exemption is granted by the home state regulator. Additionally, revisions to the insurance holding company regulations of Missouri and California require increased disclosure to regulators of matters within the RGA group of companies.

Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions

Current Missouri law, applicable to RGA Life and Annuity and its subsidiaries, RGA Reinsurance and Chesterfield Re, permits the payment of dividends or distributions by each company that together with dividends or distributions paid during the preceding twelve months by that company do not exceed the greater of (i) 10% of the insurer’s statutory capital and surplus

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as of the preceding December 31, or (ii) the insurer’s statutory net gain from operations for the preceding calendar year. Any proposed dividend in excess of this amount is considered an “extraordinary dividend” and may not be paid until it has been approved, or a 30-day waiting period has passed during which it has not been disapproved, by the Director of the MDCI. Additionally, dividends may be paid only to the extent the insurer has unassigned surplus (as opposed to contributed surplus). The regulatory limitations and other restrictions described herein could limit the Company’s financial flexibility in the future should it choose to or need to use subsidiary dividends as a funding source for its obligations. See Note 11 – “Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s dividend restrictions.

The California Insurance Holding Company Act defines an extraordinary dividend consistent with the definition found in the Missouri Insurance Holding Company Act and imposes an identical restriction upon the ability of Aurora National to pay dividends to RGA Reinsurance. In contrast to both the Missouri and the California Insurance Holding Company Acts, the NAIC Model Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act defines an extraordinary dividend as a dividend or distribution that together with dividends or distributions paid during the preceding twelve months exceeds the lesser of (i) 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the preceding December 31, or (ii) statutory net gain from operations for the preceding calendar year. The Company is unable to predict whether, when, or if, Missouri will enact a new regulation for extraordinary dividends.

Missouri insurance laws and regulations also require that the statutory surplus of Chesterfield Re, RGA Life and Annuity and RGA Reinsurance following any dividend or distribution be reasonable in relation to their outstanding liabilities and adequate to meet their financial needs. The Director of the MDCI may call for a rescission of the payment of a dividend or distribution by these entities that would cause their statutory surplus to be inadequate under the standards of the Missouri insurance regulations. California insurance laws and regulations impose the same restrictions on Aurora National as to the dividends or distributions that are made.

Dividend payments from non-U.S. operations are subject to similar restrictions established by local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit the dividend payments to the parent to a portion of the prior year’s statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of the Company’s non-U.S. operations may also limit or prohibit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of the non-U.S. operating subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries that are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to the first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividends paid to RGA.

Default or Liquidation

In the event that RGA defaults on any of its debt or other obligations, or becomes the subject of bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization proceedings, the creditors and stockholders of RGA will have no right to proceed against the assets of any of the subsidiaries of RGA. If any of RGA’s reinsurance subsidiaries were to be liquidated or dissolved, the liquidation or dissolution would be conducted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the appropriate governing body in the state or country of the subsidiary’s domicile. The creditors of any such company would be entitled to payment in full from such assets before RGA, as a direct or indirect stockholder, would be entitled to receive any distributions or other payments from the remaining assets of the liquidated or dissolved subsidiary.

Federal Regulation

Since the 2010 enactment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the U.S. federal government has paid greater attention to the manner in which insurance and reinsurance is regulated, particularly when U.S. insurers and reinsurers are doing business outside of the U.S. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Insurance Office within the U.S. Treasury Department has negotiated a “covered agreement” with the European Union, as well as a similar “covered agreement” with the United Kingdom (“UK”) (together, the “Covered Agreements”). The Covered Agreements, while promoting the recognition of U.S. state insurance regulators as group supervisors of U.S.-based global reinsurers such as RGA, also provides for an elimination of the collateral that has to be posted by reinsurers based in the European Union, and by NAIC’s anticipated extension of the rules, to those reinsurers based in additional jurisdictions that seek evaluation by the NAIC for treatment comparable to that given to members of the European Union under the U.S. – E.U. Covered Agreement. A similar covered agreement is in place between the U.S. and the UK providing comparable results to both countries. The extension of the Covered Agreement treatment to additional jurisdictions will provide for the elimination of the collateral that reinsurers domiciled in those jurisdictions must currently post in favor of U.S. ceding insurers. The Covered Agreements, coupled with new state credit for reinsurance laws, has the potential to lower the cost at which RGA Reinsurance’s competitors are able to provide reinsurance to U.S. insurers. Additionally, under the Dodd-Frank Act, one or more of RGA’s client ceding insurers domiciled in the U.S. may from time-to-time be designated systemically important by the Federal Reserve.

    Insurers that are designated systemically important can be subject to the imposition of an additional layer of regulation over already existing state regulation. While it is not currently expected that any RGA entity would be deemed to be systemically important and become subject to this additional scrutiny, the reinsurance programs RGA maintains with the

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insurers so designated as systemically important entities are subject to scrutiny by the Federal Reserve. While no U.S. insurers or reinsurers are currently designated as systemically important entities, and the international designation of “Globally Systemically Important Insurers” has been suspended by the Financial Stability Board, it remains possible that one or more of RGA’s clients will be given this designation in the future leading to additional scrutiny of those clients’ reinsurance programs by the Federal Reserve.

    With the potential regulation of some U.S. domiciled insurers by the U.S. government, it is possible that the scope of the federal government’s ability to regulate insurers and reinsurers will be expanded. It is not possible to predict the effect of such decisions or changes in law on the operation of the Company, but the Dodd-Frank Act makes it more likely than in the past that insurance or reinsurance may be to some extent become regulated at the federal level. A shift in regulation from the state to the federal level may bring into question the continued validity of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, which exempts the “business of insurance” from most federal laws, including anti-trust laws. With the McCarran-Ferguson Act exemption for the business of insurance, a reinsurer may set rate, underwriting and claims handling standards for its ceding company clients to follow.

Environmental Considerations Related to Real Property Ownership, Development and Mortgage Investment

Federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations apply to the Company’s ownership and operation of real property. Inherent in owning and operating real property are the risks of hidden environmental liabilities and the costs of any required clean-up. Under the laws of certain states, contamination of a property may give rise to a lien on the property to secure recovery of the costs of clean-up. In several states, this lien has priority over the lien of an existing mortgage against such property. In addition, in some states and under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), the Company may be liable, in certain circumstances, as an “owner” or “operator,” for costs of cleaning-up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances at a property mortgaged to it. The Company also risks environmental liability when it forecloses on a property mortgaged to it, although federal legislation provides for a safe harbor from CERCLA liability for secured lenders that foreclose and sell the mortgaged real estate, provided that certain requirements are met. However, there are circumstances in which actions taken could still expose the Company to CERCLA liability. Application of various other federal and state environmental laws could also result in the imposition of liability on the Company for costs associated with environmental hazards.

In addition to conducting an environmental assessment while underwriting mortgage loans, the Company routinely conducts environmental assessments prior to taking title to real estate through foreclosure on real estate collateralizing mortgages that it holds. Although unexpected environmental liabilities can always arise, the Company seeks to minimize this risk by undertaking these environmental assessments and complying with its internal procedures, and as a result, the Company believes that any costs associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations or any clean-up of properties would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

Environmental, Social and Governance

Insurance regulators are considering imposing new rules regarding how insurers incorporate and report about environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) considerations into their operational decisions, underwriting, and investment decisions. Currently, efforts are aimed at enacting laws and regulations that focus on testing underwriting models for bias. Other current ESG initiatives are aimed at reviewing the investment portfolios of insurers and requiring discussions regarding ESG topics between insurers and their regulators. It is possible that rules governing insurance underwriting and factors utilized by insurers in the selection of risks may be altered in the future in a way that impacts the profitability of RGA’s business. The extent to which ESG concerns may impact RGA in the future is uncertain, but RGA has incorporated ESG factors and goals into its current strategic plan, operations, and risk assessment processes.

International Regulation

RGA’s international insurance operations are principally regulated by insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they are located or operate branch offices. These regulations includes minimum capital, solvency and governance requirements. The authority of RGA’s international operations to conduct business is subject to licensing requirements, inspections and approvals and these authorizations are subject to modification and revocation. Periodic examinations of the insurance company books and records, financial reporting requirements, risk management processes and governance procedures are among the techniques used by regulators to supervise RGA’s non-U.S. insurance businesses. The regulators of RGA’s non-U.S. insurance companies, and the California Department of Insurance are also invited to be part of the supervisory college held by the MDCI, RGA’s group supervisor.

Bermuda’s Insurance Act 1978 (the “Bermuda Insurance Act”) distinguishes between insurers carrying on long-term business, insurers carrying on special purpose business and insurers carrying on general business. There are five classifications of insurers carrying on long-term business, ranging from Class A insurers to Class E insurers. Taking a risk-based approach to regulation that looks at the nature, scale and complexity of an insurer’s business, the Bermuda Monetary Authority (“BMA”)

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typically applies less regulatory oversight to Class A captive insurers and greater regulatory oversight to Class E commercial insurers. The Company’s subsidiaries domiciled in Bermuda are licensed for long-term business and are classified as Class E insurers and are therefore subject to extensive regulation and supervision by the BMA. Such regulation includes rules regarding privacy, anti-money laundering, bank secrecy, anti-corruption and foreign asset control in addition to insurance regulation. To that end, the BMA has broad powers to regulate business activities of the Company’s Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries, mandate capital and surplus requirements, regulate trade and claims practices and require strong enterprise risk management and corporate governance activities.

The Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries, as Class E insurers, file annual statutory financial statements and annual audited financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. within four months of the end of each fiscal year, unless such deadline is specifically extended. The Bermuda Insurance Act prescribes rules for the preparation of the statutory financial statements. In addition, the Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries are required to file with the BMA a capital and solvency return along with its annual statutory financial return.

The Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries must at all times maintain a minimum margin of solvency (“MMS”) and an enhanced capital requirement (“ECR”) in accordance with the provisions of the Bermuda Insurance Act. If either the minimum MMS or ECR is not met then the Bermuda Insurance Act mandates certain actions and filings with the BMA including the filing of a written report detailing the circumstances giving rise to the failure and the manner and time within which the insurer intends to rectify the failure. The BMA has embedded an economic balance sheet (“EBS”) framework as part of the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement (“BSCR”) that forms the basis for an insurer’s ECR. As Class E insurers, the Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries’ ECR is established by reference to the Class E BSCR model, which provides a method for determining an insurer’s capital requirements by taking into account the risk characteristics of different aspects of the insurer’s business. The BSCR formula establishes capital requirements for different categories of risk such as fixed income investment risk, equity investment risk, long-term interest rate/liquidity risk, currency risk, concentration risk, credit risk, operational risk and seven categories of long-term insurance risk. Depending on the risk category, the capital requirement is either determined by applying shocks or by applying prescribed factors, where such shocks and factors were developed by the BMA and were calibrated at 99% Tail Value-at-Risk (“TVaR”) over a one-year time horizon.

Under the Bermuda Insurance Act, the Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries are prohibited from declaring or paying a dividend if they are not meeting their ECR or MMS requirements or if the declaration or payment of the dividend would cause such a breach. Failing to meet the MMS requirement on the last day of any financial year prohibits a company from declaring or paying any dividends during the next financial year without the approval of the BMA. Additional actions and filings may be required before a company can declare and pay a dividend depending on its prior year statutory capital and surplus. The restrictions on declaring or paying dividends and distributions under the Bermuda Insurance Act are in addition to those under Bermuda’s Companies Act 1981 (the “Companies Act”). Under the Companies Act, the Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries may not declare or pay a dividend, or make a distribution out of contributed surplus, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that: (1) the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or (2) the realizable value of the company’s assets would thereby be less than its liabilities.

The Company’s subsidiaries domiciled in Barbados are subject to regulation and supervision by the Financial Services Commission in Barbados. Recently enacted economic substance requirements in Bermuda and Barbados may place additional requirements, including reporting requirements, on the Company’s subsidiaries domiciled in those countries in order to demonstrate purpose and governance of those entities and their operations to greater levels than required in the past.

Much like the adoption of the Dodd-Frank Act in the U.S., regulators around the world continue to consider ways to avoid a recurrence of the causes of the 2008 – 2009 financial crisis. A group leading this effort is the Financial Stability Board (“FSB”). The FSB consists of representatives of national financial authorities of the G20 nations. The G20, the FSB and related governmental bodies have developed proposals to address issues such as group supervision, capital and solvency standards, systemic economic risk and corporate governance, including executive compensation and many other related issues associated with the financial crisis. At the direction of the FSB, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (“IAIS”) has developed a model framework for the supervision of IAIGs that contemplates “group-wide supervision” across national boundaries. RGA has been designated as an IAIG, which may bring about requirements to conduct a group-wide risk and solvency assessment to monitor and manage its overall solvency. At this time RGA cannot predict what additional capital requirements, compliance costs or other burdens these requirements would impose on it, if adopted for the evaluation of a U.S.- domiciled insurance group. There is also the potential for inconsistent or conflicting regulation of the RGA group of companies as lawmakers and regulators in multiple jurisdictions simultaneously pursue these initiatives.

Additionally, RGA International, operating in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), is subject to the Solvency II measures developed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and will be required to abide by the evolving risk management practices, capital standards and disclosure requirements of the Solvency II framework. Additionally, the Company’s clients located in the EEA will need to abide by these standards in operating their insurance businesses,

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including the management of their ceded reinsurance. Currently, insurers and reinsurers located in the EEA are operating under Solvency II. The Company expects Solvency II to have a significant influence on not only the regulation of solvency measures applied to insurers and reinsurers operating within the EEA, but the Company also expects the solvency regulation measures to influence future regulatory structures of countries outside of the EEA, including Japan. Influences of the Solvency II – type framework are already present in the insurance regulation of Bermuda and China and currently influence the solvency measures imposed upon RGA Global and RGA Americas.

Additionally, some countries limit the amount of insurance business that can be ceded to foreign reinsurers. Requirements of this type are proposed from time-to-time in developing markets. These forced localization requirements have the impact of limiting the amount of reinsurance business RGA can conduct in those countries without the participation of a local reinsurer.

RGA expects the scope and extent of regulation outside of the U.S., as well as group regulatory oversight generally, to continue to increase.

Privacy and Cybersecurity Regulation

    Various jurisdictions in which the Company’s subsidiaries and their clients operate have established laws protecting the privacy and handling of consumers’ private data. The area of cybersecurity has also come under increased scrutiny from insurance regulators. These laws and regulations vary country to country and state to state, but they generally require the establishment of programs to detect and prevent unauthorized access to personal data and to mitigate theft of personal data. They also may require the Company, among other things, to notify client insurers or individuals of any security breach involving protected data, and to provide individuals with the right to access personal data and with the right to be forgotten.

    In the U.S. the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law which establishes standards for data security and for the investigation of and notification of insurance regulators of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to certain private information belonging to insureds. To date, this Model Law has not been widely adopted, but the Company expects further adoption in the future. The cybersecurity regulation in New York is applicable to many of the Company’s clients, and it requires the Company to demonstrate the existence and soundness of its cybersecurity program to those clients. The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) grants all California residents the right to know what information a business has collected from them and the sourcing and sharing of that information. The CCPA also gives the California consumer the right to have a business delete their personal information with some exceptions. The California restrictions, and related exceptions became effective on January 1, 2020. The Company expects that the exceptions will apply to a significant portion of its business. Laws and regulations similar to the New York cybersecurity regulation and the CCPA, as well as measures similar to the NAIC’s Insurance Data Security Model Law are likely to be adopted by more U.S. states in the near future, if not by the U.S. federal government.

    In addition, privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations in many European and Asian countries restrict RGA’s ability to transfer data and impose other requirements on holders of data. In Europe, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which establishes uniform data privacy laws across the European Union (“EU”) is effective for all EU member states and is extraterritorial in that it applies to EU entities, as well as entities established in the EU that offer goods or services to data subjects in the EU or monitor consumer behavior that takes place in the EU. The GDPR anticipates the processing of data for reinsurance and other purposes and applies standards and rules that covered entities must establish and monitor with respect to such processing and use. Many of the restrictions enacted by jurisdictions outside of the EU either do not anticipate the processing of data for reinsurance purposes at all or place costly restrictions on the ability of a reinsurer to service its business by requiring processing to be done within the borders of the country in which the insured consumer resides. Further adoptions of laws patterned after the GDPR are expected around the world.

Ratings

Insurer financial strength ratings, sometimes referred to as claims paying ratings, represent the opinions of rating agencies regarding the financial ability of an insurance company to meet its obligations under an insurance policy. The Company’s insurer financial strength ratings as of the date of this filing are listed in the table below for each rating agency that meets with the Company’s management on a regular basis. As of the date of this filing, the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), A.M. Best Company (“A.M. Best”), and the Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) ratings listed below are on stable outlook.

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Insurer Financial Strength Ratings	A.M. Best (1)	Moody’s (2)	S&P (3)
RGA Reinsurance Company	A+	A1	AA-
RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada	A+		AA-
RGA International Reinsurance Company dac			AA-
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.			AA-
RGA Reinsurance Company of Australia Limited			AA-
RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.			AA-
RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	A+		AA-
RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.	A+		AA-
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.			AA-
Aurora National Life Assurance Company	A+
Omnilife Insurance Company Limited			A+

(1)An A.M. Best insurer financial strength rating of “A+” (superior) is the second highest out of sixteen possible ratings and is assigned to companies that have, in A.M. Best’s opinion, a superior ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations.

(2)A Moody’s insurer financial strength rating of “A1” (good) is the fifth highest rating out of twenty-one possible ratings and indicates that Moody’s believes the insurance company offers good financial security; however, elements may be present which suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future.

(3)An S&P insurer financial strength rating of “AA-” (very strong) is the fourth highest rating out of twenty-two possible ratings. According to S&P’s rating scale, a rating of “AA-” means that, in S&P’s opinion, the insurer has very strong financial security characteristics. An S&P insurer financial strength rating of “A+” (strong) is the fifth highest rating out of twenty-two possible ratings. According to S&P’s rating scale, a rating of “A+” means that, in S&P’s opinion, the insurer has strong financial security characteristics.

The ability to write reinsurance partially depends on a reinsurer’s financial condition and its issuer financial strength ratings. These ratings are based on a company’s ability to pay policyholder obligations and are not directed toward the protection of investors. A ratings downgrade could adversely affect the Company’s ability to compete. See Item 1A – “Risk Factors” for more on the potential effects of a ratings downgrade.

Underwriting

Automatic. The Company’s management determines whether to write automatic reinsurance business by considering many factors, including the types of risks to be covered; the ceding company’s retention limit and binding authority, product, and pricing assumptions; and the ceding company’s underwriting standards, financial strength and distribution systems. For automatic business, the Company ensures that the underwriting standards, procedures and guidelines of its ceding companies are priced appropriately and consistent with the Company’s expectations. To this end, the Company conducts periodic reviews of the ceding companies’ underwriting and claims personnel and procedures.

Facultative. The Company has developed underwriting policies, procedures and standards with the objective of controlling the quality of business written as well as its pricing. The Company’s underwriting process emphasizes close collaboration between its underwriting, actuarial, and administration departments. Management periodically updates these underwriting policies, procedures, and standards to account for changing industry conditions, market developments, and changes occurring in the field of medical technology. These policies, procedures, and standards are documented in electronic underwriting manuals made available to all the Company’s underwriters. The Company regularly performs internal reviews of both its underwriters and underwriting process.

The Company’s management determines whether to accept facultative reinsurance business on a prospective insured by reviewing the application, medical information and other underwriting information appropriate to the age of the prospective insured and the face amount of the application. An assessment of medical and financial history follows with decisions based on underwriting knowledge, manual review and consultation with the Company’s medical directors as necessary. Many facultative applications involve individuals with multiple medical impairments, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes, which require a complex underwriting/mortality assessment. The Company employs medical directors and medical consultants to assist its underwriters in making these assessments.

Pricing

The Company has pricing actuaries dedicated in every geographic market and in every product category who develop reinsurance treaty rates following the Company’s policies, procedures and standards. Biometric assumptions are based primarily on the Company’s own mortality, morbidity and persistency experience, reflecting industry and client-specific experience. Economic and asset-related pricing assumptions are based on current and long-term market conditions and are developed by actuarial and investment personnel with appropriate experience and expertise. The Company’s view of short- and long-term risks are reflected in pricing consistent with its internal capital model. For transactional business with material day-one invested assets there is diligence on the expected asset portfolio that is reflected in the pricing assumption. For transactional business focusing on tail risk the Company has policies and procedures related to views on transaction-specific tail risk events.

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A transaction process ensures that the business reflects the input of internal areas of expertise in deal teams and has procedures for escalation based on the size and nature of the risks. Management has established a high-level oversight of the processes and results of these activities, which includes peer reviews in every market as well as centralized procedures and processes for reviewing and auditing pricing activities.

Operations

The Company’s business has been primarily obtained directly, rather than through brokers. The Company has an experienced sales and marketing staff that works to provide responsive service and maintain existing relationships.

The Company’s administration, auditing, valuation and finance departments are responsible for treaty compliance auditing, financial analysis of results, generation of internal management reports, and periodic audits of administrative and underwriting practices. A significant effort is focused on periodic audits of administrative and underwriting practices, and treaty compliance of clients.

The Company’s claims departments review and verify reinsurance claims, obtain the information necessary to evaluate claims, and arrange for timely claims payments. Claims are subjected to a detailed review process to ensure that the risk was properly ceded, the claim complies with the contract provisions, and the ceding company is current in the payment of reinsurance premiums to the Company. In addition, the claims departments monitor both specific claims and the overall claims handling procedures of ceding companies.

Customer Base

The Company provides reinsurance products primarily to the largest life insurance companies in the world. In 2022, the Company’s five largest clients generated approximately $2.6 billion or 18% of the Company’s gross premiums and other revenues. In addition, thirty-six other clients each generated annual gross premiums and other revenues of $100 million or more, and the aggregate gross premiums and other revenues from these clients represented approximately 50% of the Company’s gross premiums and other revenues. No individual client generated 10% or more of the Company’s total gross premiums and other revenues. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

Competition

    New reinsurance opportunities continue to be highly price competitive; however, companies that consistently win business are financially strong, provide flexible terms and conditions, have a positive reputation, deliver excellent service, and demonstrate execution certainty and a long-term commitment to the business underwritten. The Company competes globally with other reinsurance companies, traditional insurance providers, private equity firms and other financial services companies.

Human Capital Resources

The Company continuously strives to fulfill its purpose; to make financial protection accessible to all. The Company’s global team of approximately 3,800 employees consistently develop innovative solutions for its clients, deliver long-term returns for its investors, and create a meaningful impact in the communities where its employees live and work. Driving the Company’s success is a shared commitment to pursue work that matters, to serve an industry with a strong social mission, and to create sustainable long-term value for all its stakeholders.

The Company’s Culture

The Company’s people, the way they work and the culture they cultivate are all key differentiators. The Company’s employees describe RGA as a collaborative, results-driven, customer-centric, and an ethical organization.

Work at the Company is undertaken in an environment of high collaboration, which encourages innovation and entrepreneurship and demands the highest integrity. The Company’s practice of combining technical expertise with curiosity and creativity, in partnership with its clients, defines the way it works internally and externally.

From the beginning, the Company was built on trust. Trusted relationships – starting with its employees and extending to its clients, partners, and investors – remain the foundation of its success. In the Company’s most recent engagement survey, the Company demonstrated its employees’ trust in what it does. Trust throughout the global workforce at the Company rated in the 90th percentile among the hundreds of other companies participating in the survey, which was conducted by a globally recognized workforce consulting firm. The Company honors its commitments to its employees, who in turn enable the Company to fulfill its commitments to its clients, shareholders, and society.

The Company’s engagement score was equal when comparing genders globally. The overall engagement score for U.S. employees in under-represented groups was one percentage point better than the overall U.S. average. Results from the global engagement survey, together with the Company’s retention rates, highlight the commitment of the Company’s Board of Directors and executive leadership team to its employees and its employees’ commitment to the Company.

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Talent Attraction, Retention and Development

As a global reinsurer, the Company’s continued growth and vitality is built on attracting, selecting, developing and retaining exceptional talent in order to execute its strategy and to continue producing innovative solutions for its clients. The Company’s focus on employee retention has resulted in a three-year average annual voluntary attrition rate of approximately 7% globally.

The Company’s hybrid approach to flexible work arrangements (“WorkWise”), prioritizes meeting business requirements while accommodating personal work styles in how, when, and where its employees work. Living the Company’s purpose and fulfilling its commitments to partners, employees and employee’s communities is its priority. WorkWise strengthens the Company’s ability to attract and retain individuals to the organization. The many ways that the Company’s teams connect, whether remote, hybrid, or in-person, reflect its culture and commitment to growth and innovation.

The Company invests significant resources to create and sustain a learning environment, ensuring its employees at all levels continue to develop professionally throughout their career with the Company. While technical expertise is critical, the Company also focuses on the development of highly effective interpersonal and leadership skills.

Compensation and Benefits and Pay Equity

The Company is committed to fostering a company culture that is inclusive, collaborative, and socially responsible. The Company is strengthened by its diverse workforce and recognizes that its employees are its greatest asset.

The Company’s compensation programs, comprised of salary together with short and long-term incentives, strike a balance between external market competitiveness and internal equity, balancing global consistency with local market variations. This balance is achieved through consistent application of program standards on a global basis, while targeting compensation at competitive levels in the markets where it competes for talent.

The Company’s benefit programs are an integral part of its employees’ total reward package. Benefits are aligned with local market practices and include healthcare, retirement and savings, education assistance, flexible work programs, employee assistance programs, wellness programs, and parental leave programs, amongst others.

The Company has long been committed to ensuring equal pay for equal work. The annual pay equity study, conducted by a third-party consultant, considered the average pay of females to males in comparable roles. The study analyzed the pay practices of all U.S. and non-U.S. employees in countries with more than 50 employees, representing approximately 90% of the Company’s employees worldwide. Each year the results vary slightly due to changes in the employee population. Results increased this year with women paid on average 99.7% of what men are paid for comparable jobs. In addition, in the U.S., when using the same methodology of comparable roles, the average non-Caucasian to Caucasian pay ratio was 100.3%.

The Company is committed to gender and racial pay equity and will continue to review pay equity annually, and take action as required, to ensure its compensation programs remain aligned with its commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion. Ensuring the Company’s compensation practices are equitable is imperative to maintain the Company’s culture and to ensure fair treatment of its employees.

Corporate Social Responsibility, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

The Company believes that creating long-term value for its stakeholders implicitly requires enacting and executing sustainable business practices and strategies that, while delivering competitive returns, also take into account environmental, social and governance ("ESG") issues. The Company strives to govern itself in a sustainable manner that recognizes the need for strong governance, effective management systems and robust controls alongside its long-term operational goals and strategies. The Company understands that it has a responsibility to monitor and control its ecological and societal impact and adopt responsible practices on ESG issues in addition to its obligations regarding corporate strategy, risks, opportunities, and performance.

The Company strives to cultivate an inclusive environment in which diverse backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives are welcomed and employees feel comfortable and encouraged to discuss diversity, equity, and inclusion topics. The Company’s diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives are focused in four areas: (i) enabling an inclusive workplace; (ii) attracting, retaining and engaging a diverse workforce; (iii) fostering diverse partnerships in the communities where the Company operates; and (iv) ensuring accountability and responsibility throughout the Company. 100% of the Company’s global employees have undertaken Everyday (Unconscious) Bias training and the Company has extended the Inclusive Leadership course to include all leaders. The Company has integrated diversity, equity, and inclusion training into its leadership development offerings and expanded education offerings to include Mitigating Bias in Interviewing, Psychological Safety, and new manager training. The Company’s education and accountability initiatives are the foundation of its efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.

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The Company’s Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Councils proactively leverage diverse teams around the world and serve as thought leaders for the Company to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion. They work to implement the Company’s diversity, equity, and inclusion strategy and policies and advise on the Company’s diversity, equity, and inclusion needs and the progress of these initiatives globally.

The Company’s Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) Report offers additional information across the areas of: Business Ethics & Responsible Practices; Responsible Investment Approach; Sustainable Innovation for Social Impact; Culture of Care; and Environmental Stewardship. RGA’s ESG Report can be found in our Investor section of our website at www.rgare.com The contents of our ESG Report and related supplemental information are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document the Company files with the SEC.

C. Segments

The Company obtains substantially all of its revenues through reinsurance agreements that cover a portfolio of life and health insurance products, including term life, credit life, universal life, whole life, group life and health, joint and last survivor insurance, critical illness, disability, longevity as well as asset-intensive (e.g., annuities), financial reinsurance and other capital motivated solutions. Generally, the Company, through various subsidiaries, has provided reinsurance for mortality, morbidity, lapse and investment-related risks associated with such products. With respect to asset-intensive products, the Company has also provided reinsurance for investment-related risks.

Additional information regarding the operations of the Company’s segments and geographic operations is contained in Note 15 – “Segment Information” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

U.S. and Latin America Operations

The U.S. and Latin America operations market traditional life and health reinsurance, reinsurance of asset-intensive products, financial reinsurance and other capital motivated solutions, primarily to U.S. life insurance companies.

Traditional Reinsurance

The U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health reinsurance, including long term care, to domestic clients for a variety of products through yearly renewable term agreements, coinsurance, and modified coinsurance. This business has been accepted under many different rate scales, with rates often tailored to suit the underlying product and the needs of the ceding company. Premiums typically vary for smokers and non-smokers, males and females, and may include a preferred underwriting class discount. Reinsurance premiums are paid in accordance with the treaty, regardless of the premium mode for the underlying primary insurance. This business is made up of facultative and automatic treaty business.

Automatic business is generated pursuant to treaties that generally require the underlying policies to meet the ceding company’s underwriting criteria, although in certain cases such policies may be rated substandard. In contrast to facultative reinsurance, reinsurers do not engage in underwriting assessments of each risk assumed through an automatic treaty.

As the Company does not apply its underwriting standards to each policy ceded to it under automatic treaties, the U.S. and Latin America operations generally require ceding companies to retain a portion of the business written on an automatic basis, thereby increasing the ceding companies’ incentives to underwrite risks with due care and, when appropriate, to contest claims diligently.

The U.S. and Latin America facultative reinsurance operation involves the assessment of the risks inherent in (i) multiple impairments, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes; (ii) cases involving large policy face amounts; and (iii) financial risk cases (i.e. cases involving policies disproportionately large in relation to the financial characteristics of the proposed insured). The U.S. and Latin America operations’ marketing efforts have focused on developing facultative relationships with client companies because management believes facultative reinsurance represents a substantial segment of the reinsurance activity of many large insurance companies and also serves as an effective means of expanding the U.S. and Latin America operations’ automatic business.

Only a portion of approved facultative applications ultimately result in reinsurance, as applicants for impaired risk policies often submit applications to several primary insurers, which in turn seek facultative reinsurance from several reinsurers. Ultimately, only one insurance company and one reinsurer are likely to obtain the business. The Company tracks the percentage of declined and placed facultative applications on a client-by-client basis and generally works with clients to seek to maintain such percentages at levels deemed acceptable. As the Company applies its underwriting standards to each application submitted to it facultatively, it generally does not require ceding companies to retain a portion of the underlying risk when business is written on a facultative basis.

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In addition, several of the Company’s U.S. and Latin America clients have purchased life insurance policies insuring the lives of their executives. These policies have generally been issued to fund deferred compensation plans and have been reinsured with the Company.

Financial Solutions – Asset-Intensive Reinsurance

The Company’s U.S. and Latin America Asset-Intensive operations primarily concentrate on the investment risk within underlying annuities and other investment oriented products. These reinsurance agreements are mostly structured as coinsurance, with some on a coinsurance with funds withheld, or modified coinsurance of primarily investment risk such that the Company recognizes profits or losses primarily from the spread between the investment earnings and amounts credited on the underlying contract liabilities.

The Company also provides guaranteed investment contracts to retirement plans that include investment-only, stable value wrap products. The assets are owned by the trustees of such plans, who invest the assets under the terms of investment guidelines to which the Company agrees. The contracts contain a guarantee of a minimum rate of return on participant balances supported by the underlying assets, and a guarantee of liquidity to meet certain participant-initiated plan cash flow requirements.

The Company primarily targets highly rated, financially secure companies as clients for asset-intensive business. These companies may wish to limit their own exposure to certain products or blocks of business. Ongoing asset/liability analysis is required for the management of asset-intensive business. The Company’s analysis is a cross discipline analysis between the Company’s underwriting, actuarial, investment and other departments throughout the organization and is completed in conjunction with an asset/liability analysis performed by the ceding companies.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered the U.S. pension risk transfer market, and has begun working with partners to provide pension plan sponsors solutions that will enable them to diversify and protect the benefits provided to the annuitants.

Financial Solutions – Capital Solutions

The Company’s U.S. and Latin America Capital Solutions operations assist ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength and regulatory surplus position. The Company assumes regulatory insurance liabilities from the ceding companies. In addition, the Company has committed to provide statutory reserve or asset support to third parties by funding loans or assuming real estate leases if certain defined events occur. Generally, such amounts are offset by receivables from ceding companies that are repaid by the future regulatory profits from the reinsured block of business. The Company structures its financial reinsurance and other capital solution transactions so that the projected future profits of the underlying reinsured business significantly exceed the amount of regulatory surplus provided to the ceding company.

The Company primarily targets highly rated insurance companies for capital solutions business. A careful analysis is performed before providing any regulatory surplus enhancement to the ceding company. This analysis is intended to ensure that the Company understands the risks of the underlying insurance product and that the transaction has a high likelihood of being repaid through the future regulatory profits of the underlying business. If the future regulatory profits of the business are not sufficient to repay the Company or if the ceding company becomes financially distressed and is unable to make payments under the treaty, the Company may incur losses. A staff of actuaries and accountants track experience for each treaty on a quarterly basis in comparison to models of expected results.

Customer Base

The U.S. and Latin America operations market life reinsurance and financial solutions primarily to U.S. life insurance companies. The treaties underlying this business generally are terminable by either party on 90 days written notice, but only with respect to future new business. Existing business generally is not terminable, unless the underlying policies terminate or are recaptured. In 2022, the five largest clients generated approximately $1.7 billion or 24% of U.S. and Latin America operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. In addition, 51 other clients each generated annual gross premiums and other revenues of $20 million or more, and the aggregate gross premiums from these clients represented approximately 68% of U.S. and Latin America operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

Canada Operations

The Company operates in Canada primarily through RGA Canada. RGA Canada employs its own underwriting, actuarial, claims, pricing, accounting, systems, marketing and administrative staff in offices located in Montreal and Toronto.

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Traditional Reinsurance

RGA Canada assists clients with capital management and mortality and morbidity risk management and is primarily engaged in individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance, through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than individual life insurance.

The business is generally composed of facultative and automatic treaty business. Automatic business is generated pursuant to treaties that generally require the underlying policies to meet the ceding company’s underwriting criteria, although in certain cases such policies may be rated substandard. In contrast to facultative reinsurance, reinsurers do not engage in underwriting assessments of each risk assumed through an automatic treaty.

RGA Canada generally requires ceding companies to retain a portion of the business written on an automatic basis, thereby increasing the ceding companies’ incentives to underwrite risks with due care and, when appropriate, to contest claims diligently.

Facultative reinsurance involves the assessment of the risks from a medical and financial perspective. RGA Canada is recognized as a leader in facultative reinsurance, and this has served to maintain a strong market share on automatic business.

Financial Solutions

The Company’s Canada Financial Solutions operations primarily concentrates on the investment and longevity risk within underlying annuities and other investment oriented products. These reinsurance agreements are mostly structured as coinsurance, with some on a coinsurance with funds withheld, or modified coinsurance of primarily investment risk such that the Company recognizes profits or losses primarily from the spread between the investment earnings and amounts credited on the underlying contract liabilities. Canada’s Financial Solutions operations also provide capital solutions to assist ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength and regulatory position.

The Company primarily targets highly rated, financially secure companies as clients for its financial solutions business. These companies may wish to limit their own exposure to certain products or blocks of business. Ongoing asset/liability analysis is required for the management of asset-intensive business. The Company’s analysis is a cross discipline analysis between the Company’s underwriting, actuarial, investment and other departments throughout the organization and is completed in conjunction with an asset/liability analysis performed by the ceding companies.

Customer Base

Clients include most of the life insurers in Canada, although the number of life insurers is much smaller compared to the U.S. In 2022, the five largest clients generated approximately $821 million or 59% of Canada operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. In addition, 11 other clients each generated annual gross premiums and other revenues of $20 million or more, and the aggregate gross premiums and other revenues from these clients represented approximately 36% of Canada operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations

The Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) operations serve clients from subsidiaries, licensed branch offices and/or representative offices primarily located in the UK, Continental Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa. EMEA’s office in the Middle East is located in the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”).

EMEA’s operations in the UK, Continental Europe, South Africa and the Middle East employ their own underwriting, actuarial, claims, pricing, accounting, marketing and administration staffs with additional support services provided by the Company’s staff in other geographical locations.

Traditional Reinsurance

The principal types of reinsurance for this segment include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability and underwritten annuities. Traditional reinsurance in the UK, South Africa, Italy and Germany consists predominantly of long term contracts, which are not terminable for existing risk without recapture or natural expiry, whereas in other markets within the region contracts are predominantly short term, renewing annually.

Financial Solutions

The Company’s EMEA Financial Solutions segment includes longevity, asset-intensive and financial reinsurance. Longevity reinsurance takes the form of closed block annuity reinsurance and longevity swap structures. Asset-intensive business for this segment consists of coinsurance of payout annuities. Financial reinsurance assists ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength. Financial reinsurance transactions do not

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qualify as reinsurance under U.S. GAAP, due to the low risk nature of the transactions and are reported in accordance with deposit accounting guidelines.

Customer Base

In 2022, the five largest clients generated approximately $1.0 billion or 43% of EMEA operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. In addition, 23 other clients each generated annual gross premiums and other revenues of $20 million or more, and the aggregate gross premiums and other revenues from these clients represented approximately 41% of EMEA operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

Asia Pacific Operations

The Asia Pacific operations serve clients from subsidiaries, licensed branch offices and/or representative offices throughout Asia and Australia.

The Asian offices provide full reinsurance services with additional support services provided by the Company’s staff in the U.S. and Canada. In addition, a regional team based in Hong Kong has been established in recent years to provide support to the Asian offices to accommodate business growth in the region. RGA Australia employs its own underwriting, actuarial, claims, pricing, accounting, systems, marketing, and administration service.

Traditional Reinsurance

The principal types of reinsurance for this segment written through yearly renewable term and coinsurance treaties include:

•Individual and group life and health,

•Critical illness, which provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of pre-defined critical illness

•Disability, which provides income replacement benefits in the event the policyholder becomes disabled due to accident or illness

•Superannuation which is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage.

Reinsurance agreements may be either facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks.

Financial Solutions

The Asia Pacific Financial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability, and life and health blocks that contain material investment risks. Financial reinsurance assists ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength. Financial reinsurance transactions do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP, due to the remote risk nature of the transactions and are reported in accordance with deposit accounting guidelines. Asset-intensive business for this segment primarily concentrates on the investment risk within underlying annuities and life insurance policies. Asset-intensive transactions are mostly structured to take on investment risk such that the Company recognizes profits or losses primarily from the spread between the investment earnings and the interest credited on the underlying annuity contract liabilities.

Customer Base

In 2022, the five largest clients generated approximately $1.4 billion or 45% of Asia Pacific operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. In addition, 24 other clients each generated annual gross premiums and other revenues of $20 million or more, and the aggregate gross premiums and other revenues from these clients represented approximately 40% of Asia Pacific operation’s gross premiums and other revenues. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. The Company invests in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the

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development of new solutions and services to increase customer engagement within the life insurance industry and hence generate new future revenue streams.

D. Financial Information About Foreign Operations

The Company’s foreign operations are primarily in Canada, Asia Pacific, EMEA and Latin America. Revenue, income (loss) before income taxes, which include investment related gains (losses), interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and identifiable assets attributable to these geographic regions are identified in Note 15 – “Segment Information” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Although there are risks inherent to foreign operations, such as currency fluctuations and restrictions on the movement of funds, as described in Item 1A – “Risk Factors”, the Company’s financial position and results of operations have not been materially adversely affected thereby to date.

E. Available Information

Copies of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available free of charge through the Company’s website (www.rgare.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (www.sec.gov). Information provided on such websites does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Item 1A.         RISK FACTORS

In the Risk Factors below, we refer to the Company as “we,” “us,” or “our.” Investing in our securities involves certain risks. Any of the following risks could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 7 below and the risks of our businesses described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Many of these risks are interrelated and occur under similar business and economic conditions, and the occurrence of certain of them may in turn cause the emergence, or exacerbate the effect, of others. Such a combination could materially increase the severity of the impact on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business, results of operations and financial condition have been, and will likely continue to be, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, future epidemics and pandemics and the response thereto.

    The COVID-19 pandemic increased mortality rates in certain jurisdictions and populations. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto caused significant disruption in the international and U.S. economies and financial markets and severely impacted, global economic conditions, which resulted in substantial volatility in the global financial markets, increased unemployment and operational challenges such as the temporary closures of businesses, sheltering-in-place directives and increased remote work protocols. Governments and central banks around the world reacted to the economic crisis caused by the pandemic by implementing stimulus and liquidity programs and cutting interest rates. These reactions increased government liabilities and balance sheets, which has been partially responsible for inflation in the United States and other jurisdictions. As a result, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks have raised interest rates and may elect to further raise interest rates in the future. An increase in the number of future COVID-19 cases or a future epidemic or pandemic may again raise mortality rates in certain jurisdictions and populations and cause additional disruptions in international and U.S. economies and financial markets, which could severely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Depending on the length of the pandemic, future increases in COVID-19 cases or the severity of prevalent virus strains, the availability, effectiveness and use of treatments and vaccines, and the extent and success of actions by governments and central banks, the adverse mortality rates and impact on the global economy may deepen, and our results of operations and financial condition in future quarters will continue to be adversely affected. The ultimate number of claims and financial impact resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the response thereto or any future epidemic or pandemic is inherently uncertain. Actual claims and financial impact from these events could vary materially from current estimates due to several factors, including the inherent uncertainties in making such determinations and the evolving nature of an epidemic or pandemic and the availability, effectiveness and use of treatments and vaccines. Additionally, the long-term health consequences for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and the related impact, if any, on mortality and morbidity are all unknown.

Moreover, the effects of COVID-19, the response thereto and a future epidemic or pandemic will heighten the other risks described below and in any subsequent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K.

We make assumptions when pricing our products relating to mortality, morbidity, lapsation, investment returns and expenses, and significant deviations in experience could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

    Our life reinsurance contracts expose us to mortality, morbidity and lapse risk. Our risk analysis and underwriting processes are designed with the objective of controlling the quality of the business and establishing appropriate pricing for the risks we assume. Among other things, these processes rely heavily on our underwriting, our analysis of mortality, longevity and morbidity trends, lapse rates, expenses and our understanding of medical impairments and their effect on mortality, longevity or morbidity.

    We expect mortality, longevity, morbidity and lapse experience to fluctuate somewhat from period to period, but believe they should remain reasonably predictable over a period of many years. For example, mortality, longevity, morbidity or lapse experience that is less favorable than the rates that we used in pricing a reinsurance agreement may cause our net income to be less than otherwise expected because the premiums we receive for the risks we assume may not be sufficient to cover the claims and profit margin. Furthermore, even if the total benefits paid over the life of the contract do not exceed the expected amount, unexpected increases in the incidence of deaths or illness can cause us to pay more benefits in a given reporting period than expected, adversely affecting our net income in any particular reporting period. We perform annual tests to establish that deferred policy acquisition costs remain recoverable at all times. These tests require us to make a significant number of assumptions. If our financial performance significantly deteriorates to the point where a premium deficiency exists, a cumulative charge to current operations will be recorded, which may adversely affect our net income in a particular reporting period.

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We utilize assumptions, estimates and models to evaluate our business, results of operations and financial condition, and develop scenarios to evaluate our potential exposure to mortality claims, potential investment portfolio losses and other risks associated with our assets and liabilities, both related to COVID-19 and otherwise. The scenarios and related analyses are subject to various assumptions, professional judgment, uncertainties and the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis, including the use and quality of historical internal and industry data. Consequently, actual losses may differ materially from what the scenarios may illustrate. This potential difference could be even greater for events with limited or unmodelled annual frequency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto.

    We regularly review our reserves and associated assumptions as part of our ongoing assessment of our business performance and risks. If we conclude that our reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected policy and contract benefits and claim payments as a result of changes in experience, assumptions or otherwise, we would be required to increase our reserves and incur charges in the period in which we make the determination. The amounts of such increases may be significant and this could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and may require us to generate or fund additional capital in our businesses.

    Our financial condition and results of operations may also be adversely affected if our actual investment returns and expenses differ from our pricing and reserve assumptions. Changes in economic conditions may lead to changes in market interest rates or changes in our investment strategies, either of which could cause our actual investment returns and expenses to differ from our pricing and reserve assumptions.

Our reinsurance subsidiaries are highly regulated, and changes in these regulations could negatively affect our business.

    Our reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to government regulation in each of the jurisdictions in which they are licensed or authorized to do business. Governmental agencies have broad administrative power to regulate many aspects of the reinsurance business, which may include reinsurance terms and capital adequacy. These agencies are concerned primarily with the protection of policyholders and their direct insurers rather than shareholders or holders of debt securities of reinsurance companies. Moreover, insurance laws and regulations, among other things, establish minimum capital requirements and limit the amount of dividends, tax distributions and other payments our reinsurance subsidiaries can make without prior regulatory approval, and impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments we may hold.

    We operate in the U.S. and in many jurisdictions around the world. We are subject to the laws and insurance regulations of the U.S. Additionally, a substantial portion of our operations occur outside of the U.S. These international businesses are subject to the insurance, tax and other laws and regulations in the countries in which they are organized and in which they operate. These laws and regulations may apply heightened scrutiny to non-domestic companies, which can adversely affect our operations, liquidity, profitability and regulatory capital. Foreign governments and regulatory bodies from time to time consider legislation and regulations that could subject us to new or different requirements and such changes could negatively impact our operations in the relevant jurisdictions. See “Item 1. Business – B. Corporate Structure – Regulation” for a summary of certain U.S. state and federal laws and foreign laws and regulations applicable to our business. Our failure to comply with these and other laws and regulations could subject us to penalties from governmental or self-regulatory authorities, costs associated with remedying any such failure or related claims, harm to our business relationships and reputation, or interrupt our operations, any of which could negatively impact our financial position and results of operations.

A downgrade in our ratings or in the ratings of our reinsurance subsidiaries could adversely affect our ability to compete.

    Our financial strength and credit ratings are important factors in our competitive position. Rating organizations periodically review the financial performance and condition of insurers, including our reinsurance subsidiaries. These ratings are based on an insurance company’s ability to pay its obligations and are not directed toward the protection of investors. Rating organizations assign ratings based upon several factors. While most of the factors considered relate to the rated company, some of the factors relate to general economic conditions and circumstances outside the rated company’s control. The various rating agencies periodically review and evaluate our capital adequacy in accordance with their established guidelines and capital models. In order to maintain our existing ratings, we may commit from time to time to manage our capital at levels commensurate with such guidelines and models. If our capital levels are insufficient to fulfill any such commitments, we could be required to reduce our risk profile by, for example, retroceding some of our business or by raising additional capital by issuing debt, hybrid or equity securities. Additionally, rating agencies may make changes in their capital models and rating methodologies, which could increase the amount of capital required to support our ratings. In December 2021 S&P announced proposed changes to its rating methodologies. The proposed changes have not been finalized. Thus, the impact, if any, that these changes may have on our ratings is unknown. Any such actions could have a material adverse impact on our earnings and financial condition or materially dilute our shareholders’ equity ownership interests.

    Any downgrade in the ratings of our reinsurance subsidiaries could adversely affect their ability to sell products, retain existing business, and compete for attractive acquisition opportunities. The ability of our subsidiaries to write reinsurance is influenced by their ratings. Upon certain downgrade events, some of our reinsurance contracts would either permit our client

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ceding insurers to terminate such reinsurance contracts or require us to post collateral to secure our obligations under these reinsurance contracts, either of which could negatively impact our ability to conduct business and our results of operations. Ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organization. A rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

    We believe that the rating agencies consider the financial strength and flexibility of a parent company and its consolidated operations when assigning a rating to a particular subsidiary of that company. A downgrade in the rating or outlook of RGA, among other factors, could adversely affect our ability to raise and then contribute capital to our subsidiaries for the purpose of facilitating their operations and growth. A downgrade could also increase our own cost of capital. For example, the facility fee and interest rate for our syndicated revolving credit facility and certain other credit facilities are based on our senior long-term debt ratings. A decrease in those ratings could result in an increase in costs under those credit facilities. Also, if there is a downgrade in the rating of RGA, or any of our rated subsidiaries, some of our reinsurance contracts would either permit our client ceding insurers to terminate such reinsurance contracts or require us to post additional collateral to secure our obligations under such reinsurance contracts. Accordingly, we believe a ratings downgrade of RGA, or any of our rated subsidiaries, could negatively impact our ability to conduct business.

    We cannot assure you that actions taken by ratings agencies would not result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, it is unclear what effect, if any, a ratings change would have on the price of our securities in the secondary market.

The availability and cost of collateral, including letters of credit, asset trusts and other credit facilities, as well as regulatory changes relating to the use of captive insurance companies, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

    Regulatory reserve requirements in various jurisdictions in which we operate may be significantly higher than the reserves required under GAAP. Accordingly, we reinsure, or retrocede, business to affiliated and unaffiliated reinsurers to reduce the amount of regulatory reserves and capital we are required to hold in certain jurisdictions.

    As described in “Item 1. Business – B. Corporate Structure – Regulation – U.S. Regulation”, Regulation XXX and principles-based reserves (commonly referred to as PBR) requires U.S. life insurance companies to hold a relatively high level of regulatory reserves on their financial statements for various types of life insurance business. Based on the assumed growth rate in our current business plan and the increased level of regulatory reserves associated with some of this business, we expect the amount of our required regulatory reserves and our need to finance these reserves may continue to grow. Changes in laws and regulations and our ability to retrocede certain business may impact our reserving requirements and thus our financial condition and results of operations.

    As a general matter, for us to reduce regulatory reserves on business that we retrocede, the affiliated or unaffiliated reinsurer must provide an equal amount of regulatory-compliant collateral. The availability of collateral and the related cost of such collateral in the future could affect the type and volume of business we reinsure and could increase our costs. We may need to raise additional capital to support higher regulatory reserves, which could increase our overall cost of capital. If we, or our retrocessionaires, are unable to obtain or provide sufficient collateral to support our statutory ceded reserves, we may be required to increase regulatory reserves. In turn, this reserve increase could significantly reduce our statutory capital levels and adversely affect our ability to satisfy required regulatory capital levels, unless we are able to raise additional capital to contribute to our operating subsidiaries. Furthermore, term life insurance is a particularly price-sensitive product, and any increase in insurance premiums charged on these products by life insurance companies, in order to compensate them for the increased statutory reserve requirements or higher costs of insurance they face, may result in a significant loss of volume in their life insurance operations, which could, in turn, adversely affect our life reinsurance operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to implement actions to mitigate the effect of increasing regulatory reserve requirements.

    In addition, we maintain credit and letter of credit facilities with various financial institutions as a potential source of collateral and excess liquidity. Our ability to utilize these facilities is conditioned on our satisfaction of covenants and other requirements contained in the facilities. Our ability to utilize these facilities is also subject to the continued willingness and ability of the lenders to provide funds or issue letters of credit. Our failure to comply with the covenants in these facilities, or the failure of the lenders to meet their commitments, would restrict our ability to access these facilities when needed, adversely affecting our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

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Changes in the equity markets, interest rates and volatility affect the profitability of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits that we reinsure, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and profitability.

    We reinsure variable annuity products that include guaranteed minimum living benefits (“GMLB”). GMLB include guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits and guaranteed minimum income benefits. The amount of reserves related to GMLB is based on their fair value and is affected by changes in equity markets, interest rates and volatility. Accordingly, strong equity markets, increases in interest rates and decreases in volatility will generally decrease the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits.

    Conversely, a decrease in the equity markets along with a decrease in interest rates and an increase in volatility will generally result in an increase in the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits, which increases the amount of reserves that we must carry. Such an increase in reserves would result in a charge to our earnings in the quarter in which we increase our reserves. We maintain a customized dynamic hedging program that is designed to mitigate the risks associated with income volatility around the change in reserves on guaranteed benefits. However, hedge positions may not be effective to fully offset changes in the carrying value of the guarantees due to, among other things, the time lag between changes in such values and corresponding changes in the hedge positions, high levels of volatility in the equity and derivatives markets, extreme swings in interest rates, unexpected contract holder behavior, and divergence between the performance of the underlying funds and hedging indices. These factors, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, capital levels, financial condition or results of operations.

RGA is an insurance holding company, and our ability to pay principal, interest and dividends on securities is limited.

    RGA is an insurance holding company, with our principal assets consisting of the stock of our reinsurance company subsidiaries, and substantially all of our income is derived from those subsidiaries. Our ability to pay principal and interest on any debt securities or dividends on any preferred or common stock depends, in part, on the ability of our reinsurance company subsidiaries, our principal sources of cash flow, to declare and distribute dividends or advance money to RGA. We are not permitted to pay common stock dividends or make payments of interest or principal on securities that rank equal or junior to our subordinated debentures and junior subordinated debentures, until we pay any accrued and unpaid interest on such debentures. Our reinsurance company subsidiaries are subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions, applicable to insurance companies generally, that limit the amount of cash dividends, loans and advances that those subsidiaries may pay to us. Covenants contained in certain of our debt agreements also restrict the ability of certain subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other distributions or loans to us. In addition, we cannot assure you that more stringent dividend restrictions will not be adopted, as discussed above under “Our reinsurance subsidiaries are highly regulated, and changes in these regulations could negatively affect our business.”

    As a result of our insurance holding company structure, upon the insolvency, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution or other winding-up of one of our reinsurance subsidiaries, all creditors of that subsidiary would be entitled to payment in full out of the assets of such subsidiary before we, as shareholder, would be entitled to any payment. Our subsidiaries would have to pay their direct creditors in full before our creditors, including holders of common stock, preferred stock or debt securities of RGA, could receive any payment from the assets of such subsidiaries.

We are exposed to foreign currency risk.

    We are a multi-national company with operations in numerous countries and, as a result, are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that exchange rates of foreign currencies are subject to adverse change over time. The U.S. dollar value of our net investments in foreign operations, our foreign currency transaction settlements and the periodic conversion of the foreign-denominated earnings to U.S. dollars (our reporting currency) are each subject to adverse foreign exchange rate movements. A significant portion of our revenues and our fixed maturity securities available-for-sale are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We use hedging strategies and foreign-denominated revenues and investments to fund foreign-denominated expenses and liabilities when possible to mitigate exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, but these mitigation efforts may not be successful.

Our international operations involve inherent risks.

    A significant portion of our net premiums come from our operations outside of the U.S. One of our strategies is to grow these international operations. International operations subject us to various inherent risks. We may not be able to manage the growth of these operations effectively, particularly given the recent rates of growth. Our international operations expose us to mortality and morbidity experience, and supply and demand for our products that are specific to these markets as well as altered exposure to epidemic and pandemic risks that may be difficult to anticipate. In addition to the regulatory and foreign currency risks identified above, other related risks include uncertainty arising out of foreign government sovereignty over our international operations, potentially uncertain or adverse tax consequences (including the repatriation of earnings from our non-U.S. subsidiaries) and potential reduction in opportunities resulting from market access restrictions.

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    Some of our international operations are in emerging markets where these risks are heightened, and we anticipate that we will continue to do business in such markets. Our pricing assumptions may be less predictable in emerging markets, and deviations in actual experience from these assumptions could impact our profitability in these markets. Additionally, lack of legal certainty and stability in the emerging markets exposes us to increased risk of disruption and adverse or unpredictable actions by regulators and may make it more difficult for us to enforce our contracts, which may negatively impact our business.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to manage the risks associated with our international operations effectively or that these risks will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We depend on the performance of others, and their failure to perform in a satisfactory manner would negatively affect us.

    In the normal course of business, we seek to limit our exposure to losses from our reinsurance contracts by ceding a portion of the reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or retrocessionaires. We cannot assure you that these insurance enterprises or retrocessionaires will be able to fulfill their obligations to us. We are also subject to the risk that our clients will be unable to fulfill their obligations to us under our reinsurance agreements with them.

    We rely upon our insurance company clients to provide timely, accurate information. We may experience volatility in our earnings as a result of erroneous or untimely reporting from our clients. We also rely on original underwriting decisions made by our clients and cannot assure you that our clients’ processes will adequately control business quality or establish appropriate pricing.

    For some reinsurance agreements, the ceding company withholds and legally owns and manages assets equal to the net statutory reserves, and we reflect these assets as funds withheld on reinsurance assumed on our balance sheet. If a ceding company was to become insolvent, we would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting our reserve liabilities. We attempt to mitigate our risk of loss by offsetting amounts for claims or allowances that we owe the ceding company with amounts that the ceding company owes to us. We are subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although we do not directly control them. We help to set, and monitor compliance with, the investment guidelines followed by these ceding companies. However, to the extent that such investment guidelines are not appropriate, or to the extent that the ceding companies do not adhere to such guidelines, our risk of loss could increase, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. For additional information on funds withheld at interest, see “Investments – Funds Withheld at Interest” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

    We use the services of third parties such as asset managers, software vendors and administrators to perform various functions that are important to our business. For instance, we have engaged third party investment managers to manage certain assets where our investment management expertise is limited, who we rely on to provide investment advice and execute investment transactions that are within our investment policy guidelines. Our third-party service providers rely on their computer systems and their ability to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity and privacy of those systems and the data residing on such systems. Our service providers may be subject to cybersecurity attacks and may not sufficiently protect their information technology and related data, which may impact their ability to provide us services and protect our data, which may subject us to losses and harm our reputation. Poor performance on the part of these outside vendors could negatively affect our operations and financial performance.

    As with all financial services companies, our ability to conduct business depends on consumer confidence in the industry and our financial strength. Actions of competitors, and financial difficulties of other companies in the industry, and related adverse publicity, could undermine consumer confidence and harm our reputation and business.

Epidemics and pandemics, natural and man-made disasters, catastrophes and events, including terrorist attacks, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

    Epidemics, pandemics, such as COVID-19, as well as natural disasters, climate change and terrorist attacks, and other catastrophes and events can adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations because they exacerbate mortality and morbidity risk. The likelihood, timing, and severity of these events cannot be predicted. A pandemic or other disaster could have a major impact on the global economy or the economies of particular countries or regions, including travel, trade, tourism, the health system, food supply, consumption, and overall economic output. Any such events could have a material negative impact on the financial markets, potentially impacting the value and liquidity of our invested assets, access to capital markets and credit, and the business of our clients. In addition, a pandemic or other disaster that affected our employees or the employees of companies with which we do business could disrupt our business operations. The effectiveness of external parties, including governmental and non-governmental organizations, in combating the spread and severity of such an event could have a material impact on the losses we experience. These events could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any period and, depending on their severity, could also materially and adversely affect our financial condition.

    The impact of an increase in global average temperatures could cause changes in weather patterns, resulting in more severe and more frequent natural disasters such as forest fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and storm surges and may, over the

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longer term, impact disease incidence and severity, food and water supplies and the general health of impacted populations. These climate change trends are expected to continue in the future and may impact nearly all sectors of the economy to varying degrees. We cannot predict the long-term impacts of climate change for the Company and our clients, but such events may adversely impact our mortality and morbidity rates and also may impact asset prices, financial markets and general economic conditions.

We operate in a highly competitive and dynamic industry and competition, tax law changes, and other factors could adversely affect our business.

    The reinsurance industry is highly competitive, and we encounter significant competition in all lines of business from other reinsurance companies, as well as competition from other providers of financial services. Our competitors vary by geographic market, and many of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do. Our ability to compete depends on, among other things, pricing and other terms and conditions of reinsurance agreements, our ability to maintain strong financial strength ratings, and our service and experience in the types of business that we underwrite.

    We compete based on the strength of our underwriting operations, insights on mortality trends, our ability to efficiently execute transactions, our client relationships and our responsive service. We believe our quick response time to client requests for individual underwriting quotes, our underwriting expertise and our ability to structure solutions to meet clients’ needs are important elements to our strategy and lead to other business opportunities with our clients. Our business will be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain these competitive advantages.

    The insurance and reinsurance industries are subject to ongoing changes from market pressures brought about by customer demands, changes in law, changes in economic conditions such as interest rates and investment performance, technological innovation, marketing practices and new providers of insurance and reinsurance solutions. Failure to anticipate market trends or to differentiate our products and services may affect our ability to grow or maintain our current position in the industry. A failure by the insurance industry to meet evolving consumer demands, including demands to address disparate impacts that may exist against certain groups in insurers’ underwriting and sales models, could adversely affect the insurance industry and our operating results. Similarly, our failure to meet the changing demands of our insurance company clients through innovative product development, effective distribution channels and investments in technology could negatively impact our financial performance over the long-term. Additionally, our failure to adjust our strategies in response to changing economic conditions could impact our competitive position and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the U.S. Internal Revenue Code is revised to reduce benefits associated with the tax-deferred status of certain life insurance and annuity products, or to increase the tax-deferred status of competing products, all life insurance companies would be adversely affected with respect to their ability to sell such products, and, depending on grandfathering provisions, by the surrenders of existing annuity contracts and life insurance policies. In addition, life insurance products are often used to fund estate tax obligations. If Congress adopts legislation in the future to reduce or eliminate the estate tax, our U.S. life insurance company customers could face reduced demand for some of their life insurance products, which in turn could negatively affect our reinsurance business. We cannot predict whether any tax legislation impacting corporate taxes or insurance products will be enacted, what the specific terms of any such legislation will be or whether any such legislation would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Weak conditions in global capital markets and the economy, as well as inflation, may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position are materially affected by conditions in global capital markets and the economy. A general economic downturn or a downturn in the capital markets could adversely affect the market for many life insurance and annuity products. Factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, deflation and inflation affect the economic environment and thus the profitability of our business. An economic downturn may yield higher unemployment and lower family income, corporate earnings, business investment and consumer spending, and could result in decreased demand for life insurance and annuity products. As we obtain substantially all our revenues through reinsurance arrangements that cover a portfolio of life insurance products and annuities, our business would be harmed if the market for annuities or life insurance was adversely affected. Therefore, adverse changes in the economy such as a recession could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A recession in the U.S. or other countries, major central bank policy actions, slow economic growth, trade policy and geopolitical uncertainty could impact our business. These macroeconomic conditions have in the past and may in the future have an adverse effect on us given our exposure to credit and equity markets. In a recession or during prolonged negative market events, such as the 2008-2010 global credit crisis, we could incur significant losses. Even in the absence of a market downturn, we are exposed to substantial risk of loss and ratings downgrades due to market volatility.

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An increase in inflation could affect our business in several ways. In our group life and disability businesses, premiums and claims cost may increase as compensation levels increase. However, during inflationary periods with rising interest rates, the value of fixed income investments falls which could increase realized and unrealized losses, resulting in additional deferred tax assets that may not be realizable. Inflation may also increase the Company’s compensation expenses and other costs, potentially putting pressure on profitability. Prolonged and elevated inflation could adversely affect the financial markets and the economy generally, and dispelling it may require governments to pursue a restrictive fiscal and monetary policy, which could constrain overall economic activity, inhibit revenue growth and reduce the number of attractive investment opportunities.

Our investments and derivative financial instruments are subject to risks of credit defaults, changes in foreign exchange rates, and changes in market values. Periods of macroeconomic weakness or recession, heightened volatility or disruption in the financial and credit markets could increase these risks, potentially resulting in other-than-temporary impairment of assets in our investment portfolio. We are also subject to the risk that cash flows generated from the collateral underlying the structured products we own may differ from our expectations in timing or amount. In addition, many of our classes of investments, but in particular our alternative investments, may produce investment income that fluctuates significantly from period to period. Any event reducing the estimated fair value of these securities, other than on a temporary basis, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows. Difficult financial, economic and geopolitical conditions could cause our investment portfolio to incur material losses.

Changes in interest rates, reduced liquidity in the financial markets or a slowdown in U.S. or global economic conditions have and, in the future, may also adversely affect the values and cash flows of the assets in our investment portfolio. Our corporate fixed income portfolio has been, and in the future may be, adversely impacted by delayed principal or interest payments, ratings downgrades, increased bankruptcies and credit spreads widening in distressed industries and individual companies. Our investments in mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities have been, and in the future could be, negatively affected by delays or failures of borrowers to make payments of principal and interest when due or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures or enforcement actions with respect to delinquent or defaulted mortgages. Market dislocations, decreases in observable market activity or unavailability of information may restrict our access to key inputs used to derive certain estimates and assumptions made in connection with financial reporting or otherwise, including estimates and changes in long term macro-economic assumptions relating to estimated expected credit losses.

Additionally, increased economic uncertainty and increased unemployment resulting from a recession or negative economic conditions may result in policyholders seeking sources of liquidity and withdrawing from, or cancelling, their policies at rates greater than expected. If policyholder lapse and surrender rates significantly exceed expectations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We could be subject to additional income tax liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. Furthermore, we establish deferred tax assets to the extent our portfolio of fixed maturity securities is in an unrealized loss position. Realization of these losses could result in the inability to recover all of the tax benefits, resulting in a valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset. Realized losses may have a material adverse impact on our results.

The U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS continue to issue guidance under the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“U.S. Tax Reform”) as well as the Inflation Reduction Act passed in August of 2022, that may result in interpretations different from ours. Foreign governments may enact tax laws in response to U.S. Tax Reform that could result in further changes to global taxation and materially affect our financial position and results of operations. In addition, a number of countries are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to multinational corporations.

Changes in accounting standards may adversely affect our reported results of operations and financial condition.

    The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP. If we are required to adopt revised accounting standards in the future, it may adversely affect our reported results of operations and financial condition. In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued guidance that will significantly change the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts, and was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. For a discussion of the impact of new long-duration insurance guidance and other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet implemented, see “New Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Principles and Pronouncements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Acquisitions and significant transactions involve varying degrees of risk that could affect our profitability.

    We have made, and may in the future make, acquisitions, either of selected blocks of business or other companies. The success of these acquisitions depends on, among other factors, our ability to appropriately price and evaluate the risks of the acquired business, as well as the availability of funding sufficient to meet increased capital needs, the ability to fund cash flow shortages that may occur if anticipated revenues are not realized or are delayed and the possibility that the value of investments acquired in an acquisition may be lower than expected or may diminish due to credit defaults or changes in interest rates and that liabilities assumed may be greater than expected (due to, among other factors, less favorable than expected mortality or morbidity experience). Additionally, acquisitions may expose us to other operational challenges and various risks, including the ability to integrate the acquired business operations and data with our systems. A failure to successfully manage the operational challenges and risks associated with or resulting from significant transactions, including acquisitions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our risk management policies and procedures could leave us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

    Our risk management policies and procedures, designed to identify, monitor and manage both internal and external risks, may not adequately predict future exposures, which could be significantly greater than expected. In addition, these identified risks may not be the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

    There are inherent limitations to risk management strategies because there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we may suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected. As our businesses change and the markets in which we operate evolve, our risk management framework may not evolve at the same pace as those changes. As a result, there is a risk that new business strategies may present risks that are not appropriately identified, monitored or managed. In times of market stress, unanticipated market movements or unanticipated claims experience resulting from adverse mortality, morbidity or policyholder behavior, the effectiveness of our risk management strategies may be limited, resulting in losses. In addition, under difficult or less liquid market conditions, our risk management strategies may be less effective and/or more expensive because other market participants may be using the same or similar strategies to manage risk under the same challenging market conditions.

    Past or future misconduct by our employees or employees of our vendors could result in violations of law, regulatory sanctions and serious reputational or financial harm and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective. There can be no assurance that our controls and procedures designed to monitor associates’ business decisions and prevent us from taking excessive or inappropriate risks will be effective. We review our compensation policies and practices as part of our overall risk management program, but it is possible that our compensation policies and practices could inadvertently incentivize excessive or inappropriate risk taking, which could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

The failure in cyber or other information security systems, including a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, as well as the occurrence of unanticipated events affecting our disaster recovery systems and business continuity planning, could impair our ability to conduct business effectively.

    Our business is highly dependent upon the effective operation of our computer systems. The failure of our computer systems or disaster recovery capabilities for any reason could cause significant interruptions in our operations and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity or privacy of sensitive or personal data related to our customers, insured individuals or employees. Like other global companies, we have experienced threats to our data and systems from time to time. However, we have not detected or identified any evidence to indicate we have experienced a material breach of cybersecurity. Administrative and technical controls, security measures and other preventative actions we take to reduce the risk of such incidents and protect our information technology may not be sufficient to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems. Such a failure could harm our reputation, subject us to investigations, litigation, regulatory sanctions and other claims and expenses, lead to loss of customers and revenues and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

    We rely on our computer systems for a variety of business functions across our global operations, including for the administration of our business, underwriting, claims, performing actuarial analysis and maintaining financial records. We depend heavily upon these computer systems to provide reliable service, data and reports. Upon a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, epidemic, industrial accident, blackout, computer virus, terrorist attack or war, unanticipated problems with our disaster recovery systems could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and on our financial condition and results of operations, particularly if those problems affect our computer-based data processing, transmission, storage and retrieval systems and destroy valuable data. While we maintain liability insurance for cybersecurity and network interruption losses, our insurance may not be sufficient to protect us against all losses. In addition, if a significant number of our

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managers were unavailable upon a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised. These interruptions also may interfere with our clients’ ability to provide data and other information to us, and our employees’ ability to perform their job responsibilities.

Failure to protect the confidentiality of information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

    Many jurisdictions in which we operate have enacted laws to safeguard the privacy and security of personal information. Additionally, various government agencies have established rules protecting the privacy and security of such information. These laws and rules vary greatly by jurisdiction. The NAIC has adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law which is intended to establish the standards for data security and standards for the investigation and notification of data breaches applicable to insurance licensees in states adopting such law. Some of our employees have access to personal information of policy holders. We rely on internal controls to protect the confidentiality of this information. It is possible that an employee could, intentionally or unintentionally, disclose or misappropriate confidential information or our data could be the subject of a cybersecurity attack. If we fail to maintain adequate internal controls or if our employees fail to comply with our policies, misappropriation or intentional or unintentional inappropriate disclosure or misuse of client information could occur. Such internal control inadequacies or non-compliance could materially damage our reputation or lead to civil or criminal penalties, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we analyze customer data to better manage our business. There has been increased scrutiny, including from U.S. state regulators, regarding the use of “big data” techniques. We cannot predict what, if any, actions may be taken with regard to “big data,” but any inquiries could cause reputational harm and any limitations could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Managing key employee attraction, retention and succession is critical to our success. 

    Our success depends in large part upon our ability to identify, hire, retain and motivate highly skilled employees. We would be adversely affected if we fail to adequately plan for the succession of our senior management and other key employees. While we have succession plans and long-term compensation plans designed to retain our existing employees and attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future, our succession plans may not operate effectively and our compensation plans cannot guarantee that the services of these employees will continue to be available to us.

Litigation and regulatory investigations and actions may result in financial losses or harm our reputation.

    We are, and in the future may be, subject to litigation and regulatory investigations or actions from time to time. A substantial legal liability or a significant federal, state or other regulatory action against us, as well as regulatory inquiries or investigations, could harm our reputation, result in material fines or penalties, result in significant legal costs and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Regulatory inquiries and litigation may also cause volatility in the price of stocks of companies in our industry or in our stock price. For additional information, see Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 12 Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees.”

Risks Related to Our Investments

Adverse capital and credit market conditions and access to credit facilities may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs, access to capital and cost of capital.

    The capital and credit markets experience varying degrees of volatility and disruption. In some periods, the markets have exerted downward pressure on availability of liquidity and credit capacity for certain issuers. We need liquidity to make our benefit payments, to pay our operating expenses, interest on our debt and dividends on our capital stock and to replace certain maturing liabilities. Without sufficient liquidity, we will be forced to curtail our operations, and our business will be adversely affected. The principal sources of our liquidity are reinsurance premiums under reinsurance treaties and cash flows from our investment portfolio and other assets. Sources of liquidity in normal markets also include proceeds from the issuance of a variety of short- and long-term instruments, including medium- and long-term debt, subordinated and junior subordinated debt securities, capital securities and common stock.

    If current resources do not satisfy our needs, we may have to seek additional financing. The availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of equity and credit, the volume of trading activities, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the possibility that customers or lenders could develop a negative perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. Our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all.

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    Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may limit our ability to replace maturing liabilities in a timely manner, satisfy statutory capital requirements, generate fee income and market-related revenue to meet liquidity needs and access the capital necessary to grow our business. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue shorter tenor securities than we prefer, or bear an unattractive cost of capital, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility. Further, our ability to finance our statutory reserve requirements depends on market conditions. If market capacity is limited for a prolonged period, our ability to obtain new funding for such purposes may be hindered and, as a result, our ability to write additional business in a cost-effective manner may be limited or otherwise adversely affected.

    We also rely on our unsecured credit facilities, including our $850 million syndicated credit facility, as potential sources of liquidity. Our credit facilities contain administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants, and our syndicated credit facility includes requirements to maintain a specified minimum consolidated net worth and a minimum ratio of consolidated indebtedness to total capitalization. If we were unable to access our credit facilities it could materially impact our capital position. The availability of these facilities could be critical to our credit and financial strength ratings and our ability to meet our obligations as they come due in a market when alternative sources of credit are unavailable.

Difficult conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

    Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally, both in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. Poor economic conditions, volatility and disruptions in capital markets or financial asset classes and geopolitical upheaval (including trade disputes) can have an adverse effect on our business because our investment portfolio and some of our liabilities are sensitive to changing market factors. Additionally, disruptions in one market or asset class can also spread to other markets or asset classes.

    Concerns over U.S. fiscal policy and the trajectory of the U.S. national debt could have severe repercussions to the U.S. and global credit and financial markets, further exacerbate concerns over sovereign debt and disrupt economic activity in the U.S. and elsewhere. As a result, our access to, or cost of, liquidity may deteriorate. As a result of uncertainty regarding U.S. national debt, the market value of some of our investments may decrease, and our capital adequacy could be adversely affected. Political and economic uncertainties and weakness and disruption of the financial markets around the world, such as geopolitical upheaval (including trade disputes) and deteriorating economic and political relationships between countries, the solvency of certain European Union member states and of financial institutions that have significant direct or indirect exposure to debt issued by such countries, have led and may continue to lead to concerns over capital markets access. In addition, there are ongoing risks around the world related to interest rate fluctuations, slowing global growth, commodity prices and the devaluation of certain currencies. These events and continuing market upheavals may have an adverse effect on us, in part because we have a large investment portfolio and are also dependent upon customer behavior. Our revenues may decline in such circumstances and our profit margins may erode. In addition, upon prolonged market events, such as the global credit crisis, we could incur significant investment-related losses. Even in the absence of a market downturn, we are exposed to substantial risk of loss due to market volatility.

If our investment strategy is unsuccessful, we could suffer losses.

    The success of our investment strategy is crucial to the success of our business. We structure our investments to match our anticipated liabilities under reinsurance treaties to the extent we believe necessary. If our calculations with respect to these reinsurance liabilities are incorrect, or if we improperly structure our investments to match such liabilities, we could be forced to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a significant loss.

    Our investment guidelines limit non-investment grade fixed maturity securities in our investment portfolio. While any investment carries some risk, the risks associated with lower-rated securities are greater than the risks associated with investment grade securities. The risk of loss of principal or interest through default is greater because lower-rated securities are usually unsecured and are often subordinated to an issuer’s other obligations. Additionally, the issuers of these securities frequently have relatively high debt levels and are thus more sensitive to difficult economic conditions, specific corporate developments and rising interest rates, which could impair an issuer’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on such lower-rated securities. As a result, the market price of these securities may be quite volatile, and the risk of loss is greater.

    The success of any investment activity is affected by general economic conditions, including the level and volatility of interest rates and the extent and timing of investor participation in such markets, which may adversely affect the markets for interest rate sensitive securities, mortgages and equity securities. Unexpected volatility or illiquidity in the markets in which we directly or indirectly hold positions could adversely affect us.

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Interest rate fluctuations could negatively affect the income we derive from the difference between the interest rates we earn on our investments and interest we pay under our reinsurance contracts.

    Significant changes in interest rates expose reinsurance companies to the risk of reduced investment income or actual losses based on the difference between the interest rates earned on investments and the credited interest rates paid on outstanding reinsurance contracts. Both rising and declining interest rates can negatively affect the income we derive from these interest rate spreads. During periods of rising interest rates, we may be contractually obligated to reimburse our clients for the greater amounts they credit on certain interest-sensitive products. However, we may not have the ability to immediately acquire investments with interest rates sufficient to offset the increased crediting rates on our reinsurance contracts. During periods of falling interest rates, our investment earnings will be lower because new investments in fixed maturity securities will likely bear lower interest rates. We may not be able to fully offset the decline in investment earnings with lower crediting rates on underlying annuity products related to certain of our reinsurance contracts. Our asset/liability management programs and procedures may not reduce the volatility of our income when interest rates are rising or falling, and thus we cannot assure you that changes in interest rates will not affect our interest rate spreads.

    Changes in interest rates may also affect our business in other ways. Higher interest rates may result in increased surrenders on interest-based products of our clients, which may affect our fees and earnings on those products. Lower interest rates may result in lower sales of certain insurance and investment products of our clients, which would reduce the demand for our reinsurance of these products. If interest rates remain low for an extended period, it may adversely affect our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

The liquidity and value of some of our investments may become significantly diminished.

    There may be illiquid markets for certain investments we hold in our investment portfolio. These include privately-placed fixed maturity securities, options and other derivative instruments, mortgage loans, policy loans, limited partnership interests, and real estate equity, such as real estate joint ventures and funds. Additionally, markets for certain of our investments that are currently liquid may experience reduced liquidity during periods of market volatility or disruption. If we were forced to sell certain of our investments into illiquid markets, prices may be lower than our carrying value in such investments. This could result in realized losses which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, as well as our financial ratios, which could affect compliance with our credit instruments and rating agency capital adequacy measures.

We could be forced to sell investments at a loss to cover policyholder withdrawals, recaptures of reinsurance treaties or other events.

    Some of the products offered by our insurance company customers allow policyholders and contract holders to withdraw their funds under defined circumstances. Our reinsurance subsidiaries manage their liabilities and configure their investment portfolios to provide and maintain sufficient liquidity to support anticipated withdrawal demands and contract benefits and maturities under reinsurance treaties with these customers. While our reinsurance subsidiaries own a significant amount of liquid assets, a portion of their assets are relatively illiquid. Unanticipated withdrawal or surrender activity could, under some circumstances, require our reinsurance subsidiaries to dispose of assets on unfavorable terms, which could have an adverse effect on us. Reinsurance agreements may provide for recapture rights on the part of our insurance company customers. Recapture rights permit these customers to reassume all or a portion of the risk formerly ceded to us after an agreed-upon time, usually ten years, subject to various conditions.

    Recapture of business previously ceded does not affect premiums ceded prior to the recapture, but may result in immediate payments to our insurance company customers and a charge to income for costs that we deferred when we acquired the business but are unable to recover upon recapture. Under some circumstances, payments to our insurance company customers could require our reinsurance subsidiaries to dispose of assets on unfavorable terms.

Defaults, downgrades or other events impairing the value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio may reduce our earnings.

    We are subject to the risk that the issuers, or guarantors, of fixed maturity securities we own may default on principal and interest payments they owe us. Fixed maturity securities represent a substantial portion of our total cash and invested assets. The occurrence of a major or prolonged economic downturn, acts of corporate malfeasance, widening risk spreads, or other events that adversely affect the issuers or guarantors of these securities could cause the value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio and our net income to decline and the default rate of the fixed maturity securities in our investment portfolio to increase. A ratings downgrade affecting issuers or guarantors of particular securities, or similar trends that could worsen the credit quality of issuers, such as the corporate issuers of securities in our investment portfolio, could also have a similar effect. With economic uncertainty, credit quality of issuers or guarantors could be adversely affected. Any event reducing the value of these securities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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With respect to unrealized losses, we establish deferred tax assets for the tax benefit we may receive in the event that losses are realized. The realization of significant realized losses could result in an inability to recover the tax benefits and may result in the establishment of valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets. Realized losses or impairments may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

The defaults or deteriorating credit of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

    We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, insurance companies, commercial banks, investment banks, investment funds and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk upon default of our counterparty. In addition, with respect to secured and other transactions that provide for us to hold collateral posted by the counterparty, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral we hold cannot be liquidated at prices sufficient to recover the full amount of our exposure. We also have exposure to these financial institutions in the form of unsecured debt instruments, derivative transactions and equity investments. There can be no assurance that losses or impairments to the carrying value of these assets would not materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Defaults on our mortgage loans or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in mortgage-backed securities and volatility in performance of our investments in real-estate related assets may adversely affect our profitability.

    A portion of our investment portfolio consists of assets linked to real estate, including mortgage loans on commercial properties, lifetime mortgages, investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), and residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”). Delinquency and defaults by third parties in the payment or performance of their obligations underlying these assets could reduce our investment income and realized investment gains or result in the recognition of investment losses. Mortgage loans are stated on our balance sheet at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, and are net of valuation allowances established as of the balance sheet date. Such valuation allowances are based on the excess carrying value of the loan over the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, the value of the loan’s collateral if the loan is in the process of foreclosure or is otherwise collateral-dependent, or the loan’s market value if the loan is being sold. CMBS and RMBS are stated on our balance sheet at fair value. The performance of our mortgage loan investments and our investments in CMBS and RMBS, however, may fluctuate in the future. An increase in the default rate of our mortgage loan investments or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in CMBS and RMBS could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

    Further, any geographic or sector concentration of our mortgage loans or the mortgage loans underlying our investments in CMBS and RMBS may have adverse effects on our investment portfolios and consequently on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. Events or developments that have a negative effect on any particular geographic region or sector may have a greater adverse effect on our investment portfolios to the extent that the portfolios are concentrated. Moreover, our ability to sell assets relating to such particular groups of related assets may be limited if other market participants are seeking to sell at the same time.

Our valuation of fixed maturity and equity securities and derivatives include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

    Fixed maturity, equity securities and short-term investments, which are primarily reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, represent the majority of our total cash and invested assets. As described in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6 “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities”, we have categorized these securities into a three-level hierarchy, based on the priority of the inputs to the respective valuation technique.

    During periods of market disruption, including periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the financial environment. As such, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation resulting in values that may be different than the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. Further, rapidly changing or disruptive credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

    The reported value of our investments, including our relatively illiquid asset classes and, at times, our high-quality, generally liquid asset classes, do not necessarily reflect the lowest current market price for the asset. If we were forced to sell

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certain of our assets in disruptive or volatile market conditions, there can be no assurance that we will be able to sell them for the prices at which we have recorded them and we may be forced to sell them at significantly lower prices.

The determination of the amount of allowances and impairments taken on our investments is highly subjective and could materially affect our financial condition or results of operations.

    The determination of the amount of allowances and impairments vary by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects changes in allowances and impairments in operations as such evaluations are revised. For example, the cost of our fixed maturity securities is adjusted for impairments in value deemed to be impaired in the period in which the determination is made. The assessment of whether impairments have occurred is based on management’s case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons for the decline in fair value. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. There can be no assurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of impairments taken, or allowances reflected in our financial statements and their potential impact on regulatory capital. Furthermore, additional impairments or additional allowances may be needed in the future.

Our investments are reflected within the consolidated financial statements utilizing different accounting bases and accordingly we may not have recognized differences, which may be significant, between cost and fair value in our consolidated financial statements.

    Certain of our principal investments are in fixed maturity securities, short-term investments, mortgage loans, policy loans, funds withheld at interest and other invested assets. The carrying value of such investments is described in “Investments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Polices and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Investments not carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements – principally, mortgage loans, policy loans, real estate joint ventures and other limited partnerships – may have fair values that are substantially higher or lower than the carrying value reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Each of such asset classes is regularly evaluated for impairment under the accounting guidance appropriate to the respective asset class.

Phasing out of London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) after 2023 may adversely affect the value of certain of our LIBOR-based assets and liabilities.

    On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”) after December 31, 2021. Subsequently, on March 5, 2021, the FCA announced that all LIBOR settings will either cease to be provided or no longer be representative, with some being discontinued after December 31, 2021 and the remaining being discontinued after June 30, 2023. The Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act, enacted in March 2022, provides a framework to replace U.S. dollar LIBOR with a benchmark rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) for contracts governed by U.S. law that have no or ineffective fallbacks, and in December 2022, the Federal Reserve Board adopted related implementing rules. Although governmental authorities have endeavored to facilitate an orderly discontinuation of LIBOR, interest rates on our LIBOR-based and other floating-rate assets and liabilities may be adversely affected. Further, any uncertainty regarding replacements for LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate could adversely affect the trading market for and value of LIBOR-based and other floating-rate securities, including certain of our assets and liabilities. We do not anticipate such changes to have a material impact on our cash flows, financial condition and result of operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We may not pay dividends on our common stock.

    Our shareholders may not receive dividends. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that we can pay will depend in part on the operations of our reinsurance subsidiaries. Under certain circumstances, we may be contractually prohibited from paying dividends on our common stock due to restrictions associated with certain of our debt securities.

Certain provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws, in Missouri law and in applicable insurance laws, may delay or prevent a change in control, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

    Certain provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws, as well as Missouri corporate law and state insurance laws, may delay or prevent a change of control of RGA, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain some provisions that may make the acquisition of control of RGA without the approval of our board of directors more difficult, including provisions relating to the nomination, election and removal of directors and limitations on actions by our shareholders. In addition, Missouri law also imposes some restrictions on mergers

34

and other business combinations between RGA and holders of 20% or more of our outstanding common stock. These provisions may have unintended anti-takeover effects, including to delay or prevent a change in control of RGA, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

    Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commission of the state where the domestic insurer is domiciled. Under U.S. state insurance laws and regulations, any person acquiring 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a corporation, such as our common stock, is presumed to have acquired control of that corporation and its subsidiaries. Similar laws in other countries where we operate limit our ability to effect changes of control for subsidiaries organized in such jurisdictions without the approval of local insurance regulatory officials. Prior to granting approval of an application to directly or indirectly acquire control of a domestic or foreign insurer, an insurance regulator in any jurisdiction may consider such factors as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity of the applicant’s board of directors and executive officers, the applicant’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control.

Issuing additional shares may dilute the value or affect the price of our common stock.

    Our board of directors has the authority, without action or vote of the shareholders, to issue any or all authorized but unissued shares of our common stock, including securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common stock and authorized but unissued shares under our equity compensation plans. In the future, we may issue such additional securities, through public or private offerings, in order to raise additional capital. Any such issuance will dilute the percentage ownership of shareholders and may dilute the per share projected earnings or book value of our common stock. In addition, option holders may exercise their options at any time when we would otherwise be able to obtain additional equity capital on more favorable terms.

The occurrence of various events may adversely affect the ability of RGA and its subsidiaries to fully utilize any net operating losses (“NOLs”) and other tax attributes.

    RGA and its subsidiaries may, from time to time, have a substantial amount of NOLs and other tax attributes, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to offset taxable income and gains. If a corporation experiences an ownership change, it is generally subject to an annual limitation, which limits its ability to use its NOLs and other tax attributes. Events outside of our control may cause RGA (and, consequently, its subsidiaries) to experience an “ownership change” under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code and the related Treasury regulations, and limit the ability of RGA and its subsidiaries to utilize fully such NOLs and other tax attributes. If we were to experience an ownership change, we could potentially have higher U.S. federal income tax liabilities than we would otherwise have had, which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B.         UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

The Company has no unresolved staff comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 2.         PROPERTIES

The Company’s corporate headquarters is located at an owned site in Chesterfield, Missouri. In addition, the Company leases office space in 49 locations throughout the world. Most of the Company’s leases have terms of three to five years; while some leases have longer terms, none exceed 15 years.

The Company believes that its existing facilities, including both owned and leased, are in good operating condition and suitable for the conduct of its business.

Item 3.         LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company currently has no material litigation. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand or litigation or is notified that an arbitration demand or litigation is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Item 4.         MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5.         MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Insurance companies are subject to statutory regulations that restrict the payment of dividends. See Item 1 under the caption Regulation – “Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions.” See Item 8, Note 17 – “Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding board-approved stock repurchase plans. See Item 12 for information about the Company’s compensation plans.

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “RGA”. On January 31, 2023, there were 21,353 stockholders of record of RGA’s common stock and 67 million shares outstanding.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

    The following table summarizes RGA’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2022:

	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per  Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program
October 1, 2022 – October 31, 2022	5,617	$	140.43	—	$	375,000,364
November 1, 2022 – November 30, 2022	189,660	$	135.35	184,904	$	350,001,793
December 1, 2022 – December 31, 2022	8,295	$	142.20	—	$	350,001,793

(1)RGA repurchased 0, 184,904, and 0 shares of common stock under its share repurchase program in October, November and December 2022, respectively. The Company net settled – issuing 14,738, 16,650 and 21,514 shares from treasury and repurchased from recipients 5,617, 4,756 and 8,295 shares in October, November and December 2022, respectively, in settlement of income tax withholding requirements incurred by the recipients of equity incentive awards.

On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 219,116 shares of common stock under this program for $25 million.

On February 25, 2022, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2022, RGA repurchased 380,138 shares of common stock under this program for $50 million.

The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

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Comparison of 5-Year Cumulative Total Return

The graph below shows the performance of the Company’s common stock for the period beginning December 31, 2017, and ending December 31, 2022, assuming $100 was invested on December 31, 2017. The graph compares the cumulative total return on the Company’s common stock, based on the market price of the common stock and assuming reinvestment of dividends, with the cumulative total return of companies in the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 Stock Index and the S&P’s Insurance (Life/Health) Index. The indices are included for comparative purposes only. They do not necessarily reflect management’s opinion that such indices are an appropriate measure of the relative performance of the Company’s common stock and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of future performance of the common stock.

	Base Period		Cumulative Total Return
	12/17		12/18		12/19		12/20		12/21		12/22
Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated	$	100.00	$	91.28	$	107.98	$	78.76	$	76.21	$	101.38
S&P 500	100.00		95.62		125.72		148.85		191.58		156.88
S&P Life & Health Insurance	100.00		79.23		97.60		88.35		120.76		133.25

Item 6.         (RESERVED)

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Item 7.         MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

		Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		39
Overview		40
Industry Trends		42
Critical Accounting Policies		43
Consolidated Results of Operations		47
Results of Operations by Segment		51
	U.S. and Latin America Operations	51
	Canada Operations	55
	Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations	57
	Asia Pacific Operations	59
	Corporate and Other	61
Liquidity and Capital Resources		62

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and federal securities laws including, among others, statements relating to projections of the future operations, strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, financial performance and growth potential of the Company. Forward-looking statements often contain words and phrases such as “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “if,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “pro forma,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and other words and terms of similar meaning or that are otherwise tied to future periods or future performance, in each case in all derivative forms. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. Forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by or underlying the forward-looking statements.

Factors that could also cause results or events to differ, possibly materially, from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, include, among others: (1) adverse changes in mortality (whether related to COVID-19 or otherwise), morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (2) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (3) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (4) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (5) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (6) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in the market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (7) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (8) the effect of the Company parent’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, (9) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (10) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (11) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (12) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (13) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (14) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (15) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (18) financial performance of the Company’s clients, (19) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, pandemics, epidemics or other major public health issues anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (20) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (21) development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (22) execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (23) integration of acquired blocks of business and entities, (24) interruption or failure of the Company’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data and intellectual property stored on such systems, (25) adverse developments with respect to litigation, arbitration or regulatory investigations or actions (26) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (27) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company or its business, including Long Duration Targeted Improvement accounting changes and (28) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future, except as required under applicable securities law. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as may be supplemented by Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and in our other periodic and current reports filed with the SEC.

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Overview

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $3.4 trillion of life reinsurance in force and assets of $84.7 billion as of December 31, 2022. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, capital solutions, including financial reinsurance and stable value products. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

The Company’s underwriting expertise and industry knowledge allowed it to expand into international markets around the world including locations in Canada, the Asia Pacific region, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. Based on the compilation of information from competitors’ annual reports, the Company believes it is the second-largest global life and health reinsurer in the world based on 2021 life and health reinsurance revenues. The Company conducts business with the majority of the largest U.S. and international life insurance companies. The Company has also developed its capacity and expertise in the reinsurance of longevity risks, asset-intensive products (primarily annuities and corporate-owned life insurance) and financial reinsurance. More recently, the Company has increased its investment and expenditures in client service and technology-oriented initiatives to both support its clients and generate new future revenue streams.

The Company’s traditional life reinsurance business, involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years or longer. To a lesser extent, the Company also reinsures certain health business typically reinsured for a shorter duration. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of the insured, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company’s financial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk.

The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims are less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. For longevity business, the Company’s profitability depends on the lifespan of the underlying contract holders and the investment performance for certain contracts. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions, which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

Segment Presentation    

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. See “Business – Segments” in Item 1 for more information.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.

Segment revenue levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies, and therefore may fluctuate from period to period.

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    The following table sets forth the Company’s premiums attributable to each of its segments for the periods indicated on both a gross assumed basis and net of premiums ceded to third parties:

Gross and Net Premiums by Segment

(in millions)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022				2021				2020
	Gross		Net		Gross		Net		Gross		Net
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	7,011	$	6,590	$	6,716	$	6,244	$	6,423	$	5,838
Financial Solutions	66		66		55		55		53		53
Total U.S. and Latin America	7,077		6,656		6,771		6,299		6,476		5,891
Canada:
Traditional	1,282		1,219		1,244		1,194		1,106		1,052
Financial Solutions	95		95		90		90		83		83
Total Canada	1,377		1,314		1,334		1,284		1,189		1,135
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,768		1,736		1,770		1,738		1,579		1,555
Financial Solutions	623		486		552		350		430		252
Total Europe, Middle East and Africa	2,391		2,222		2,322		2,088		2,009		1,807
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,767		2,650		2,736		2,624		2,787		2,681
Financial Solutions	236		236		218		218		180		180
Total Asia Pacific	3,003		2,886		2,954		2,842		2,967		2,861
Corporate and Other	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	13,848	$	13,078	$	13,381	$	12,513	$	12,641	$	11,694

    The following table sets forth selected information concerning assumed life reinsurance business in force and assumed new business volume by segment for the periods indicated. The terms “in force” and “new business” refer to insurance policy face amounts or net amounts at risk.

Reinsurance Business In Force and New Business by Segment

(in billions)

	As of December 31,
	2022				2021				2020
	In Force		New Business		In Force		New Business		In Force		New Business
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	1,672.2	$	145.9	$	1,628.4	$	130.5	$	1,611.6	$	114.9
Financial Solutions	5.2		—		5.3		—		5.3		—
Total U.S. and Latin America	1,677.4		145.9		1,633.7		130.5		1,616.9		114.9
Canada:
Traditional	463.6		48.2		472.6		48.8		445.2		40.8
Financial Solutions	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Canada	463.6		48.2		472.6		48.8		445.2		40.8
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	735.4		169.4		861.6		198.4		864.4		184.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Europe, Middle East and Africa	735.4		169.4		861.6		198.4		864.4		184.3
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	518.6		45.3		497.4		34.2		553.7		49.6
Financial Solutions	5.7		0.1		1.7		0.2		0.5		—
Total Asia Pacific	524.3		45.4		499.1		34.4		554.2		49.6
Total	$	3,400.7	$	408.9	$	3,467.0	$	412.1	$	3,480.7	$	389.6

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Reinsurance business in force reflects the addition or acquisition of new life reinsurance business, offset by terminations (e.g., life and group contract terminations, lapses of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and recapture), changes in foreign currency exchange and any other changes in the amount of insurance in force. As a result of terminations, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and other changes, assumed in force amounts at risk decreased by $475.2 billion, $425.8 billion and $389.1 billion in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

See “Results of Operations by Segment” below for further information about the Company’s segments.

Industry Trends

The Company believes life and health insurance companies will continue to partner with reinsurance companies to manage risk, achieve new growth, assist with capital efficiency, develop solutions across the value chain and to help navigate through changes in regulatory and accounting standards. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of insurance products in general and the value of reinsurance as a risk management tool. In addition, the Company believes reinsurers will continue to be an integral part of the life and health insurance market due to their ability to efficiently aggregate a significant volume of life insurance in force, creating economies of scale and greater diversification of risk. As a result of having larger amounts of mortality and morbidity experience data at their disposal compared to primary life insurance companies, reinsurers tend to have more comprehensive insights into mortality and morbidity trends, creating more efficient pricing for mortality and morbidity risk. The Company also believes the following trends in the life and health insurance industry will continue to create demand for both traditional reinsurance and financial solutions.

Cession Rates. The percentage of new life and health business being reinsured in North America has recently begun to increase following a period of decline, due to strong recurring production coupled with in-force opportunities and an aging population, which increases the need for living benefit morbidity products. Cession rates in the Company’s international markets are expected to continue increasing as middle-class growth and wealth creation drive additional insurance growth. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the insurance protection gap, and the strategic benefits of reinsurance, and thus may lead to increased cession rates as insurance companies address the gap.

Insured Populations. The aging population in North America and elsewhere, and the growth in the middle class in the Company’s international markets, are increasing demand for insurance products and for financial products among “baby boomers” who are concerned about protecting their peak income stream and are considering retirement and estate planning. This trend is likely to result in continuing demand for annuity products and life insurance policies, larger face amounts of life insurance policies and higher mortality and longevity risk taken by life insurers, all of which should fuel the need for insurers to seek reinsurance coverage. Additionally, in many countries, companies are increasingly interested in reducing their exposure to longevity risk related to employee retirement plans, resulting in a growing demand for pension risk transfer solutions.

Economic, Regulatory and Accounting Changes. Regulatory, accounting, and economic changes across the globe are creating opportunities for reinsurance and innovative capital solutions to:

•manage risk-based capital by shifting mortality and other risks to reinsurers, thereby reducing amounts of reserves and capital the life and health insurance companies need to maintain;

•release capital to pursue new business initiatives;

•unlock the capital supporting, and value embedded in, non-core product lines; and

•exit certain lines of business.

Consolidation and Reorganization within the Life Reinsurance and Life Insurance Industry. There are fewer competitors in the traditional life reinsurance industry as a result of consolidations in the industry. As a consequence, the Company believes there will be business opportunities for the remaining life reinsurers, particularly those with a significant market presence and strong ratings. However, competition from new entrants for large in-force blocks, particularly for asset-intensive blocks, has increased in recent years. Additionally, merger and acquisition and other restructuring transactions within the life insurance industry will likely continue to occur, which the Company believes will increase the demand for reinsurance products to facilitate these transactions and manage risk.

The Company’s strategy is to continue to capitalize on industry trends by ensuring it is well positioned to meet its clients’ needs through the following initiatives:

Leading with Expertise and Innovation

•Combine product development, innovation, and new reinsurance structures to open or expand markets.

•Leverage underwriting, data, analytics, and digital expertise to grow markets.

•Deliver unique insights to gain competitive advantage and leverage thought leadership to drive growth.

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Succeeding Together

•Broaden and deepen global, regional, and local client relationships to be the preferred reinsurance partner.

•Foster third-party partnerships to accelerate innovation, capabilities, and access to efficient capital.

•Strengthen leadership in industry organizations to actively promote and advance industry purpose.

Prioritizing Agility, Impact and Scale

•Prioritize high-growth, capability-driven opportunities that best fit risk appetites.

•Prioritize opportunities that recognize competitive differentiators and value proposition.

•Capitalize on operating model to increase local markets responsiveness and agility.

Building for Future Generations

•Pursue a balanced approach to in-force management, portfolio optimization, and new business generation.

•Foster an engaging and inclusive culture to attract and retain diverse, world-class talent.

•Behave as a responsible global citizen by taking action to address social and environmental issues.

Critical Accounting Policies

The Company’s accounting policies are described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company believes its most critical accounting policies include the establishment of premiums receivable; amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”); the establishment of liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims; the valuation of investments and investment allowance for credit losses and impairments; the valuation of embedded derivatives; and accounting for income taxes. The balances of these accounts require extensive use of assumptions and estimates, particularly related to the future performance of the underlying business.

Differences in experience compared with the assumptions and estimates utilized in establishing premiums receivable, the justification of the recoverability of DAC, in establishing reserves for future policy benefits and claim liabilities, or in the determination of impairments to investment securities can have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Premiums Receivable

Premiums are accrued when due and in accordance with information received from the ceding company. When the Company enters into a new reinsurance agreement, it records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty. Similarly, when a ceding company fails to report information on a timely basis, the Company records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty as well as historical experience. Other management estimates include adjustments for increased insurance in force on existing treaties, lapsed premiums given historical experience, the financial health of specific ceding companies, collateral value and the legal right of offset on related amounts (i.e., allowances and claims) owed to the ceding company. Under the legal right of offset provisions in its reinsurance treaties, the Company can withhold payments for allowances and claims from unpaid premiums.

Deferred Acquisition Costs

    Costs of acquiring new business, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new business, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Such costs include commissions and allowances as well as certain costs of policy issuance and underwriting. Non-commission costs related to the acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts may be deferred only if they meet the following criteria:

•Incremental direct costs of a successful contract acquisition.

•Portions of employees’ salaries and benefits directly related to time spent performing specified acquisition activities for a contract that has been acquired or renewed.

•Other costs directly related to the specified acquisition or renewal activities that would not have been incurred had that acquisition contract transaction not occurred.

    The Company tests the recoverability for each year of business at issue before establishing additional DAC. The Company also performs annual tests to establish that DAC remain recoverable at all times, and if financial performance significantly deteriorates to the point where a deficiency exists, a cumulative charge to current operations will be recorded. No such adjustments related to DAC recoverability were made in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

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    DAC related to traditional life insurance contracts are amortized with interest over the premium-paying period of the related policies in proportion to the ratio of individual period premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues over the life of the policy. Such anticipated premium revenues are estimated using the same assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits.

DAC related to interest-sensitive life and investment-type contracts is amortized over the lives of the contracts, in relation to the present value of estimated gross profits (“EGP”) from mortality, investment income, and expense margins. The EGP for asset-intensive products include the following components: (1) estimates of fees charged to policyholders to cover mortality, surrenders and maintenance costs, less amount of risk upon death; (2) expected interest rate spreads between income earned and amounts credited to policyholder accounts; and (3) estimated costs of administration. EGP is also reduced by the Company’s estimate of future losses due to defaults in fixed maturity securities as well as the change in reserves for embedded derivatives. DAC is sensitive to changes in assumptions regarding these EGP components, and any change in such assumptions could have an effect on the Company’s profitability.

The Company periodically reviews the EGP valuation model and assumptions so that the assumptions reflect best estimates of future experience. Two assumptions are considered to be most significant: (1) estimated interest spread, and (2) estimated future policy lapses. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $528 million of DAC related to asset-intensive products, within the U.S. and Latin America and Asia Pacific Financial Solutions segments. The following table reflects the possible change, as a percentage of current DAC related to asset-intensive products, that would occur in a given year if assumptions are changed as illustrated:

Quantitative Change in Significant Assumptions	One-Time Increase in DAC	One-Time Decrease in DAC
Estimated interest spread increasing (decreasing) 25 basis points from the current spread	9.12%	(11.53)%
Estimated future policy lapse rates decreasing (increasing) 20% on a permanent basis (including surrender charges)	5.77%	(5.00)%

In general, a change in assumption that improves the Company’s expectations regarding EGP is going to have the effect of deferring the amortization of DAC into the future, thus increasing earnings and the current DAC balance. DAC can be no greater than the initial DAC balance plus interest and would be subject to recoverability testing, which is ignored for purposes of this analysis. Conversely, a change in assumption that decreases EGP will have the effect of speeding up the amortization of DAC, thus reducing earnings and lowering the DAC balance. The Company also adjusts DAC to reflect changes in the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities since these changes affect EGP. This adjustment to DAC is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income.

The DAC associated with the Company’s non-asset-intensive business is less sensitive to changes in estimates for investment yields, mortality and lapses. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the estimates include provisions for the risk of adverse deviation and are not adjusted unless experience significantly deteriorates to the point where a premium deficiency exists.

The following table summarizes the DAC balances for the Traditional and Financial Solutions segments as of December 31, 2022:

(dollars in millions)	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Other		Total
U.S. and Latin America	$	2,000	$	387	$	—	$	2,387
Canada	171		—		—		171
Europe, Middle East and Africa	231		—		—		231
Asia Pacific	1,039		141		—		1,180
Corporate	—		—		5		5
Total	$	3,441	$	528	$	5	$	3,974

As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimates that all of its DAC balance is collateralized by surrender fees due to the Company and the reduction of policy liabilities, in excess of termination values, upon surrender or lapse of a policy.

Liabilities for Future Policy Benefits and Incurred but not Reported Claims

Liabilities for future policy benefits under long-duration life insurance policies (policy reserves) are computed based upon expected investment yields, mortality and withdrawal (lapse) rates, and other assumptions, including a provision for adverse deviation from expected claim levels. Liabilities for use policy claims and benefits for short-duration contracts are accounted for based on actuarial estimates of the amount of loss inherent in that period’s claims, including losses incurred for which claims have not been reported. Short-duration contract loss estimates rely on actuarial observations of ultimate loss

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experience for similar historical events. The Company primarily relies on its own valuation and administration systems to establish policy reserves. The policy reserves the Company establishes may differ from those established by the ceding companies due to the use of different mortality and other assumptions. However, the Company relies upon its ceding company clients to provide accurate data, including policy-level information, premiums and claims, which is the primary information used to establish reserves. The Company’s administration departments work directly with clients to help ensure information is submitted in accordance with the reinsurance contracts. Additionally, the Company performs periodic audits of the information provided by clients. The Company establishes reserves for processing backlogs with a goal of clearing all backlogs within a ninety-day period. The backlogs are usually due to data errors the Company discovers or computer file compatibility issues, since much of the data reported to the Company is in electronic format and is uploaded to its computer systems.

The Company periodically reviews actual historical experience and relative anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish aggregate policy reserves. Further, the Company establishes premium deficiency reserves if actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing aggregate policy reserves, together with the present value of future gross premiums, are not sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. The premium deficiency reserve is established through a charge to income, as well as a reduction to unamortized acquisition costs and, to the extent there are no unamortized acquisition costs, an increase to future policy benefits. Because of the many assumptions and estimates used in establishing reserves and the long-term nature of the Company’s reinsurance contracts, the reserving process, while based on actuarial science, is inherently uncertain. If the Company’s assumptions, particularly on mortality, are inaccurate, its reserves may be inadequate to pay claims and there could be a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

Claims payable for incurred but not reported losses for long-duration life policies are determined using case-basis estimates and lag studies of past experience. The time lag from the date of the claim or death to the date when the ceding company reports the claim to the Company can be several months and can vary significantly by ceding company, business segment and product type. Incurred but not reported claims are estimates on an undiscounted basis, using actuarial estimates of historical claims expense, adjusted for current trends and conditions. These estimates are continually reviewed and the ultimate liability may vary significantly from the amount recognized, which are reflected in net income in the period in which they are determined.

Claims payable for incurred but not reported losses for disability, medical and other short-duration contracts are determined using actuarial methods based on historical claim patterns as well as estimated changes in cost trends. The Company also reviews and evaluates how prior periods’ estimates are developed when estimating the accrual for the current period. To the extent appropriate, changes in such development are recorded as a change to the current period expense. Historically, the amount of the claim development adjustment made in subsequent reporting periods for prior period estimates has been in a reasonable range given the Company’s normal claim fluctuations.

Valuation of Investments, Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments

The Company primarily invests in fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans, short-term investments, and other invested assets. For investments reported at fair value, the Company utilizes, when available, fair values based on quoted prices in active markets that are regularly and readily obtainable. Generally, these are very liquid investments and the valuation does not require management judgment. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair value is based on market valuation techniques, market comparable pricing and the income approach. The Company may utilize information from third parties, such as pricing services and brokers, to assist in determining the fair value for certain investments; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices and pricing of assets and liabilities, and approving changes to valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The selection of the valuation technique(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and the nature of the investment being valued and significant expertise and judgment is required.

In addition, investments are subject to impairment reviews to identify when a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses or an impairment for non-credit factors. Impairment losses for non-credit factors are recognized in AOCI whereas allowances for credit losses are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the policies regarding allowance for credit losses and impairments.

Fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, less applicable deferred income taxes as well as related adjustments to deferred acquisition costs, if applicable, are reflected as a direct charge or credit to accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets.

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See “Investments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” and Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the valuation of the Company’s investments.

Mortgage loans are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount and valuation allowances. For a discussion regarding the valuation allowance for mortgage loans see “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Valuation of Embedded Derivatives

The Company reinsures certain annuity products that contain terms that are deemed to be embedded derivatives, primarily equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits. The Company assesses each identified embedded derivative to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated under the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. If the instrument would not be reported in its entirety at fair value and it is determined that the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as a freestanding derivative. Such embedded derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with the host contract.

Additionally, reinsurance treaties written on a modified coinsurance or funds withheld basis are subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. The majority of the Company’s funds withheld at interest balances are associated with its reinsurance of annuity contracts, the majority of which are subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. Management believes the embedded derivative feature in each of these reinsurance treaties is similar to a total return swap on the assets held by the ceding companies.

The valuation of the various embedded derivatives requires complex calculations based on actuarial and capital markets inputs and assumptions related to estimates of future cash flows and interpretations of the primary accounting guidance continue to evolve in practice. The valuation of embedded derivatives is sensitive to the investment credit spread environment. Changes in investment credit spreads are also affected by the application of a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in an asset position utilizes a CVA based on the ceding company’s credit risk. Conversely, the fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in a liability position utilizes a CVA based on the Company’s credit risk. Generally, an increase in investment credit spreads, ignoring changes in the CVA, will have a negative impact on the fair value of the embedded derivative (decrease in income). See “Derivative Instruments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” and Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the valuation of the Company’s embedded derivatives.

Income Taxes

    The U.S. consolidated tax return includes the operations of RGA and all eligible subsidiaries. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries are taxed under applicable local statutes.

    The Company provides for federal, state and foreign income taxes currently payable, as well as those deferred due to temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts, and are recognized in net income or in certain cases in other comprehensive income. The Company’s accounting for income taxes represents management’s best estimate of various events and transactions considering the laws enacted as of the reporting date.

    Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the relevant jurisdictions’ enacted tax rate for the period in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse to the temporary difference change for that period. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets including those related to foreign tax credits, net operating and capital losses. The Company has projected its ability to utilize its deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets the Company believes more likely than not will not be realized.

    Significant judgment is required in determining whether valuation allowances should be established as well as the amount of such allowances. When making such a determination, consideration is given to, among other things, the following:

(i)taxable income in prior carryback years

(ii)future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences;

(iii)future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; and

(iv)tax planning strategies.

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Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these changes occur.

    The Company made a policy election to account for global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a period cost.

    The Company reports uncertain tax positions in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In order to recognize the benefit of an uncertain tax position, the position must meet the more likely than not criteria of being sustained. Unrecognized tax benefits due to tax uncertainties that do not meet the more likely than not criteria are included within liabilities and are charged to earnings in the period that such determination is made. The Company classifies interest related to tax uncertainties as interest expense whereas penalties related to tax uncertainties are classified as a component of income tax.

    See Note 9 – “Income Tax” for further discussion.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Although global COVID-19 related deaths have declined, the Company continues to experience increased claim costs, primarily in the first quarter of 2022, as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic. However, the Company cannot reliably predict the future impact COVID-19 will have on its business, results of operations and financial condition as the ultimate amount and timing of claims the Company will experience as a result of COVID-19 will depend on many variables and uncertainties. These variables and uncertainties will depend on, the severity of new variants of the virus, vaccination prevalence and effectiveness, country-specific circumstances, and COVID-19’s indirect impact on mortality and morbidity.

During 2022, general population COVID-19 deaths were heavily concentrated in individuals aged 70 and older and with pre-existing comorbidities; however, some populations experienced an increase in younger age deaths, particularly in areas where healthcare facilities were unable to provide adequate care. The Company’s insured population has lower exposure to older ages than the general population and covers a generally healthier population due to underwriting and socioeconomic factors of those purchasing insurance. In addition, the Company’s longevity business may act as a modest offset to excess life insurance claims at older ages.

The Company’s COVID-19 projection and financial impact models continue to be updated and refined based on the latest external data and the Company’s claim experience to date and are subject to the many variables and uncertainties noted above. During 2022, the U.S. continued to be the key driver of mortality claim costs followed by Asia and Canada. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company estimates it incurred approximately $451 million of COVID-19 related life and health claim costs, including amounts incurred but not reported, with approximately $336 million of that amount being associated with the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment. During the second half of 2022, mortality claims related to COVID-19 continued to decline across all segments; however, the Company experienced an increase in medical hospitalization claims for at-home sickness benefits related to COVID-19 in Japan. Changes to the definition of qualifying at-home sickness benefits at the end of September 2022 is expected to reduce future at-home benefit expenses in future periods.

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Results of Operations – 2022 compared to 2021

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, can be found under Item 7 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022, which is available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our Investor Relations website at www.rgare.com. Information provided on such websites does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes the changes in net income for the periods presented.

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
Revenues	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	13,078	$	12,513	$	565
Net investment income	3,161		3,138		23
Investment related gains (losses), net	(506)		560		(1,066)
Other revenues	525		447		78
Total revenues	16,258		16,658		(400)
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	12,046		12,776		(730)
Interest credited	682		700		(18)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	1,499		1,416		83
Other operating expenses	1,009		936		73
Interest expense	184		127		57
Collateral finance and securitization expense	7		12		(5)
Total benefits and expenses	15,427		15,967		(540)
Income before income taxes	831		691		140
Provision for income taxes	204		74		130
Net income	$	627	$	617	$	10
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	4		—		4
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	623	$	617	$	6
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share	$	9.31	$	9.10
Diluted earnings per share	9.21		9.04

The increase in income in 2022 was primarily the result of the following:

•An increase in net premiums and decrease in mortality claims in the U.S. and Latin America, EMEA and Asia Pacific traditional segments. The decrease in mortality claims was a result of lower COVID-19 claims and favorable non-COVID-19 experience.

The increase in premiums and decrease in mortality claims was offset by the following:

◦Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments, excluding embedded derivatives, included in investment related gains (losses), net. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the fair value of these instruments decreased by $301 million, compared to an increase of $90 million in 2021.

◦$204 million, pre-tax, of net realized losses, included in investment related gains (losses), net associated with portfolio repositioning and higher interest rates compared to $234 million of net realized gains recognized in the prior year.

◦Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives, associated with modco/funds withheld treaties, decreased investment related gains by $173 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to an increase of $107 million in 2021.

◦The prior year benefited from a one-time adjustment of $162 million, pretax, associated with prior periods that includes $92 million, pretax, to correct the accounting for equity method limited partnerships to reflect unrealized gains in net investment income that were previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), and a $70 million, pretax, correction reflected in other investment related gains (losses), net to adjust the carrying value of certain limited partnerships from cost less impairments to a fair value approach, using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share or its equivalent.

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Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation decreased income before taxes by $14 million due to the weakening foreign currencies compared to the U.S. Dollar, primarily, the Great British Pound and the Canadian Dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Premiums and business growth

The increase in premiums is primarily due to organic growth on existing treaties and new business production, measured by the face amount of reinsurance in force, of $408.9 billion during 2022 compared to $412.1 billion during 2021. Consolidated assumed life reinsurance in force decreased to $3,400.7 billion as of December 31, 2022, from $3,467.0 billion as of December 31, 2021, due to lapses and mortality claims in the current year of $324.9 billion, primarily attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in foreign exchange, which decreased assumed life reinsurance in force by $150.3 billion.

Net investment income and investment related gains and losses

    The increase in net investment income is primarily attributable to an increase in the average invested asset base and higher risk-free rates earned on new investments, partially offset by a decrease in variable investment income associated with joint venture and limited partnership investments:

•The average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread related business, totaled $34.4 billion and $33.0 billion in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

•The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was 4.69% and 4.99% in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Investment yield decreased for the year ended December 31, 2022, in comparison to the prior year, primarily due to decreased variable income from limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures.

The average yield will vary from year to year depending on several variables, including the prevailing risk-fee interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash and cash equivalents balances. Variable investment income from joint ventures and limited partnerships will also vary from year to year and is highly dependent on the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. Investment income is allocated to the operating segments based upon average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support segment operations.

The decrease in investment related gains (losses), net is attributable to the following:

•During 2022, the Company repositioned select portfolios generating net realized losses of $204 million compared to $234 million of net realized gains in 2021.

•Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with modco/funds withheld treaties, decreased investment related gains (losses) by $173 million in 2022, compared to an increase of $107 million in 2021.

•The Company incurred $(39) million and $17 million of impairments and change in allowance for credit (losses) gains during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

•Unrealized gains of $38 million were recognized during 2022 compared to $169 million, including the previously mentioned correction recorded in the first quarter of 2021 of $70 million, due to the change in fair value of certain cost method limited partnerships recognized during 2021.

•See the Investment section within Management Discussion and Analysis, Note 4 – “Investments” and Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the changes in allowance for credit losses, impairment losses and derivatives.

The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was 24.6% and 10.6% for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rate for 2022 was greater than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S., Subpart F income and GILTI which were partially offset with foreign tax credits. Furthermore, the Company established a valuation allowance on certain deferred taxes related to unrealized losses on the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio which, if reported in income tax expense would have increased the effective tax rate by 3%. The Company considered the need for a valuation allowance on the remaining deferred tax asset associated with the fixed maturity securities. However, based on the ability to carryback and carryforward tax capital losses and the Company’s ability and intention to hold available for sale fixed maturity securities showing an unrealized loss until recovery, as described in Note 4 – “Investments” the Company determined it is more likely than not to realize the remaining deferred tax asset. See Note 4 “Investments” and Note 9 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Impact of certain derivatives

    The Company recognizes in consolidated income, any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, EIAs and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The Company utilizes

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freestanding derivatives to minimize the income statement volatility due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The following table presents the effect of embedded derivatives and related freestanding derivatives on income before income taxes for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):

	Twelve months ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
Modco/Funds withheld:
Unrealized gains (losses)	$	(173)	$	107	$	(280)
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	93		(36)		129
Net effect	(80)		71		(151)
EIAs:
Unrealized gains (losses)	53		45		8
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(25)		(23)		(2)
Net effect	28		22		6
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders:
Unrealized gains (losses)	39		(7)		46
Related freestanding derivatives, net of deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(72)		(47)		(25)
Net effect	(33)		(54)		21
Net effect after related freestanding derivatives	$	(85)	$	39	$	(124)

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Results of Operations by Segment

U.S. and Latin America Operations

    The U.S. and Latin America operations consist of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily specializes in the reinsurance of individual mortality-risk, health and long-term care and to a lesser extent, group reinsurance. The Financial Solutions segment consists of Asset-Intensive and Capital Solutions. Asset-Intensive within the Financial Solutions segment includes coinsurance of annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies and to a lesser extent, fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts, which include investment-only, stable value contracts. Capital Solutions within the Financial Solutions segment primarily involves assisting ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position through relatively low risk reinsurance and other transactions. Typically, capital solution transactions do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP, due to the low-risk nature of the transactions, therefore only the related net fees are reflected in other revenues on the consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes income before income taxes for the Company’s U.S. and Latin America operations for the periods presented:

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	6,656	$	6,299	$	357
Net investment income	2,043		2,019		24
Investment related gains (losses), net	(261)		78		(339)
Other revenues	291		294		(3)
Total revenues	8,729		8,690		39
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	6,446		6,886		(440)
Interest credited	555		635		(80)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	1,019		988		31
Other operating expenses	242		206		36
Total benefits and expenses	8,262		8,715		(453)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	467	$	(25)	$	492

The increase in income before income taxes in 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in premiums and favorable claims experience in the individual mortality line of business, as well as an increase of $42 million due to termination and utilization assumption updates related to individual health disabled life reserves and higher investment income. The increase in income was partially offset by higher investment related losses and a decrease in the fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with modco/funds withheld treaties within Financial Solutions.

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Traditional Reinsurance

For the year ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	6,590		$	6,244		$	346
Net investment income	965			930			35
Investment related gains, net	48			6			42
Other revenues	26			18			8
Total revenues	7,629			7,198			431
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	6,265			6,720			(455)
Interest credited	70			70			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	842			792			50
Other operating expenses	184			156			28
Total benefits and expenses	7,361			7,738			(377)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	268		$	(540)		$	808
Key metrics:
Life reinsurance in force	$1,672.2 billion			$1,628.4 billion
Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”)	95.1		%	107.6		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	12.8		%	12.7		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	2.8		%	2.5		%

The increase in income before income taxes in 2022 for the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment was primarily due to favorable claims experience within the individual mortality line of business.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to organic growth on existing treaties as well as new business treaties. The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of reinsurance in force, of $145.9 billion and $130.5 billion during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

•The increase in net investment income was primarily the result of higher yields and asset bases in the current year partially offset by lower variable investment income.

•The increase in investment related gains (losses), net was the result of an increase in the fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with modco/funds withheld treaties.

Benefits and expenses

•The decrease in the loss ratio for 2022 was primarily due to a reduction in COVID-19 claims, mainly within the individual mortality line of business. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $336 million of claims for the year ended December 31, 2022, were attributable to COVID-19.

•The increase in other operating expenses is primarily attributable to an increase in incentive compensation expenses.

52

Financial Solutions

For the year ended December 31,	2022						2021						2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)	Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total		Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total		Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	66	$	—	$	66	$	55	$	—	$	55	$	11	$	—	$	11
Net investment income	1,075		3		1,078		1,087		2		1,089		(12)		1		(11)
Investment related gains (losses), net	(309)		—		(309)		72		—		72		(381)		—		(381)
Other revenues	113		152		265		168		108		276		(55)		44		(11)
Total revenues	945		155		1,100		1,382		110		1,492		(437)		45		(392)
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	181		—		181		166		—		166		15		—		15
Interest credited	485		—		485		565		—		565		(80)		—		(80)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	174		3		177		192		4		196		(18)		(1)		(19)
Other operating expenses	46		12		58		37		13		50		9		(1)		8
Total benefits and expenses	886		15		901		960		17		977		(74)		(2)		(76)
Income before income taxes	$	59	$	140	$	199	$	422	$	93	$	515	$	(363)	$	47	$	(316)

The decrease in income before income taxes in 2022 for the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment was primarily due to lower investment related gains (losses), net primarily due to a decrease in the fair value of embedded derivatives related to modco/funds withheld treaties and higher net investment related losses in coinsurance portfolios.

The invested asset base, at amortized cost, supporting this segment decreased to $23.8 billion as of December 31, 2022, from $24.1 billion as of December 31, 2021.

•The decrease in the asset base was primarily due to $1.1 billion of net run off in existing in force transactions, partially offset by $0.9 billion from new transactions.

•As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4.2 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively, of the invested assets were funds withheld at interest, of which greater than 90% is associated with two clients.

Impact of certain derivatives

Income from the asset-intensive business tends to be volatile due to changes in the fair value of certain derivatives, including embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, as well as embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of EIAs and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including risk-free rates and credit spreads), implied volatility, the Company’s own credit risk and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives, net of related hedging activity, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues), and interest credited. These fluctuations are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties.

The following table summarizes the asset-intensive results and quantifies the impact of these embedded derivatives for the periods presented. Revenues before certain derivatives, benefits and expenses before certain derivatives, and income before income taxes and certain derivatives, should not be viewed as substitutes for GAAP revenues, GAAP benefits and expenses, and GAAP income before income taxes.

53

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Total revenues	$	945	$	1,382	$	(437)
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	(221)		101		(322)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(29)		(78)		49
Revenues before certain derivatives	1,195		1,359		(164)
Benefits and expenses:
Total benefits and expenses	886		960		(74)
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	(93)		36		(129)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	4		(24)		28
Equity-indexed annuities	(28)		(22)		(6)
Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives	1,003		970		33
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Income before income taxes	59		422		(363)
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	(128)		65		(193)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(33)		(54)		21
Equity-indexed annuities	28		22		6
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives	$	192	$	389	$	(197)

Embedded Derivatives – Modco/Funds Withheld Treaties – Represents the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis. The fair value changes of embedded derivatives are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

    The change in fair value of the embedded derivatives related to modco/funds withheld treaties, net of deferred acquisition costs decreased income before income taxes by $128 million in 2022. The decrease in fair value in 2022 was primarily driven by higher risk-free interest rates and wider credit spreads.

Guaranteed Minimum Benefit Riders – Represents the impact related to guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable annuities. The fair value changes of the guaranteed minimum benefits along with the changes in fair value of the free standing derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options), purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. Changes in fair values of the embedded derivatives on guaranteed minimum benefits are net of an increase (decrease) in investment related gains (losses), net of $2 million and $(41) million for 2022 and 2021, respectively, associated with the Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment.

    The change in fair value of the guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated free standing derivatives, decrease income before income taxes by $33 million in 2022. The decrease in income for 2022 is primarily due to assumption updates of $19 million, which included a change in the benchmark rate to the secured overnight financing rate, and capital market movements, net of changes in fair value of the free standing derivatives of $14 million.

    Equity-Indexed Annuities – Represents changes in the liability for equity-indexed annuities in excess of changes in account value, after adjustments for related deferred acquisition expenses. The change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with equity-indexed annuities increased income before income taxes by $28 million in 2022, primarily due to an increase in interest rates which has the impact of lowering the fair value of the liability.

Discussion and analysis before certain derivatives

•Income before income taxes and certain derivatives decreased by $197 million in 2022, which was primarily due to a decrease in investment related gains (losses), net of $148 million as a result of portfolio repositioning in coinsurance and funds withheld portfolios. Additionally, the prior period included favorable prior year policyholder experience.

•Revenue before certain derivatives decreased by $164 million in 2022, primarily due to lower investment related gains (losses), net in coinsurance and funds withheld portfolios and a change in the fair value of equity options associated with the reinsurance of EIAs, partially offset by a $36 million increase in net investment income related to a funds withheld transaction with is retroceded to a third party. The effects on investment income related to the equity options

54

and the retroceded funds withheld transaction are substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited and other insurance expenses, respectively.

•Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives increased by $33 million in 2022, primarily due to $34 million higher amortization of deferred acquisition costs associated with investment related gains (losses), net in coinsurance and funds withheld portfolios and a $49 million increase in other insurance expenses related to a funds withheld transaction which is retroceded to a third party. Additionally, the prior period included favorable policyholder experience including impacts from COVID-19 of $13 million. These expense increases were offset by $92 million lower interest credited associated with reinsurance of EIAs. The effect on interest credited related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding increase in investment income.

Capital Solutions

Income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Capital Solutions’ business increased $47 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to a recapture fee earned on a terminated transaction. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial structures were $25.7 billion and $22.7 billion, respectively.

Canada Operations

    The Canada operations are primarily engaged in Traditional reinsurance, which consists mainly of traditional individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than traditional individual life insurance. The Canada Financial Solutions segment consists of longevity and capital solutions.

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,314	$	1,284	$	30
Net investment income	239		248		(9)
Investment related gains (losses), net	2		3		(1)
Other revenues	15		14		1
Total revenues	1,570		1,549		21
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,226		1,175		51
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	182		190		(8)
Other operating expenses	44		41		3
Total benefits and expenses	1,452		1,406		46
Income before income taxes	$	118	$	143	$	(25)

•The decrease in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in the individual mortality and group lines of business and lower investment income, partially offset by favorable longevity experience.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in a $5 million decrease in income before income taxes in 2022. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

55

Traditional Reinsurance

For the year ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,219		$	1,194		$	25
Net investment income	238			248			(10)
Investment related gains (losses), net	2			3			(1)
Other revenues	6			3			3
Total revenues	1,465			1,448			17
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,158			1,096			62
Interest credited	—			—			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	180			187			(7)
Other operating expenses	41			37			4
Total benefits and expenses	1,379			1,320			59
Income before income taxes	$	86		$	128		$	(42)
Key metrics:
Life reinsurance in force	$463.6 billion			$472.6 billion
Loss ratios	95.0		%	91.8		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	14.8		%	15.7		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	3.4		%	3.1		%

The decrease in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in the individual mortality and group lines of business and lower investment income.

Revenues

•The increase in premiums is the result of additional life insurance in force. The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of reinsurance in force, of $48.2 billion and $48.8 billion during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

•The decrease in net investment income was primarily due to decreased variable investment income, partially offset by an increase in the invested asset base.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in the loss ratio for 2022 was primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in the individual mortality and group lines of business. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $30 million of claims for the year ended December 31, 2022, were attributable to COVID-19.

Financial Solutions

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	95	$	90	$	5
Net investment income	1		—		1
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		—		—
Other revenues	9		11		(2)
Total revenues	105		101		4
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	68		79		(11)
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	2		3		(1)
Other operating expenses	3		4		(1)
Total benefits and expenses	73		86		(13)
Income before income taxes	$	32	$	15	$	17

The increase in income before income taxes in 2022 was primarily a result of favorable termination experience as a result of increases in deaths on longevity business in 2022 as compared to 2021.

56

Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations

    The Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) operations consists of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily provides reinsurance through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements on a variety of life, health and critical illness products. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks. The Financial Solutions segment consists of reinsurance and other transactions associated with longevity closed blocks, payout annuities, capital management solutions and financial reinsurance.

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	2,222	$	2,088	$	134
Net investment income	237		293		(56)
Investment related gains (losses), net	(26)		49		(75)
Other revenues	20		13		7
Total revenues	2,453		2,443		10
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,965		2,083		(118)
Interest credited	(24)		4		(28)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	128		135		(7)
Other operating expenses	178		157		21
Total benefits and expenses	2,247		2,379		(132)
Income before income taxes	$	206	$	64	$	142

•The increase in income before income taxes in 2022 was primarily the result of increased net premiums and favorable claims experience, partially offset by decreases in net investment income and investment related gains (losses), net.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations resulted in a $19 million decrease in income before income taxes in 2022, the majority of which impacted the Financial Solutions segment. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

•An earthquake with a 7.8 magnitude struck eastern Turkey in the early hours on February 6, 2023. The current death toll in Turkey is estimated to be in excess of 40,000, plus more than 100,000 were injured. Although the Company does not currently expect a material financial impact due to the earthquake it continues to monitor the situation.

Traditional Reinsurance

For the year ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,736		$	1,738		$	(2)
Net investment income	89			88			1
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			—			—
Other revenues	5			1			4
Total revenues	1,830			1,827			3
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,573			1,829			(256)
Interest credited	—			—			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	123			125			(2)
Other operating expenses	124			112			12
Total benefits and expenses	1,820			2,066			(246)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	10		$	(239)		$	249
Key metrics:
Life reinsurance in force	$735.4 billion			$861.6 billion
Loss ratios	90.6		%	105.2		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	7.1		%	7.2		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	7.1		%	6.4		%

The increase in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily due to an improvement in individual life mortality experience.

57

Revenues

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of reinsurance in force, of $169.4 billion and $198.4 billion during 2022 and 2021, respectively. The reduction in premiums and reinsurance in force was negatively impacted by the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar compared to the British Pound, Euro and South African Rand.

Benefits and expenses

•The decrease in the loss ratio was due to improved mortality experience due to a decrease in COVID-19 claims, primarily in South Africa and the UK. While the cause of death is not available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $17 million of claims were attributable to COVID-19.

•The increase in other operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expenses.

Financial Solutions

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	486	$	350	$	136
Net investment income	148		205		(57)
Investment related gains (losses), net	(26)		49		(75)
Other revenues	15		12		3
Total revenues	623		616		7
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	392		254		138
Interest credited	(24)		4		(28)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	5		10		(5)
Other operating expenses	54		45		9
Total benefits and expenses	427		313		114
Income before income taxes	$	196	$	303	$	(107)

The decrease in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily due to decreases in net investment income, investment related gains (losses), net and increased volume of claims, partially offset by increases in net premiums.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to increased volumes on closed longevity block business.

•The decreases in net investment income was primarily due to lower income associated with unit-linked policies which fluctuate with market performance and are offset by a decrease in interest credited related to the unit-linked liabilities.

•The decrease in investment related gains (losses), net was primarily due to fluctuations in the fair market value of CPI swap derivatives due to changes in future inflation expectations and lower investment related gains on fixed-income securities.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in claims and other policy benefits was the result of increased volumes and adverse experience of closed longevity block business.

•The increase in other operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expenses.

58

Asia Pacific Operations

    The Asia Pacific operations include business generated by its offices throughout Asia and Australia. The Traditional segment’s principal types of reinsurance include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability and superannuation. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks, and in some markets, group risks. Superannuation is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage. The Financial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks.

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	2,886	$	2,842	$	44
Net investment income	414		274		140
Investment related gains (losses), net	(193)		18		(211)
Other revenues	192		61		131
Total revenues	3,299		3,195		104
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,409		2,632		(223)
Interest credited	119		57		62
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	269		215		54
Other operating expenses	226		203		23
Total benefits and expenses	3,023		3,107		(84)
Income before income taxes	$	276	$	88	$	188

•The increase in income before income taxes was primarily due to favorable claims experience, increases in net premiums and net investment income, partially offset by unfavorable fluctuations in the fair value of derivatives within the Financial Solutions business.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items, foreign currency fluctuations resulted in a $12 million increase in income before income taxes in 2022. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Traditional Reinsurance

For the year ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	2,650		$	2,624		$	26
Net investment income	142			136			6
Investment related gains (losses), net	12			(1)			13
Other revenues	19			19			—
Total revenues	2,823			2,778			45
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,152			2,445			(293)
Interest credited	—			—			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	171			159			12
Other operating expenses	206			184			22
Total benefits and expenses	2,529			2,788			(259)
Income before income taxes	$	294		$	(10)		$	304
Key metrics:
Life reinsurance in force	$518.6 billion			$497.4 billion
Loss ratios	81.2		%	93.2		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	6.5		%	6.1		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	7.8		%	7.0		%

The increase in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily the result of favorable claims experience and an increase in net premiums.

59

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to continued business growth in the segment.

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of reinsurance in force, of $45.3 billion and $34.2 billion during 2022 and 2021, respectively, due to new business production and in force transactions.

Benefits and expenses

•The decrease in the loss ratio for 2022 was primarily due to favorable claims experience across the segment due to improved COVID-19 experience, primarily in India, and favorable claims experience, primarily in Hong Kong. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $37 million of claims for the year ended December 31, 2022, were attributable to COVID-19 which includes medical hospitalization claims in Japan for at-home sickness benefits related to COVID-19.

•The increase in other operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expenses.

Financial Solutions

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	236	$	218	$	18
Net investment income	272		138		134
Investment related gains (losses), net	(205)		19		(224)
Other revenues	173		42		131
Total revenues	476		417		59
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	257		187		70
Interest credited	119		57		62
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	98		56		42
Other operating expenses	20		19		1
Total benefits and expenses	494		319		175
Income before income taxes	$	(18)	$	98	$	(116)

The decrease in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily due to unfavorable fluctuations in the fair value of derivatives. The invested asset base, at amortized cost, supporting asset-intensive transactions increased to $12.2 billion as of December 31, 2022, from $8.6 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily as a result of asset-intensive transactions executed during the year. The amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures was $1.1 billion and $1.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size, complexity and timing of the transactions and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums is primarily due to new asset-intensive transactions executed during the year.

•The increase in net investment income is due to the growth in the invested asset base.

•The decrease in investment related gains (losses), net was primarily due to the decrease in fair value of derivatives of $144 million due to the weakening of the Japanese yen, higher interest rates, widening credit spreads and losses due to investment activity of $86 million.

•The increase in other revenues was primarily attributable to surrender and market value adjustment charges on a single premium annuity block of business of $134 million due to higher lapses, which was partially offset by an increase in policy acquisition costs of $36 million.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in claims and other policy benefits was primarily attributable to medical hospitalization claims in Japan for at-home sickness benefits related to COVID-19 of $31 million.

•The increase in policy acquisition costs and other reinsurance expenses is the result of an increase in policy acquisition costs of $36 million as result of the aforementioned increase in lapses on a single premium annuity block of business.

60

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”) program, collateral finance and securitization transactions and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. The Company invests in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the development of new solutions and services to increase consumer engagement within the life insurance industry and hence generate new future revenue streams.

For the year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2022 vs 2021
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	—	$	—	$	—
Net investment income	228		304		(76)
Investment related gains (losses), net	(28)		412		(440)
Other revenues	7		65		(58)
Total revenues	207		781		(574)
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	—		—		—
Interest credited	32		4		28
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance income	(99)		(112)		13
Other operating expenses	319		329		(10)
Interest expense	184		127		57
Collateral finance and securitization expense	7		12		(5)
Total benefits and expenses	443		360		83
Income/(loss) before income taxes	$	(236)	$	421	$	(657)

The decrease in income before income taxes in 2022 is primarily due to a decrease in total revenues and higher interest expense and interest credited.

•Net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021, includes a one-time adjustment of $92 million of pre-tax unrealized gains on certain limited partnerships, for which the Company uses the equity method of accounting, from AOCI to net investment income. The unrealized gains should have been recognized directly in net investment income in the same prior periods they were reported as earnings by the investees. Excluding this adjustment, the increase in net investment income is attributable to higher investment income on Corporate invested assets due to a higher asset base. Higher investment income includes income earned on assets associated with the Company’s FABN program, which is partially offset by higher interest credited related to the program.

•Investment related gains (losses), net for the year ended December 31, 2021, includes an adjustment to investments in limited partnerships considered to be investment companies, which should have been recognized in prior periods, of $70 million to adjust the carrying value from cost less impairments to the fair value approach, using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share or its equivalent. The remaining decrease in investment related gains (losses), net is attributable to losses on sales of fixed maturity securities in the current period compared to gains in the prior period, lower unrealized gains on limited partnerships, changes in allowances and impairments on mortgage loans and available-for-sale securities and changes in the fair value of equity securities and derivatives as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and equity markets.

•The decrease in other revenues was primarily due to a decline in the cash surrender value on corporate-owned life insurance compared to an increase in value for the prior year, as well as gains on the sales of subsidiaries in the prior period of $11 million. Additionally, foreign currency losses reduced other revenues.

•The decrease in other operating expenses was attributable to a decrease in retirement benefit related costs partially offset by increased incentive compensation expense.

•The increase in interest expense is due to the issuance of the 7.125% fixed-rate reset subordinated debentures due October 15, 2052, with a face amount of $700 million in the third quarter of 2022, partially offset by the redemption of the 2042 Debentures. In addition, 2021 interest expense included the reversal of approximately $32 million of accrued interest associated with the recognition of uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

    The Company believes that cash flows from the source of funds available to it will provide sufficient cash flows for the next twelve months to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of the Company under various scenarios that include the potential risk of early recapture of reinsurance treaties, market events and higher than expected claims associated with COVID-19 or otherwise. The Company performs periodic liquidity stress testing to ensure its asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster its liquidity position under stress scenarios. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed. The Company’s liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be funded through net cash flows from operations. However, in the event of significant unanticipated cash requirements beyond normal liquidity needs, the Company has multiple liquidity alternatives available based on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These alternatives include the sale of invested assets subject to market conditions, borrowings under committed credit facilities, secured borrowings, and if necessary issuing long-term debt, preferred securities or common equity.

Current Market Environment

    The Company’s average investment yield, excluding spread related business, for 2022 was 4.69%, 30 basis points below the comparable 2021 rate due to decreased variable income from limited partnership investments. The average yield will vary from year to year depending on several variables, including the prevailing risk-fee interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash and cash equivalents balances. Variable investment income from joint ventures and limited partnerships will also vary from year to year and is highly dependent on the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. The Company’s average investment yield, excluding variable investment income, was 4.00%, 3.81%, and 3.93% for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Due to increases in risk free interest rates, gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities available-for-sale decreased from $5.3 billion at December 31, 2021, to $0.6 billion at December 31, 2022. Gross unrealized losses increased from $0.3 billion at December 31, 2021 to $7.3 billion at December 31, 2022. The Company continues to be in a position to hold any investment security showing an unrealized loss until recovery, provided it remains comfortable with the credit of the issuer. The Company does not rely on short-term funding or commercial paper and to date it has experienced no liquidity pressure, nor does it anticipate such pressure in the foreseeable future.

The Company projects its reserves to be sufficient and it would not expect to write down deferred acquisition costs or be required to take any actions to augment capital, even if interest rates remain at current levels for the next five years, assuming all other factors remain constant. To mitigate disintermediation risk, the Company purchased swaptions to protect it against a material increase in interest rates. While the Company has felt the pressures of sustained low interest rates, followed by the recent significant increase in risk-free rates, and volatile equity markets, its business and results of operations are not overly sensitive to these risks. Mortality and morbidity risks continue to be the most significant risk for the Company. Although management believes the Company’s current capital base is adequate to support its business at current operating levels, it continues to monitor new business opportunities and any associated new capital needs that could arise from the changing financial landscape.

The Holding Company

RGA is an insurance holding company whose primary uses of liquidity include, but are not limited to, the immediate capital needs of its operating companies, dividends paid to its shareholders, repurchase of common stock and interest payments on its indebtedness. The primary sources of RGA’s liquidity include proceeds from its capital-raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments, interest income received on surplus notes with RGA Reinsurance, RGA Life and Annuity and Rockwood Re and dividends from operating subsidiaries. As the Company continues its growth efforts, RGA will continue to be dependent upon these sources of liquidity. See “Part IV – Item 15(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules – Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant” for more information regarding RGA’s financial information.

RGA, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, has committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). The third-parties have recourse to RGA should the subsidiary fail to provide the required funding, however, as of December 31, 2022, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. See Note 12 – “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents these commitments by period and maximum obligation.

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RGA established an intercompany revolving credit facility where certain subsidiaries can lend to or borrow from each other and from RGA in order to manage capital and liquidity more efficiently. The intercompany revolving credit facility, which is a series of demand loans among RGA and its affiliates, is permitted under applicable insurance laws. This facility reduces overall borrowing costs by allowing RGA and its operating companies to access internal cash resources instead of incurring third-party transaction costs. The statutory borrowing and lending limit for RGA’s Missouri-domiciled insurance subsidiaries is currently 3% of the insurance company’s admitted assets as of its most recent year-end. There were borrowings of $304 million and $192 million outstanding under the intercompany revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition to loans associated with the intercompany revolving credit facility, RGA and its subsidiaries, RGA Americas and RGA International Division Sydney Office Pty Limited, provided loans to RGA Australian Holdings Pty Limited with a total outstanding balance of $41 million and $44 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During 2020, RGA established an intercompany derivative cash collateral pool where RGA and certain subsidiaries pool derivative cash collateral into a single concentration account. This derivative cash collateral pool allows RGA and its affiliates to lend or borrow cash from the concentration account in order to more efficiently meet its collateral obligations under their respective derivative transactions. Cash surplus in RGA or its affiliates accounts is transferred to the concentration account and any deficit is funded by the concentration account, thereby creating a loan balance. RGA and its subsidiaries participating in the pool are paid or charged an arm’s length interest rate based on the net loan balance with the concentration account.

Undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are generally targeted for reinvestment outside of the U.S. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held by the Company’s subsidiaries that are taxed in a foreign jurisdiction was $919 million. The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) and Subpart F provisions of U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminate U.S. federal income tax deferral on earnings of foreign subsidiaries, while the dividend received deduction generally allows for tax-free repatriation of any untaxed earnings. Therefore, the Company does not expect to incur any material incremental U.S. federal income tax on repatriation of these earnings. Incremental foreign withholding taxes are not expected to be material.

RGA endeavors to maintain a capital structure that provides financial and operational flexibility to its subsidiaries, credit ratings that support its competitive position in the financial services marketplace, and shareholder returns. As part of the Company’s capital deployment strategy, it has in recent years repurchased shares of RGA common stock and paid dividends to RGA shareholders, as authorized by the board of directors. On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 219,116 shares of common stock under this program for $25 million.

On February 25, 2022, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2022, RGA repurchased 380,138 shares of common stock under this program for $50 million.

The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

Details underlying dividend and share repurchase program activity were as follows (in millions, except share data):

	2022		2021		2020
Dividends to shareholders	$	205	$	194	$	182
Purchase of common stock (1)	75		96		153
Total amount paid to shareholders	$	280	$	290	$	335
Number of common shares purchased (1)	599,254		852,037		1,074,413
Average price per share	$	125.15	$	112.67	$	142.05

(1)Excludes shares utilized to execute and settle certain stock incentive awards.

RGA declared dividends totaling $3.06 per share in 2022. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of RGA’s board of directors and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions, and other such factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that RGA can pay will depend in part on the operations of its reinsurance subsidiaries.

See Note 13 – “Debt” and Note 17 – “Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s securities transactions.

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Statutory Dividend Limitations

    RGA Life and Annuity, RGA Reinsurance and Chesterfield Re are subject to Missouri statutory provisions that restrict the payment of dividends. They may not pay dividends in any 12-month period in excess of the greater of the prior year’s statutory net gain from operations or 10% of statutory capital and surplus at the preceding year-end, without regulatory approval. Aurora National is subject to California statutory provisions that are identical to those imposed by Missouri regarding the ability of Aurora National to pay dividends to RGA Reinsurance. The applicable statutory provisions only permit an insurer to pay a shareholder dividend from unassigned surplus. Any dividends paid by RGA Reinsurance would be paid to RGA Life and Annuity, its parent company, which in turn has restrictions related to its ability to pay dividends to RGA. Chesterfield Re would pay dividends to its immediate parent Chesterfield Financial, which would in turn pay dividends to RGA Life and Annuity. The MDCI allows RGA Life and Annuity to pay a dividend to RGA to the extent RGA Life and Annuity received the dividend from its subsidiaries, without limitation related to the level of unassigned surplus. Dividend payments from other subsidiaries are subject to regulations in the jurisdiction of domicile, which are generally based on their earnings and/or capital level.

The dividend limitations for RGA Life and Annuity, RGA Reinsurance and Chesterfield Re are based on statutory financial results. Statutory accounting practices differ in certain respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. Significant differences include the treatment of deferred acquisition costs, deferred income taxes, required investment reserves, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes.

    Dividend payments from non-U.S. operations are subject to similar restrictions established by local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit the dividend payments to the parent to a portion of the prior year’s statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of the Company’s non-U.S. operations may also limit or prohibit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of the non-U.S. operating subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries that are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to the first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividends paid to RGA.

Debt

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, of $5.3 billion, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. Also, consolidated indebtedness, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, cannot exceed 35% of the sum of the Company’s consolidated indebtedness plus adjusted consolidated stockholders’ equity. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-acceleration covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event that results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $4.0 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the average interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 4.71% and 4.42%, respectively. The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of its subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, available liquidity at the holding company, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds.

On September 23, 2022, RGA issued 7.125% fixed-rate reset subordinated debentures due October 15, 2052, with a face amount of $700 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $690 million. Concurrent with the debt offering, on September 15, 2022, RGA announced a cash tender offer for any and all of its outstanding 6.20% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2042 (the “2042 Debentures”) at a price of $25.20 for each $25 principal amount of 2042 Debentures. The tender offer expired on September 22, 2022, and a total of $151 million or approximately 38%, of the aggregate principal amount of the 2042 Debentures were tendered. The Company redeemed the remaining 2024 Debentures on December 15, 2022. The remaining proceeds from the debt offering will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $10 million.

On December 13, 2021, RGA Reinsurance issued 4.00% Surplus Notes due in 2051, with a face amount of $500 million. The net proceeds were approximately $494 million and will be used for general corporate purposes.

The Company enters into derivative agreements with counterparties that reference either the Company’s debt rating or its financial strength rating. If either rating is downgraded in the future, it could trigger certain terms in the Company’s

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derivative agreements, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of the Company’s derivative agreements, there is a termination event, should the long-term senior debt ratings drop below either BBB+ (S&P) or Baa1 (Moody’s) or the financial strength ratings drop below either A- (S&P) or A3 (Moody’s).

The Company may borrow up to $850 million in cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies on its syndicated revolving credit facility that matures in August 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no cash borrowings outstanding and $1 million in issued, but undrawn, letters of credit under this facility.

    Based on the historic cash flows and the current financial results of the Company, management believes RGA’s cash flows will be sufficient to enable RGA to meet its obligations for at least the next twelve months.

Letters of Credit

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions similar to those described in the “Debt” discussion above. At December 31, 2022, there were approximately $128 million of outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, in accordance with applicable regulations, the Company utilizes letters of credit to secure statutory reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and the UK. The Company believes the capital required to support the business in the affiliates reflects more realistic expectations than the original jurisdiction of the business, where capital requirements are often considered to be quite conservative. As of December 31, 2022, $1.5 billion in letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, but undrawn, backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company. See Note 13 – “Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s letter of credit facilities.

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes and Statutory Reserve Funding

The Company uses various internal and third-party reinsurance arrangements and funding sources to manage statutory reserve strain, including reserves associated with the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX) and principles-based reserves (commonly referred to PBR), and the associated collateral requirements. Assets in trust and letters of credit are often used as collateral in these arrangements.

Regulation XXX, implemented in the U.S. for various types of life insurance business beginning January 1, 2000, significantly increased the level of reserves that U.S. life insurance and life reinsurance companies must hold on their statutory financial statements for various types of life insurance business, primarily certain level premium term life products. The reserve levels required under Regulation XXX increase over time and are normally in excess of reserves required under GAAP. In situations where primary insurers have reinsured business to reinsurers that are unlicensed and unaccredited in the U.S., the reinsurer must provide collateral equal to its reinsurance reserves in order for the ceding company to receive statutory financial statement credit. In order to manage the effect of Regulation XXX on its statutory financial statements, RGA Reinsurance has retroceded a majority of Regulation XXX reserves to unaffiliated and affiliated reinsurers, both licensed and unlicensed.

Effective in 2017, PBR is permitted in the U.S. During 2016, the NAIC amended the standard valuation law to adopt life PBR that was effective January 1, 2017, allowing a three-year adoption period. The Company adopted PBR in 2020. Under PBR, reserves are determined based on terms of the reinsurance agreement which may differ from those of the direct policies.

RGA Reinsurance’s statutory capital may be significantly reduced if the unlicensed unaffiliated or affiliated reinsurer is unable to provide the required collateral to support RGA Reinsurance’s statutory reserve credits and RGA Reinsurance cannot find an alternative source for collateral.

The Company has issued both collateral finance and securitization notes. During 2021, the Company’s subsidiary, Chesterfield Financial Holdings, LLC, as issuer, called and fully redeemed the securitization notes. During 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, Timberlake Financial L.L.C, as issuer, called and fully redeemed the collateral financing notes. See Note 14 – “Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s collateral finance and securitization notes.

The demand for financing of the ceded reserve credits associated with the Company’s assumed term life business has grown at a slower rate in recent years. The Company has been able to utilize its certified reinsurer, RGA Americas, as a means of reducing the burden of financing PBR, Regulation XXX and other types of reserves. The Company’s PBR and Regulation XXX statutory reserve requirements associated with term life business and other statutory reserve requirements continues to require the Company to obtain additional letters of credit, put additional assets in trust, or utilize other funding mechanisms to support reserve credits. If the Company is unable to support the reserve credits, the regulatory capital levels of several of its subsidiaries may be significantly reduced, while the regulatory capital requirements for these subsidiaries would not change.

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The reduction in regulatory capital would not directly affect the Company’s consolidated shareholders’ equity under GAAP; however, it could affect the Company’s ability to write new business and retain existing business.

Affiliated captives are commonly used in the insurance industry to help manage statutory reserve and collateral requirements. The NAIC analyzed the insurance industry’s use of affiliated captive reinsurers to satisfy certain reserve requirements and in 2014 adopted measures to promote uniformity in both the approval and supervision of such captives reinsuring business subject to Regulation XXX, allowing current captives to continue in accordance with their currently approved plans. Reinsuring business subject to the additional provisions of Actuarial Guideline 48 increases costs and adds complexity.

In the U.S., the introduction of the certified reinsurer has provided an alternative way to manage collateral requirements. In 2014, RGA Americas was designated as a certified reinsurer by the MDCI. In addition, the introduction of the reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer has provided another alternative way to manage collateral requirements. In 2022, RGA Americas was designated as a reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer by the MDCI. These designations allow the Company to retrocede business to RGA Americas in lieu of using captives for collateral requirements. Therefore, the Company has chosen not to establish captives subject to Actuarial Guideline 48.

It is also possible that the NAIC could place limits on the recognition of the Company’s capital held in related party captives when adopting its group capital calculation. Doing so would adversely impact the amount of capital that the group would otherwise be able to recognize and report as capital resident in the group, potentially requiring the Company to restructure or change the financing of its captives.

Assets in Trust

    The Company enters into reinsurance treaties in the ordinary course of business. In some cases, if the credit rating and/or defined statutory measures of the Company declines to certain levels, the reinsurance treaty would require the Company to post collateral or additional collateral to secure the Company’s obligations under such reinsurance treaty, obtain guarantees, permit the ceding company to recapture such reinsurance treaty, or some other negotiated remedy. As of December 31, 2022, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been required to post additional collateral or have had a reinsurance treaty recaptured as a result of a credit downgrade or a defined statutory measure decline.

    In addition, certain reinsurance treaties require the Company to place assets in trust at the time of closing to collateralize its obligations to the ceding company. Assets placed in trust continue to be owned by the Company, but their beneficial ownership and use are restricted based on the terms of the trust agreement. Securities with an amortized cost of $3.7 billion were held in trust for the benefit of the Company’s subsidiaries to satisfy collateral requirements for reinsurance business at December 31, 2022. Additionally, securities with an amortized cost of $31.5 billion as of December 31, 2022, were held in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under certain third-party reinsurance treaties. Under certain conditions, the Company may be obligated to move reinsurance from one subsidiary to another subsidiary, post additional collateral or make payments under a given reinsurance treaty. These conditions include change in control or ratings of the subsidiary, insolvency, nonperformance under a reinsurance treaty, or loss of license or other regulatory authorization of such subsidiary. If the Company was ever required to move reinsurance from one subsidiary to another subsidiary, the risk to the Company on a consolidated basis under the reinsurance treaties would not change; however, additional collateral may need to be posted or additional capital may be required due to the change in jurisdiction of the subsidiary reinsuring the business, which could lead to a strain on liquidity.

Reinsurance Operations

Reinsurance treaties, whether facultative or automatic, generally provide recapture provisions. Most U.S.-based reinsurance treaties include a recapture right for ceding companies, generally after 10 years. Outside of the U.S., treaties primarily include a mutually agreed-upon recapture provision. Recapture rights permit the ceding company to reassume all or a portion of the risk formerly ceded to the reinsurer. In some situations, the Company has the right to place assets in trust for the benefit of the ceding company in lieu of recapture. Additionally, certain treaties may grant recapture rights to ceding companies in the event of a significant decrease in RGA Reinsurance’s NAIC risk based capital ratio or financial strength rating. The RBC ratio trigger varies by treaty, with the majority between 125% and 225% of the NAIC’s company action level. Financial strength rating triggers vary by reinsurance treaty with the majority of the triggers reached if the Company’s financial strength rating falls five notches from its current rating of “AA-” to the “BBB” level on the S&P scale. Recapture of business previously ceded does not affect premiums ceded prior to the recapture of such business, but would reduce premiums in subsequent periods. Upon recapture, the Company would reflect a net gain or loss on the settlement of the assets and liabilities associated with the reinsurance treaty. In some cases, the ceding company is required to pay the Company a recapture fee.

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Guarantees

The Company has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain reinsurance treaties, securities borrowing arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, the Company or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. In limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide additional security, particularly in cases where the Company’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of significant size, relative to the ceding company. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to borrowed securities provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to return the borrowed securities when due. The Company has issued payment guarantees on behalf of two of its subsidiaries in the event the subsidiaries fail to make payment under their office lease obligations. See Note 12 – “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the amounts for guarantees, by type, issued by the Company.

In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers pursuant to its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has commitments to fund investments in limited partnerships, joint ventures, commercial mortgage loans, lifetime mortgages, private placement investments and bank loans, including revolving credit agreements. See Note 12 – “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s commitments to fund investments and other off-balance sheet arrangements.

The Company has not engaged in trading activities involving non-exchange-traded contracts reported at fair value, nor has it engaged in relationships or transactions with persons or entities that derive benefits from their non-independent relationship with the Company.

Cash Flows

The Company’s principal cash inflows from its reinsurance operations include premiums and deposit funds received from ceding companies. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are early recapture of the reinsurance contract by the ceding company and lapses of annuity products reinsured by the Company. The Company’s principal cash inflows from its invested assets result from investment income and the maturity and sales of invested assets. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash inflows relates to the risk of default by debtors and interest rate volatility. The Company manages these risks very closely. See “Investments” and “Interest Rate Risk” below.

Additional sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows in excess of operating cash inflows and current cash and equivalents on hand also includes drawing funds under a syndicated revolving credit facility, under which the Company had availability of $849 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company also has $1.1 billion of funds available through collateralized borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company could have borrowed these additional amounts without violating any of its existing debt covenants.

The Company’s principal cash outflows relate to the payment of claims liabilities, interest credited, operating expenses, income taxes, dividends to shareholders, purchases of treasury stock, and principal and interest under debt and other financing obligations. The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or reinsurers under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts (See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). The Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires nor to the recoverability of future claims. The Company’s management believes its cash and cash equivalents along with its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months, despite the uncertainty associated with the pandemic.

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Summary of Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

    The Company’s primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

		For the years ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
Sources:
	Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,343	$	4,182	$	3,322
	Proceeds from offering of common stock, net	—		—		481
	Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	700		500		598
	Exercise of stock options, net	—		—		1
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	230		31		—
	Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	—		91		—
	Net deposits from investment-type policies and contracts	4,340		308		773
	Net change in noncontrolling interest	90		—		—
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—		—		63
	Total sources	6,703		5,112		5,238
Uses:
	Net cash used in investing activities	5,688		4,628		2,680
	Dividends to stockholders	205		194		182
	Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	181		208		214
	Debt issuance costs	10		6		5
	Principal payments of long-term debt	403		403		3
	Purchases of treasury stock	81		99		163
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	—		—		32
	Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	44		—		—
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	112		34		—
	Total uses	6,724		5,572		3,279
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		$	(21)	$	(460)	$	1,959

Cash Flows from Operations – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s reinsurance activities come from premiums, investment and fee income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows relate to the liabilities associated with various life and health insurance, annuity and disability products, operating expenses, income tax and interest on outstanding debt obligations. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of shortfalls in premiums and investment income, particularly in periods with abnormally high claims levels.

Cash Flows from Investments – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s investment activities come from repayments of principal on invested assets, proceeds from sales and maturities of invested assets, and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The Company typically has a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with its asset/liability management discipline to fund insurance liabilities. The Company closely monitors and manages these risks through its credit risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption, which could make it difficult for the Company to sell investments.

Financing Cash Flows – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s financing activities come from issuances of debt and equity securities, and deposit funds associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. The principal financing cash outflows are the repayments of debt and securitization notes, payments of dividends to stockholders, purchases of treasury stock, and withdrawals associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.

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Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes the Company’s contractual obligations, including obligations arising from its reinsurance business (in millions):

	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		4-5 Years		After 5 Years
Future policy benefits(1)	$	28,868	$	(3)	$	(359)	$	(261)	$	29,491
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities(2)	39,012		3,282		5,517		4,792		25,421
Long-term debt, including interest	8,189		780		359		727		6,323
Other policy claims and benefits	6,571		6,571		—		—		—
Operating leases	102		17		34		19		32
Limited partnership interests and joint ventures	937		937		—		—		—
Payables for collateral received under derivative transactions	209		209		—		—		—
Other investment related commitments	1,026		1,026		—		—		—
Total	$	84,914	$	12,819	$	5,551	$	5,277	$	61,267

(1)Future policy benefits are primarily related to the Company’s reinsurance of life and health insurance products. The amounts presented in the table above represent the estimated benefit obligations as they become due, and also include estimated future premiums on policies in force, allowances and other amounts due to or from the ceding companies as the result of the Company’s assumptions of mortality, morbidity, policy lapse and surrender risk as appropriate to the respective product. All estimated cash payments presented in the table above are undiscounted as to interest and gross of any reinsurance recoverable. The discounted liability amount of $35.2 billion included on the consolidated balance sheets exceeds the sum of the undiscounted estimated cash flows of $28.9 billion shown above. The difference is substantially due to net obligations including estimated future premiums exceeding estimated policy benefit payments and allowances due to the nature of certain reinsurance treaties, which generally have increasing premium rates that exceed the increasing benefit payments. In addition, differences will arise due to changes in the projection of future benefit payments compared with those developed when the reserve was established. Total payments may vary materially from prior years due to the assumption of new reinsurance treaties or as a result of changes in projections of future experience.

(2)Interest-sensitive contract liabilities include amounts related to the Company’s reinsurance of asset-intensive products, primarily deferred annuities and corporate-owned life insurance. The amounts in the table above represent the estimated obligations as they become due both to and from ceding companies relating to activity of the underlying policyholders. All amounts presented above are undiscounted as to interest, and include assumptions related to surrenders, withdrawals, premium persistency, partial withdrawals, surrender charges, annuitizations, mortality, future interest credited rates and policy loan utilization. The sum of the obligations shown for all years in the table of $39.0 billion exceeds the liability amount of $30.6 billion included on the consolidated balance sheets, and the difference is primarily related to the lack of discounting and to liabilities related to accounting conventions, which are not contractually due and are therefore excluded.

Excluded from the table above are net deferred income tax liabilities, unrecognized tax benefits, and accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits of $0.4 billion, for which the Company cannot reliably determine the timing of payment.

The net funded status of the Company’s qualified and nonqualified pension and other postretirement liabilities included within other liabilities has been excluded from the amounts presented in the table above. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a net unfunded balance of $116 million related to qualified and nonqualified pension and other postretirement liabilities. See Note 10 – “Employee Benefit Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s obligations and funding requirements for pension and other postretirement benefits.

Asset / Liability Management

The Company actively manages its cash and invested assets using an approach that is intended to balance quality, diversification, asset/liability matching, liquidity and investment return. The goals of the investment process are to optimize after-tax, risk-adjusted investment income and after-tax, risk-adjusted total return while managing the assets and liabilities on a cash flow and duration basis.

The Company has established target asset portfolios for its operating segments, which represent the investment strategies intended to profitably fund its liabilities within acceptable risk parameters. These strategies include objectives and limits for effective duration, yield curve sensitivity and convexity, liquidity, asset sector concentration and credit quality.

The Company’s asset-intensive products are primarily supported by investments in fixed maturity securities reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and under funds withheld arrangements with the ceding company. Investment guidelines are established to structure the investment portfolio based upon the type, duration and behavior of products in the liability portfolio so as to achieve targeted levels of profitability. The Company manages the asset-intensive business to provide a targeted spread between the interest rate earned on investments and the interest rate credited to the underlying interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The Company periodically reviews models projecting different interest rate scenarios and their effect on profitability. Certain of these asset-intensive agreements, primarily in the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions operating segment, are generally funded by fixed maturity securities that are withheld by the ceding company.

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The Company’s liquidity position (cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments) was $3.1 billion and $3.0 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Liquidity needs are determined from valuation analysis conducted by operational units and are driven by product portfolios. Periodic evaluations of demand liabilities and short-term liquid assets are designed to adjust specific portfolios, as well as their durations and maturities, in response to anticipated liquidity needs.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. In addition to its security agreements with third parties, certain RGA subsidiaries have entered into intercompany securities lending agreements to more efficiently source securities for lending to third parties and to provide for more efficient regulatory capital management.

The Company is a member of the FHLB and holds $65 million of FHLB common stock, which is included in other invested assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company has entered into funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts whereby the Company has issued the funding agreements in exchange for cash and for which the FHLB has been granted a blanket lien on the Company’s commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans used to collateralize the Company’s obligations under the funding agreements. The Company maintains control over these pledged assets, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The funding agreements and the related security agreements represented by this blanket lien provide that upon any event of default by the Company, the FHLB’s recovery is limited to the amount of the Company’s liability under the outstanding funding agreements. The amount of the Company’s liability for the funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts was $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which is included in interest sensitive contract liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The advances on these agreements are collateralized primarily by commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasury and government agency securities. The amount of collateral exceeds the liability and is dependent on the type of assets collateralizing the guaranteed investment contracts.

Investments

Management of Investments

The Company’s investment and derivative strategies involve matching the characteristics of its reinsurance products and other obligations. The Company seeks to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with estimated interest rate sensitivity of the reinsurance liabilities. The Company achieves its income objectives through strategic and tactical asset allocations applying security and derivative strategies within asset/liability and disciplined risk management frameworks. Derivative strategies are employed within the Company’s risk management framework to help manage duration, currency, and other risks in assets and/or liabilities and to replicate the credit characteristics of certain assets. For a discussion of the Company’s risk management process, see “Market and Credit Risk” in the “Enterprise Risk Management” section below.

The Company’s portfolio management groups work with the Enterprise Risk Management function to develop the investment policies for the assets of the Company’s domestic and international investment portfolios. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. See Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s investments.

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Portfolio Composition

The Company had total cash and invested assets of $73.4 billion and $81.5 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as illustrated below (dollars in millions):

	2022		% of Total		2021		% of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	52,901	72.0	%	$	60,749	74.6	%
Equity securities	134		0.2		151		0.2
Mortgage loans	6,590		9.0		6,283		7.7
Policy loans	1,231		1.7		1,234		1.5
Funds withheld at interest	6,003		8.2		6,954		8.5
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,327		3.2		1,996		2.5
Short-term investments	154		0.2		87		0.1
Other invested assets	1,140		1.5		1,074		1.3
Cash and cash equivalents	2,927		4.0		2,948		3.6
Total cash and invested assets	$	73,407	100.0	%	$	81,476	100.0	%

Investment Yield

The following table presents consolidated average invested assets at amortized cost, net investment income, investment yield, variable investment income (“VII”), and investment yield excluding VII, which can vary significantly from period to period (dollars in millions) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The table excludes spread related business. Spread related business is primarily associated with contracts on which the Company earns an interest rate spread between assets and liabilities. To varying degrees, fluctuations in the yield on other spread related business is generally subject to corresponding adjustments to the interest credited on the liabilities.

	2022			2021			2020			2022 vs 2021		2021 vs 2020
Average invested assets at amortized cost	$	34,398		$	33,040		$	30,787		$	1,358	$	2,253
Net investment income	$	1,614		$	1,648		$	1,231		$	(34)	$	417
Annualized investment yield (ratio of net investment income to average invested assets at amortized cost)	4.69		%	4.99		%	4.00		%	(30) bps		99 bps
VII (included in net investment income)1	$	291		$	433		$	63		$	(142)	$	370
Annualized investment yield excluding VII (ratio of net investment income, excluding VII, to average invested assets, excluding assets with only VII, at amortized cost)	4.00		%	3.81		%	3.93		%	19 bps		(12) bps

(1)VII for 2021 includes an accounting correction of $92 million related to prior periods recorded in 2021. See “Investment Income and Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net – Accounting Correction” in Note – 4 “Investments” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the correction recorded in 2021.

Investment yield decreased between 2021 and 2022 primarily due to decreased variable income from limited partnerships, partially offset by increased variable income from real estate joint ventures and increased yield from the recent increase in interest rates. Investment yield increased between 2020 and 2021 primarily due to increased variable income from limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures, partially offset by decreased yield from the previous low interest rate environment.

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

See “Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that provide the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair value of these securities by type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). RMBS, ABS and CMBS are collectively “structured securities.” As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 94.3% and 94.0%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio of fixed maturity securities were investment grade.

Important factors in the selection of investments include diversification, quality, yield, call protection and total rate of return potential. The relative importance of these factors is determined by market conditions and the underlying reinsurance liability and existing portfolio characteristics. The Company owns floating rate securities that represent approximately 7.4% and 5.3% of the total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These investments have a higher

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degree of income variability than the other fixed income holdings in the portfolio due to fluctuations in interest payments. The Company holds floating rate investments to match specific floating rate liabilities primarily reflected in the consolidated balance sheets as collateral finance notes, as well as to enhance asset management strategies.

The largest asset class in which fixed maturity securities were invested was corporate securities, which represented approximately 64.2% and 62.8% of total fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See “Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the major sector types, which comprise the corporate fixed maturity holdings as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

    As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s investments in Canadian government securities represented 6.9% and 8.1%, respectively, of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities. These assets are primarily high quality, long duration provincial strip bonds, the valuation of which is closely linked to the interest rate curve. These assets are longer in duration and held primarily for asset/liability management to meet Canadian regulatory requirements.     

The Company references rating agency designations in some of its investments disclosures. These designations are based on the ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, primarily Moody’s, S&P and Fitch. Structured securities held by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting utilize the NAIC rating methodology. The NAIC assigns designations to publicly traded as well as privately placed securities. The designations assigned by the NAIC range from class 1 to class 6, with designations in classes 1 and 2 generally considered investment grade (BBB or higher rating agency designation). NAIC designations in classes 3 through 6 are generally considered below investment grade (BB or lower rating agency designation). If no rating is available from a rating agency or the NAIC, then an internally developed rating is used.

The quality of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (dollars in millions):

		2022						2021
NAIC Designation	Rating Agency Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
1	AAA/AA/A	$	36,217	$	32,295	61.1	%	$	33,540	$	36,725	60.5	%
2	BBB	20,188		17,580		33.2		18,684		20,379		33.5
3	BB	2,734		2,607		5.0		2,620		2,668		4.4
4	B	397		331		0.6		876		863		1.4
5	CCC and lower	103		71		0.1		96		79		0.1
6	In or near default	24		17		—		57		35		0.1
	Total	$	59,663	$	52,901	100.0	%	$	55,873	$	60,749	100.0	%

The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio includes structured securities. The following table shows the types of structured securities the Company held as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022						2021
			Estimated Fair Value		% of Total				Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
	Amortized Cost						Amortized Cost
RMBS:
Agency	$	476	$	427	6.6	%	$	551	$	582	8.4	%
Non-agency	578		514		8.0		469		468		6.8
Total RMBS	1,054		941		14.6		1,020		1,050		15.2
ABS:
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)	1,825		1,702		26.4		1,761		1,752		25.4
ABS, excluding CLOs	2,499		2,176		33.8		2,263		2,253		32.6
Total ABS	4,324		3,878		60.2		4,024		4,005		58.0
CMBS	1,835		1,623		25.2		1,790		1,849		26.8
Total	$	7,213	$	6,442	100.0	%	$	6,834	$	6,904	100.0	%

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    The Company’s RMBS portfolio includes agency-issued pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. Agency-issued pass-through securities are guaranteed or otherwise supported by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. The principal risks inherent in holding RMBS are prepayment and extension risks, which will affect the timing of when cash will be received and are dependent on the level of mortgage interest rates. Prepayment risk is the unexpected increase in principal payments from the expected, primarily as a result of owner refinancing. Extension risk relates to the unexpected slowdown in principal payments from the expected. In addition, non-agency RMBS face credit risk should the borrower be unable to pay the contractual interest or principal on their obligation. The Company monitors its mortgage-backed securities to mitigate exposure to the cash flow uncertainties associated with these risks.

    The Company’s ABS portfolio primarily consists of CLOs, aircraft, and single-family rentals. The principal risks in holding ABS are structural, credit, capital market and interest rate risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. Credit risks are mitigated by credit enhancements that include excess spread, over-collateralization and subordination. Capital market risks include general level of interest rates and the liquidity for these securities in the marketplace.

    The Company’s CMBS portfolio primarily consists of large pool securitizations that are diverse by property type, borrower and geographic dispersion. The principal risks in holding CMBS are structural and credit risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. The Company focuses on investment grade rated tranches that provide additional credit support beyond the equity protection in the underlying loans. These assets are viewed as an attractive alternative to other fixed income asset classes.

    As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $7,319 million and $349 million, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity securities. The Company monitors its fixed maturity securities to determine impairments in value and evaluates factors such as financial condition of the issuer, payment performance, compliance with covenants, general market and industry sector conditions, current intent and ability to hold securities, and various other subjective factors. Based on management’s judgment, an allowance for credit losses in the amount that fair value is less than the amortized cost is recorded for securities determined to have expected credit losses.

Mortgage Loans

The Company’s mortgage loan portfolio consists of U.S., Canada and UK based investments primarily in commercial offices, light industrial properties and retail locations. The mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and property type as discussed further under “Mortgage Loans” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Most of the mortgage loans in the Company’s portfolio range in size up to $30 million, with the average mortgage loan investment as of December 31, 2022, totaling approximately $9 million.

    As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans, gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses, were distributed geographically as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
U.S. Region:
West	$	2,420	36.4	%	$	2,270	36.0	%
South	2,215		33.3		2,135		33.7
Midwest	1,147		17.2		1,166		18.4
Northeast	474		7.1		419		6.6
Subtotal - U.S.	6,256		94.0		5,990		94.7
Canada	239		3.6		193		3.0
United Kingdom	158		2.4		144		2.3
Other	—		—		2		—
Total	$	6,653	100.0	%	$	6,329	100.0	%

See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” and “Mortgage Loans” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s policy for allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans.

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Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” for additional information. The table below summarizes investment related gains (losses), net, related to allowances for credit losses and impairments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities	$	(6)	$	(11)	$	(20)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities	(17)		(1)		(1)
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(16)		29		(38)
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures impairment losses	—		—		(18)
Total	$	(39)	$	17	$	(77)

The increases in allowance for credit losses and impairments on fixed maturity securities during 2022 were primarily related to high-yield securities. The increase in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses during 2022 reflected the impact of market conditions including occupancy rates. The changes in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities during 2021 and 2020 were primarily related to high-yield securities reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses in 2020 and the decrease in 2021 were primarily due to the estimated impact from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and subsequent update to estimates in 2021. The limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures impairment losses in 2020 were primarily due to impairments on limited partnerships.

    See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses for securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost by class and grade, as well as the length of time the related estimated fair value has remained below amortized cost as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company classified approximately 10.8% and 8.5%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category (refer to Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate and asset-backed securities.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements.

Funds Withheld at Interest

For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company, and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed by the ceding company. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at rates defined by the treaty terms. The Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Ceding companies with funds withheld at interest had an average financial strength rating of “A” as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Certain ceding companies maintain segregated portfolios for the benefit of the Company.

The majority of the Company’s funds withheld at interest balances are associated with its reinsurance of annuity contracts. The funds withheld receivable balance for segregated portfolios is subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives.

Under these principles, the Company’s funds withheld receivable under certain reinsurance arrangements incorporate credit risk exposures that are unrelated or only partially related to the creditworthiness of the obligor and include an embedded derivative feature that is not clearly and closely related to the host contract. Therefore, the embedded derivative feature must be measured at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets and changes in fair value reported in income. See “Embedded Derivatives” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

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Based on data provided by ceding companies as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, funds withheld at interest totaled (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
Underlying Security Type:	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Segregated portfolios	$	4,136	$	3,701	$	4,515	$	4,843
Non-segregated portfolios	2,237		2,237		2,315		2,315
Embedded derivatives(1)	(370)		—		124		—
Total funds withheld at interest	$	6,003	$	5,938	$	6,954	$	7,158

(1)Represents the fair value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance written on a modco or funds withheld basis and subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives for the segregated portfolios. When the segregated portfolios are presented on a fair value basis in the “Estimated Fair Value” column, the calculation of a separate embedded derivative is not applicable.

Based on data provided by the ceding companies as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, segregated portfolios contained investments similar to those directly owned by the Company; primarily fixed maturity securities as well as commercial mortgage loans and derivatives. These assets pose risks similar to the investments the Company directly owns. Derivatives consist primarily of S&P 500 options that are used to hedge liabilities and interest credited for EIAs reinsured by the Company. The securities held within the segregated portfolios are primarily investment-grade, with an average rating of “A.” The average maturity for investments held within the segregated portfolios of funds withheld at interest is ten years or more. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at rates defined by the treaty terms and the Company estimated the yields were approximately 4.55%, 6.34% and 5.40% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Changes in these estimated yields are affected by changes in the fair value of equity options held in the funds withheld portfolio associated with EIAs. Additionally, under certain treaties the Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding companies and monitors compliance.

Other Invested Assets

    Other invested assets include lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts, FHLB common stock and unit-linked investments. See “Other Invested Assets” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the carrying value of the Company’s other invested assets by type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to protect the Company against possible changes in the fair value of its investment portfolio as a result of interest rate changes, to hedge against risk of changes in the purchase price of securities, to hedge liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits and to manage the portfolio’s effective yield, maturity and duration. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses exchange-traded, centrally cleared, and customized over-the-counter derivative financial instruments.

See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value and accrued interest of non-collateralized derivative contracts in an asset position at the reporting date. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had credit exposure of $14 million.

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.

The Company holds $868 million and $758 million of beneficial interest in lifetime mortgages in the UK, net of allowance for credit losses, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Investment income includes $38 million, $52 million and $44 million in interest income earned on lifetime mortgages for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Lifetime mortgages represent loans provided to individuals 55 years of age and older secured by the borrower’s residence. Lifetime mortgages are comparable to a home equity loan by allowing the borrower to utilize the equity in their home as collateral. The amount of the loan is dependent on the appraised value of the home at the time of origination, the borrower's age and interest rate. Unlike a home equity loan, no payment of principal or interest is required until the death of

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the borrower or sale of the home. Lifetime mortgages may also be either fully funded at origination, or the borrower can request periodic funding similar to a line of credit. Lifetime mortgages are subject to risks, including market, credit, interest rate, liquidity, operational, reputational and legal risks.

Enterprise Risk Management

    RGA maintains a dedicated Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) function that is responsible for analyzing and reporting the Company’s risks on an aggregated basis; facilitating monitoring to ensure the Company’s risks remain within its appetites and limits; and ensuring, on an ongoing basis, that RGA’s ERM objectives are met. This includes ensuring proper risk controls are in place; risks are effectively identified, assessed, and managed; and key risks to which the Company is exposed are disclosed to appropriate stakeholders. The ERM function plays an important role in fostering the Company’s risk management culture and practices.

Enterprise Risk Management Structure and Governance

    The board of directors (“the Board”) oversees enterprise risk through its Risk Committee, which oversees the management of the Company’s ERM program and policies. The Risk Committee receives regular reports and assessments that describe the Company’s key risk exposures and include quantitative and qualitative assessments and information about breaches, exceptions, and waivers.

    The Company’s Global Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) reports to the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and has direct access to the Board through the Risk Committee with formal reporting occurring quarterly. The CRO leads the dedicated ERM function and is supported by a dedicated risk management staff as well as a network of Business Unit Chief Risk Officers and Risk Owners throughout the business unit who are responsible for the analysis and management of risks within their scope. A Lead Risk Owner is assigned to each risk to take overall responsibility to monitor and assess the risk consistently across all markets.

    In addition to leading the ERM function, the CRO also chairs the Company’s Risk Management Steering Committee (“RMSC”), which includes senior management executives, including the CEO, the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), and the Chief Investment Officer, among others. The RMSC provides oversight for the Insurance, Market and Credit, Capital, and Operational risk committees and retains direct risk oversight responsibilities for the following:

•Company’s global ERM framework, activities, and issues.

•Identification, assessments, and management of all established and emerging strategic risk exposures.

•Risk appetite statement, including the ongoing alignment of the risk appetite statement with the Company’s strategy and capital plans.

•Review, revise and approve RGA group-level strategic risk limits consistent with the risk appetite statement

    The Insurance, Market and Credit, Capital, and Operational risk committees have direct oversight accountability for their respective risk areas including the identification, assessments, and management of established and emerging risk exposures and the review and approval of RGA group-level risk limits

    To ensure appropriate oversight of enterprise-wide risk management issues without unnecessary duplication, as well as to foster cross-committee communication and coordination regarding risk issues, chairs of the risk committees attend the RMSC meetings. In addition to the risk committees, their sub-committees and working groups, some RGA operating entities have risk management committees that oversee relevant risks related to segment-level risk limits.

Enterprise Risk Management Framework

    RGA’s ERM framework provides a platform to assess the risk / return profiles of risks throughout the organization to enable enhanced decision making by business leaders. The ERM framework also guides the development and implementation of mitigation strategies to reduce exposures to these risks to acceptable levels.

RGA’s ERM framework includes the following elements:

•Risk Culture: Risk management is an integral part of the Company’s culture and is embedded in RGA’s business processes in accordance with RGA’s risk philosophy. As the cornerstone of the ERM framework, a culture of prudent risk management reinforced by senior management plays a preeminent role in the effective management of risks assumed by RGA.

•Risk Appetite Statement: A general and high level overview of the risk profile RGA aims to achieve to meet its strategic objectives. This statement is then supported by more granular risk limits guiding the businesses to achieve this Risk Appetite Statement.

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•Risk Limits: Risk Limits establish the maximum amount of defined risk that the Company is willing to assume to remain within the Company’s overall risk appetite. These risks have been identified by the management of the Company as relevant to manage the overall risk profile of the Company while allowing achievement of strategic objectives.

•Risk Assessment Process: RGA uses qualitative and quantitative methods to assess key risks through a portfolio approach, which analyzes established and emerging risks in conjunction with other risks.

•Business Specific Limits/Controls: These limits/controls provide additional safeguards against undesired risk exposures and are embedded in business processes. Examples include maximum retention limits, pricing and underwriting reviews, per issuer limits, concentration limits, and standard treaty language.

Proactive risk monitoring and reporting enable early detection and mitigation of emerging risks. The RMSC and its subcommittees monitor adherence to risk limits through the ERM function, which reports regularly to the RMSC and the Risk Committee. The frequency of monitoring is tailored to the volatility assessment and relative priority of each risk. Risk escalation channels coupled with open communication lines enhance the mitigations explained above. The Company has devoted significant resources to developing its ERM program and expects to continue to do so in the future. Nonetheless, the Company’s policies and procedures to identify, manage, and monitor risks may not be fully effective. Many of the Company’s methods for managing risk are based on historical information, which may not be a good predictor of future risk exposures, such as the risk of a pandemic causing a large number of deaths. Management of operational, legal, and regulatory risk relies on policies and procedures that may not be fully effective under all scenarios.

Risk Categories – The Company groups its risks into the following categories: Insurance risk, Market and Credit risk, Capital risk, Operational risk and Strategic risk. Specific risk assessments and descriptions can be found below and in Item 1A – “Risk Factors.”

Insurance Risk

    Insurance risk is the risk of lower or negative earnings and potentially a reduction in enterprise value due to a greater amount of benefits and related expenses paid than expected, or from non-market related adverse policyholder or client behavior. The Company uses multiple approaches to managing insurance risk: active insurance risk assessment and pricing appropriately for the risks assumed, transferring undesired risks, and managing the retained exposure prudently. These strategies are explained below.

The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto has had a material adverse effect on the Company’s earnings and continues to develop. The Company’s future results may continue to be adversely impacted by COVID-19, with the extent influenced by new variants, measures by public and private institutions, and timing and adoption of effective vaccinations and treatments, among other factors. The Company continues to actively assess the impacts of COVID-19 on its business and update and refine its COVID-19 projection and financial impact models to manage its insurance risk through the pandemic.

    The Company has developed extensive expertise in assessing insurance risks that ultimately forms an integral part of ensuring that it is compensated commensurately for the risks it assumes and that it does not overpay for the risks it transfers to third parties. This expertise includes a vast array of market and product knowledge supported by a large information database of historical experience that is closely monitored. Analysis and experience studies derived from this database help form the basis for the Company’s pricing assumptions that are used in developing rates for new risks. If actual mortality or morbidity experience is materially adverse, some reinsurance treaties allow for increases to future premium rates.

    Misestimation of any key risk can threaten the long term viability of the enterprise. Further, the pricing process is a key operational risk and significant effort is applied to ensuring the appropriateness of pricing assumptions. Some of the safeguards the Company uses to ensure proper pricing are: experience studies, strict underwriting, sensitivity and scenario testing, pricing guidelines and controls, authority limits and internal and external pricing reviews. In addition, the ERM function provides pricing oversight that includes periodic pricing audits.

    To minimize volatility in financial results and reduce the impact of large losses, the Company transfers some of its insurance risk to third parties using vehicles such as retrocession and catastrophe coverage.

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In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of claims paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises (or retrocessionaires) under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. In individual life markets, the Company retains a maximum of $8 million of coverage per individual life. In certain limited situations the Company has retained more than $8 million per individual life. The Company enters into agreements with other reinsurers to mitigate the residual risk related to the over-retained policies. Additionally, due to some lower face amount reinsurance coverages provided by the Company in addition to individual life, such as group life, disability and health, under certain circumstances, the Company could potentially incur claims totaling more than $8 million per individual life.

    The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on its assumed catastrophic excess of loss reinsurance agreements by ceding a portion of its exposure to multiple retrocessionaires through retrocession line slips or directly to retrocession markets. The Company’s policy is to retain a maximum of $30 million of catastrophic loss exposure per agreement and to retrocede up to $30 million additional loss exposures to the retrocession markets. The Company limits its exposure on a country-by-country (and state-by-state in the U.S.) basis by managing its total exposure to all catastrophic excess of loss agreements bound within a given country to established maximum aggregate exposures. The maximum exposures are established and managed both on gross amounts issued prior to including retrocession and for amounts net of exposures retroceded.

    The Company accesses the markets each year for annual catastrophic coverages and reviews current coverage and pricing of current and alternate designs. The coverage may vary from year to year based on the Company’s perceived value of such protection. The current policy covers events involving 5 or more insured deaths from a single occurrence and covers $100 million of claims in excess of the Company’s $25 million deductible.

    The Company retains most of the inbound insurance risk. The Company manages the retained exposure proactively using various mitigating factors such as diversification and limits. Diversification is the primary mitigating factor of short term volatility risk, but it also mitigates adverse impacts of changes in long term trends and catastrophic events. The Company’s insured populations are dispersed globally, diversifying the insurance exposure because factors that cause actual experience to deviate materially from expectations do not affect all areas uniformly and synchronously or in close sequence. A variety of limits mitigate retained insurance risk. Examples of these limits include geographic exposure limits, which set the maximum amount of business that can be written in a given country, and jumbo limits, which prevent excessive coverage on a given individual.

    In the event that mortality or morbidity experience develops in excess of expectations, some reinsurance treaties allow for increases to future premium rates. Other treaties include experience refund provisions, which may also help reduce RGA’s mortality risk.

    RGA has various methods to manage its insurance risks, including access to the capital and reinsurance markets.

Market and Credit Risk

    Market and Credit risk is the risk of lower or negative earnings and potentially a reduction in enterprise value due to changes in the market prices of asset and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk. Interest Rate risk is the risk that changes in the level and volatility of nominal interest rates affect the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. This includes credit spread changes and inflation but excludes credit quality deterioration. This risk arises from many of the Company’s primary activities, as the Company invests substantial funds in interest-sensitive assets, primarily fixed maturity securities, and also has certain interest-sensitive contract liabilities. A prolonged period where market yields are significantly below the book yields of the Company’s asset portfolio puts downward pressure on portfolio book yields. The Company has been proactive in its investment strategies, reinsurance structures and overall asset-liability management practices to reduce the risk of unfavorable consequences in this type of environment.

    The Company manages interest rate risk to optimize the return on the Company’s capital and to preserve the value created by its business operations within certain constraints. For example, certain management and monitoring processes are designed to minimize the effect of sudden and/or sustained changes in interest rates on fair value, cash flows, and net investment income. The Company manages its exposure to interest rates principally by managing the relative matching of the cash flows of its liabilities and assets.

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The following table presents the account values, the weighted average interest-crediting rates and minimum guaranteed rate ranges for the contracts containing guaranteed rates by major class of interest-sensitive product as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Account Value				Current Weighted-Average Interest Crediting Rate		Minimum Guaranteed Rate Ranges
Interest Sensitive Contract Liability	2022		2021		2022	2021	2022	2021
Traditional individual fixed annuities	$	16,503	$	15,094	3.22%	3.22%	0.01 – 5.50%	0.01 – 5.50%
Equity-indexed annuities	2,725		3,117		(1.23)	2.10	1.00 – 3.00	0.10 – 3.00
Individual variable annuity contracts	113		116		3.01	2.98	1.00 – 3.00	1.50 – 3.00
Guaranteed investment contracts	1,296		1,406		1.92	0.76	0.47 – 5.14	0.31 – 3.32
Universal life – type policies	4,268		4,303		3.77	3.76	2.00 – 6.00	2.00 – 6.00
Funding agreement backed notes	906		500		1.03	2.00	2.00 – 2.70	2.00 – 2.00

The following table presents the account values by each minimum guaranteed rate, rounded to the nearest percentage, by class of interest-sensitive product as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Account Value as of December 31, 2022
Interest Sensitive Contract Liability	1%		2%		3%		4%		5%		6%		Total
Traditional individual fixed annuities	$	1,537	$	1,204	$	5,175	$	6,036	$	2,531	$	19	$	16,502
Equity-indexed annuities	892		1,354		479		—		—		—		2,725
Individual variable annuity contracts	—		2		111		—		—		—		113
Guaranteed investment contracts	50		119		77		105		945		—		1,296
Universal life – type policies	—		727		318		3,165		48		10		4,268
Funding agreement backed notes	—		501		405		—		—		—		906
	Account Value as of December 31, 2021
Interest Sensitive Contract Liability	1%		2%		3%		4%		5%		6%		Total
Traditional individual fixed annuities	$	2,109	$	1,057	$	4,384	$	5,106	$	2,419	$	19	$	15,094
Equity-indexed annuities	943		1,614		560		—		—		—		3,117
Individual variable annuity contracts	—		1		115		—		—		—		116
Guaranteed investment contracts	1,202		138		66		—		—		—		1,406
Universal life – type policies	—		736		318		3,185		53		11		4,303
Funding agreement backed notes	—		500		—		—		—		—		500

The spread profits on the Company’s fixed annuity and interest-sensitive whole life, universal life (“UL”) and fixed portion of variable universal life insurance policies are at risk if interest rates decline and remain relatively low for a period of time. Should portfolio yields decline, the spreads between investment portfolio yields and the interest rate credited to contract holders would deteriorate as the Company’s ability to manage spreads can become limited by minimum guaranteed rates on annuity and UL policies. In 2022, minimum guaranteed rates on non-variable annuity and UL policies generally ranged from 0.01% to 6.00%, with an average guaranteed rate of approximately 3.29%. In 2021, minimum guaranteed rates on non-variable annuity and UL policies generally ranged from 0.01% to 6.00%, with an average guaranteed rate of approximately 3.05%.

Interest rate spreads are managed for near term income through a combination of crediting rate actions and portfolio management. Certain annuity products contain crediting rates that reset annually, of which $13.7 billion and $13.0 billion of account balances are not subject to surrender charges as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. with substantially all of these already at their minimum guaranteed rates. As such, certain management and monitoring processes are designed to minimize the effect of sudden and/or sustained changes in interest rates on fair value, cash flows, and net investment income. During 2022, the Company experienced a higher level of policyholder surrenders within the contracts with lower guaranteed minimum crediting rates due to the rising interest rate environment.

The Company’s exposure to interest rate price risk and interest rate cash flow risk is reviewed on a quarterly basis. Interest rate price risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the change in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments in the event of a hypothetical change in interest rates. Interest rate cash flow risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the Company’s variability in cash flows in the event of a hypothetical change in interest rates.

Interest rate sensitivity analysis is used to measure the Company’s interest rate price risk by computing estimated changes in fair value of fixed rate assets and liabilities in the event of a hypothetical 100 basis point change (increase or decrease) in market interest rates. The Company does not have fixed rate instruments classified as trading securities. The

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Company’s projected net decrease in fair value of financial instruments in the event of a 100 basis point increase in market interest rates at its fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2.0 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively.

The calculation of fair value is based on the net present value of estimated discounted cash flows expected over the life of the market risk sensitive instruments, using market prepayment assumptions and market rates of interest provided by independent broker quotations and other public sources, with adjustments made to reflect the shift in the treasury yield curve as appropriate.

The interest rate sensitivity relating to the Company’s fixed maturity securities is assessed using hypothetical scenarios that assume positive and negative 50 and 100 basis point parallel shifts in the yield curves. This analysis assumes that the U.S., Canada and other pertinent countries’ yield curve shifts are of equal direction and magnitude. Change in value of individual securities is estimated consistently under each scenario using a commercial valuation tool. The Company’s actual experience may differ from the results noted below particularly due to assumptions utilized or if events differ from those included in the methodology. The following tables summarize the results of this analysis for fixed maturity securities in the Company’s investment portfolio as of the dates indicated (dollars in millions):

Interest Rate Analysis of Estimated Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities
December 31, 2022:	-100 bps			-50 bps			–			+50 bps			+100 bps
Total estimated fair value	$	57,578		$	55,152		$	52,901		$	50,826		$	48,928
% Change in estimated fair value from base	8.8		%	4.3		%	—		%	(3.9)		%	(7.5)		%
$ Change in estimated fair value from base	$	4,677		$	2,251		$	—		$	(2,075)		$	(3,973)

December 31, 2021:	-100 bps			-50 bps			–			+50 bps			+100 bps
Total estimated fair value	$	66,926		$	63,711		$	60,749		$	58,042		$	55,588
% Change in estimated fair value from base	10.2		%	4.9		%	—		%	(4.5)		%	(8.5)		%
$ Change in estimated fair value from base	$	6,177		$	2,962		$	—		$	(2,707)		$	(5,161)

    Interest rate sensitivity analysis is also used to measure the Company’s interest rate cash flow risk by computing estimated changes in the expected cash flows for floating rate assets and liabilities over a one year period following an instantaneous, parallel, hypothetical 100 basis point change (increase or decrease) in market interest rates. The Company does not have variable rate instruments classified as trading securities. The Company’s projected decrease in cash flows associated with floating rate instruments in the event of an instantaneous 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates for its fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $43 million and $34 million, respectively.

Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, and should not be relied on as indicative of future results. Further, the computations do not contemplate any actions management could undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the computation of the estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities and the estimated cash flows of floating rate instruments, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual values may differ materially from those projections presented due to a number of factors, including, without limitation, market conditions varying from assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value.    

    In order to reduce the exposure to changes in fair values from interest rate fluctuations, the Company has developed strategies to manage the net interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities. In addition, from time to time, the Company has utilized the swap market to manage the sensitivity of fair values to interest rate fluctuations.

    Inflation can also have direct effects on the Company’s assets and liabilities. The primary direct effect of inflation is the increase in operating expenses. A large portion of the Company’s operating expenses consists of salaries, which are subject to wage increases at least partly affected by the rate of inflation.

    The Company reinsures annuities with benefits indexed to the cost of living. Some of these benefits are hedged with a combination of CPI swaps and indexed bonds when material.

    Long-term care products have an inflation component linked to the future cost of such services. If health care costs increase at a much larger rate than what is prevalent in the nominal interest rates available in the markets, the Company may not earn enough investment yield to pay future claims on such products.

On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”) after December 31, 2021. Subsequently, on March 5, 2021, the FCA announced that all LIBOR settings will either cease to be provided or no longer be representative, with some being discontinued after December 31, 2021, and the remaining being discontinued after June 30, 2023. Workstreams have been established in several markets to reform existing reference rates and provide a fall back rate upon discontinuation of LIBOR. The Alternative Rates Committee of the Federal Reserve Board proposed the Secured Overnight Financing Rate

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(“SOFR”) as an alternative rate to replace U.S. Dollar LIBOR, and the European Central Bank recommended the Euro Short-term Rate (“ESTER”) as the new risk-free rate. Other jurisdictions are conducting similar exercises and have proposed potential replacement rates, as necessary. Based on actions taken to date, the discontinuation of LIBOR, and the transition to replacement rates, has not had a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Real Estate Risk. Real estate risk is the risk that changes in the level and volatility of real estate market valuations may impact the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. The Company has investments in direct real estate equity and debt instruments collateralized by real estate (“real estate loans”). Real estate equity risks include significant reduction in valuations, which could be caused by downturns in the broad economy or in specific geographic regions or sectors. In addition, real estate loan risks include defaults, borrower or tenant bankruptcy and reduced liquidity. Real estate loan risks are partially mitigated by the excess of the value of the property over the loan principle, which provides a buffer should the value of the real estate decrease. The Company manages its real estate loan risk by diversifying by property type and geography and through exposure limits.

Equity Risk. Equity risk is the risk that changes in the level and volatility of equity market valuations affect the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. This risk includes variable annuity and other equity linked exposures and asset related equity exposure. The Company assumes equity risk from alternative investments, fixed indexed annuities and variable annuities. The Company uses derivatives to hedge its exposure to movements in equity markets that have a direct correlation with certain of its reinsurance products.

Alternative investments are investments in non-traditional asset classes that primarily back the Company’s capital and surplus as well as certain long-term illiquid liability portfolios. Alternative investments generally include hedge funds, emerging markets debt, distressed debt, commodities, infrastructure, tax credits, and equities, both public and private. The Company mitigates its exposure to alternative investments by limiting the size of the alternative investments holding and using per-issuer investment limits.

    The Company reinsures fixed indexed annuities (“FIAs”). Credits to FIA contracts are affected by changes in equity markets. Thus the fair value of the benefit is primarily a function of index returns and volatility. The Company hedges most of the underlying FIA equity exposure with derivatives.

The Company reinsures variable annuities including those with guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”). Strong equity markets, increases in interest rates and decreases in equity market volatility will generally decrease the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits. Conversely, a decrease in the equity markets along with a decrease in interest rates and an increase in equity market volatility will generally result in an increase in the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits, which has the effect of increasing reserves and lowering earnings. The Company maintains a customized dynamic hedging program that is designed to substantially mitigate the risks associated with income volatility around the change in reserves on guaranteed benefits, ignoring the Company’s own credit risk assessment. However, the hedge positions may not fully offset the changes in the carrying value of the guarantees due to, among other things, time lags, high levels of volatility in the equity and derivative markets, extreme changes in interest rates, unexpected contract holder behavior, and divergence between the performance of the underlying funds and hedging indices. These factors, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s net income, financial condition or liquidity. The table below provides a summary of variable annuity account values and the fair value of the guaranteed benefits as December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31,
(dollars in millions)	2022		2021
No guaranteed minimum benefits	$	672	$	844
GMDB only	771		960
GMIB only	20		25
GMAB only	2		3
GMWB only	863		1,130
GMDB / WB	165		264
Other	15		19
Total variable annuity account values	$	2,508	$	3,245
Fair value of liabilities associated with living benefit riders	$	124	$	162

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    Credit risk, which includes default risk, is risk of loss due to credit quality deterioration of an individual financial asset, derivative or non-derivative contract or instrument. Credit quality deterioration may or may not be accompanied by a ratings downgrade. Generally, the credit exposure for an asset is limited to the fair value, net of any collateral received, at the reporting date.

    Investment credit risk is credit risk related to invested assets. The Company manages investment credit risk using per-issuer investment limits. In addition to per-issuer limits, the Company also limits the total amounts of investments per rating category. An automated compliance system checks for compliance for all investment positions and sends warning messages when there is a breach. The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. As futures are transacted through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to such derivative instruments.

    The Company enters into various collateral arrangements, which require both the posting and accepting of collateral in connection with its derivative instruments. Collateral agreements contain attachment thresholds that vary depending on the posting party’s financial strength ratings. Additionally, a decrease in the Company’s financial strength rating to a specified level results in potential settlement of the derivative positions under the Company’s agreements with its counterparties. A committee is responsible for setting rules and approving and overseeing all transactions requiring collateral. See “Credit Risk” in Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on credit risk related to derivatives.

    Counterparty risk is the potential for the Company to incur losses due to a client, retrocessionaire, or partner becoming distressed or insolvent. This includes run-on-the-bank risk and collection risk.

Run-on-the-Bank is the potential risk that a client’s in force block incurs substantial surrenders and/or lapses due to credit impairment, reputation damage or other market changes affecting the counterparty. Policyholder surrenders and/or lapses substantially higher than expected could result in inadequate in force business to recover cash paid out for acquisition costs.

For clients and retrocessionaires, collection risk includes their inability to satisfy a reinsurance agreement because the right of offset is disallowed by the receivership court; the reinsurance contract is rejected by the receiver, resulting in a premature termination of the contract; and/or the security supporting the transaction becomes unavailable to the Company.

    The Company manages counterparty risk by limiting the total exposure to a single counterparty and by only initiating contracts with creditworthy counterparties. In addition, some of the counterparties have set up trusts and letters of credit, reducing the Company’s exposure to these counterparties.

Generally, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to the Company’s other insurance subsidiaries. External retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of its retention. As of December 31, 2022, all retrocession pool members in this excess retention pool rated by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A-” or better. A rating of “A-” is the fourth highest rating out of sixteen possible ratings. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, letters of credit or trust assets have been received by the Company as additional security. In addition, the Company performs annual financial and in force reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.

    The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any material difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires or as to the recoverability of any such claims.

In addition to investment credit limits and counterparty limits, the Company maintains aggregate counterparty risk limits that include counterparty exposures from reinsurance, financing and investment activities at an aggregated level to control total exposure to a single counterparty. Counterparty risk aggregation is important because it enables the Company to capture risk exposures at a comprehensive level and under more extreme circumstances compared to analyzing the components individually.

    All counterparty exposures are calculated on a quarterly basis, reviewed by management and monitored by the ERM function.

Capital Risk

    Capital risk is the risk of lower/negative earnings, potential reduction in enterprise value, and/or the loss of ability to conduct business due to insufficient financial capacity, including not having the appropriate amount of group or entity-level capital to conduct business today or in the future. The Company monitors capital risk exposure using relevant bases of measurement including but not limited to economic, rating agency, and regulatory methodologies. Additionally, the Company regularly assesses risk related to collateral, foreign currency, financing, liquidity and tax.

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Collateral Risk. Collateral risk is the risk that collateral will not be available at expected costs or in the capacity required to meet current and future needs. The Company monitors risks related to interest rate movement, collateral requirements and position and capital markets environment. Collateral demands and resources continue to be actively managed with available collateral sources being more than sufficient to cover stress level collateral demands.

Foreign Currency Risk. Foreign currency risk is the risk of changes in level and volatility of currency exchange rates affect the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. The Company manages its exposure to foreign currency risk principally by currency matching invested assets with the underlying liabilities to the extent practical. The Company has in place net investment hedges for a portion of its investments in its Canadian operations to reduce excess exposure to that currency. Translation differences resulting from translating foreign subsidiary balances to U.S. dollars are reflected in stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets.

    The Company generally does not hedge the foreign currency exposure of its subsidiaries transacting business in currencies other than their functional currency (transaction exposure). However, the Company has entered into cross currency swaps to manage exposure to specific currencies. The majority of the Company’s foreign currency transactions are denominated in Australian dollars, British pounds, Canadian dollars, Euros, Japanese yen, Korean won, and the South African rand. The maximum amount of assets held in a specific currency (with the exception of the U.S. dollar) is measured relative to risk targets and is monitored regularly.

    The Company does not hedge the income statement risk associated with translating foreign currencies. The foreign exchange risk sensitivity of the Company’s consolidated pre-tax income is assessed using hypothetical test scenarios. Actual results may differ from the results noted below particularly due to assumptions utilized or if events occur that were not included in the methodology. For more information on this risk, see “Item 1A – Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business.” In general, a weaker U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies has a favorable impact on the Company’s income before income taxes. Conversely, the recent strength of the U.S. Dollar relative to certain foreign currencies has had a negative impact on the Company’s income before income taxes. The following tables summarize the impact on the Company’s reported income before income taxes of an immediate favorable or unfavorable change in each of the foreign exchange rates to which the Company has exposure (dollars in millions):

	Unfavorable									Favorable
Year Ended December 31, 2022	-10%			-5%			–			+5%			+10%
Income before income taxes	$	773		$	796		820			$	843		$	866
% change of income before income taxes from base	(5.6)		%	(2.8)		%	—		%	2.8		%	5.6		%
$ change of income before income taxes from base	$	(46)		$	(23)		$	—		$	23		$	46

	Unfavorable									Favorable
Year Ended December 31, 2021	-10%			-5%			–			+5%			+10%
Income before income taxes	$	645		$	668		691			$	713		$	736
% change of income before income taxes from base	(6.6)		%	(3.3)		%	—		%	3.3		%	6.6		%
$ change of income before income taxes from base	$	(45)		$	(23)		$	—		$	23		$	45

Financing Risk. Financing risk is the risk that capital will not be available at expected costs or in the capacity required. The Company continues to monitor financing risks related to regulatory financing, contingency financing, and debt capital and sees no immediate issues with its current structures, capacity and plans.

Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company is unable to meet payment obligations at expected costs or in the capacity required. The Company’s traditional liquidity demands include items such as claims, expenses, debt financing and investment purchases, which are largely known or can be reasonably forecasted. The Company regularly performs liquidity risk modeling, including both market and Company specific stresses, to assess the sufficiency of available resources.

Tax Risk. Tax risk is the risk that current and future tax positions are different than expected. The Company monitors tax risks related to the evolving tax and regulatory environment, business transactions, legal entity reorganizations, tax compliance obligations, and financial reporting.

Operational Risk

    Operational risk is the risk of lower/negative earnings and a potential reduction in enterprise value caused by unexpected losses associated with inadequacy or failure on the part of internal processes, people and systems, or from external events. The Company regularly monitors and assesses the risks related to business conduct and governance, fraud, privacy, and cybersecurity, business disruption, and business operations. Various insurance, market and credit, capital, and strategy risk obligations and concerns often intersect with the Company’s core operational process risk areas. Given the scope of the Company’s business and the number of countries in which it operates, this set of risks has the potential to affect the business

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locally, regionally, or globally. Operational risks are core to managing the Company’s brand and market confidence as well as maintaining its ability to acquire and retain the appropriate expertise to execute and operate the business.

Business Conduct and Governance Risk. Business conduct and governance is the risk related to management oversight, compliance, market conduct, and legal matters. The Company’s Compliance Risk Management Program facilitates a proactive evaluation of present and potential compliance risks associated with both local and enterprise-wide regulatory requirements as well as compliance with Company policies and procedures.

Fraud Risk. Fraud risk is the risk related to the deliberate abuse of and/or taking of Company assets in order to secure gain for the perpetrator or inflict harm on the Company or other victim. Ongoing monitoring and an annual fraud risk assessment enables the Company to continually evaluate potential fraud risks within the organization. 

Privacy Risk. Privacy risk is the risk of non-compliance with privacy regulations and laws. The Company’s privacy program, processes, and procedures are designed to protect personal information related to its customers, insured individuals or its employees. The Company’s privacy program facilitates a proactive evaluation of present and potential privacy risks associated with both local and enterprise-wide regulatory requirements as well as compliance with Company policies and procedures.

Cybersecurity Risk. Cybersecurity risk is the risk of theft, loss, unauthorized disclosure, or unauthorized use of physical or electronic assets resulting in a loss of confidentiality, loss of revenue, poor reputational exposure, or regulatory fines. The Company’s cybersecurity program, processes, and procedures are designed to prevent unauthorized physical and electronic theft and the disclosure of confidential and personal data related to its customers, insured individuals or its employees. The Company employs technology, administrative related processes and procedural controls, security measures and other preventative actions to reduce the risk of such incidents.

Business Disruption Risk. Business disruption risk is the risk of impairment to operational capabilities due to the unavailability of people, systems, and/or facilities. The Company’s global business continuity process enables associates to identify potential impacts that threaten operations by providing the framework, policies and procedures and required recurring training for how the Company will recover and restore interrupted critical functions, within a predetermined time, after a disaster or extended disruption, until its normal facilities are restored.

Business Operations Risk. Business operations risk is the risk related to business processes and procedures. Business operations risk includes risk associated with the processing of transactions, data use and management, monitoring and reporting, the integrity and accuracy of models, the use of third parties, and the delivery of advisory services.

Human Capital Risk. Human capital risk is related to workforce management, including talent acquisition, development, retention, and employment relations/regulations. The Company actively monitors human capital risks using multiple practices that include but are not limited to human resource and compliance policies and procedures, regularly reviewing key risk indicators, performance evaluations, compensation and benefits benchmarking, succession planning, employee engagement surveys and associate exit interviews.

Strategic Risk

    Strategic risk relates to the planning, implementation, and management of the Company’s business plans and strategies, including the risks associated with: the global environment in which it operates; future law and regulation changes; political risks; and relationships with key external parties.

Strategy Risk. Strategy risk is the risk related to the design and execution of the Company’s strategic plan, including risks associated with merger and acquisition activity. Strategy risks are addressed by a robust multi-year planning process, regular business unit level assessments of strategy execution and active benchmarking of key performance and risk indicators across the Company’s portfolios of businesses. The Company’s risk appetites and limits are set to be consistent with strategic objectives.

External Environment Risk. External environment risk relates to external competition, macro trends, and client needs. Macro characteristics that drive market opportunities, risk and growth potential, the competitive landscape and client feedback are closely monitored.

Key Relationships Risk. Key relationships risk relates to areas of important interactions with parties external to the Company. The Company’s reputation is a critical asset in successfully conducting business and therefore relationships with its primary stakeholders (including but not limited to business partners, shareholders, clients, rating agencies, and regulators) are all carefully monitored.

Political and Regulatory Risk. Political and regulatory risk relates to future law and regulation changes and the impact of political changes or instability on the Company’s ability to achieve its objectives. Regulatory and political developments and related risks that may affect the Company are identified, assessed and monitored as part of regular oversight activities.

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New Accounting Standards

See “New Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on new accounting pronouncements and their impact, if any, on the Company’s results of operations and financial position.

Item 7A.        QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Information required by Item 7A is contained in Item 7 under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Market and Credit Risk”.

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Item 8.        FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Annual Financial Statements:		Page
Financial Statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	87
	Consolidated Statements of Income	88
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	89
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity	90
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	91
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:
	Note 1 Business and Basis of Presentation	93
	Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements	93
	Note 3 Earnings per Share	106
	Note 4 Investments	106
	Note 5 Derivative Instruments	115
	Note 6 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	121
	Note 7 Reinsurance Ceded Receivables and Other	131
	Note 8 Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	133
	Note 9 Income Tax	133
	Note 10 Employee Benefit Plans	136
	Note 11 Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis – Significant Subsidiaries	140
	Note 12 Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	141
	Note 13 Debt	143
	Note 14 Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes	145
	Note 15 Segment Information	145
	Note 16 Policy Claims and Benefits	148
	Note 17 Equity	151
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)		156

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except share data)

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$	52,901	$	60,749
Equity securities, at fair value	134		151
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $51 and $35)	6,590		6,283
Policy loans	1,231		1,234
Funds withheld at interest	6,003		6,954
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,327		1,996
Short-term investments	154		87
Other invested assets	1,140		1,074
Total investments	70,480		78,528
Cash and cash equivalents	2,927		2,948
Accrued investment income	630		533
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	3,013		2,888
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	2,462		2,580
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,974		3,690
Other assets	1,220		1,008
Total assets	$	84,706	$	92,175
Liabilities and Equity
Future policy benefits	$	35,220	$	35,782
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	30,572		26,377
Other policy claims and benefits	6,571		6,993
Other reinsurance balances	756		613
Deferred income taxes	736		2,886
Other liabilities	2,655		2,663
Long-term debt	3,961		3,667
Collateral finance and securitization notes	—		180
Total liabilities	80,471		79,161
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 12)
Equity:
Preferred stock (par value $.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding)	—		—
Common stock (par value $0.01 per share; 140,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued: 85,310,598 at both December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021)	1		1
Additional paid-in-capital	2,502		2,461
Retained earnings	8,967		8,563
Treasury stock, at cost – 18,634,390 and 18,139,868 shares	(1,720)		(1,653)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(5,605)		3,642
Total Reinsurance Group of America, Inc. stockholders’ equity	4,145		13,014
Noncontrolling interest	90		—
Total equity	4,235		13,014
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	84,706	$	92,175

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in millions, except per share amounts)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Revenues
Net premiums	$	13,078	$	12,513	$	11,694
Net investment income	3,161		3,138		2,575
Investment related gains (losses), net	(506)		560		(33)
Other revenues	525		447		360
Total revenues	16,258		16,658		14,596
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	12,046		12,776		11,075
Interest credited	682		700		704
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	1,499		1,416		1,261
Other operating expenses	1,009		936		816
Interest expense	184		127		170
Collateral finance and securitization expense	7		12		17
Total benefits and expenses	15,427		15,967		14,043
Income before income taxes	831		691		553
Provision for income taxes	204		74		138
Net income	627		617		415
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	4		—		—
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	623	$	617	$	415
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share	$	9.31	$	9.10	$	6.35
Diluted earnings per share	9.21		9.04		6.31

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in millions)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Comprehensive income (loss)
Net Income	$	627	$	617	$	415
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(162)		60		23
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(9,108)		(1,799)		2,201
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments	23		22		(2)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(9,247)		(1,717)		2,222
Total comprehensive income (loss)	(8,620)		(1,100)		2,637
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax attributable to noncontrolling interest	4		—		—
Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Reinsurance Group of America, Inc.	$	(8,624)	$	(1,100)	$	2,637

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in millions except per share amounts)

 

	Common Stock		Additional Paid In  Capital		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total RGA, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	1	$	1,937	$	7,952	$	(1,426)	$	3,137	$	11,601	$	—	$	11,601
Adoption of new accounting standards					(12)						(12)				(12)
Net income					415						415				415
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									2,222		2,222				2,222
Dividends to stockholders, $2.80 per share					(182)						(182)				(182)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses			481								481				481
Purchase of treasury stock							(163)				(163)				(163)
Reissuance of treasury stock			(12)		(25)		27				(10)				(10)
Balance, December 31, 2020	1		2,406		8,148		(1,562)		5,359		14,352		—		14,352
Adoption of new accounting standards											—				—
Net income					617						617				617
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									(1,717)		(1,717)				(1,717)
Dividends to stockholders, $2.86 per share					(194)						(194)				(194)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses											—				—
Purchase of treasury stock							(99)				(99)				(99)
Reissuance of treasury stock			55		(8)		8				55				55
Balance, December 31, 2021	1		2,461		8,563		(1,653)		3,642		13,014		—		13,014
Adoption of new accounting standards															—
Issuance of preferred interests by subsidiary													90		90
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests													(4)		(4)
Net income					623						623		4		627
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									(9,247)		(9,247)				(9,247)
Dividends to stockholders, $3.06 per share					(205)						(205)				(205)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses											—				—
Purchase of treasury stock							(81)				(81)				(81)
Reissuance of treasury stock			41		(14)		14				41				41
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	1	$	2,502	$	8,967	$	(1,720)	$	(5,605)	$	4,145	$	90	$	4,235

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	627	$	617	$	415
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(111)		(15)		(11)
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	(233)		(100)		162
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(156)		(71)		(95)
Reinsurance ceded receivable balances	91		(107)		(115)
Future policy benefits, other policy claims and benefits and other reinsurance balances	1,129		5,062		2,819
Deferred income taxes	75		(89)		(16)
Other assets and other liabilities, net	(2)		(97)		225
Amortization of net investment premiums, discounts and other	(71)		(54)		(46)
(Income) loss from limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	(331)		(419)		(50)
Investment related (gains) losses, net	506		(560)		33
Depreciation and amortization expense	38		43		49
Gain on sale of businesses	(2)		(11)		—
Other, net	(217)		(17)		(48)
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,343		4,182		3,322
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	10,558		12,142		6,514
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(16,531)		(18,071)		(9,619)
Maturities of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	906		887		973
Sales of equity securities	7		30		181
Purchases of equity securities	(15)		(22)		(22)
Principal payments on mortgage loans	963		991		661
Cash invested in mortgage loans	(1,314)		(1,155)		(780)
Net change in policy loans	2		25		61
Cash invested in funds withheld at interest	(36)		(67)		(131)
Sales of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	710		498		142
Purchases of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	(700)		(648)		(315)
Change in short-term investments	(80)		371		(155)
Change in other invested assets	(140)		547		(162)
Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash transferred of $1 and $43	7		19		—
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired of $53	—		(156)		—
Purchases of property and equipment	(25)		(19)		(28)
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,688)		(4,628)		(2,680)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends to stockholders	(205)		(194)		(182)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—		—		481
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	(181)		(208)		(214)
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	700		500		598
Debt issuance costs	(10)		(6)		(5)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(403)		(403)		(3)
Purchases of treasury stock	(81)		(99)		(163)
Exercise of stock options, net	—		—		1
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	230		31		(32)
Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	(44)		91		—
Deposits on investment-type policies and contracts	5,705		1,729		1,576
Withdrawals on investment-type policies and contracts	(1,365)		(1,421)		(803)
Net change in noncontrolling interest	90		—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	4,436		20		1,254
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(112)		(34)		63
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(21)		(460)		1,959
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	2,948		3,408		1,449
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	2,927	$	2,948	$	3,408

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	163	$	160	$	166
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	129		368		108
Non-cash investing activities:
Transfer of invested assets	618		1,798		93
Right-of-use assets acquired through operating leases	—		—		23
Non-cash financing activities:
Non-cash deposits on reinsurance	—		1,581		—
Purchase of a business:
Assets acquired, excluding cash acquired	—		847		—
Liabilities assumed	—		(691)		—
Sale of businesses:
Assets disposed, net of cash transferred	(6)		(512)		—
Liabilities disposed	1		504		—

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated

Notes to consolidated financial statements

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Note 1   BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) engage in providing traditional reinsurance, which includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. The Company also provides financial solutions, which includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products, primarily annuities, financial reinsurance, capital solutions and stable value products.

Reinsurance is an arrangement under which an insurance company, the reinsurer, agrees to indemnify another insurance company, the ceding company, for all or a portion of the insurance risks underwritten by the ceding company. Reinsurance is designed to:

(i)reduce the net amount at risk on individual risks, thereby enabling the ceding company to increase the volume of business it can underwrite, as well as increase the maximum risk it can underwrite on a single risk;

(ii)enhance the ceding company’s financial strength and surplus position;

(iii)stabilize operating results by leveling fluctuations in the ceding company’s loss experience; and

(iv)assist the ceding company in meeting applicable regulatory requirements.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates include those used in determining deferred policy acquisition costs, premiums receivable, future policy benefits, incurred but not reported claims, income taxes, valuation of investments and investment impairments, and valuation of embedded derivatives. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used by management.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, and any variable interest entities where the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates variable interest entities in accordance with the general accounting principles for Consolidation. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

There were no subsequent events that would require disclosure or adjustments to the accompanying consolidated financial statements through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued.

Note 2   SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND PRONOUNCEMENTS

Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities

Fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value and are so classified based upon the possibility that such securities could be sold prior to maturity if that action enables the Company to execute its investment philosophy and appropriately match investment results to operating and liquidity needs.

Unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, less applicable deferred income taxes as well as related adjustments to deferred acquisition costs, if applicable, are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”).

Investment income is recognized as it accrues or is legally due. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are included in investment related gains (losses), net, as are change in allowance for credit losses and impairments. The cost of investments sold is primarily determined based upon the specific identification method.

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Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value and realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in investment related gains (losses), net.

Mortgage Loans

Mortgage loans are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the mortgage loan based on its contractual interest rate. Amortization of premiums, discounts, and loan origination fees are recorded using the effective yield method. The Company accrues interest on loans until it is probable the Company will not receive interest or the loan is 90 days past due. Interest income, amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, amortization of loan origination fees and prepayment fees are reported in net investment income.

Policy Loans

Policy loans are reported at the unpaid principal balance. Interest income on such loans is recorded as earned using the contractually agreed-upon interest rate. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy.

Funds Withheld at Interest

Funds withheld at interest represent amounts contractually withheld by ceding companies in accordance with reinsurance agreements. For agreements written on a modified coinsurance (“modco”) basis and agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets that support the net statutory reserves or as defined in the treaty, are withheld and legally owned by the ceding company. Interest, recorded in net investment income, accrues to these assets at calculated rates as defined by the treaty terms. Changes in the value of the equity options held within the funds withheld portfolio associated with equity-indexed annuity treaties are reflected in net investment income.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures, in which the Company has more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations, are reported using the equity method of accounting. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.

Limited partnerships, in which the Company has a minor ownership interest in or virtually no influence over the investee’s operations, are primarily carried at estimated fair value. If a readily determinable fair value is not available, the Company uses the net asset value ("NAV") per share. Changes in estimated fair value are included in investment related gains (losses), net. Certain other limited partnerships are carried at cost less impairment.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments represent investments with remaining maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months, at the time of acquisition and are stated at estimated fair value or amortized cost, which approximates estimated fair value. Interest on short-term investments is recorded in net investment income.

Other Invested Assets

In addition to derivative contracts discussed below, other invested assets include Federal Home Loan Bank common stock, unit-linked investments and lifetime mortgages. FHLB common stock is carried at cost. The fair value option (“FVO”) was elected for contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities that do not qualify for presentation and reporting as separate accounts. Changes in estimated fair value of unit-linked investments are included in net investment income.

Lifetime mortgages are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the lifetime mortgage based on its contractual interest rate.

Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The Company participates in securities borrowing programs whereby securities, which are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are borrowed from third parties. The borrowed securities are used to provide collateral under affiliated reinsurance transactions. The Company is generally required to maintain a minimum of 100% to 110% of the fair value, or par value under certain programs, of the borrowed securities as collateral. The collateral generally consists of securities pledged to the third parties or rights to reinsurance treaty cash flows. If cash flows from the reinsurance treaties are

94

insufficient to maintain the minimum collateral requirement, the Company may substitute cash or securities to meet the requirement.

The Company participates in a securities lending program whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are loaned to a third party. In return, the Company receives securities from the third party, with an estimated fair value generally equal to 105% of the securities lent. The securities received as collateral are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company participates in repurchase/reverse repurchase programs whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are sold to third parties. In return, the Company purchases securities from the third parties. Under the agreements the Company’s value of the securities sold is generally equal to 100% to 105% of the estimated fair value of the securities purchased. The securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Securities sold under such transactions may be sold or re-pledged by the transferee.

The Company participates in repurchase agreements, whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are sold to a third party. Under these agreements, the Company receives cash in an amount generally equal to 72% to 100% of the estimated fair value of the securities sold at the inception of the transaction, with a simultaneous agreement to repurchase such securities at a future date or on demand in an amount equal to the cash initially received plus interest. The Company monitors the ratio of the cash held to the estimated fair value of the securities sold throughout the duration of the transaction and additional cash or securities are provided or obtained as necessary. Securities sold under such transactions may be sold or re-pledged by the transferee. The obligation to repurchase bonds is reflected in other liabilities.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments

Fixed Maturity Securities

The Company identifies fixed maturity securities that could result in a credit loss by monitoring market events that could impact issuers’ credit ratings, business climates, management changes, litigation, government actions and other similar factors. The Company also monitors late payments, pricing levels, rating agency actions, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.

The Company reviews all securities to determine whether a decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss and whether an allowance for credit loss should be recognized. In making this determination, the Company considers relevant facts and circumstances including: (1) the reasons for the decline in fair value; (2) the issuer’s financial position and access to capital; and (3) the Company’s intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost that, in some cases, may extend to maturity.

If the Company intends to sell a security or it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, less any recorded credit loss, it recognizes an impairment loss in investment related gains (losses), net for the difference between amortized cost and fair value.

Credit impairments and changes in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are reflected in investment related gains (losses), net, while non-credit impairment losses are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”).

The Company estimates the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The Company excludes accrued interest from the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The techniques and assumptions for establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The asset-backed securities’ cash flow estimates are based on security-specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees.

The Company writes off uncollectible fixed maturity securities when (1) it has sufficient information to determine that the issuer of the security is insolvent or (2) it has received notice that the issuer of the security has filed for bankruptcy, and the collectability of the asset is expected to be adversely impacted by the bankruptcy.

Mortgage Loans

Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans are computed on an expected loss basis using a model that utilizes probability of default and loss given default methods over the lifetime of the loan. Within the reasonable and supportable forecast period (i.e., typically two years), the allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans is established based on several pool-level loan

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assumptions, defaults and loss severity, loss expectations for loans with similar risk characteristics and industry statistics. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The evaluation also includes the impact of expected changes in future macro-economic conditions. The Company reverts to historical loss information for periods beyond which it believes it is able to develop or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. When individual loans no longer have similar credit risk characteristics of the commercial mortgage loan pool, they are removed from the pool and are evaluated individually for an allowance.

Any interest accrued or received on the net carrying amount of the impaired loan is included in net investment income or applied to the principal of the loan, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. Mortgage loans deemed to be uncollectible or that have been foreclosed are charged off against the allowance for credit losses and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. Changes in allowance for credit losses are reported in investment related gains (losses), net.

The Company evaluates whether a mortgage loan modification represents a troubled debt restructuring and does not meet the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). In a troubled debt restructuring, the Company grants concessions related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. Generally, the types of concessions include reduction of the contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market interest rates and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The Company considers the amount, timing and extent of the concession granted in determining any changes in allowance for credit losses recorded in connection with the troubled debt restructuring. Through the continuous monitoring process, the Company may have recorded a specific allowance for credit loss prior to when the mortgage loan is modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Accordingly, the carrying value (after specific allowance for credit loss) before and after modification through a troubled debt restructuring may not change significantly or may increase if the expected recovery is higher than the pre-modification recovery assessment.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The Company considers its limited partnership investments that are carried at cost for impairment when the carrying value of these investments exceeds the fair value. The Company takes into consideration the severity and duration of this excess when deciding if the investment is impaired. For equity method investments (including real estate joint ventures), the Company considers financial and other information provided by the investee, other known information and inherent risks in the underlying investments, as well as future capital commitments, in determining whether an impairment has occurred.

Derivative Instruments

Overview

The Company utilizes a variety of derivative instruments including swaps, options, forwards and futures, primarily to manage or hedge interest rate risk, credit risk, inflation risk, foreign currency risk, market volatility and various other market risks associated with its business. The Company does not invest in derivatives for speculative purposes. It is the Company’s policy to enter into derivative contracts primarily with highly rated parties. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional detail on the Company’s derivative positions.

Accounting and Financial Statement Presentation of Derivatives

Derivatives are carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets primarily in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Certain derivatives are subject to master netting provisions and reported as a net asset or liability. On the date a derivative contract is executed, the Company designates the derivative as (1) a fair value hedge, (2) a cash flow hedge, (3) a net investment hedge in a foreign operation or (4) free-standing derivatives held for other risk management purposes, which primarily involve managing asset or liability risks associated with the Company’s reinsurance treaties that do not qualify for hedge accounting.

Changes in the fair value of free-standing derivative instruments, which do not receive accounting hedge treatment, are primarily reflected in investment related gains (losses), net.

Hedge Documentation and Hedge Effectiveness

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge as either (i) a fair value hedge; (ii) a cash flow hedge; or (iii) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. In this documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and periodically throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship.

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Under a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative and changes in the fair value of the hedged item related to the designated risk being hedged, are reported within investment related gains (losses), net. The fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported within investment income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.

Under a cash flow hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative measured as effective are reported within AOCI and the deferred gains or losses on the derivative are reclassified into the consolidated statements of income when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item. The fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported within investment income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.

In a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative that are measured as effective are reported within AOCI consistent with the translation adjustment for the hedged net investment in the foreign operation.

The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur; or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The carrying value of the hedged asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction occurrence is still probable, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the consolidated statements of income when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is no longer probable that the forecasted transactions will occur on the anticipated date or within two months of that date, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized currently in investment related gains (losses), net. Deferred gains and losses of a derivative recorded in OCI pursuant to the discontinued cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction that is no longer probable are recognized immediately in investment related gains (losses), net.

In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value in the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as investment related gains (losses), net.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company reinsures certain annuity products that contain terms that are deemed to be embedded derivatives, primarily equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits. The Company assesses reinsurance contract terms to identify embedded derivatives, which are required to be bifurcated under the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. If the contract is not reported for in its entirety at fair value and it is determined that the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for separately.

Embedded derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in the same line item as the host contract. Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with equity-indexed annuities are reflected in interest credited on the consolidated statements of income and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits are reflected in investment related gains (losses), net. See “Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities” below for additional information on embedded derivatives related to equity-indexed and variable annuities. The Company has implemented an economic hedging strategy to mitigate the volatility associated with its reinsurance of variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits. The hedging strategy is designed such that changes in the fair value of the hedge contracts, primarily futures, swap contracts and options, move in the opposite direction of changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives. While the Company actively manages its hedging program, the hedges that are in place may not be totally effective in offsetting the embedded derivative changes due to the many variables that must be managed and the Company may see a corresponding increase or decrease in the net liability. The Company has elected not to assess this hedging strategy for hedge accounting treatment.

Additionally, reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. The Company’s funds withheld at interest balances are primarily

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associated with its reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, the majority of which were subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. Management believes the embedded derivative feature in each of these reinsurance treaties is similar to a total return swap on the assets held by the ceding companies. The valuation of embedded derivatives is sensitive to the investment credit spread environment. Changes in investment credit spreads are also affected by the application of a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in an asset position utilizes a CVA based on the ceding company’s credit risk. Conversely, the fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in a liability position utilizes a CVA based on the Company’s credit risk. Generally, an increase in investment credit spreads, ignoring changes in the CVA, will have a negative impact on the fair value of the embedded derivative (decrease in income). The fair value of the embedded derivative assets and liabilities are included in the funds withheld at interest and other liabilities, respectively. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives is recorded in investment related gains (losses), net.

The Company has entered into various financial reinsurance treaties on a funds withheld and modco basis. These treaties do not transfer significant insurance risk and are recorded on a deposit method of accounting with the Company earning a net fee. As a result of the experience refund provisions contained in these treaties, the value of the embedded derivatives in these contracts is currently considered immaterial. The Company monitors the performance of these treaties on a quarterly basis. Significant adverse performance or losses on these treaties may result in a loss associated with the embedded derivative.

Fair Value Measurements

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, establish a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. In compliance with these principles, the Company has categorized its assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three level hierarchy or separately for assets measured using the net asset value (“NAV”). The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), the second highest priority to quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.

See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for further details on the Company’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit and highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

Premiums Receivable

Premiums are accrued when due and in accordance with information received from the ceding company. When the Company enters into a new reinsurance agreement, it records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty. Similarly, when a ceding company fails to report information on a timely basis, the Company records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty as well as historical experience. Other management estimates include adjustments for increased in force on existing treaties, lapsed premiums given historical experience, the financial health of specific ceding companies, collateral value and the legal right of offset on related amounts (i.e. allowances and claims) owed to the ceding company. Under the legal right of offset provisions in its reinsurance treaties, the Company can withhold payments for allowances and claims from unpaid premiums. Based on its review of these factors and historical experience, the Company did not believe a provision for doubtful accounts was necessary as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Reinsurance Ceded Receivables and Other

The Company generally reports retrocession activity on a gross basis. Amounts paid or deemed to have been paid for reinsurance are reflected in reinsurance ceded receivables. The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is recognized over the terms of the reinsured policies on a basis consistent with the reporting of those policies.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Costs of acquiring new business, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new business, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Such costs include commissions and allowances as well as certain costs of policy issuance and underwriting. Non-commission costs related to the acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts may be deferred only if they meet the following criteria:

•Incremental direct costs of a successful contract acquisition

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•Portions of employees’ salaries and benefits directly related to time spent performing specified acquisition activities for a contract that has been acquired or renewed

•Other costs directly related to the specified acquisition or renewal activities that would not have been incurred had that acquisition contract transaction not occurred

The Company tests the recoverability for each year of business at issue before establishing additional deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”). The Company also performs annual tests to establish that DAC are expected to remain recoverable, and if financial performance significantly deteriorates to the point where a deficiency exists, a cumulative charge to current operations will be recorded. No such adjustments related to DAC recoverability were made in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

DAC related to traditional life insurance contracts are amortized with interest over the premium-paying period of the related policies in proportion to the ratio of individual period premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues over the expected life of the policy. Such anticipated premium revenues are estimated using the same assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits.

DAC related to interest-sensitive life and investment-type policies are amortized over the expected lives of the policies, in proportion to the gross profits realized from mortality, investment income less interest credited, and expense margins.

Other Reinsurance Balances

The Company assumes and retrocedes financial reinsurance contracts that do not expose it to a reasonable possibility of loss from insurance risk. These contracts are reported as deposits and are included in other reinsurance assets/liabilities. The amount of revenue reported in other revenues on these contracts represents fees and the cost of insurance under the terms of the reinsurance agreement. Assets and liabilities are reported on a net or gross basis, depending on the specific details within each treaty. Reinsurance agreements reported on a net basis, where a legal right of offset exists, are generally included in other reinsurance balances on the consolidated balance sheets. Balances resulting from the assumption and/or subsequent transfer of benefits and obligations resulting from cash flows related to variable annuities have also been classified as other reinsurance balance assets and/or liabilities. Other reinsurance assets are included in premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances while other reinsurance liabilities are included in other reinsurance balances.

Acquired Intangibles

Goodwill and Value of Business Acquired

Goodwill, reported in other assets, is not amortized into results of operations, but instead is reviewed at least annually for impairment and written down only in the periods in which the recorded value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. Goodwill as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, totaled $7 million. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value of business acquired was fully amortized.

Value of Distribution Agreements and Customer Relationships Acquired

Value of distribution agreements (“VODA”) is reported in other assets and represents the present value of future profits associated with the expected future business derived from the distribution agreements. Value of customer relationships acquired (“VOCRA”) is also reported in other assets and represents the present value of the expected future profits associated with the expected future business acquired through existing customers of the acquired company or business. VODA is amortized over a useful life of 15 years and VOCRA is also amortized over a 15 year period in proportion to expected revenues generated, with amortization included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Each year the Company reviews VODA and VOCRA to determine the recoverability of these balances. VODA and VOCRA totaled approximately $12 million and $19 million, including accumulated amortization of $109 million and $102 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. VODA and VOCRA amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $6 million, $7 million and $8 million, respectively. Amortization of the VODA and VOCRA is estimated to be $6 million and $6 million during 2023 and 2024, respectively, with the VODA and VOCRA expected to be fully amortized by the end of 2024.

Other Acquired Intangible Assets

Other acquired intangibles are reported in other assets and primarily represent intangibles and licenses acquired through the Company’s acquisition of service and technology oriented companies in an effort to both support its clients and generate new future revenue streams. Other acquired intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 10 to 15 years, with amortization included in other operating expenses. Each year the Company reviews other acquired intangibles to determine the recoverability of these balances. Other acquired intangibles totaled approximately $14 million and $22 million, including accumulated amortization of $20 million and $17 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other acquired intangibles amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $3 million, $4 million and $4 million, respectively. During 2021, the Company wrote off $4 million of acquired intangible assets

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deemed to be impaired. Amortization of other acquired intangibles is estimated to be $3 million during 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively.

Property, Equipment, Leasehold Improvements and Computer Software

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, which are included in other assets, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as appropriate. The estimated life is generally 40 years for company occupied real estate property, from one to seven years for leasehold improvements, and from three to seven years for all other property and equipment. The cost basis of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $270 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accumulated depreciation of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $136 million and $131 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $15 million, $16 million and $17 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Computer software, which is included in other assets, is stated at cost, less accumulated amortization. Purchased software costs, as well as certain internal and external costs incurred to develop internal-use computer software during the application development stage, are capitalized. Amortization of software costs is recorded on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from three to ten years. Carrying values are reviewed at least annually for indicators of impairment in value. Unamortized computer software costs were $138 million and $145 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense was $24 million, $27 million, and $32 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company did not impair any capital projects during 2022 or 2021. The Company recognized impairments of $5 million in 2020.

Operating Joint Ventures

The Company has made investments in certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and made other than for the sole purpose of generating investment income. These investments are reported under the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets. The Company’s share of earnings from these joint ventures is reported in other revenues on the consolidated statements of income. The Company’s investments in operating joint ventures do not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition, and as a result no additional disclosures have been presented.

Future Policy Benefits

Liabilities for future benefits on life and health policies are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on policies in force. Liabilities for future policy benefits under long-duration life and health insurance policies have been computed based upon expected investment yields, mortality and withdrawal (lapse) rates, and other assumptions. These assumptions include a margin for adverse deviation and vary with the characteristics of the plan of insurance, year of issue, age of insured, and other appropriate factors. Interest rates range from 3.0% to 6.0%. The mortality and withdrawal assumptions are based on the Company’s experience as well as industry experience and standards. In establishing reserves for future policy benefits, the Company assigns policy liability assumptions to particular timeframes (eras) in such a manner as to be consistent with the underlying assumptions and economic conditions at the time the risks are assumed. The Company maintains a consistent approach to setting the provision for adverse deviation between eras.

Liabilities for future benefits on longevity business, including annuities in the payout phase, are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on policies in force. Liabilities for future benefits related to the longevity business, including annuities in the payout phase have been calculated using expected mortality, investment yields, and other assumptions. These assumptions include a margin for adverse deviation and vary with the characteristics of the plan of insurance, year of issue, age of insured, and other appropriate factors. The mortality assumptions are based on the Company’s experience as well as industry experience and standards. A deferred profit liability is established when the gross premium exceeds the net premium.

The Company periodically reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits. The Company establishes premium deficiency reserves if actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy liabilities together with the present value of future gross premiums will not be sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. Anticipated investment income is considered in the calculation of premium deficiency losses for short-duration contracts. The premium deficiency reserve is established by a charge to income, as well as a reduction in unamortized acquisition costs and, to the extent there are no unamortized acquisition costs, an increase in future policy benefits.

The reserving process includes normal periodic reviews of assumptions used and adjustments of reserves to incorporate the refinement of the assumptions. Any such adjustments relate only to policies assumed in recent periods and the adjustments are reflected by a cumulative charge or credit to current operations.

The Company reinsures disability and long-term care products in various markets. Liabilities for future benefits on disability and long-term care policies’ active lives are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on

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policies in force. These reserves are the amounts that, with the additional premiums to be received and interest thereon compounded annually at certain assumed rates, are calculated to be sufficient to meet the various policy and contract obligations as they mature.

The Company establishes future policy benefits for guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”) relating to the reinsurance of certain variable annuity contracts by estimating the expected value of death benefits in excess of the projected account balance and recognizing the excess proportionally over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments. The Company regularly evaluates estimates used and adjusts the additional liability balance, with a related charge or credit to claims and other policy benefits, if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised. The assumptions used in estimating the GMDB liabilities are consistent with those used for amortizing DAC, and are thus subject to the same variability and risk. The Company’s GMDB liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were not material.

Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities

Liabilities for future benefits on interest-sensitive life and investment-type contract liabilities are carried at the accumulated contract holder values without reduction for potential surrender or withdrawal charges. The Company reinsures asset-intensive products, including annuities and corporate-owned life insurance. The investment portfolios for these products are segregated for management purposes within the general account of the respective legal entity. The liabilities under asset-intensive insurance contracts or reinsurance contracts reinsured on a coinsurance basis are included in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Asset-intensive contracts principally include individual fixed annuities in the accumulation phase, single premium immediate annuities, equity-indexed annuities, individual variable annuities, corporate-owned life and interest-sensitive whole life insurance contracts. Interest-sensitive contract liabilities are equal to (i) policy account values, which consist of an accumulation of gross premium payments; (ii) credited interest less expenses, mortality charges, and withdrawals; and (iii) fair value adjustments relating to business combinations. Liabilities for immediate annuities are calculated as the present value of the expected cash flows, with the locked-in discount rate determined such that there is no gain or loss at inception. Additionally, certain annuity contracts the Company reinsures contain terms, such as guaranteed minimum benefits and equity participation options, which are deemed to be embedded derivatives and are accounted for based on the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging.

The Company establishes liabilities for guaranteed minimum living benefits relating to certain variable annuity products as follows:

•Guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”) provide the contract holder, after a specified period of time determined at the time of issuance of the variable annuity contract, with a minimum level of income (annuity) payments. Under the reinsurance treaty, the Company makes a payment to the ceding company equal to the GMIB net amount-at-risk at the time of annuitization and thus these contracts meet the net settlement criteria of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging and the Company assumes no mortality risk. Accordingly, the GMIB is considered an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

•Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) guarantee the contract holder a return of their purchase payment via partial withdrawals, even if the account value is reduced to zero, provided that the contract holder’s cumulative withdrawals in a contract year do not exceed a certain limit. The initial guaranteed withdrawal amount is equal to the initial benefit base as defined in the contract (typically, the initial purchase payments plus applicable bonus amounts). The GMWB is also an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

•Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) provide the contract holder, after a specified period of time determined at the time of issuance of the variable annuity contract, with a minimum accumulation of their purchase payments even if the account value is reduced to zero. The initial guaranteed accumulation amount is equal to the initial benefit base as defined in the contract (typically, the initial purchase payments plus applicable bonus amounts). The GMAB is also an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

For GMIB, GMWB and GMAB, the initial benefit base is increased by additional purchase payments made within a certain time period and decreased by benefits paid and/or withdrawal amounts. After a specified period of time, the benefit base may also increase as a result of an optional reset as defined in the contract.

The fair values of the GMIB, GMWB and GMAB embedded derivative liabilities are reflected in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and are calculated based on actuarial and capital market assumptions related to the projected cash flows, including benefits and related contract charges over the lives of the contracts. These projected cash flows incorporate expectations concerning policyholder behavior, such as lapses, withdrawals and benefit selections, and capital market assumptions such as interest rates and equity market volatilities. In measuring the fair value of GMIBs, GMWBs and

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GMABs, the Company attributes a portion of the fees collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of expected future guaranteed minimum income, withdrawal and accumulation benefits (at inception). The changes in fair value are reported in investment related gains (losses), net. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in other revenues on the consolidated statements of income. These variable annuity guaranteed living benefits may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets or falling interest rate markets, causing an increase in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, negatively affecting net income.

The Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity contracts. These contracts allow the contract holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component where interest credited is based on the performance of common stock market indices, such as the S&P 500 Index®, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, or the NASDAQ. The equity market option is considered an embedded derivative, similar to a call option, which is reflected at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets in interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The fair value of embedded derivatives is computed based on a projection of future equity option costs using a budget methodology, discounted back to the balance sheet date using current market indicators of volatility and interest rates. Changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives are included as a component of interest credited on the consolidated statements of income.

The Company reviews its estimates of actuarial liabilities for interest-sensitive contract liabilities and compares them with its actual experience. Differences between actual experience and the assumptions used in pricing these guarantees and benefits and in the establishment of the related liabilities result in variances in profit and could result in losses. The effects of changes in such estimated liabilities are included in the results of operations in the period in which the changes occur.

Other Policy Claims and Benefits

Claims payable for incurred but not reported losses are determined using case-basis estimates and lag studies of past experience. The time lag from the date of the claim or death to when the ceding company reports the claim to the Company can vary significantly by ceding company, business segment and product type, but generally averages around 3.4 months. Incurred but not reported claims are estimates on an undiscounted basis, using actuarial estimates of historical claims expense, adjusted for current trends and conditions. These estimates are continually reviewed and the ultimate liability may vary significantly from the amount recognized, which are reflected in claims and other policy benefits in the period in which they are determined.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities primarily include liabilities associated with amounts ceded on a funds withheld basis, investments in transit, separate accounts, employee benefits, cash collateral received on derivative positions and current federal income taxes payable.

Income Taxes

The U.S. consolidated tax return includes the operations of RGA and all eligible subsidiaries. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries are taxed under applicable local statutes.

The Company provides for federal, state and foreign income taxes currently payable, as well as those deferred due to temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts, and are recognized in net income or in certain cases in other comprehensive income. The Company’s accounting for income taxes represents management’s best estimate of various events and transactions considering the laws enacted as of the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the relevant jurisdictions’ enacted tax rate for the period in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse to the temporary difference change for that period. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets including those related to foreign tax credits, net operating, and capital losses. The Company has projected its ability to utilize its deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets the Company believes more likely than not will not be realized.

Significant judgment is required in determining whether valuation allowances should be established as well as the amount of such allowances. When making such a determination, consideration is given to, among other things, the following:

(i)taxable income in prior carryback years

(ii)future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences;

(iii)future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; and

(iv)tax planning strategies.

Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these changes occur.

The Company made a policy election to account for global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a period cost.

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The Company reports uncertain tax positions in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In order to recognize the benefit of an uncertain tax position, the position must meet the more likely than not criteria of being sustained. Unrecognized tax benefits due to tax uncertainties that do not meet the more likely than not criteria are included within income tax liabilities and are charged to earnings in the period that such determination is made. The Company classifies interest related to tax uncertainties as interest expense whereas penalties related to tax uncertainties are classified as a component of income tax.

See Note 9 – “Income Tax” for further discussion.

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes

Collateral finance and securitization notes represent private placement asset-backed structured financing transactions. Collateral finance notes are issued on specified insurance policies reinsured by the Company’s regulated subsidiaries. Transaction costs, primarily interest expense, are reflected in collateral finance and securitization expense. See Note 14 – “Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes” for additional information.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets, liabilities and results of foreign operations are recorded based on the functional currency of each foreign operation. The determination of the functional currency is based on economic facts and circumstances pertaining to each foreign operation. The Company’s material functional currencies are the U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, British pound, Australian dollar, Japanese yen, Korean won, Euro and South African rand. The translation of the functional currency into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using weighted-average exchange rates during each year. Gains or losses, net of applicable deferred income taxes, resulting from such translation are included in accumulated currency translation adjustments, in AOCI until the underlying functional currency operation is sold or substantially liquidated.

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses – Long-Duration Products

Life and health premiums are recognized as revenue when due from the insured, and are reported net of amounts retroceded. Benefits and expenses are reported net of amounts retroceded and are associated with earned premiums so that profits are recognized over the life of the related contract. This association is accomplished through the provision for future policy benefits and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs. Other revenue includes items such as treaty recapture fees, fees associated with financial reinsurance and policy changes on interest-sensitive and investment-type products that the Company reinsures. Any fees that are collected in advance of the period benefited are deferred and recognized over the period benefited.

For certain reinsurance transactions involving in force blocks of business, the ceding company pays a premium equal to the initial required reserve (future policy benefit). In such transactions, for income statement presentation, the Company nets the expense associated with the establishment of the reserve against the premiums from the transaction.

Revenues for interest-sensitive and investment-type products consist of investment income, policy charges for the cost of insurance, policy administration, and surrenders that have been assessed against policy account balances during the period. Interest-sensitive contract liabilities for these products represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expenses include claims incurred in the period in excess of related policy account balances and interest credited to policy account balances. Interest is credited to policyholder account balances according to terms of the policies or contracts.

For each of its reinsurance contracts, the Company must determine if the contract provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with GAAP. The Company must review all contractual features, particularly those that may limit the amount of insurance risk to which the Company is subject or features that delay the timely reimbursement of claims. If the Company determines that a contract does not expose it to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the Company records the contract on a deposit method of accounting with any net amount receivable reflected as an asset within premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances, and any net amount payable reflected as a liability within other reinsurance balances. Fees earned on the contracts are reflected as other revenues, rather than premiums.

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses – Short-Duration Products

The Company provides reinsurance of medical, disability, life and other products for a fixed period of short-duration, typically one to three years. Under the short-duration insurance accounting model:

•Premiums are recognized over the coverage period in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided.

•Claims or benefits are recognized when insured events occur, based on the ultimate cost to settle the claim, and are adjusted to reflect changes in estimates during the life of the contract. The estimated cost to settle the claim is based on

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actuarial assumptions for similar claims. The Company also establishes an incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) liability based on historical reporting patterns.

•Eligible deferred acquisition costs are capitalized and amortized in proportion to premium.

Equity Based Compensation

The Company expenses the fair value of stock awards included in its incentive compensation plans. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, and is recognized as an increase to additional paid-in-capital in stockholders’ equity, and stock-based compensation expense is reflected in other operating expenses.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share include the dilutive effects assuming the exercise or issuance of stock awards.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards Adopted

There were no new accounting standards or updated accounting guidance adopted by the Company that had a material impact on the Company’s results of operations and financial position.

Standards Not Yet Adopted

In the first quarter of 2023, the Company will adopt Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”): ASU 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (“ASU 2018-12”). ASU 2018-12 updates certain requirements for the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.

•Cash flow assumptions and measuring liability for future policy benefits – ASU 2018-12 requires the Company to review its cash flow assumptions at least annually and update, when necessary, with the impact recognized in net income in the period of the change.

Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to retained earnings as a result of capping the net premium ratio at 100% and eliminating negative reserves on certain issue year cohorts.

•Discount rate – The discount rate assumption is prescribed by ASU 2018-12 as an upper-medium (low credit risk) fixed-income yield and is required to be updated every quarter. The change in the liability as a result of updating the discount rate assumption is recognized in OCI.

Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a result of remeasuring in force contract liabilities using current upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields. The adjustment will largely reflect the difference between discount rates locked-in at contract inception versus current discount rates at transition.

•Deferred policy acquisition costs and similar balances – Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other capitalized costs such as unearned revenue are amortized on a constant level or straight-line basis over the expected term of the contracts.

Upon adoption, the Company expects an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the removal of cumulative adjustments to DAC associated with unrealized gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

•Market risk benefits – Market risk benefits, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to the instrument-specific credit risk, which is recognized in OCI.

Upon adoption, the Company expects an impact to (1) accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk between contract issue date and transition date and (2) retained earnings for the difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition date, excluding the changes in the instrument-specific credit risk.

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The updated guidance for the cash flow assumptions, discount rate and deferred policy acquisition costs will be applied on a modified retrospective method as of the earliest period included in the financial statements; that is, to contracts in force as of January 1, 2021. The guidance for market risk benefits will be applied retrospectively as of January 1, 2021. The following summarizes the estimated impact the adoption will have on previously reported amounts:

•Stockholders’ equity as of January 1, 2021 (the transition date): The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease previously reported retained earnings by approximately $1.0 billion to $1.3 billion, net of tax, and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $5.1 billion to $7.1 billion, net of tax, as of the transition date of January 1, 2021.

•Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2021: The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease previously reported retained earnings by approximately $0.5 billion to $0.8 billion, net of tax, and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $3.2 billion to $5.2 billion, net of tax, as of December 31, 2021.

•Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022: The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease reported retained earnings by approximately $0.6 billion to $0.9 billion, net of tax, and increase accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $2.9 billion to $4.9 billion, net of tax, as of December 31, 2022.

The above estimates assume an effective tax rate of 20%. While the Company has substantially completed the necessary updates to its valuation models and other systems to implement the standard, the Company’s implementation of the new guidance is continuing to be refined and reviewed. The actual impact of adoption, including the actual tax rates, will be finalized upon completion the Company’s disclosure and controls procedures regarding the adoption of the new guidance. Therefore, the Company’s estimates are subject to change.

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Note 3   EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):

	2022		2021		2020
Earnings:
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations)	$	627	$	617	$	415
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	4		—		—
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	623	$	617	$	415
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculations)	66.9		67.8		65.4
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock awards	0.8		0.5		0.4
Diluted shares (denominator for diluted calculations)	67.7		68.3		65.8
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	9.31	$	9.10	$	6.35
Diluted	9.21		9.04		6.31

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of stock awards with a conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent awards, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period.

Note 4  INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). RMBS, ABS and CMBS are collectively “structured securities.”

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,963	$	27	$	168	$	5,135	$	33,969	64.2	%
Canadian government	3,311		—		381		66		3,626		6.9
RMBS	1,054		—		1		114		941		1.8
ABS	4,324		10		4		440		3,878		7.3
CMBS	1,835		—		—		212		1,623		3.1
U.S. government	1,690		—		4		212		1,482		2.8
State and political subdivisions	1,282		—		10		173		1,119		2.1
Other foreign government	7,204		—		26		967		6,263		11.8
Total fixed maturity securities	$	59,663	$	37	$	594	$	7,319	$	52,901	100.0	%

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December 31, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	35,239	$	26	$	3,084	$	194	$	38,103	62.8	%
Canadian government	3,339		—		1,606		1		4,944		8.1
RMBS	1,020		—		37		7		1,050		1.7
ABS	4,024		—		22		41		4,005		6.6
CMBS	1,790		1		66		6		1,849		3.0
U.S. government	2,082		—		31		8		2,105		3.5
State and political subdivisions	1,191		—		137		5		1,323		2.2
Other foreign government	7,188		4		273		87		7,370		12.1
Total fixed maturity securities	$	55,873	$	31	$	5,256	$	349	$	60,749	100.0	%

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral	$	355	$	292	$	100	$	103
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral	n/a		1,428		n/a		1,922
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	31,510		27,817		28,671		31,173

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, as well as the securities disclosed below, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Government of Japan	$	2,988	$	2,516	$	3,080	$	3,063
Canadian province of Quebec	1,436		1,649		1,377		2,347
Canadian province of Ontario	982		1,068		1,092		1,451

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2022, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below as they are not due at a single maturity date.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,231	$	1,223
Due after one year through five years	10,397		10,076
Due after five years through ten years	11,293		10,231
Due after ten years	29,529		24,929
Structured securities	7,213		6,442
Total	$	59,663	$	52,901

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Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	14,551	$	12,680	37.3	%
Industrial	19,624		17,257		50.8
Utility	4,788		4,032		11.9
Total	$	38,963	$	33,969	100.0	%
December 31, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	13,101	$	14,045	36.9	%
Industrial	17,857		19,375		50.8
Utility	4,281		4,683		12.3
Total	$	35,239	$	38,103	100.0	%

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements,” allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The amount recognized represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to the allowance for credit losses. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in OCI.

The following tables present the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses in fixed maturity securities by type for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	26	$	—	$	1	$	4	$	31
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	31		10		—		1		42
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(32)		—		—		(7)		(39)
Reductions for securities the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost	(4)		—		—		—		(4)
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	6		—		(1)		2		7
Balance, end of period	$	27	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	37

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	17	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	20
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	21		—		1		5		27
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(10)		—		(2)		(1)		(13)
Reductions for securities the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost	—		—		—		—		—
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(2)		—		(1)		—		(3)
Balance, end of period	$	26	$	—	$	1	$	4	$	31

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment.

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The following table presents the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses for the 6,441 and 1,862 fixed maturity securities for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has continuously remained below amortized cost.

	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2022:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	21,867	$	2,756	$	6,840	$	2,225	$	28,707	$	4,981
Canadian government	554		42		71		23		625		65
RMBS	664		62		181		53		845		115
ABS	1,596		153		1,931		269		3,527		422
CMBS	1,314		144		281		65		1,595		209
U.S. government	1,202		64		253		148		1,455		212
State and political subdivisions	819		124		131		50		950		174
Other foreign government	2,757		253		2,720		652		5,477		905
Total investment grade securities	30,773		3,598		12,408		3,485		43,181		7,083
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	767		87		305		61		1,072		148
ABS	52		6		38		9		90		15
Other foreign government	39		2		164		60		203		62
Total below investment grade securities	858		95		507		130		1,365		225
Total fixed maturity securities	$	31,631	$	3,693	$	12,915	$	3,615	$	44,546	$	7,308

	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2021:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	4,135	$	86	$	946	$	51	$	5,081	$	137
Canadian government	20		1		—		—		20		1
RMBS	132		3		102		4		234		7
ABS	1,747		22		589		6		2,336		28
CMBS	152		2		35		2		187		4
U.S. government	1,513		6		31		2		1,544		8
State and political subdivisions	109		3		28		2		137		5
Other foreign government	2,237		33		724		37		2,961		70
Total investment grade securities	10,045		156		2,455		104		12,500		260
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	463		13		97		44		560		57
ABS	—		—		13		13		13		13
Other foreign government	136		7		75		10		211		17
Total below investment grade securities	599		20		185		67		784		87
Total fixed maturity securities	$	10,644	$	176	$	2,640	$	171	$	13,284	$	347

The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in risk-free interest rates and credit spreads.

Investment Income and Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net – Accounting Correction

In 2021, the Company reclassified approximately $92 million of pre-tax unrealized gains from AOCI to net investment income associated with investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds for which it utilizes the equity method of accounting. The unrealized gains should have been recognized directly in investment income in the same prior periods they were reported by the investees. In addition, the Company recorded approximately $70 million of pre-tax gains in investment related gains (losses), net, associated with investments in limited partnerships considered to be investment companies in order

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to adjust the carrying value from cost less impairments to a fair value approach, using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share or its equivalent. Had the adjustments been recorded in the years they were reported by the investees, the Company estimates it would have recognized approximately $102 million, $(2) million, $1 million and $10 million of pre-tax income (loss) in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Net Investment Income

Major categories of net investment income consist of the following (dollars in millions):

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	2,305	$	2,059	$	1,928
Equity securities	6		5		6
Mortgage loans	298		293		282
Policy loans	54		55		56
Funds withheld at interest	253		351		279
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	331		419		50
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	29		3		7
Other invested assets	12		61		59
Investment income	3,288		3,246		2,667
Investment expense	(127)		(108)		(92)
Net investment income	$	3,161	$	3,138	$	2,575

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in millions):

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Change in allowance for credit losses	$	(6)	$	(11)	$	(20)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities	(17)		(1)		(1)
Realized gains on investment activity	192		299		114
Realized losses on investment activity	(396)		(65)		(82)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	(21)		25		(15)
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(16)		29		(38)
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments	38		169		—
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures impairment losses	—		—		(18)
Other, net	21		25		24
Net gains (losses) on derivatives	(301)		90		3
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	(506)	$	560	$	(33)

As of December 31, 2022, the Company held non-income producing securities with amortized costs, net of allowances, of $87 million and estimated fair values of $45 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held non-income producing securities with amortized costs, net of allowances, of $26 million and estimated fair values of $26 million. Generally, securities are non-income producing when principal or interest is not paid primarily as a result of bankruptcies or credit defaults.

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Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The following table provides information relating to securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022			2021
	Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value
Securities borrowing agreements:
Securities borrowed (1)	n/a	$	852	n/a	$	420
Securities pledged as collateral (2)	859	693		279	290
Securities lending agreements:
Securities loaned (2)	59	55		94	102
Securities received as collateral (3)	n/a	66		n/a	102
Repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements:
Securities sold (2)	898	779		704	736
Cash (4)	—	—		10	10
Securities purchased (3)	n/a	619		n/a	728
Cash received (5)	149	149		—	—

(1)Securities borrowed are not reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.

(2)Securities loaned, pledged or sold to counterparties are included within fixed maturity securities.

(3)Securities received as collateral or purchased from counterparties are not reflected on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(4)A receivable for the cash held by counterparties is included within other assets.

(5)A payable for the cash received by the Company is included within other liabilities.

The following tables present information on the remaining contractual maturity of the Company’s securities lending and repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollars in millions).

	December 31, 2022
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	42	$	42
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Other foreign government	—		—		—		10		10
Total	—		—		—		55		55
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		279		279
RMBS	—		—		—		10		10
ABS	—		—		—		54		54
CMBS	—		—		—		63		63
Other foreign government	—		—		—		373		373
Total	—		—		—		779		779
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	834	$	834

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	December 31, 2021
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	94	$	94
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Other foreign government	—		—		—		5		5
Total	—		—		—		102		102
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		366		366
RMBS	—		—		—		—		—
ABS	—		—		—		—		—
CMBS	—		—		—		—		—
Other foreign government	—		—		—		370		370
Total	—		—		—		736		736
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	838	$	838

Mortgage Loans

As of December 31, 2022, mortgage loans were geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California (13.3%), Texas (11.2%) and Washington (7.8%), in addition to loans secured by properties in Canada (3.6%) and United Kingdom (2.4%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Carrying Value		Percentage of Total		Carrying Value		Percentage of Total
Property type:
Office	$	1,706	25.6	%	$	1,683	26.6	%
Retail	2,290		34.4		2,090		33.0
Industrial	1,518		22.8		1,249		19.7
Apartment	763		11.5		801		12.7
Other commercial	376		5.7		506		8.0
Recorded investment	6,653		100.0	%	6,329		100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(12)				(11)
Allowance for credit losses	(51)				(35)
Total mortgage loans	$	6,590			$	6,283

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	2,652	39.9	%	$	2,660	42.0	%
Due after five years through ten years	2,930		44.0		2,593		41.0
Due after ten years	1,071		16.1		1,076		17.0
Total	$	6,653	100.0	%	$	6,329	100.0	%

112

The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2022:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,466	$	215	$	56	$	18	$	3,755	56.4	%
60% – 69.99%	1,894		119		71		—		2,084		31.3
70% – 79.99%	475		49		91		—		615		9.3
80% or greater	81		—		118		—		199		3.0
Total	$	5,916	$	383	$	336	$	18	$	6,653	100.0	%

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2021:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,111	$	238	$	51	$	6	$	3,406	53.8	%
60% – 69.99%	1,906		190		46		—		2,142		33.8
70% – 79.99%	520		41		12		—		573		9.1
80% or greater	148		—		60		—		208		3.3
Total	$	5,685	$	469	$	169	$	6	$	6,329	100.0	%

The following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
December 31, 2022:	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Total
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	698	$	684	$	327	$	561	$	422	$	1,565	$	4,257
Investment grade	586		284		248		279		252		531		2,180
Average	—		6		—		39		52		83		180
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	1,284	$	974	$	575	$	879	$	726	$	2,215	$	6,653

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
December 31, 2021:	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Total
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	725	$	402	$	645	$	461	$	344	$	1,534	$	4,111
Investment grade	367		272		331		301		296		502		2,069
Average	6		—		27		39		5		32		109
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		4		4
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	1,098	$	674	$	1,003	$	801	$	645	$	2,108	$	6,329

113

The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Current	$	6,617	$	6,329
Greater than 90 days	36		—
Total	$	6,653	$	6,329

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	35	$	64	$	12
Adoption of new accounting standard	—		—		14
Change in allowance for credit losses	16		(29)		38
Balance, end of period	$	51	$	35	$	64

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company restructured three mortgage loans to interest only payments as a result of lower occupancy levels, one of which was paid in full as of December 31, 2022. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans, which were modified and met the criteria of Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”), is $67 million as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant loans that were modified and met the criteria of a TDR. The Company has two mortgage loans in the aggregate amount of $36 million that were on a nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2022. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2021. The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Policy Loans

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

As of December 31, 2022, $3.8 billion of the funds withheld at interest balance is primarily associated with two clients. For reinsurance agreements written on a modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The carrying values of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Limited partnerships - equity method	$	934	$	780
Limited partnerships - fair value	683		581
Limited partnerships - cost method	49		63
Real estate joint ventures	661		572
Total limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	2,327	$	1,996

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include lifetime mortgages and derivative contracts. Other invested assets also includes FHLB common stock and unit-linked investments, which are included in “Other” in the table below. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages was not material. The carrying values of other invested assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in millions):

114

	2022		2021
Lifetime mortgages	868		758
Derivatives	170		175
Other	102		141
Total other invested assets	$	1,140	$	1,074

Note 5   DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for additional disclosures related to the fair value hierarchy for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives.

Types of Derivatives Used by the Company

Credit Derivatives

The Company sells protection under single name credit default swaps and credit default swap index tranches, as well as other credit derivatives, to diversify its credit risk exposure in certain portfolios and, in combination with purchasing securities, to replicate characteristics of similar investments based on the credit quality and term of the credit default swap. Credit default triggers for indexed reference entities and single name reference entities are defined in the contracts. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss equals the notional value for credit default swaps. In the event of default of a referencing entity, the Company is typically required to pay the protection holder the full notional value less a recovery amount determined at auction. The Company uses credit default swaps which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Equity Derivatives

Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain variable annuity products. With exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the relevant stock indices. The Company posts variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference between the daily estimated fair values of those contracts. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. The Company uses exchange-traded futures which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company buys put options. The contracts are net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. The Company uses equity index options which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Foreign Currency Derivatives

Foreign currency swaps are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a forward exchange rate calculated by reference to an agreed upon principal amount. The principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company uses foreign currency swaps in hedges of net investments in foreign operations, cash flow hedges, fair value hedges and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

Foreign currency forwards are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made in a different currency at the specified future date. The Company uses foreign currency forwards in hedges of net investments in foreign operations and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

Interest Rate Derivatives

Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates, to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches) and to manage the risk of cash flows of liabilities that are variable based on a benchmark rate. With an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between two rates, which can be either fixed-rate or floating-rate interest amounts, tied to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments at each due date. The Company uses interest rate swaps in cash flow and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

115

Interest rate options include swaptions that are used by the Company to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Company’s long-term liabilities and invested assets. A swaption is an option to enter a swap with a forward starting effective date. The Company pays a premium for purchased swaptions. The Company uses swaptions which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Total return swaps are used by the Company to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and calculated rate of return of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Total return swaps are used by the Company to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). The Company uses total return swaps which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Forward bond purchase commitments are used by the Company to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase securities. With forward bond purchase commitments, the forward price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such contract is made at the future specified settlement date of the securities. The Company uses forward bond purchase commitments in cash flow hedges.

Other Derivatives

Consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps are used by the Company primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain insurance products where value is directly affected by changes in a designated benchmark consumer price index. With a CPI swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange the actual amount of inflation realized over a specified period of time for a fixed amount of inflation determined at inception. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Most of these swaps will require a single payment to be made by one counterparty at the maturity date of the swap.

The Company sells fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”) to retirement plans that include investment-only, stable value contracts. The assets are owned by the trustees of such plans, who invest the assets under the terms of investment guidelines to which the Company agrees. The contracts contain a guarantee of a minimum rate of return on participant balances supported by the underlying assets, and a guarantee of liquidity to meet certain participant-initiated plan cash flow requirements. These contracts are reported as derivatives and recorded at fair value.

The Company has certain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and reported as derivatives. Host contracts include reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis. Additionally, the Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity and variable annuity contracts with benefits that are considered embedded derivatives, including guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits, and guaranteed minimum income benefits. The changes in fair values of embedded derivatives on equity-indexed annuities described below relate to changes in the fair value associated with capital market and other related assumptions.

116

Summary of Derivative Positions

Derivatives, except for embedded derivatives, are included in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modco or funds withheld arrangements are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity and variable annuity products are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

		December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Primary Underlying Risk	Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value
		Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	1,271	$	2	$	2	$	1,273	$	66	$	1
Interest rate options	Interest rate	7,756		34		—		—		—		—
Total return swaps	Interest rate	500		18		—		—		—		—
Financial futures	Equity	260		—		—		240		—		—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	150		18		—		150		1		—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	766		50		—		395		2		4
CPI swaps	CPI	496		20		3		563		34		7
Credit default swaps	Credit	1,523		2		21		1,321		29		1
Equity options	Equity	358		38		—		472		29		—
Synthetic GICs	Interest rate	17,411		—		—		16,143		—		—
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements		—		363		371		—		227		62
Indexed annuity products		—		—		530		—		—		693
Variable annuity products		—		—		124		—		—		162
Total non-hedging derivatives		30,491		545		1,051		20,557		388		930
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Foreign currency/interest rate	1,310		3		113		941		4		33
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	114		—		—		153		1		—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	1,019		38		1		1,320		14		11
Forward bond purchase commitments	Interest rate	407		—		96		545		14		1
Total hedging derivatives		2,850		41		210		2,959		33		45
Total derivatives		$	33,341	$	586	$	1,261	$	23,516	$	421	$	975

117

Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):

Type of Fair Value Hedge	Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives		Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items
		Investment Related Gains (Losses)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(1)	$	7
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(4)	$	6
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	8	$	(10)

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets and liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps; and (iii) forward bond purchase commitments.

The following table presents the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	Amounts Included in AOCI
Balance December 31, 2019	$	(26)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(27)
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	4
Balance December 31, 2020	(49)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	20
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	7
Balance December 31, 2021	(22)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(192)
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	8
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	1
Balance December 31, 2022	$	(205)

As of December 31, 2022, approximately $10 million of before-tax deferred net gains on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest income during the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $1 million of before-tax deferred net losses on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest expense during the next twelve months.

118

The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of income and the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

Derivative Type	Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI		Gains (Losses) Reclassified into Income from AOCI
For the year ended December 31, 2022:			Investment Related Gains (Losses)		Investment Income		Interest Expense
Interest rate	$	(187)	$	—	$	—	$	(1)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(5)		—		(8)		—
Total	$	(192)	$	—	$	(8)	$	(1)
For the year ended December 31, 2021:
Interest rate	$	28	$	—	$	—	$	(7)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(8)		—		—		—
Total	$	20	$	—	$	—	$	(7)
For the year ended December 31, 2020:
Interest rate	$	(33)	$	—	$	—	$	(4)
Foreign currency/interest rate	6		—		—		—
Total	$	(27)	$	—	$	—	$	(4)

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges and the gains (losses) deferred in OCI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI
	For the years ended December 31,
Type of NIFO Hedge	2022		2021		2020
Foreign currency swaps	$	—	$	(2)	$	1
Foreign currency forwards	73		—		(30)
Total	$	73	$	(2)	$	(29)

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $210 million and $137 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation. There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from AOCI into investment income during the periods presented.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been elected for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net, except where otherwise noted.

119

A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (dollars in millions):

		Gains (Losses) for the years ended December 31,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gains (Losses)	2022		2021		2020
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(131)	$	(34)	$	76
Interest rate options	Investment related gains (losses), net	3		—		—
Total return swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		—		—
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	28		(24)		(47)
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		20		(7)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(93)		(20)		5
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	31		46		16
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(66)		33		16
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	14		(33)		—
Subtotal		(172)		(12)		59
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	(173)		107		(62)
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	98		10		(30)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	38		(7)		8
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	(209)	$	98	$	(25)

Changes in the credit valuation adjustment utilized by the Company to value its embedded derivatives resulted in investment related gains (losses), net of approximately $2 million $(36) million and $70 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022					2021
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations(1)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-
Single name credit default swaps	$	(18)	$	428	18.7	$	28	$	600	14.2
BBB+/BBB/BBB-
Single name credit default swaps	1		155		3.3	1		141		2.4
Credit default swaps referencing indices	—		915		6.2	—		565		5.1
Subtotal	1		1,070		5.8	1		706		4.6
BB+/BB/BB-
Single name credit default swaps	(2)		25		3.2	(1)		15		3.5
Total	$	(19)	$	1,523	9.4	$	28	$	1,321	9.0

(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Netting Arrangements and Credit Risk

Certain of the Company’s derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all derivatives, except embedded derivatives, in the table below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 4 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements. See “Embedded Derivatives” above for information regarding the Company’s bifurcated embedded derivatives.

120

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Gross Amounts   Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments/Collateral (1)		Net Amount
December 31, 2022:
Derivative assets	$	223	$	(53)	$	170	$	(170)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	236		(53)		183		(183)		$	—
December 31, 2021:
Derivative assets	$	194	$	(19)	$	175	$	(175)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	58		(19)		39		(39)		$	—

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value and accrued interest of non-collateralized derivative contracts in an asset position at the reporting date. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had credit exposure of $14 million.

Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”) and others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties. The Company manages its credit risk related to OTC derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. The Company is only exposed to the default of the central clearing counterparties for OTC cleared derivatives, and these transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings. Exchange-traded derivatives are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing the credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

Note 6     FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a three-level fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Active markets are defined through various characteristics for the measured asset/liability, such as having many transactions and narrow bid/ask spreads.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities and include those whose value is determined using market standard valuation techniques described above. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities.

121

Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	33,969	$	—	$	29,670	$	4,299
Canadian government	3,626		—		3,626		—
RMBS	941		—		931		10
ABS	3,878		—		2,603		1,275
CMBS	1,623		—		1,555		68
U.S. government	1,482		1,388		85		9
State and political subdivisions	1,119		—		1,093		26
Other foreign government	6,263		—		6,228		35
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	52,901		1,388		45,791		5,722
Equity securities	134		68		—		66
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(370)		—		—		(370)
Funds withheld at interest	54		—		—		54
Cash equivalents	1,535		1,535		—		—
Short-term investments	121		54		54		13
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	170		—		170		—
Other	23		—		23		—
Total other invested assets	193		—		193		—
Total	$	54,568	$	3,045	$	46,038	$	5,485
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	653	$	—	$	—	$	653
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(361)		—		—		(361)
Derivatives	183		—		183		—
Total	$	475	$	—	$	183	$	292

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million.

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December 31, 2021:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,103	$	—	$	34,215	$	3,888
Canadian government	4,944		—		4,944		—
RMBS	1,050		—		1,049		1
ABS	4,005		—		2,908		1,097
CMBS	1,849		—		1,768		81
U.S. government	2,105		1,993		100		12
State and political subdivisions	1,323		—		1,290		33
Other foreign government	7,370		—		7,337		33
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	60,749		1,993		53,611		5,145
Equity securities	151		101		—		50
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	104		—		—		104
Funds withheld at interest	83		—		—		83
Cash equivalents	1,138		1,138		—		—
Short-term investments	64		—		36		28
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	175		—		175		—
Other	52		—		52		—
Total other invested assets	227		—		227		—
Total	$	62,516	$	3,232	$	53,874	$	5,410
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	855	$	—	$	—	$	855
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(61)		—		—		(61)
Derivatives	39		—		39		—
Total	$	833	$	—	$	39	$	794

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

The Company may utilize information from third parties, such as pricing services and brokers, to assist in determining the fair value for certain assets and liabilities; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices and pricing of assets and liabilities, and approving changes to valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The selection of the valuation technique(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and the nature of the asset or liability being valued and significant expertise and judgment is required.

The Company performs initial and ongoing analysis and review of the various techniques utilized in determining fair value to ensure that they are appropriate and consistently applied, and that the various assumptions are reasonable. The Company analyzes and reviews the information and prices received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value and to monitor controls around pricing, which includes quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by the Company’s investment and accounting personnel. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, review of pricing trends, comparison of a sample of executed prices of securities sold to the fair value estimates, comparison of fair value estimates to management’s knowledge of the current market, and ongoing confirmation that third party pricing services use, wherever possible, market-based parameters for valuation. In addition, the Company utilizes both internal and external cash flow models to analyze the reasonableness of fair values utilizing credit spread and other market assumptions, where appropriate. As a result of the analysis, if the Company determines there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. The Company also determines if the inputs used in estimated fair values received from pricing services are observable by assessing whether these inputs can be corroborated by observable market data.

For assets and liabilities reported at fair value, the Company utilizes, when available, fair values based on quoted prices in active markets that are regularly and readily obtainable. Generally, these are very liquid investments and the valuation does not require management judgment. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair value is based on market valuation techniques, market comparable pricing and the income approach. The use of different techniques, assumptions and inputs may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s securities holdings. For the periods presented, the application of market standard valuation techniques applied to similar assets and liabilities has been consistent.

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The methods and assumptions the Company uses to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.

Fixed Maturity Securities – The fair values of the Company’s publicly-traded fixed maturity securities are generally based on prices obtained from independent pricing services. Prices from pricing services are sourced from multiple vendors, and a vendor hierarchy is maintained by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. The Company generally receives prices from multiple pricing services for each security, but ultimately uses the price from the vendor that is highest in the hierarchy for the respective asset type. To validate reasonableness, prices are periodically reviewed as explained above. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy described above, securities with quotes from pricing services are generally reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs. If the pricing information received from third party pricing services is not reflective of market activity or other inputs observable in the market, the Company may challenge the price through a formal process with the pricing service.

If the Company ultimately concludes that pricing information received from the independent pricing service is not reflective of fair value, non-binding broker quotes are used, if available. If the Company concludes that the values from both pricing services and brokers are not reflective of fair value, an internally developed valuation may be prepared; however, this occurs infrequently. Internally developed valuations or non-binding broker quotes are also used to determine fair value in circumstances where vendor pricing is not available. These valuations may use significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Observable market data may not be available in certain circumstances such as market illiquidity and credit events related to the security. Pricing service overrides, internally developed valuations and non-binding broker quotes are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy.

The inputs used in the valuation of corporate and government securities include, but are not limited to standard market observable inputs that are derived from, or corroborated by, market observable data including market yield curve, duration, call provisions, observable prices and spreads for similar publicly traded or privately placed issues that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer. For internal pricing of private placements and structured securities, valuation is based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques using standard market inputs including spreads for actively traded securities, spreads off benchmark yields, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, current and forecasted loss severity, rating, weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity, average delinquency rates, geographic region, debt service coverage ratios and issuance-specific information including, but not limited to: collateral type, payment terms of the underlying assets, payment priority within the tranche, structure of the security, deal performance and vintage of loans.

When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation techniques for determining the estimated fair value of certain types of securities that trade infrequently, and therefore have little or no price transparency, rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, such as market illiquidity. Other significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s private debt investments include a multiple of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”). These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management judgment or estimation, and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and are believed to be consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities.

Equity Securities – Equity securities consist principally of common and preferred stock of publicly and privately traded companies. The fair values of publicly traded equity securities are primarily based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Non-binding broker quotes and internally developed evaluations for equity securities are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Embedded Derivatives – The fair value of embedded derivative liabilities, including those calculated by third parties, are monitored through the use of attribution reports to quantify the effect of underlying sources of fair value change, including capital market inputs based on policyholder account values, interest rates and short-term and long-term implied volatilities, from period to period. Actuarial assumptions are based on experience studies performed internally in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually.

For embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying products in reinsurance treaties, primarily equity-indexed and variable annuity treaties, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow model, which includes an estimate of future equity option purchases and an adjustment for a CVA. The variable annuity embedded derivative calculations are performed by third parties based on methodology and input assumptions provided by the Company. To validate the reasonableness of the resulting fair value, the Company’s internal actuaries perform reviews and analytical procedures on the results. The capital market inputs to the model, such as equity indexes, short-term equity volatility and interest rates, are generally observable. The valuation also requires certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable and accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy,

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The fair value of embedded derivatives associated with funds withheld reinsurance treaties is determined based upon a total return swap technique with reference to the fair value of the investments held by the ceding company that support the Company’s funds withheld at interest asset with an adjustment for a CVA. The fair value of the underlying assets is generally based on a variety of sources and pricing methodologies chosen by the ceding company, which are not transparent to the Company and may include significant unobservable inputs. Additionally, some of the valuations also require certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable. Therefore, the valuation of the embedded derivative assets and liabilities associated with these funds withheld reinsurance treaties are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Where those funds withheld reinsurance agreements are ceded by the Company, the same approach is taken to valuing the embedded derivatives associated with the funds withheld at interest liability.

Credit Valuation Adjustment – The Company bases its CVA on corporate Option-adjusted spread (“OAS”) indexes and market conditions adjusted for the Company’s specific factors. The input assumptions are a combination of externally derived and publicly available information, corporate OAS indexes, market inputs, and internally developed data based on Company specific investments by rating category.

Funds Withheld at Interest – Funds withheld at interest, elected at fair value on a limited basis, include assets where inputs are not observable in the market and are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments – Cash equivalents and short-term investments include money market instruments and other highly liquid debt instruments. Money market instruments are generally valued using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets and are primarily classified as Level 1. The fair value of certain other cash equivalents and short-term investments, such as bonds with original maturities twelve months or less, are based upon other market observable data and are typically classified as Level 2. However, certain short-term investments may incorporate significant unobservable inputs resulting in a Level 3 classification. Various time deposits, certificates of deposit and sweeps carried as cash equivalents or short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value and therefore are excluded from the tables presented.

Other – FVO contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities consist of fixed maturity securities. The fair value of the fixed maturity contractholder-directed securities is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described above for fixed maturity securities and are classified within Level 2 of the hierarchy.

Derivative Assets and Derivative Liabilities – All of the derivative instruments utilized by the Company are classified within Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy. These derivatives are principally valued using an income approach. Valuations of interest rate contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) basis curves, Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) basis curves, Overnight Index Swaps curves, and repurchase rates. Valuations of foreign currency contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, LIBOR basis curves, currency spot rates, and cross currency basis curves. Valuations of credit contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, credit curves, and recovery rates. Valuations of equity market contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, and dividend yield curves. Valuations of equity market contracts, option-based, are based on option pricing models, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, dividend yield curves, and equity volatility.

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Quantitative Information Regarding Internally-Priced Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Estimated Fair Value				Valuation	Unobservable	Range (Weighted Average)
Assets:	2022		2021		Technique	Input	2022	2021
Corporate	$	25	$	49	Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1%	0-1% (1%)
						EBITDA Multiple	5.3x	5.2x-7.0x (6.4x)
ABS	274		205		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-18% (2%)	2-18% (4%)
U.S. government	9		12		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)	0-1% (1%)
Equity securities	9		5		Market comparable securities	EBITDA Multiple	8.4x-11.2x (9.6x)	6.9x-10.6x (8.0x)
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(34)		182		Total return swap	Mortality	0-100%  (3%)	0-100% (3%)
						Lapse	0-35%  (17%)	0-35% (18%)
						Withdrawal	0-5%  (4%)	0-5% (4%)
						CVA	0-5%  (0%)	0-5% (0%)
						Crediting rate	1-4%  (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – indexed annuities	530		693		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (3%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-35% (16%)	0-35% (16%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)	0-5% (3%)
						Option budget projection	1-4% (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – variable annuities	124		162		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-25% (3%)	0-25% (4%)
						Withdrawal	0-7% (6%)	0-7% (5%)
						CVA	0-5% (1%)	0-5% (1%)
						Long-term volatility	0-27% (13%)	0-27% (14%)

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Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Transfers out of Level 3 are primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	6		—		—		—		—		—		—		(14)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(8)		—		(11)		(1)		6		1		(173)		—		38
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		98
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(474)		(11)		(194)		(4)		—		(1)		—		(8)		—
Purchases(2)	1,669		—		521		—		14		33		—		3		1
Sales(2)	(182)		—		(58)		(6)		(4)		—		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(577)		—		(140)		(5)		—		(28)		—		(10)		65
Transfers into Level 3	88		13		130		10		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(111)		—		(74)		(4)		—		(20)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	4,299	$	35	$	1,353	$	35	$	66	$	13	$	(8)	$	54	$	(653)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(14)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(18)		—		(10)		—		4		—		(173)		—		33
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		33
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(467)		(11)		(195)		(4)		—		—		—		(8)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

127

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	5		—		1		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(5)		—		—		—		13		—		107		—		(7)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		10
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(28)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—
Purchases(2)	1,506		25		1,038		—		9		31		—		36		(34)
Sales(2)	(53)		—		(6)		—		(25)		(3)		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(587)		(5)		(186)		(3)		—		(10)		—		(4)		83
Transfers into Level 3	29		—		84		25		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(8)		—		—		—		—		(5)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(7)		—		—		—		7		—		107		—		(15)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(72)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(24)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

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For the year ended December 31, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,186	$	720	$	208	$	25	$	77	$	2	$	121	$	—	$	(930)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	2		—		—		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(22)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		8
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(30)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	28		1		(7)		1		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	1,193		—		149		—		3		17		—		60		(32)
Sales(1)	(182)		—		(5)		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(229)		—		(59)		(3)		—		(3)		—		—		77
Transfers into Level 3	57		—		38		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(4)		(704)		(70)		—		(14)		(1)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(23)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		(2)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(107)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(34)		1		(8)		1		—		—		—		—		—

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment.

129

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions). This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

			Estimated Fair		Fair Value Measurement Using:
December 31, 2022:	Carrying Value (1)		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Mortgage loans	$	6,590	$	6,109	$	—	$	—	$	6,109
Policy loans	1,231		1,231		—		1,231		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,319		5,884		—		—		5,884
Limited partnerships – cost method	49		52		—		—		52
Cash and cash equivalents	1,392		1,392		1,392		—		—
Short-term investments	33		33		33		—		—
Other invested assets	947		758		4		65		689
Accrued investment income	630		630		—		630		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	23,493	$	23,065	$	—	$	—	$	23,065
Other liabilities – funds withheld at interest	1,596		1,321		—		—		1,321
Long-term debt	3,961		3,670		—		—		3,670
December 31, 2021:
Assets:
Mortgage loans	$	6,283	$	6,580	$	—	$	—	$	6,580
Policy loans	1,234		1,234		—		1,234		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,747		7,075		—		—		7,075
Limited partnerships – cost method	63		81		—		—		81
Cash and cash equivalents	1,810		1,810		1,810		—		—
Short-term investments	23		23		23		—		—
Other invested assets	847		826		6		70		750
Accrued investment income	533		533		—		533		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	18,625	$	19,540	$	—	$	—	$	19,540
Other liabilities – funds withheld at interest	1,658		1,657		—		—		1,657
Long-term debt	3,667		3,886		—		—		3,886
Collateral finance and securitization notes	180		153		—		—		153

(1)Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Mortgage Loans – The fair value of mortgage loans is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using current interest rates for mortgage loans with similar credit ratings and similar remaining maturities. As such, inputs include current treasury yields and spreads, which are based on the credit rating and average life of the loan, corresponding to the market spreads. The valuation of mortgage loans is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Policy Loans – Policy loans typically carry an interest rate that is adjusted annually based on an observable market index and therefore carrying value approximates fair value. The valuation of policy loans is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Funds Withheld at Interest – The carrying value of funds withheld at interest approximates fair value except where the funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement. When funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement, the fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying assets that are held by the ceding company. A variety of sources and pricing methodologies, which are not transparent to the Company and may include significant unobservable inputs, are used to value the securities that are held in distinct portfolios, therefore the valuation of these funds withheld assets and liabilities are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Limited Partnerships – The fair value of limited partnerships accounted for using the cost method, considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated by internally developed valuation techniques.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments – The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments and are considered Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

130

Other Invested Assets – This primarily includes lifetime mortgages, FHLB common stock, and cash collateral. The fair value of the Company’s lifetime mortgage loan portfolio, considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using a risk-free rate plus an illiquidity premium. The cash flow analysis considers future expenses, changes in property prices, and actuarial analysis of borrower behavior, mortality and morbidity. The fair value of the Company’s common stock investment in the FHLB is considered to be the carrying value and it is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s cash collateral is considered to be the carrying value and considered to be Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued Investment Income – The carrying value for accrued investment income approximates fair value as there are no adjustments made to the carrying value. This is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities – The carrying and fair values of interest-sensitive contract liabilities reflected in the table above exclude contracts with significant mortality risk. The fair value of the Company’s interest-sensitive contract liabilities utilizes a market standard technique with both capital market inputs and policyholder behavior assumptions, as well as cash values adjusted for recapture fees. The capital market inputs to the model, such as interest rates, are generally observable. Policyholder behavior assumptions are generally not observable and may require use of significant management judgment. The valuation of interest-sensitive contract liabilities is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-term Debt/Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes – The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes is generally estimated by discounting future cash flows using market rates currently available for debt with similar remaining maturities and reflecting the credit risk of the Company, including inputs when available, from actively traded debt of the Company or other companies with similar credit quality. The valuation of long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes is generally obtained from brokers and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Note 7   REINSURANCE CEDED RECEIVABLES AND OTHER

In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance or reinsurance companies under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. In the individual life markets, the Company retains a maximum of $8 million of coverage per individual life. Claims in excess of this retention amount are retroceded to retrocessionaires; however, the Company remains fully liable to the ceding company for the entire amount of risk it assumes. In certain limited situations the Company has retained more than $8 million per individual policy. The Company enters into agreements with other reinsurers to mitigate the residual risk related to the over-retained policies. Additionally, due to some lower face amount reinsurance coverage provided by the Company in addition to individual life, such as group life, disability and health, under certain circumstances, the Company could potentially incur net claims totaling more than $8 million per individual life.

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance and reinsurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, no allowances were deemed necessary.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of December 31, 2022, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets has been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. In addition to its third party retrocessionaires, various RGA reinsurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to affiliated subsidiaries.

131

The following table presents information for the Company’s reinsurance ceded receivables and other, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

		2022				2021
Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Reinsurer A	A-	$	1,605	65.2	%	$	1,626	63.0	%
Reinsurer B	A+	401		16.3		423		16.4
Reinsurer C	A+	200		8.1		212		8.2
Reinsurer D	A	52		2.1		59		2.3
Reinsurer E	A+	41		1.7		44		1.7
Reinsurer F	A++	35		1.4		42		1.6
Other reinsurers		128		5.2		174		6.8
Total		$	2,462	100.0	%	$	2,580	100.0	%

Included in the total ceded reinsurance receivables balance were $183 million and $203 million of claims recoverable, of which $16 million and $10 million were in excess of 90 days past due, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Also included in the total reinsurance ceded receivable and other is a deposit asset on reinsurance of $1,605 million and $1,626 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The effect of reinsurance on net premiums is as follows (dollars in millions):

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Direct insurance	$	26	$	33	$	58
Reinsurance assumed	13,823		13,348		12,583
Reinsurance ceded	(771)		(868)		(947)
Net premiums	$	13,078	$	12,513	$	11,694

The effect of reinsurance on claims and other policy benefits as follows (dollars in millions):

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Direct insurance	$	56	$	37	$	97
Reinsurance assumed	12,736		13,725		11,931
Reinsurance ceded	(746)		(986)		(953)
Net claims and other policy benefits	$	12,046	$	12,776	$	11,075

The effect of reinsurance on life reinsurance in force is shown in the following schedule (dollars in millions):

	Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net		Assumed/Net %
December 31, 2022	$	1,027	$	3,400,735	$	151,569	$	3,250,193	104.6	%
December 31, 2021	1,117		3,467,054		166,842		3,301,329		105.0
December 31, 2020	1,990		3,480,692		184,625		3,298,057		105.5

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Company provided approximately $28.7 billion and $25.9 billion of financial reinsurance, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures, to other insurance companies under financial reinsurance or capital solutions transactions to assist ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements. Generally, such financial reinsurance is provided by the Company committing cash or assuming insurance liabilities, which are collateralized by future profits on the reinsured business. The Company earns a fee based on the amount of net outstanding financial reinsurance.

Reinsurance treaties, whether facultative or automatic, may provide for recapture rights on the part of the ceding company. Recapture rights permit the ceding company to reassume all or a portion of the risk formerly ceded to the reinsurer after an agreed-upon period of time, generally 10 years, or in some cases due to changes in the financial condition or ratings of the reinsurer. Recapture of business previously ceded does not affect premiums ceded prior to the recapture of such business but would reduce premiums in subsequent periods. Additionally, some reinsurance treaties give the ceding company the right to require the Company to place assets in trust for their benefit to support the ceding company’s statutory reserve credits, in the event of a downgrade of the Company’s credit ratings and or other statutory measure to specified levels, generally non-investment grade levels, or if minimum levels of financial condition are not maintained. As of December 31, 2022, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been required to post additional collateral or have had a reinsurance treaty recaptured as a result of credit downgrade or defined statutory measure decline.

132

Certain reinsurance treaties require the reinsurer to place assets in trust to collateralize the reinsurer’s obligation to the ceding company. Assets placed in trust continue to be owned by the Company, but their use is restricted based on the terms of the trust agreement. Securities with an amortized cost of $3.7 billion and $4.1 billion were held in trust for the benefit of the Company’s subsidiaries to satisfy collateral requirements for reinsurance business at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, securities with an amortized cost of $31.5 billion and $28.7 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were held in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under certain third-party reinsurance treaties. Under certain conditions, the Company may be obligated to move reinsurance from one subsidiary to another subsidiary, post additional collateral or make payments under a given reinsurance treaty. These conditions include change in control or ratings of the subsidiary, insolvency, nonperformance under a reinsurance treaty, or loss of license or other regulatory authorization of such subsidiary. If the Company was ever required to move reinsurance from one subsidiary to another subsidiary, the risk to the Company on a consolidated basis under the reinsurance treaties would not change; however, additional collateral may need to be posted or additional capital may be required due to the change in jurisdiction of the subsidiary reinsuring the business, which could lead to a strain on liquidity.

Note 8   DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

The following reflects the amounts of policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized (dollars in millions): 

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of year	$	3,690	$	3,616	$	3,512
Capitalization	632		541		478
Amortization (including interest)	(547)		(496)		(405)
Change in value of embedded derivatives	93		(36)		22
Attributed to unrealized investment gains (losses)	171		33		(26)
Foreign currency translation	(65)		32		35
Balance, end of year	$	3,974	$	3,690	$	3,616

Some reinsurance agreements involve reimbursing the ceding company for allowances and commissions in excess of first-year premiums. These amounts represent acquisition costs and are capitalized to the extent deemed recoverable from the future premiums and amortized against future profits of the business. This type of agreement presents a risk to the extent that the business lapses faster than originally anticipated, resulting in future profits being insufficient to recover the Company’s investment.

Note 9   INCOME TAX

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“the Act”) was enacted in the U.S. The Act includes law changes relating to tax, climate change, energy and health care. In particular, for tax years ending after December 31, 2022, the Act imposes a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income for applicable corporations with average financial statement income over $1 billion for the previous 3-year period ending in 2022 or after. The Act also imposes a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks of a publicly traded corporation. The tax provisions are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s tax expense.

Pre-tax income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following (dollars in millions): 

	2022		2021		2020
Pre-tax income – U.S.	$	399	$	327	$	79
Pre-tax income – foreign	432		364		474
Total pre-tax income	$	831	$	691	$	553

133

The provision for income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Current income tax expense (benefit):
U.S.	$	9	$	91	$	75
Foreign	120		72		79
Total current	129		163		154
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
U.S.	68		(127)		(60)
Foreign	7		38		44
Total deferred	75		(89)		(16)
Total provision for income taxes	$	204	$	74	$	138

The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal income tax statutory rate of 21% as a result of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022			2021			2020
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate	$	175		$	145		$	116
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
Tax rate differences on income in other jurisdictions	21			51			21
Differences in tax basis in foreign jurisdictions	10			(4)			(32)
Deferred tax valuation allowance	(6)			(18)			10
Amounts related to uncertain tax positions	3			(119)			10
Equity based compensation	(2)			(1)			(1)
Corporate rate changes	2			29			13
GILTI, net of credits	21			11			13
Subpart F for non-full inclusion companies	60			2			—
Foreign tax credits	(67)			(10)			(7)
Return to provision adjustments	(13)			(17)			(4)
Other, net	—			5			(1)
Total provision for income taxes	$	204		$	74		$	138
Effective tax rate (1)	24.6		%	10.6		%	24.9		%

(1)    The Company rounds amounts in the financial statements to millions and calculates the effective tax rate from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus certain amounts may not recalculate based on the numbers due to rounding.

The effective tax rate for 2022 was higher than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of income in jurisdictions with tax rates differing from the U.S., Subpart F income, generated primarily in RGA Canada, and GILTI generated in Australia, Ireland, Hodge Life Assurance Company Limited, and Omnilife Insurance Company Limited. These expenses were offset with benefits from foreign tax credits and return to provision adjustments. The effective tax rate for 2021 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of the release of uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of the statute of limitations, and the release of valuation allowances primarily due to income earned in RGA Australia. This benefit was partially offset by income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S. and GILTI, primarily Canada and Australia. Furthermore, the UK enacted an increase to the statutory tax rate resulting in a tax expense from the remeasurement of the deferred tax liabilities.

Total income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Provision for income taxes	$	204	$	74	$	138
Income tax from OCI and additional paid-in-capital:
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on debt and equity securities recognized for financial reporting purposes	(2,495)		(520)		611
Foreign currency translation	21		23		(9)
Unrealized pension and post retirement	7		7		(1)
Total income taxes provided	$	(2,263)	$	(416)	$	739

134

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, are presented in the following tables (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Deferred income tax assets:
Nondeductible accruals	$	90	$	85
Net operating loss carryforward	295		251
Tax Credit Carryforward	80		50
Invested assets	1,309		—
Other	11		3
Subtotal	1,785		389
Valuation allowance	(221)		(218)
Total deferred income tax assets	1,564		171
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisition costs	756		754
Policy reserves and other reinsurance liabilities	820		1,085
Invested assets	—		793
Outside basis difference foreign subsidiaries	268		260
Foreign currency translation	90		66
Anticipated future tax credit reduction	85		58
Total deferred income tax liabilities	2,019		3,016
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	455	$	2,845
Balance sheet presentation of net deferred income tax liabilities:
Included in other assets	$	281	$	41
Included in deferred income taxes	736		2,886
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	455	$	2,845

As of December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was $221 million. During 2022, the Company established a $25 million valuation allowance on certain unrealized losses in the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio due to limitations on the utilization of the deferred tax asset. Additionally, there were increases to the valuation allowance related to losses in foreign subsidiaries that do not have a history of income. These increases were partially offset by pretax earnings in certain subsidiaries with valuation allowances and foreign currency translation.

As of December 31, 2021, the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was $218 million. During 2021 there were decreases to the valuation allowance due to pretax earnings in certain subsidiaries with valuation allowances. These decreases were partially offset by increases in the valuation allowance due to losses in subsidiaries that do not have a history of income. The valuation allowance was further impacted by changes in foreign currency translation during the year.

The earnings of substantially all of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have been permanently reinvested in foreign operations. The Company has provided a deferred tax liability for the future expected tax on foreign subsidiaries where the Company cannot assert permanent reinvestment. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the financial reporting basis in excess of the tax basis for which no deferred taxes have been recognized was approximately $1.6 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. As U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminates U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries, the Company does not expect to incur material income taxes if these funds were repatriated.

During 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company received federal and foreign income tax refunds of approximately $3 million, $20 million, and $59 million, respectively. The Company made cash income tax payments of approximately $131 million, $388 million, and $167 million, in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The following table presents consolidated net operating losses (“NOL”) as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

	2022
NOL with no expiration and with no valuation allowance	$	472
NOL with a full valuation allowance	161
NOL with no expiration and a partial valuation allowance	527
Total net operating loss carryforwards	$	1,160

These net operating losses, other than the net operating losses for which there is a valuation allowance, are expected to be utilized in the normal course of business during the period allowed for carryforwards and in any event, are not expected to be lost, due to the application of tax planning strategies that management would utilize.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards of $56 million related to the U.S. and Ireland. The Ireland foreign tax credit of $24 million has a full valuation allowance.

135

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is under continuous examination by the Internal Revenue Service and is subject to audit by taxing authorities in other foreign jurisdictions in which the Company has significant business operations. The income tax years under examination vary by jurisdiction. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2019, Canadian tax authorities for years prior to 2017 and with a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to state and foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2018.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s total amount of unrecognized tax benefits is $35 million all of which would affect the effective tax rate, if recognized. Management believes it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefit could decrease by up to $14 million over the next 12 months if statutes expire.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, is as follows (dollars in millions):

	Total Unrecognized Tax Benefits
	2022		2021		2020
Beginning balance, January 1	$	34	$	342	$	333
Additions for tax positions of prior years	2		2		281
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(4)		(312)		(278)
Additions for tax positions of current year	3		2		6
Ending balance, December 31	$	35	$	34	$	342

The Company recognized minimal interest expense (benefit) associated with uncertain tax positions in 2022, $(31) million in 2021 and $11 million in 2020. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company had $3 million and $3 million of accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits. There are no penalties accrued as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

Note 10   EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Certain subsidiaries of the Company are sponsors or administrators of both qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans (“Pension Plans”). The largest of these plans is a non-contributory qualified defined benefit pension plan sponsored by RGA Reinsurance Company (“RGA Reinsurance”) that covers U.S. employees. The benefits under the Pension Plans are generally based on years of service and compensation levels. Effective January 1, 2020, the qualified defined benefit pension plan and some of the non-qualified defined benefit pension plans were closed to new employees.

The Company also provides select health care and life insurance benefits for certain retired employees. The health care benefits are provided through a self-insured welfare benefit plan. Employees become eligible for these benefits if they meet minimum age and service requirements. The retiree’s cost for health care benefits varies depending upon the credited years of service. Effective January 1, 2017, employees hired in the U.S. are not eligible for retiree health care benefits. Virtually all retirees, or their beneficiaries, contribute a portion of the total cost of postretirement health benefits. Overfunded and underfunded plans are recognized in other assets and other liabilities, respectively.

A December 31 measurement date is used for all of the defined benefit and postretirement plans. The status of these plans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	256	$	254	$	75	$	81
Service cost	17		18		3		3
Interest cost	6		4		2		2
Participant contributions	—		—		—		—
Amendments	—		—		2		(3)
Actuarial (gains) losses	(50)		(8)		(20)		(6)
Benefits paid	(12)		(12)		(2)		(2)
Foreign exchange translations and other adjustments	(3)		—		—		—
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	214	$	256	$	60	$	75

136

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	179	$	157	$	—	$	—
Actual return on plan assets	(30)		15		—		—
Employer contributions	21		19		2		2
Participant contributions	—		—		—		—
Benefits paid	(12)		(12)		(2)		(2)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	158	$	179	$	—	$	—
Funded status at end of year	$	(56)	$	(77)	$	(60)	$	(75)

	December 31,
	Qualified Plans				Non-Qualified Plans(1)				Total
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Aggregate fair value of plan assets	$	158	$	179	$	—	$	—	$	158	$	179
Aggregate projected benefit obligations	142		166		72		90		214		256
Over (under) funded	$	16	$	13	$	(72)	$	(90)	$	(56)	$	(77)

(1)For non-qualified plans, there are no required funding levels.

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Net actuarial (gain) loss	$	40	$	52	$	(1)	$	20
Net prior service cost (credit)	—		—		(6)		(9)
Total	$	40	$	52	$	(7)	$	11

The following table presents information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Projected benefit obligation	$	73	$	256
Fair value of plan assets	—		179

The following table presents information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	66	$	248
Fair value of plan assets	—		179

137

The components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the consolidated statements of income, and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	17	$	18	$	14	$	3	$	3	$	3
Interest cost	6		4		6		2		2		2
Expected return on plan assets	(12)		(10)		(9)		—		—		—
Amortization of net actuarial losses	3		6		5		1		2		2
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		(2)		(1)		(1)
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost	14		18		16		4		6		6
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss):
Net actuarial (gains) losses	(9)		(13)		17		(20)		(6)		(8)
Amortization of net actuarial (losses)	(3)		(6)		(5)		(1)		(2)		(2)
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	—		—		—		2		1		1
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		1		(3)		—
Foreign exchange translations and other adjustments	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	(12)		(19)		12		(18)		(10)		(9)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2	$	(1)	$	28	$	(14)	$	(4)	$	(3)

The Company has met the minimum funding requirements for its qualified pension plans and is not required to contribute to the qualified pension plans during 2023. The Company has not determined whether, and to what extent, contributions may be made to the qualified pension plans in 2023. During 2023, the Company expects to contribute $4 million and $2 million to its non-qualified pension plans and other benefit plans, respectively.

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service as appropriate, are expected to be paid (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits		Other Benefits
2023	$	12	$	2
2024	15		3
2025	16		3
2026	17		3
2027	17		4
2028 – 2032	99		21

Assumptions

The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost were as follows:

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.00	%	2.64	%	2.22	%	4.99	%	2.76	%	2.41	%
Rate of compensation increase	4.96	%	4.74	%	4.69	%	n/a		n/a		n/a
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	2.65	%	2.21	%	3.03	%	2.76	%	2.41	%	3.17	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	6.50	%	6.50	%	7.00	%	n/a		n/a		n/a
Rate of compensation increase	4.75	%	4.71	%	4.60	%	n/a		n/a		n/a

138

The expected rate of return on plan assets is based on anticipated performance of the various asset sectors in which the plan invests, weighted by target allocation percentages. Anticipated future performance is based on long-term historical returns of the plan assets by sector, adjusted for the long-term expectations on the performance of the markets. While the precise expected return derived using this approach may fluctuate from year to year, the policy is to hold this long-term assumption constant as long as it remains within reasonable tolerance from the derived rate. This process is consistent for all plan assets as all the assets are invested in mutual funds.

The assumed health care cost trend rates used in measuring the accumulated non-pension post-retirement benefit obligation were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Health care cost trend rates assumed for next year	7.00	%	6.50	%
Ultimate cost trend rate	4.50	%	4.50	%
Year ultimate trend is reached	2028		2026

Plan Assets

Target allocations of U.S. qualified pension plan assets are determined with the objective of maximizing returns and minimizing volatility of net assets through adequate asset diversification and partial liability immunization. Adjustments are made to target allocations based on the Company’s assessment of the effect of economic factors and market conditions. The target allocations for plan assets are 60% equity securities and 40% debt securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company’s plan assets are invested in mutual funds. The mutual funds include holdings of S&P 500 securities, large-cap securities, mid-cap securities, small-cap securities, international securities, corporate debt securities, U.S. and other government securities, mortgage-related securities and cash.

Equity and debt securities are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate risk, credit risk and overall market volatility. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investment securities, changes in the values of investment securities will occur and any change would affect the amounts reported in the financial statements.

The fair values of the Company’s qualified pension plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

	December 31, 2022
			Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mutual Funds(1)	$	158	$	158	$	—	$	—
Cash	—		—		—		—
Total	$	158	$	158	$	—	$	—

(1)Mutual funds were invested 25% in U.S. equity funds, 40% in U.S. fixed income funds, 16% in non-U.S. equity funds and 19% in other.

	December 31, 2021
			Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mutual Funds(2)	$	179	$	179	$	—	$	—
Cash	—		—		—		—
Total	$	179	$	179	$	—	$	—

(2)Mutual funds were invested 27% in U.S. equity funds, 38% in U.S. fixed income funds, 18% in non-U.S. equity funds and 17% in other.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company classified all of its qualified pension plan assets in the Level 1 category as quoted prices in active markets are available for these assets. See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Asset and Liabilities” for additional detail on the fair value hierarchy.

Savings and Investment Plans

Certain subsidiaries of RGA also sponsor savings and investment plans under which a portion of employee contributions are matched. Subsidiary contributions to these plans were $23 million, $21 million and $19 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Note 11    FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NET INCOME ON A STATUTORY BASIS – SIGNIFICANT SUBSIDIARIES

The domestic and foreign insurance subsidiaries of RGA prepare their statutory financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the applicable state insurance department or local regulatory authority, which may vary materially from statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Prescribed statutory accounting practices in the U.S. include publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), as well as state laws, local regulations and general administrative rules. The differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP vary between jurisdictions. The principal differences between GAAP and NAIC are that statutory financial statements do not reflect deferred policy acquisition costs and limit deferred tax assets, life benefit reserves predominately use interest rate and mortality assumptions prescribed by the NAIC and local regulatory agencies, bonds are generally carried at amortized cost and reinsurance assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance.

Statutory net income and capital and surplus of the Company’s primary operating insurance subsidiaries, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed by the applicable state insurance department or local regulatory authority are as follows (dollars in millions):

	Statutory Capital and Surplus				Statutory Net Income (Loss)
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2020
RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company	$	2,516	$	2,362	$	5	$	(13)	$	4
RGA Reinsurance Company	2,262		2,368		(332)		(98)		(133)
RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	1,607		6,812		(441)		(241)		879
RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.	1,074		1,781		(353)		52		268
RGA Life Reinsurance Company Of Canada	938		903		108		25		152
RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.	759		1,137		36		(226)		175
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	639		702		8		10		104
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	382		565		—		93		59
RGA Reinsurance Company Of Australia Limited	387		485		(68)		(22)		42
RGA International Reinsurance Company Dac	214		1,121		31		43		52
Other	1,038		1,015		300		(152)		194

Each U.S. domestic insurance subsidiary’s state of domicile imposes minimum risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that were developed by the NAIC. The formulas for determining the amount of RBC specify various weighting factors that are applied to financial balances or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk. Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to authorized control level RBC, as defined by the NAIC. Companies below specific trigger points or ratios are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. Each of RGA’s U.S. domestic insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum RBC requirements for all periods presented herein. These requirements do not represent a significant constraint for the payment of dividends by RGA’s U.S. domestic insurance companies.

The licensing orders of the Company’s special purpose companies stipulate a minimum amount of capital required based on the purpose of the entity and the underlying business. These companies are subject to enhanced oversight by the regulator which includes filing detailed plans of operations before commencing operations or making material changes to existing agreements or entering into new agreements. Each of the Company’s Special Purpose Life Reinsurance Captives (“SPLRC”) exceeded the minimum capital requirements for all periods presented herein.

The Company’s foreign insurance subsidiaries prepare financial statements in accordance with local regulatory requirements. The regulatory authorities in these foreign jurisdictions establish some form of minimum regulatory capital and surplus requirements. All of the Company’s foreign insurance subsidiaries have regulatory capital and surplus that exceed the local minimum requirements. These requirements do not represent a significant constraint for the payment of dividends by the Company’s foreign insurance companies.

The state of domicile of certain of the Company’s SPLRCs follow prescribed accounting practices differing from NAIC statutory accounting practices (“NAIC SAP”) applicable to their statutory financial statements. Specifically, these prescribed practices require that surplus note interest accrued but not approved for payment be reported as a direct reduction of surplus and an addition to the surplus note balance. Under NAIC SAP, surplus note interest is not to be reported until approved for payment and is reported as a reduction of net investment income in the Summary of Operations. In addition, these prescribed practices allow the SPLRC to reflect letters of credit issued for its benefit as an admitted asset and a direct credit to unassigned surplus. Under NAIC SAP, letters of credit issued on behalf of the reporting company are not reported on the balance sheet.

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A reconciliation of the surplus between NAIC SAP and practices prescribed by the state of domicile is shown below (dollars in millions):

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Prescribed practice – surplus	$	527	$	403
Prescribed practice – letters of credit	(301)		(461)
Surplus (deficit) – NAIC SAP	$	226	$	(58)

RGA Life and Annuity and RGA Reinsurance are subject to Missouri statutory provisions that restrict the payment of dividends. They may not pay dividends in any 12-month period in excess of the greater of the prior year’s statutory net gain from operations or 10% of statutory capital and surplus at the preceding year-end, without regulatory approval. Aurora National is subject to California statutory provisions that are identical to those imposed by Missouri regarding the ability of Aurora National to pay dividends to RGA Reinsurance. The applicable statutory provisions only permit an insurer to pay a shareholder dividend from unassigned surplus. As of January 1, 2023, RGA Reinsurance could pay maximum dividends, without prior approval, of approximately $226 million. Any dividends paid by RGA Reinsurance would be paid to RGA Life and Annuity, its parent company, which in turn has restrictions related to its ability to pay dividends to RGA.

The Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance allows RGA Life and Annuity to pay a dividend to RGA to the extent RGA Life and Annuity received the dividend from its subsidiaries, without limitation related to the level of unassigned surplus. Dividend payments from other subsidiaries are subject to regulations in the jurisdiction of domicile, which are generally based on their earnings and/or capital level.

Dividend payments from non-U.S. operations are subject to similar restrictions established by local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit the dividend payments to the parent to a portion of the prior year’s statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of the Company’s non-U.S. operations may also limit or prohibit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of the non-U.S. operating subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries that are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to the first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividends paid to RGA.

There are no regulatory restrictions that limit the payment of dividends by RGA, except those generally applicable to Missouri corporations. Dividends are payable by Missouri corporations only under the circumstances specified in The General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri. RGA would not be permitted to pay common stock dividends if there is any accrued and unpaid interest on its subordinated debentures and its junior subordinated debentures. Furthermore, the ability of RGA to pay dividends is dependent on business conditions, income, cash requirements of the Company, receipt of dividends from its subsidiaries, financial covenant provisions and other relevant factors.

Note 12    COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND GUARANTEES

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the following table (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	937	$	1,031
Mortgage loans	137		152
Bank loans and private placements	682		768
Lifetime mortgages	59		41

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Bank loans and private placements are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale.

The Company has an immaterial liability, included in other liabilities, for current expected credit losses associated with unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In 2013, the Company executed a series of incentive agreements with the County of St. Louis, Missouri (the “County”). Under these agreements, the Company transferred ownership in its newly constructed world headquarters to the County in exchange

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for taxable industrial revenue bonds (the “bonds”), in a series of bond issuances during 2013 and 2014, with a maximum amount of $150 million. As a result, the Company was able to reduce the cost of constructing and operating its world headquarters by reducing certain state and local tax expenditures. The Company simultaneously leased the world headquarters from the County and has an option to purchase the world headquarters for a nominal fee upon tendering the bonds back to the County. The payments due to the Company under the terms of the bonds and the amounts owed by the Company under the terms of the lease agreement qualify for the right of offset under GAAP. As such, neither the bonds nor the lease obligation is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as an asset or liability, respectively. The world headquarters is recorded as an asset of the Company in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

Funding Agreements

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Des Moines

The Company is a member of the FHLB and, through membership, has issued funding agreements to the FHLB in exchange for cash advances. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, of FHLB funding agreements outstanding. The Company is required to provide collateral in excess of the funding agreement amounts outstanding, considering any discounts to the securities posted and prepayment penalties.

Funding Agreement Backed Notes

The Company’s Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”) program allows RGA Global Funding, a special-purpose, unaffiliated statutory trust, to offer its senior secured medium-term notes to investors. RGA Global Funding uses the net proceeds from each sale to purchase one or more funding agreements from the Company. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $900 million and $500 million of FABN agreements outstanding and are included within interest-sensitive contract liabilities.

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation and regulatory investigations or actions from time to time. Based on current knowledge, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters will have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in future or pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and indeterminate or potentially substantial amount of damages sought in any such matters, an adverse outcome could be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action or is notified that an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

Certain RGA subsidiaries have committed to provide statutory reserve support to third-parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). In addition, certain subsidiaries have also committed to provide capital support to a third-party, in exchange for a fee, by agreeing to assume real estate leases in the event of a severe and prolonged decline in the commercial lease market. Upon assumption of a lease, the Company would recognize a right to use asset and lease obligation. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

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Commitment Period	Maximum Potential Obligation
2034	$	1,243
2035	2,628
2036	3,599
2037	6,850
2038	800
2039	8,751
2046	3,000

Other Guarantees

RGA has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, RGA or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. Additionally, in limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide them additional security, particularly in cases where RGA’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of a significant size, relative to the ceding company. Liabilities supported by the treaty guarantees, before consideration of any legally offsetting amounts due from the guaranteed party are reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets in future policy benefits. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to provide securities when due. RGA’s guarantees issued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are reflected in the following table (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Treaty guarantees	$	1,851	$	2,208
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust	1,081		1,281
Securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements	170		134

Note 13     DEBT

Long-Term Debt

The Company’s long-term debt consists of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$100 million 4.09% Promissory Note due 2039	77		80
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$500 million 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051	500		500
$700 million 7.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	319		319
Sub-total	3,993		3,695
Unamortized issuance costs	(32)		(28)
Long-term Debt	$	3,961	$	3,667

RGA has entered into an interest rate swap on its Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures that effectively fixes the interest rate on these securities at 4.82% until December 2037.

On September 15, 2022, RGA announced a cash tender offer for any and all of its outstanding 6.20% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2042 (the “2042 Debentures”) at a price of $25.20 for each $25 principal amount. The tender offer expired on September 22, 2022, and a total of $151 million or approximately 38%, of the aggregate principal amount of the 2042 Debentures were tendered. The Company redeemed the remaining debentures in accordance with the indenture governing the 2042 Debentures on December 15, 2022.

On September 23, 2022, RGA issued 7.125% fixed-rate reset subordinated debentures due October 15, 2052, with a face amount of $700 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $690 million and a portion was used to pay for the tender offer and redemption of the 2042 Debentures. The remaining proceeds will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $10 million.

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On December 13, 2021, RGA Reinsurance, a subsidiary of RGA issued to unaffiliated financial institutions 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051 (the “Surplus Notes”). The proceeds of the Surplus Notes was $500 million. RGA Reinsurance will use the proceeds of the Surplus Notes for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $6 million.

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-default covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event that results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $3,993 million and $3,695 million, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the average interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 4.71% and 4.42%, respectively.

The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds. Future principal payments due on long-term debt, excluding discounts, as of December 31, 2022, were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Calendar Year
	2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter
Long-term debt	$	403	$	3	$	4	$	404	$	4	$	3,179

Credit and Committed Facilities

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were approximately $128 million and $53 million, respectively, of undrawn outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, the Company utilizes letters of credit primarily to secure reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions such as the U.S. and the UK. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $1,462 million and $1,440 million, respectively, in undrawn letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, primarily backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company. The banks providing letters of credit to the Company are included on the NAIC list of approved banks.

The Company maintains seven committed credit facilities, a syndicated revolving credit facility and six letter of credit facilities. The committed credit facilities have a combined capacity of $928 million while the syndicated revolving credit facility is for $850 million and the remaining letter of credit facilities have a capacity of $1,250 million. The Company may borrow cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies under its syndicated revolving credit facility. The following table provides additional information on the Company’s existing committed credit facilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

				Amount Utilized(1) December 31,
Current Capacity			Maturity Date	2022		2021		Basis of Fees
$	850		August 2023	$	1	$	21	Senior unsecured long-term debt rating
500			November 2023	346		376		Debt rating and utilization %
3		(2)	December 2023	3		80		Fixed
100			February 2024	97		51		Fixed
125			March 2024	103		108		Fixed
100			August 2024	30		40		Fixed
100			May 2025	70		70		Fixed

(1)Represents issued but undrawn letters of credit. There was no cash borrowed for the periods presented.

(2)Foreign currency denominated facility, amounts presented are in U.S. dollars.

Fees associated with the Company’s other letters of credit are not fixed for periods in excess of one year and are based on the Company’s ratings and the general availability of these instruments in the marketplace. Total fees expensed associated with the Company’s letters of credit were $11 million, $11 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

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Note 14     COLLATERAL FINANCE AND SECURITIZATION NOTES

Collateral Finance Notes

In 2006, RGA’s subsidiary, Timberlake Financial L.L.C. (“Timberlake Financial”), issued $850 million of Series A Floating Rate Insured Notes, due June 2036, in a private placement. The notes were issued to fund the collateral requirements for statutory reserves required by Regulation XXX on specified term life insurance policies reinsured by RGA Reinsurance and retroceded to Timberlake Re. Proceeds from the notes, along with a $113 million direct investment by RGA, were deposited into a series of accounts that collateralize the notes and are not available to satisfy the general obligations of the Company. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Company held assets in trust and in custody of $0 million and $465 million, of which $0 million and $39 million were held in a Debt Service Coverage account to cover interest payments on the notes. Interest on the notes accrued at an annual rate of 1-month LIBOR plus a base rate margin, payable monthly, and totaled $2 million, $1 million and $3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The notes were called and fully redeemed on August 29, 2022.

Securitization Notes

The Company’s collateral finance and securitization notes consist of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Timberlake Financial	$	—	$	181
Unamortized issuance costs	—		(1)
Total	$	—	$	180

Note 15     SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses.

The U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health reinsurance to domestic clients for a variety of products through yearly renewable term agreements, coinsurance, and modified coinsurance. The U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment includes asset-intensive products that concentrate on the investment risk within underlying annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies, financial reinsurance, and capital solutions that assists ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength and regulatory surplus position.

The Canada Traditional segment is primarily engaged in individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance, through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements. The Canada Financial Solutions segment concentrates on assisting clients with longevity risk transfer structures within underlying annuities and pension benefit obligations and provides capital solutions to assist clients in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength and regulatory surplus position through financial reinsurance and other capital solutions structures.

The Europe, Middle East and Africa Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health products through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements, reinsurance of critical illness coverage that provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness and underwritten annuities. The Europe, Middle East and Africa Financial Solutions segment provides longevity, asset-intensive and financial reinsurance. Longevity reinsurance takes the form of closed block annuity reinsurance and longevity swap structures.

The Asia Pacific Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health reinsurance, critical illness coverage, disability and superannuation through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements. The Asia Pacific Financial Solutions segment provides financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks.

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. The Company invests in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the development of new solutions and services to increase consumer engagement within the life industry.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements.” The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before

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income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is attributed to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and assets of the Company’s operations are summarized below (dollars in millions):

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Revenues:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	7,629	$	7,198	$	6,560
Financial Solutions	1,100		1,492		1,220
Total	8,729		8,690		7,780
Canada:
Traditional	1,465		1,448		1,260
Financial Solutions	105		101		92
Total	1,570		1,549		1,352
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,830		1,827		1,633
Financial Solutions	623		616		471
Total	2,453		2,443		2,104
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,823		2,778		2,806
Financial Solutions	476		417		309
Total	3,299		3,195		3,115
Corporate and Other	207		781		245
Total	$	16,258	$	16,658	$	14,596

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Income (loss) before income taxes:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	268	$	(540)	$	(298)
Financial Solutions	199		515		295
Total	467		(25)		(3)
Canada:
Traditional	86		128		134
Financial Solutions	32		15		21
Total	118		143		155
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	10		(239)		27
Financial Solutions	196		303		258
Total	206		64		285
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	294		(10)		174
Financial Solutions	(18)		98		59
Total	276		88		233
Corporate and Other	(236)		421		(117)
Total	$	831	$	691	$	553

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Interest expense:
Corporate and Other	$	184	$	127	$	170
Total	$	184	$	127	$	170

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For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Depreciation and amortization:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	314	$	360	$	291
Financial Solutions	(111)		80		90
Total	203		440		381
Canada:
Traditional	22		21		24
Financial Solutions	—		—		—
Total	22		21		24
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	60		66		46
Financial Solutions	1		1		1
Total	61		67		47
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	82		87		94
Financial Solutions	68		43		20
Total	150		130		114
Corporate and Other	18		22		23
Total	$	454	$	680	$	589

The table above includes amortization of DAC, including the effect from investment related gains and losses.

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021
Assets:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	20,567	$	20,572
Financial Solutions	25,228		29,028
Total	45,795		49,600
Canada:
Traditional	4,912		5,091
Financial Solutions	52		18
Total	4,964		5,109
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	4,723		4,670
Financial Solutions	4,998		7,165
Total	9,721		11,835
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	9,510		10,048
Financial Solutions	10,628		7,678
Total	20,138		17,726
Corporate and Other	4,088		7,905
Total	$	84,706	$	92,175

Companies in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported on the equity basis of accounting. The equity in the net income of such investments is not material to the results of operations or financial position of individual segments or the Company taken as a whole. Capital expenditures of each reporting segment were immaterial in the periods noted.

No individual client generated 10% or more of the Company’s total gross premiums and other revenues on a consolidated basis in 2022, 2021 and 2020. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

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Note 16   POLICY CLAIMS AND BENEFITS

Liabilities for Unpaid Claims and Claim Expense

The Company uses several actuarial methods to compute incurred-but-not reported liabilities. These methods use historical claim reporting patterns to develop a triangle of reported claim amounts. The claim triangle is then used to develop the ultimate claims amount and the incurred-but-not reported liabilities. Expected claim methods use exposure data such as premiums to develop the ultimate claim amount. The final method blends the estimates from the development and the expected claim methods. There were no significant changes in methodologies during 2022.

The following tables provide information on incurred and paid claims development, net of retrocession, for short-duration reinsurance contracts for the Company’s U.S. and Latin America and Asia Pacific Traditional segments, which primarily relate to group life and health (including disability) business. The short-duration business for the Company’s other segments is immaterial. Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance equals total incurred claims less cumulative paid claims plus outstanding liabilities prior to 2013.

The Company provides reinsurance on large quota share transactions. It is common industry practice for cedants to provide loss information on a bulk basis without comprehensive claim details. Additionally, a claim under aggregate stop loss coverage may be the result of thousands of claims, but the Company only pays the excess amount. Therefore, it is impractical to provide meaningful claim count detail by accident year in the tables shown below.

U.S. and Latin America																					As of
(dollars in millions)																					December 31, 2022
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustments, Net of Reinsurance (1)																					Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	349	$	333	$	339	$	337	$	336	$	336	$	337	$	335	$	336	$	336	—
2014			408		411		396		397		396		399		399		401		401		—
2015					460		461		465		462		462		463		463		464		—
2016							501		500		501		497		497		498		499		—
2017									485		514		509		504		503		504		—
2018											538		538		524		517		520		1
2019													491		473		456		453		2
2020															469		426		415		5
2021																	509		492		27
2022																			519		227
																	Total		$	4,603

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance (1)
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	114	$	249	$	277	$	286	$	292	$	297	$	302	$	305	$	309	$	311
2014			129		305		337		349		356		364		368		374		378
2015					146		361		407		422		431		437		441		446
2016							185		393		437		451		460		467		472
2017									190		403		448		462		468		474
2018											183		415		465		479		489
2019													180		372		418		428
2020															159		356		388
2021																	177		414
2022																			182
													Total						3,982
					All outstanding claims prior to 2013, net of reinsurance														108
			Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance																$	729

(1)2013 – 2021 unaudited.

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Asia Pacific																					As of
(dollars in millions)																					December 31, 2022
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustments, Net of Reinsurance (1)																					Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	282	$	302	$	293	$	291	$	303	$	317	$	319	$	318	$	319	$	323	4
2014			267		290		257		262		275		277		277		276		275		4
2015					269		249		242		258		258		259		258		258		6
2016							220		199		206		213		212		209		210		5
2017									205		208		207		210		198		196		3
2018											245		262		256		245		239		9
2019													245		253		260		251		19
2020															145		141		142		23
2021																	67		61		12
2022																			93		57
																	Total		$	2,048

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance (1)
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	48	$	139	$	202	$	228	$	253	$	273	$	285	$	294	$	300	$	306
2014			33		131		171		199		221		234		244		251		255
2015					47		115		162		196		214		226		235		240
2016							37		94		129		148		161		172		180
2017									34		84		111		132		147		160
2018											31		103		142		171		191
2019													37		99		136		174
2020															22		53		80
2021																	8		23
2022																			11
															Total				1,620
					All outstanding claims prior to 2013, net of reinsurance														79
					Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance														$	507

(1)2013 – 2021 unaudited.

The following is unaudited supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

Average Annual Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
U.S. and Latin America	35.7	%	44.1	%	9.0	%	2.7	%	1.7	%	1.4	%	1.1	%	1.3	%	1.1	%	0.8	%
Asia Pacific	14.8	%	27.1	%	16.6	%	11.1	%	7.6	%	5.4	%	3.7	%	2.5	%	2.0	%	1.7	%

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Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expenses

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expense in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance:
U.S. and Latin America	$	729
Asia Pacific	507
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance	1,236
Adjustments to reconcile to total policy claims and future policy benefits:
Reinsurance recoverable	10
Effect of discounting	(97)
Unallocated claims adjustment expense	7
Total adjustments	(80)
Other short-duration contracts:
Canada	309
Europe, Middle East and Africa	768
Other	259
Liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense – short-duration	2,492
Liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense – long-duration	5,152
Total liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances)	$	7,644

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	8,053	$	7,556	$	6,786
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(556)		(641)		(564)
Net balance, beginning of period	7,497		6,915		6,222
Incurred:
Current year	11,018		13,181		11,195
Prior years	(143)		(377)		123
Total incurred	10,875		12,804		11,318
Payments:
Current year	(4,282)		(6,284)		(5,617)
Prior years	(6,634)		(5,810)		(5,204)
Total payments	(10,916)		(12,094)		(10,821)
Other changes:
Interest accretion	34		31		36
Foreign exchange adjustments	(285)		(159)		160
Total other changes	(251)		(128)		196
Net balance, end of period	7,205		7,497		6,915
Plus: reinsurance recoverable	439		556		641
Balance, end of period	$	7,644	$	8,053	$	7,556

Incurred claims associated with prior periods are primarily due to events, related to long-duration business, which were incurred in prior periods but were reported in the current period, and to a lesser extent, the development of short-duration business claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.

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Note 17   EQUITY

On June 5, 2020, the Company completed a public offering of 6,172,840 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, at a public offering price of $81.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $481 million. The Company granted the underwriters an option to purchase from the Company, within 30 days after the Underwriting Agreement dated June 2, 2020, up to an additional 925,926 shares of common stock at the offering price of $81.00 per share. The underwriters’ option was not exercised and expired on July 2, 2020. The Company used the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes.

Common Stock

The changes in number of common stock shares, issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:

	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2019	79,137,758	16,481,656	62,656,102
Equity offering	6,172,840	—	6,172,840
Common Stock acquired	—	1,074,413	(1,074,413)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(202,372)	202,372
Balance, December 31, 2020	85,310,598	17,353,697	67,956,901
Common Stock acquired	—	852,037	(852,037)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(65,866)	65,866
Balance, December 31, 2021	85,310,598	18,139,868	67,170,730
Common Stock acquired	—	599,254	(599,254)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(104,732)	104,732
Balance, December 31, 2022	85,310,598	18,634,390	66,676,208

(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s stock-based compensation programs.

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of “Common stock held in treasury” are credited to “Additional paid-in capital.” Losses resulting from the reissuance of “Common stock held in treasury” are charged first to “Additional paid-in capital” to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to “Retained earnings.”

On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 219,116 shares of common stock under this program for $25 million.

On February 25, 2022, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2022, RGA repurchased 380,138 shares of common stock under this program for $50 million.

The following table summarizes the Company’s current share repurchase program activity under the 2019 and 2022 share repurchase programs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollar amounts in millions, except for the number of shares and per share amounts):

Year of Repurchase	Shares Repurchased	Amount Paid		Average Per Share
2022	599,254	$	75	$	125.15
2021	852,037	$	96	$	112.64

Noncontrolling Interest

In 2022, Papara Financing LLC (“Papara”), a subsidiary of RGA Reinsurance, issued nonconvertible preferred interests to an unaffiliated third party. Papara holds investments in mortgage loans. The membership interests in Papara consist of (1) common interests, which are held by RGA Reinsurance and (2) preferred interests. The preferred interests total $90 million and pay an initial preferred distribution at an annual rate of 2.375% plus three month LIBOR. The applicable rate of interest is reset every five years. Distributions are paid quarterly, if declared by Papara. RGA can call the Papara preferred interests at the issue price beginning five years from the issuance date or upon the receipt of proceeds from the sale of the underlying assets. The holders of the Papara preferred interests have the option to require redemption upon the occurrence of certain contingent events, such as the failure of Papara to pay the preferred distribution for two or more periods or to meet certain other requirements, including a minimum credit rating. If notice is given upon such an event, all other holders of equal or more subordinate classes of

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membership interests in Papara are entitled to receive the same form of consideration payable to the holders of the preferred interests, resulting in a deemed liquidation for accounting purposes. The preferred interests are included in noncontrolling interest, and net income attributable to noncontrolling interest was $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the components of the Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	(205)	$	(8)	$	(213)
Foreign currency swap	64		(13)		51
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	(141)		(21)		(162)
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding losses arising during the year	(11,821)		2,536		(9,285)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	(218)		41		(177)
Net unrealized gains	(11,603)		2,495		(9,108)
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		—
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	(3)		1		(2)
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	33		(8)		25
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	30		(7)		23
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(11,714)	$	2,467	$	(9,247)

For the year ended December 31, 2021:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	85	$	(24)	$	61
Foreign currency swap	(2)		1		(1)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	83		(23)		60
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding gains arising during the year	(2,093)		471		(1,622)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	226		(49)		177
Net unrealized gains	(2,319)		520		(1,799)
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		—
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	2		—		2
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	27		(7)		20
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	29		(7)		22
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(2,207)	$	490	$	(1,717)

For the year ended December 31, 2020:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	43	$	3	$	46
Foreign currency swap	(29)		6		(23)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	14		9		23
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding gains arising during the year	2,812		(614)		2,198
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	(8)		(1)		(9)
Net unrealized gains	2,820		(613)		2,207
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	(8)		2		(6)
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	(1)		—		(1)
Net gain arising during the period	(2)		1		(1)
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	(3)		1		(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2,823	$	(601)	$	2,222

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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A summary of the components of net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of balances carried at fair value is as follows (dollars in millions):

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	(11,632)	$	(2,299)	$	2,837
Other investments(1)	(186)		(64)		29
Effect on unrealized appreciation on:
Deferred policy acquisition costs	215		44		(54)
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	$	(11,603)	$	(2,319)	$	2,812

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

The balance of and changes in each component of AOCI were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments		Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments (1)		Pension and Postretirement Benefits		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(92)	$	3,299	$	(70)	$	3,137
OCI before reclassifications	14		2,854		(9)		2,859
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		(42)		6		(36)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	9		(611)		1		(601)
Balance, December 31, 2020	(69)		5,500		(72)		5,359
OCI before reclassifications	83		(2,144)		22		(2,039)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		(175)		7		(168)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(23)		520		(7)		490
Balance, December 31, 2021	(9)		3,701		(50)		3,642
OCI before reclassifications	(141)		(12,045)		28		(12,158)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		442		2		444
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(21)		2,495		(7)		2,467
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	(171)	$	(5,407)	$	(27)	$	(5,605)

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(205), $(22) and $(49) as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Amount Reclassified from AOCI
Details about AOCI Components	2022		2021		Affected Line Item in  Statement of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	$	(218)	$	226	Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges – Interest rate	(1)		(7)		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Currency/Interest rate	(8)		—		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Forward bond purchase commitments	—		—		(1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses	(215)		(44)		(2)
Total	(442)		175
Provision for income taxes	335		(38)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax	$	(107)	$	137
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit)	$	2	$	1	(3)
Actuarial gains (losses)	(4)		(8)		(3)
Total	(2)		(7)
Provision for income taxes	—		1
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax	$	(2)	$	(6)
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(109)	$	131

(1)See Note 5 for information on cash flow hedges.

(2)See Note 8 for information on deferred policy acquisition costs.

(3)See Note 10 for information on employee benefit plans.

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Equity Based Compensation

The Company adopted the RGA Flexible Stock Plan (the “Plan”) in February 1993, as amended, and the Flexible Stock Plan for Directors (the “Directors Plan”) in January 1997, as amended, (collectively, the “Stock Plans”). The Stock Plans provide for the award of benefits (collectively “Benefits”) of various types, including stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, performance shares, cash awards, and other stock-based awards, to key employees, officers, directors and others performing significant services for the benefit of the Company or its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022, shares authorized for the granting of Benefits under the Plan and the Directors Plan totaled 16,460,077 and 462,500 respectively. The Company uses treasury shares or shares made available from authorized but unissued shares to support the future exercise of options or settlement of awards granted under its stock plans.

Equity-based compensation expense of $45 million, $55 million, and $(12) million related to grants or awards under the Stock Plans was recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The equity compensation credit for the year ended December 31, 2020, is attributable to the reduction in the estimated financial performance measures associated with performance-based stock awards, primarily due to the adverse impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s financial results. Equity-based compensation expense is principally related to the issuance of performance contingent restricted units, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock.

In general, stock awards granted under the Plan become exercisable over vesting periods ranging from one to four years. SARs are generally granted with a conversion price equal to the stock’s fair value at the date of grant and expire 10 years after the date of grant. There are no stock options outstanding under the Directors Plan during the periods presented. Information with respect to grants under the Stock Plans are as follows.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following table presents a summary of options and SARs activity:

	Number of Options and SARs	Weighted-Average Exercise/Conversion Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,222,714	$	107.39
Granted	258,327	$	106.53
Exercised	(251,305)	$	64.79
Forfeited	(8,449)	$	124.29
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,221,287	$	112.05	$	68.7
Awards exercisable	1,818,128	$	111.35	$	57.8

The intrinsic value of awards exercised was $16 million, $8 million, and $15 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

	Awards Outstanding				Awards Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding as of 12/31/2022	Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Number Exercisable as of 12/31/2022	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
$50.00 – $89.99	145,026	0.8	$	70.87	145,026	$	70.87
$90.00 – $99.99	688,154	2.8	$	92.56	688,154	$	92.56
$100.00 – $139.99	1,045,417	7.4	$	118.87	642,258	$	121.18
$140.00 +	342,690	5.7	$	147.80	342,690	$	147.80
Totals	2,221,287	5.3	$	112.05	1,818,128	$	111.35

The following table presents the weighted average assumptions used to determine the fair value of SARs issued:

For the years ended December 31,	2022			2021			2020
Dividend yield	2.74		%	2.17		%	2.37		%
Risk-free rate of return	2.41		%	1.04		%	0.69		%
Expected volatility	36.0		%	34.5		%	18.8		%
Expected life (years)	6.3			6.3			7.0
Weighted average exercise price of stock options granted	$	106.53		$	129.01		$	117.85
Weighted average fair value of stock options granted	$	30.55		$	34.93		$	15.14

The Black-Scholes model was used to determine the fair value recognized in the financial statements of SARs that have been granted. The Company used daily historical volatility when calculating a SAR’s value. The benchmark rate is based on observed interest rates for instruments with maturities similar to the expected term of the stock options. Dividend yield is determined based on historical dividend distributions compared to the price of the underlying common stock as of the valuation

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date and held constant over the life of the stock options. The Company estimated expected life using the historical average years to exercise or cancellation.

Performance Contingent Awards

Performance contingent awards include both Performance Contingent Shares (“PCS”) and Performance Share Units (“PSU”).

•Performance Contingent Shares, are units that, if they vest, are multiplied by a performance factor to produce a number of final units that are paid in the Company’s common stock. Each PCS represents the right to receive up to two shares of Company’s common stock, depending on the results of certain performance measures.

•Performance Share Units, are units that, if they vest, are paid in the Company’s common stock. Each PSU represents the right to receive one share of Company common stock, depending on the results of certain performance measures.

The compensation expense related to each type of performance continent award is recognized ratably over the requisite performance period. Performance contingent awards are accounted for as equity awards, but are not credited with dividend-equivalents for actual dividends paid on the Company’s common stock during the performance period.

Restricted Stock Units

In general, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) become payable at the end of a three-year vesting period. Each RSU, if they vest, represents the right to receive one share of Company common stock. RSUs awarded under the plan generally have no strike price and are included in the Company’s shares outstanding.

The following table presents a summary of Performance Share and Restricted Stock Unit activity:

	Performance Contingent Awards	Restricted Stock Units
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	340,405	379,888
Granted	78,687	219,553
Change in units based on performance factor	(172,601)	—
Paid	—	(21,552)
Forfeited	(1,511)	(11,454)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 (1)	244,980	566,435

(1)Amount outstanding at December 31, 2022, includes the amount of shares to be issued under RSUs expected to vest and number of shares to be issued under performance continent awards at target performance. The amount of shares do not reflect potential increases or decreases that may result from the performance factor results except for the 2020 – 2022 grants which vested as of December 31, 2022.

During 2022, the Company issued 78,687 performance contingent awards at a weighted average fair value per unit of $106.53.

As of December 31, 2022, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the financial statements was $20.0 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 0.8 years.

The majority of the awards granted each year under the board-approved incentive compensation package and Directors Plan are made in the first quarter of each year.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated

Chesterfield, Missouri

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes, and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Fair Value – Level 3 Fixed Maturity Securities – Refer to Note 6 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company has certain fixed maturity securities that are not actively traded and classified as Level 3 assets. Since such securities trade infrequently and have little or no price transparency, the Company’s market standard valuation techniques for determining the estimated fair value of such securities rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. The determination of these unobservable inputs involve significant management judgment and estimation and typically cannot be supported by reference to market activity.

Auditing of unobservable inputs used by management to estimate the fair value of Level 3 securities required a high degree of auditor judgement and an increased extent of effort, including the involvement of our fair value specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the proprietary models and unobservable inputs used by management to estimate the fair value of Level 3 securities included the following, among others:

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•We tested the effectiveness of controls, including those surrounding the valuation of Level 3 securities.

•We obtained an understanding and evaluated the appropriateness of the Company’s pricing sources.

•For a selection of securities, we compared the accuracy of the Company’s estimated fair value price to a price independently developed by our fair value specialists.

Actuarial Assumptions - Refer to Notes 2, 6, and 8 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The estimated valuation of future policy benefits, embedded derivatives, and the amortization of deferred acquisition costs are measured based on actuarial methodologies and underlying economic and future policyholder behavior assumptions.

Significant judgment was involved in the setting of the future policyholder behavior assumptions used to determine the estimated valuation of future policy benefits, embedded derivatives and the amortization of deferred acquisition costs. These assumptions include mortality, longevity, and withdrawal (lapse).

Given the significant estimation uncertainty and complexity of the Company’s actuarial assumptions, auditing these estimates required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the involvement of our actuarial specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the assumptions used by management to estimate the valuation of future policy benefits and embedded derivatives and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls, including those related to the performance of experience studies and the setting of best estimate assumptions.

•We tested the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data that served as the basis for the estimated assumptions.

•With the assistance of our actuarial specialists, we assessed the reasonableness of assumptions used in developing the estimates by comparing conclusions reached by management to the related experience study results and industry experience, as applicable.

Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances - Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

Premiums are accrued when due and in accordance with information received from the ceding company. When the Company enters into a new reinsurance agreement, the methodology to record estimated premiums receivables is based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty. Similarly, when a ceding company fails to report information on a timely basis, the methodology used by the Company to record estimated premiums receivables is based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty and historical experience. Other management estimates include adjustments to the premiums receivable for increased in force in existing treaties and lapsed premiums based on historical experience. Given the significant judgment used in determining estimated premium receivable, auditing the actual methodologies and estimates required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to management’s estimation of premiums receivable included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls that address management’s estimation of accrued premiums receivable.

•We tested management’s historical accuracy of estimation by comparing a selection of premiums received during the year to previously-reported premiums receivable.

•For a selection of management’s premiums receivable estimates, we compared our independently-developed expectation to management’s estimate.

•We utilized statistical analysis to identify outliers in the population for further testing.

ASU 2018-12 Implementation – Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (“ASU 2018-12”). ASU 2018-12 modifies certain requirements in accounting for long-duration insurance contracts as outlined and disclosed in Note 2 to the financial statements, which has been applied on a modified retrospective basis. Accounting for market risk benefits has been applied retrospectively.

157

The adoption of ASU 2018-12 significantly modifies the Company’s accounting for and disclosure of long duration insurance contracts, including the application of new accounting policies that requires subjective judgments and modified complex valuation models. Audit procedures to evaluate the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12 involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant effort, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the disclosures over the adoption of ASU 2018-12 included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls, including those related to the application of new accounting policies, new subjective judgments, changes made to measurement models, and disclosure of the impact of adoption discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements.

•We evaluated the appropriateness of the Company’s accounting policies, methodologies, and elections involved in the adoption of the ASU.

•We involved our actuarial specialists, to assist us in evaluating the reasonableness and conceptual soundness of the methodology and changes made to the measurement models.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

St. Louis, Missouri

February 24, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000.

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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING

                   AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

Item 9A.        CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. In fulfilling this responsibility, estimates and judgments by management are required to assess the expected benefits and related costs of control procedures. The objectives of internal control include providing management with reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that assets are safeguarded against loss from unauthorized use or disposition, and that transactions are executed in accordance with management’s authorization and recorded properly to permit the preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Financial management has documented and evaluated the effectiveness of the internal control of the Company as of December 31, 2022 pertaining to financial reporting in accordance with the criteria established in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)” by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

In the opinion of management, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.

Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

159

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated

Chesterfield, Missouri

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Reinsurance Group of Americas Incorporated and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules.

Basis of Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

St. Louis, Missouri

February 24, 2023

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Item 9B.         OTHER INFORMATION

None.

Part III

Item 10.         DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information with respect to Directors of the Company is found in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Board of Directors – Item 1 – Election of Directors,” “– Director Qualifications and Nomination,” “Stock Ownership – Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Corporate Governance – Overview,” and “– Board Committees” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Executive Officers

The following is certain additional information concerning each individual who is an executive officer of the Company or its primary U.S.-based operating subsidiary, RGA Reinsurance Company.

Leslie Barbi, 56, is Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer of the Company. She is also a member of the Company’s Executive Committee. Prior to joining RGA in 2020, Ms. Barbi served as Executive Officer – Senior Vice President, Head of Public Investments for Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. Prior to that, she was the Senior Managing Director, Head of Public Fixed Income at The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America. Earlier in her career, Ms. Barbi held senior positions at Goldman Sachs Asset Management and at Pacific Investment Management Company (PIMCO).

Lawrence S. Carson, 51, is Executive Vice President, Global Financial Solutions (“GFS”) unit, which is responsible for all of RGA’s financial reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance and bulk longevity business worldwide. He is also a member of the Company’s Executive Committee. Most recently, Mr. Carson was Executive Vice President and Chief Actuary of GFS. Prior to joining RGA in 1999, he was with the actuarial firm of Milliman and Robertson (now Milliman Inc.), where he worked on demutualizations, mergers and acquisitions valuations, and market conduct class-action settlements. Previously, he was with Equitable Life Assurance Society. Mr. Carson is a Fellow of the Society of Actuaries.

Tony Cheng, 48, is President of the Company and is a member of RGA’s Executive Committee. Prior to his current role, he served as Executive Vice President, Head of Asia, Australia and EMEA. He joined RGA in 1997 as Chief Actuary of Malaysian Life Reinsurance Group Berhad, the Company’s joint venture with the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia. In 2004, Mr. Cheng was named Chief Executive Officer of the Hong Kong office, responsible for all business activity in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, and in 2011, was appointed Senior Vice President, Asia, an expanded role incorporating overall management of RGA’s Asia operations. In 2021 Mr. Cheng assumed responsibility for the Company’s Australia and EMEA operations.

Olav Cuiper, 65, is Executive Vice President, Chief Client Officer. He is also a member of the Executive Committee. Prior to joining RGA in 2009, he was Managing (statutory) Director Europe for Fortis Insurance International. Before then, Mr. Cuiper was Managing (statutory) Director of Group Life/Institutional Clients for Delta Lloyd Insurance NV. His work experience also includes business development positions with Sedgwick/Mercer and with Goudse Verzekeringen in the Netherlands. Mr. Cuiper also serves as a director and officer of several RGA subsidiaries.

Alka Gautam, 55, is Executive Vice President of the Company and President and Chief Executive Officer of RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada (“RGA Canada”). She is responsible for RGA’s Global Technology, Data and Analytics, Underwriting, Claims, Medical, Administration Operations and Operational Effectiveness functions and leads all business activities for RGA Canada. She is also a member of the Executive Committee. Prior to joining RGA Canada in 2000, Ms. Gautam was at KPMG for 10 years. She became RGA Canada’s Chief Financial Officer and Chief Risk Officer in 2006, was named its Chief Operating Officer in 2014, and in 2015 was named RGA Canada’s President and Chief Executive Officer.

John W. Hayden, 56, is Executive Vice President, Controller. Mr. Hayden joined the Company in 2000 and held the position of Vice President, SEC Reporting and Investor Relations prior to his current role. Before coming to RGA, Mr. Hayden served in a finance position at General American Life Insurance Company and prior to that position, he was a senior manager at KPMG LLP, in the financial services audit practice, specializing in the insurance industry. Mr. Hayden also serves as a director and officer of several RGA subsidiaries.

Ron Herrmann, 58, is Executive Vice President, Head of U.S. & Latin American Markets of RGA Reinsurance Company. He joined the Company in December 2020 and is a member of RGA’s Executive Committee. Prior to joining RGA, Mr. Herrmann served as Head of both Individual Life and Employee Benefits at Equitable. Prior to that he held senior positions at Prudential and The Hartford, as well as senior sales and sales management roles at Chubb Corporation, John Hancock Life Insurance Company, and Metropolitan Life. Mr. Herrmann is a Certified Financial Planner and a member of Leadership for

161

Advanced Life Underwriting. He sits on the American Council of Life Insurers' Life Insurance Committee as well as the Group Executive Insurance Council.

William L. Hutton, 63, is Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of the Company. He is responsible for legal services provided throughout the RGA enterprise. Mr. Hutton has been advising RGA on legal matters since 1998 and became General Counsel in 2011. In addition, prior to becoming General Counsel, he served as the company’s lead securities, finance and corporate governance counsel and had significant roles in RGA’s successful separation from MetLife in 2008 and the acquisition of ING’s Group Reinsurance in 2009. Prior to joining RGA, Mr. Hutton was in private practice with two law firms in St. Louis, Missouri. He holds a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Southern Illinois University School of Law and a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in finance from Eastern Illinois University. He is a member of the bar in both Missouri and Illinois.

Ray Kleeman, 50, is Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer, responsible for all of RGA’s global human resource strategies, including organization design, workforce and succession planning, talent acquisition and development, compensation and benefits, diversity and inclusion, and change management. He is also a member of the Company’s Executive Committee. He joined RGA in April 2022 and was previously Senior Vice President, Human Resources at Centene Corporation. Previously, Mr. Kleeman held several global positions with Monsanto Company, Express Scripts, Amgen, and Pfizer. He has a Master of Science (M.S.) and a Ph.D. in organizational psychology, both from Saint Louis University.

Todd C. Larson, 59, is Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of the Company. He is also a member of the Company’s Executive Committee. Mr. Larson joined the Company in May 1995 as Controller and held several positions in the finance function, including the position of Executive Vice President, Corporate Finance and Treasurer, before becoming Global Chief Risk Officer in July 2014. Mr. Larson assumed the role of Chief Financial Officer in May 2016. Mr. Larson previously was Assistant Controller at Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company from 1994 through 1995 and prior to that position was an accountant for KPMG LLP from 1985 through 1993.

Anna Manning, 64, is Chief Executive Officer of the Company. She is also a member of the Company’s Executive Committee. Prior to her current role, Ms. Manning held the position of Senior Executive Vice President, Structured Solutions, which includes the Company’s Global Financial Solutions and Global Acquisitions businesses. Ms. Manning joined the Company in 2007 as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer for RGA International Corporation, followed by four years as Executive Vice President of U.S. Markets. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Manning spent 19 years in actuarial consulting at Tillinghast Towers Perrin, following an actuarial career in the Canadian marketplace at Manulife Financial from 1981 through 1988. She holds a B.Sc. in Actuarial Science from the University of Toronto, is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Actuaries (“FCIA”), and a Fellow of the Society of Actuaries.

Jonathan Porter, 52, is Executive Vice President and Global Chief Risk Officer. He is also a member of the Company’s Executive Committee. Mr. Porter is responsible for the Company’s global enterprise risk management and corporate pricing oversight. Prior to his current role, Mr. Porter previously served in positions of Senior Vice President, Global Analytics and In-Force Management and Chief Pricing Actuary of International Markets. Before joining the Company in 2008, Mr. Porter worked for Manulife Financial as Chief Financial Officer, U.S. Life Insurance. Mr. Porter holds FSA and FCIA designations. Mr. Porter also serves as a director and officer of several RGA subsidiaries.

Corporate Governance

The Company has adopted a Code of Conduct (the “Code”), a Directors’ Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Directors’ Code”), and a Financial Management Code of Professional Conduct (the “Financial Management Code”). The Code applies to all employees and officers of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Directors’ Code applies to directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Financial Management Code applies to the Company’s chief executive officer, chief financial officer, corporate controller, primary financial officers in each business unit, and all professionals in finance and finance-related departments. The Company intends to satisfy its disclosure obligations under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K by posting on its website information about amendments to, or waivers from a provision of the Financial Management Code that applies to the Company’s chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and corporate controller. Each of the three Codes described above is available on the Company’s website at www.rgare.com.

Also available on the Company’s website are the following other items: Corporate Governance Guidelines, Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Investment Committee Charter, Nominating and Governance Committee Charter and Risk Committee Charter (collectively “Governance Documents”).

The Company will provide without charge upon written or oral request, a copy of any of the Codes of Conduct or Governance Documents. Requests should be directed to Investor Relations, Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated, 16600 Swingley Ridge Road, Chesterfield, MO 63017, by electronic mail (investrelations@rgare.com) or by telephone (636-736-2068).

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In accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company’s board of directors has established a standing audit committee. The board of directors has determined, in its judgment, that all of the members of the audit committee are independent within the meaning of SEC regulations and the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). The board of directors has determined, in its judgment, that all members of the Audit Committee (Ms. Guinn (chair), Mr. Gauthier, Mr. Tran and Mr. Van Wyk) are qualified as audit committee financial experts within the meaning of SEC regulations and the board has determined that each of them has accounting and related financial management expertise within the meaning of the listing standards of the NYSE. The audit committee charter provides that members of the audit committee may not simultaneously serve on the audit committee of more than two other public companies unless such member demonstrates that he or she has the ability to devote the time and attention that are required to serve on multiple audit committees.

Item 11.         EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information on this subject is found in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Tables and Other Matters,” “Compensation Committee Report,” “Board of Directors – Director Compensation” and “Corporate Governance – Board Committees” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12.         SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERS

Information on this subject is found in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Stock Ownership – Securities Ownership of Directors, Management and Certain Beneficial Owners” and is incorporated herein by reference.

The following table summarizes information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans:

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding  options, warrants and rights	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
	(a)	(b)	(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	3,094,352(1)	$112.05(2)(3)	1,729,396(4)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	—	—	—
Total	3,094,352(1)	$112.05(2)(3)	1,729,396(4)

(1)Includes the number of securities to be issued upon exercises or settlement of stock appreciation rights, restricted units, performance contingent shares, and performance share units under the following plans: Flexible Stock Plan – 3,032,804; Director Flexible Stock Plan – 0; and Phantom Stock Plan for Directors – 61,548. The number of performance contingent shares represents the number of shares that would be issued based on target performance, reduced for cancellations and adjustments through December 31, 2022. The actual number of shares issued at the end of each performance period will range between 0% and 200% of the target number of units granted, based on a measure of the actual performance of the Company relative to stated goals.

(2)Does not include 244,980 performance contingent shares and performance share units outstanding under the Flexible Stock Plan; 0 outstanding under the Flexible Stock Plan for Directors or 61,548 phantom units outstanding under the Phantom Stock Plan for Directors because those securities do not have an exercise price (i.e. a unit is a hypothetical share of Company common stock with a value equal to the fair market value of the common stock).

(3)Reflects the blended weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options under the Flexible Stock Plan $112.05.

(4)Includes the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the following plans: Flexible Stock Plan – 1,655,139; Flexible Stock Plan for Directors – 46,629; and Phantom Stock Plan for Directors – 27,628.

On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 219,116 shares of common stock under this program for $25 million.

On February 25, 2022, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2022, RGA repurchased 380,138 shares of common stock under this program for $50 million.

The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

163

Item 13.         CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information on this subject is found in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Corporate Governance – Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions,” and – “Overview” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14.         PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Information on this subject is found in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Item 5 – Ratification of Appointment of Independent Auditor” and is incorporated herein by reference.

164

Item 15.         EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)1.     Financial Statements

The following consolidated statements are included within Item 8 under the following captions:

Index	Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets	87
Consolidated Statements of Income	88
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	89
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	90
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	91
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	93
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	156

2.     Schedules, Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Schedule		Page
I	Summary of Investments	166
II	Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant	167
III	Supplementary Insurance Information	169
IV	Reinsurance	171
V	Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	172

All other schedules specified in Regulation S-X are omitted for the reason that they are not required, are not applicable, or that equivalent information has been included in the consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, appearing in Item 8.

3.     Exhibits

See the Index to Exhibits on page 178.

Item 16.         FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

165

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE I-SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS-OTHER THAN

INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

December 31, 2022

(in millions)

Type of Investment	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amount at Which Shown in the Balance Sheets(1)
Fixed maturity securities:
United States government and government agencies and authorities	$	1,690	$	1,482	$	1,482
State and political subdivisions	1,282		1,119		1,119
Foreign governments(2)	10,515		9,889		9,889
Public utilities	4,788		4,032		4,032
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	7,213		6,442		6,442
All other corporate bonds	34,175		29,937		29,937
Total fixed maturity securities	$	59,663	$	52,901	$	52,901
Equity securities	$	175	$	134	$	134
Mortgage loans	6,590				6,590
Policy loans	1,231				1,231
Funds withheld at interest	6,003				6,003
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,327				2,327
Short-term investments	154				154
Other invested assets	1,140				1,140
Total investments	$	77,283			$	70,480

(1)Fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value.

(2)Includes fixed maturities directly issued by foreign governments, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises.

166

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE II—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT

December 31,

(in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value	$	598	$	523
Short-term and other investments	7		7
Cash and cash equivalents	298		92
Investment in subsidiaries	7,082		15,737
Loans to subsidiaries	1,060		1,020
Other assets	386		382
Total assets	$	9,431	$	17,761
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Long-term debt – unaffiliated(1)	$	3,468	$	3,172
Long-term debt – affiliated(2)	600		600
Other liabilities	1,218		975
Stockholders’ equity	4,145		13,014
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	9,431	$	17,761
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Interest / dividend income(3)	$	325	$	399	$	472
Investment related gains (losses), net	2		5		14
Operating expenses	(53)		(66)		(59)
Interest expense	(183)		(152)		(202)
Income (loss) before income tax and undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	91		186		225
Income tax expense (benefit)	(22)		(21)		(21)
Net income (loss) before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	113		207		246
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	510		410		169
Net income	623		617		415
Other comprehensive income (loss)	19		14		(29)
Total comprehensive income	$	642	$	631	$	386

The condensed financial information of RGA (the “Parent Company”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of RGA and its subsidiaries and the notes thereto (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”). These condensed unconsolidated financial statements reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for RGA. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.

(1)Long-term debt – unaffiliated consists of the following:

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$700 million 7.12% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	399		399
Subtotal	3,496		3,195
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(28)		(23)
Total	$	3,468	$	3,172

(2)Long-term debt includes $600 million of affiliated subordinated debt in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The affiliated subordinated debt was issued to various operating subsidiaries.

(3)Interest/dividend income includes $188 million and $270 million of cash dividends received from consolidated subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

167

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE II—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT (continued)

December 31,

(in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Operating activities:
Net income	$	623	$	617	$	415
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	(510)		(410)		(169)
Other, net	316		(227)		(170)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	429		(20)		76
Investing activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	177		268		358
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(315)		(150)		(400)
Repayments/issuances of loans to subsidiaries	(40)		(10)		—
Change in short-term investments	—		165		(165)
Change in other invested assets	(1)		(1)		(26)
Capital contributions to subsidiaries	(53)		(43)		(78)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(232)		229		(311)
Financing activities:
Dividends to stockholders	(205)		(194)		(182)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—		—		481
Purchases of treasury stock	(81)		(99)		(163)
Exercise of stock options, net	—		—		1
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	5		(19)		(11)
Principal payments on debt	(400)		(399)		—
Principal payments on affiliated debt	—		(500)		—
Proceeds from unaffiliated long-term debt issuance	700		—		598
Proceeds from affiliated long-term debt issuance	—		600		—
Debt issuance costs	(10)		—		(5)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	9		(611)		719
Change in cash and cash equivalents	206		(402)		484
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	92		494		10
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	298	$	92	$	494
Supplementary information:
Interest paid	$	156	$	173	$	187
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	—	$	323	$	23

168

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(in millions)

	As of December 31,
	Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Future Policy Benefits  and Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities		Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable
2022
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	2,000	$	13,122	$	2,495
Financial Solutions	387		24,662		34
Canada:
Traditional	171		3,600		341
Financial Solutions	—		2		6
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	231		1,358		1,631
Financial Solutions	—		5,306		104
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	1,039		3,933		1,933
Financial Solutions	141		12,218		24
Corporate and Other	5		1,591		3
Total	$	3,974	$	65,792	$	6,571
2021
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	1,926	$	12,757	$	2,806
Financial Solutions	190		25,107		24
Canada:
Traditional	192		3,668		330
Financial Solutions	—		16		5
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	253		1,366		1,612
Financial Solutions	—		5,999		89
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	1,052		3,792		2,116
Financial Solutions	74		8,202		6
Corporate and Other	3		1,252		5
Total	$	3,690	$	62,159	$	6,993

169

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (continued)

(in millions)

	Year ended December 31,
	Premium Income		Net Investment Income		Policyholder Benefits and Interest Credited		Amortization of DAC (1)		Other Expenses (2)
2022
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	6,590	$	965	$	6,335	$	220	$	806
Financial Solutions	66		1,078		666		51		184
Canada:
Traditional	1,219		238		1,158		14		207
Financial Solutions	95		1		68		—		5
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,736		89		1,573		44		203
Financial Solutions	486		148		368		—		59
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,650		142		2,152		57		321
Financial Solutions	236		272		376		68		50
Corporate and Other	—		228		32		—		410
Total	$	13,078	$	3,161	$	12,728	$	454	$	2,245
2021
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	6,244	$	930	$	6,790	$	269	$	679
Financial Solutions	55		1,089		731		101		145
Canada:
Traditional	1,194		248		1,096		13		211
Financial Solutions	90		—		79		—		7
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,738		88		1,829		48		189
Financial Solutions	350		205		258		—		55
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,624		136		2,445		60		283
Financial Solutions	218		138		244		41		34
Corporate and Other	—		304		4		—		356
Total	$	12,513	$	3,138	$	13,476	$	532	$	1,959
2020
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	5,838	$	714	$	5,979	$	200	$	679
Financial Solutions	53		999		764		52		109
Canada:
Traditional	1,052		207		909		16		201
Financial Solutions	83		1		68		—		3
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,555		72		1,389		31		186
Financial Solutions	252		193		163		—		50
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,681		107		2,293		65		274
Financial Solutions	180		85		206		19		25
Corporate and Other	—		197		8		—		354
Total	$	11,694	$	2,575	$	11,779	$	383	$	1,881

(1)Includes the effect from investment related gains and losses.

(2)Includes policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses, excluding amortization of DAC. Also includes other operating expenses, interest expense, and collateral finance and securitization expense.

170

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE IV—REINSURANCE

(in millions)

	As of or for the Year ended December 31,
	Gross Amount		Ceded to Other Companies		Assumed from Other Companies		Net Amounts		Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net
2022
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,027	$	151,569	$	3,400,735	$	3,250,193	104.6	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	25	$	421	$	6,986	$	6,590	106.0	%
Financial Solutions	1		—		65		66		98.5
Canada:
Traditional	—		64		1,283		1,219		105.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		95		95		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	—		32		1,768		1,736		101.8
Financial Solutions	—		137		623		486		128.2
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		117		2,767		2,650		104.4
Financial Solutions	—		—		236		236		100.0
Total	$	26	$	771	$	13,823	$	13,078	105.7
2021
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,117	$	166,842	$	3,467,054	$	3,301,329	105.0	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	26	$	472	$	6,690	$	6,244	107.1	%
Financial Solutions	2		—		53		55		96.4
Canada:
Traditional	—		50		1,244		1,194		104.2
Financial Solutions	—		—		90		90		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	5		32		1,765		1,738		101.6
Financial Solutions	—		202		552		350		157.7
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		112		2,736		2,624		104.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		218		218		100.0
Total	$	33	$	868	$	13,348	$	12,513	106.7
2020
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,990	$	184,625	$	3,480,692	$	3,298,057	105.5	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	23	$	585	$	6,399	5,837		109.6	%
Financial Solutions	3		—		50		53		94.3
Canada:
Traditional	—		54		1,106		1,052		105.1
Financial Solutions	—		—		83		83		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	32		24		1,548		1,556		99.5
Financial Solutions	—		178		430		252		170.6
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		106		2,787		2,681		104.0
Financial Solutions	—		—		180		180		100.0
Total	$	58	$	947	$	12,583	$	11,694	107.6

171

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE V—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

(in millions)

			Additions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Costs  and Expenses		Charged to Other   Accounts		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
2022
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	218	$	(6)	$	9	$	—	$	221
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans	35		16		—		—		51
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	31		42		—		36		37
2021
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	251	$	(18)	$	(15)	$	—	$	218
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans	64		—		—		29		35
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	20		27		—		16		31
2020
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	236	$	(4)	$	19	$	—	$	251
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans (1)	12		38		14		—		64
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	—		41		—		21		20

(1)Upon adoption of Financial Instruments – Credits Losses on January 1, 2020, the Company increased the valuation allowance for mortgage loans by $14 million. The increase was reflected as a decrease to opening retained earnings, net of income taxes.

172

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS

Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company may use certain abbreviations, acronyms and terms which are defined below.

Entities

Term or Acronym	Definition
RGA Reinsurance	RGA Reinsurance Company
Parkway Re	Parkway Reinsurance Company
Rockwood Re	Rockwood Reinsurance Company
Castlewood Re	Castlewood Reinsurance Company
Chesterfield Re	Chesterfield Reinsurance Company
Chesterfield Financial	Chesterfield Financial Holdings LLC
RGA Life and Annuity	RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company
Timberlake Re	Timberlake Reinsurance Company II
Timberlake Financial	Timberlake Financial L.L.C.
RGA Canada	RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada
RGA Barbados	RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.
RGA Americas	RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.
Manor Re	Manor Reinsurance, Ltd.
RGA Atlantic	RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.
RGA Worldwide	RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.
RGA Global	RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.
RGA Australia	RGA Reinsurance Company of Australia Limited
RGA International	RGA International Reinsurance Company dac
RGA South Africa	RGA Reinsurance Company of South Africa, Limited
Aurora National	Aurora National Life Assurance Company
Omnilife	Omnilife Insurance Company, Limited
Papara	Papara Financing LLC

Certain Terms and Acronyms

Term or Acronym	Definition
A.M. Best	A.M. Best Company
ABS	Asset-backed securities
Actuary	A specialist in the mathematics of risk, especially as it relates to insurance calculations such as premiums, reserves, dividends, insurance rates and annuity rates.
Allowance	An amount paid by the reinsurer to the ceding company to help cover the ceding company's acquisition and other costs, especially commissions. Allowances are usually calculated as a large percentage (often 100%) of first-year premiums reinsured and smaller percentages of renewal premiums reinsured.
AOCI	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset-Intensive Reinsurance	A transaction (usually coinsurance or funds withheld and often involving reinsurance of annuities) where performance of the underlying assets, more so than any mortality risk, is a key element.
Assumed reinsurance	Insurance risk that a reinsurer accepts (assumes) from a ceding company.
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
ASU 2018-12	Accounting Standards Update Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944):Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
Automatic Reinsurance	Reinsurance arrangement whereby the ceding company and reinsurer agree that all business of a certain description will be ceded to the reinsurer. Under this arrangement, the ceding company performs underwriting decision-making within agreed-upon parameters for all business reinsured.
Bermuda Insurance Act	Bermuda's Insurance Act 1978 which distinguishes between insurers carrying on long-term business, insurers carrying on special purpose business and insurers carrying on general business.
BMA	Bermuda Monetary Authority
BSCR	Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement
CCPA	California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018
Capital-motivated reinsurance	Reinsurance, including financial reinsurance, whose primary purpose is to enhance the cedant's capital position.
Captive insurer	An insurance or reinsurance entity designed to provide insurance or reinsurance coverage for risks of the entity or entities by which it is owned or to which it is affiliated.
CECL	Accounting for current expected credit losses using the model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses.

173

Ceding company (also known as cedant)	An insurer that transfers, or cedes, risk to a reinsurer
CEO	RGA’s Chief Executive Officer
Cession	The insurance risk associated with a policy that is reinsured from an insurer to a reinsurer.
CFO	RGA’s Chief Financial Officer
CLOs	Collateralized loan obligations
CMBS	Commercial mortgage-backed securities, a part of our investment portfolio that consists of securities made up of commercial mortgages. Stated on our balance sheet at fair value.
Coinsurance (also known as original terms reinsurance)	A form of reinsurance under which the ceding company shares its premiums, death claims, surrender benefits, dividends and policy loans with the reinsurer, and the reinsurer pays expense allowances to reimburse the ceding company for a share of its expenses.
Coinsurance funds-withheld	A variant on coinsurance, in which the ceding company withholds assets equal to reserves and shares investment income on those assets with the reinsurer.
Counterparty	A party to a contract requiring or offering the exchange of risk.
Counterparty risk	The risk that a party to an agreement will be unable to fulfill its contractual obligations
CPI	Consumer price index
Critical illness (CI) insurance (also known as dread disease insurance)	Insurance that provides a guaranteed fixed sum upon diagnosis of a specified illness or condition such as cancer, heart disease, or permanent total disability. The coverage can be offered on a stand-alone basis or as an add-on to a life insurance policy.
CRO	RGA’s Chief Risk Officer
CVA	Credit valuation adjustment
DAC	Deferred acquisition costs: Costs of acquiring new business, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new business, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits.
"Directors Plan"	Flexible Stock Plan for Directors
EBITDA	Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
EBS	Economic balance sheet framework as part of the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement that forms the basis for an insurer's enhanced capital requirements.
ECR	Enhanced capital requirement in accordance with the provisions of the Bermuda Insurance Act.
EEA	European Economic Area
EGP	Estimated gross profits.
EIA	Equity-Indexed Annuities
EMEA	Europe, Middle East and Africa geographic segment
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)	An enterprise-wide framework used by a firm to assess all risks facing the organization, manage mitigation strategies, monitor ongoing risks and report to interested audiences.
ESG	Environmental, social, and governance
ESTER	Euro Short-term Rate, an alternative to LIBOR being recommended by the European Central Bank
EU	European Union
Expected mortality	Number of deaths predicted to occur in a defined group of people.
FABN	Funding Agreement Backed Notes
Face amount	Amount payable at the death of the insured or at the maturity of the policy.
Facultative reinsurance	A type of reinsurance in which the reinsurer underwrites an individual risk submitted by the ceding company for a risk that is unusual, large, highly substandard or not covered by an automatic reinsurance treaty. Such risks are typically submitted to multiple reinsurers for competitive offers.
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA	Financial Conduct Authority
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank
FIA’s	Fixed indexed annuities
Financial reinsurance (also known as financially-motivated reinsurance)	A form of capital-motivated reinsurance that satisfies all regulatory requirements for risk transfer and is often designed to produce very predictable reinsurer profits as a percentage of the capital provided.
FSB	Financial Stability Board which consists of representatives of national financial authorities of the G20 nations.
FVO	Fair value option
GAAP	U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation which establishes uniform data privacy laws across the European Union.
GICs	Guaranteed investment contracts
GILTI	Global intangible low-taxed income; a provision of U.S. Tax Reform that generally eliminates U.S. Federal income tax deferral on earnings of foreign subsidiaries.
GMAB	Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
GMDB	Guaranteed minimum death benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
GMIB	Guaranteed minimum income benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
GMWB	Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
Group life insurance	Insurance policy under which the lives of a group of people, most commonly employees of a single company, are insured in accordance with the terms of one master contract.
Guaranteed issue life insurance	Insurance products that are guaranteed upon application, regardless of past health conditions.

174

IAIG	Internationally Active Insurance Group
IAIS	International Association of Insurance Supervisors
IBNR	Incurred but not reported; a liability on claims that are based on historical reporting patterns, but have not yet been reported.
IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)	Standards and interpretations adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
Individual life insurance	An insurance policy that insures the life of usually one and sometimes two or more related individuals, rather than a group of people.
In-force sum insured	A measure of insurance in effect at a specific date.
Initial public offering (IPO)	The first sale to the public of shares of common stock issued by a private company. IPOs often are issued by smaller companies seeking the capital to expand, but they also can be used by large mutual or privately owned companies seeking to become publicly traded.
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
Liquidity position	Combination of the company's cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments
Longevity product	An insurance product that mitigates longevity risk by providing a stream of income for the duration of the policyholder's life.
Loss ratio	Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums
Market risk benefits	Contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk and are measured at fair value
MDCI	Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance
MMS	Minimum margin of solvency required to be maintained by the Company's Bermuda subsidiaries.
Modco	Modified coinsurance
Modified coinsurance	A variant on coinsurance in which the ceding company retains all the reserves, as well as assets backing reserves, and pays the reinsurer interest on the reinsurer's share of the reserves.
Moody’s	Moody’s Investors Service
Morbidity	A measure of the incidence of sickness or disease within a specific population group.
Mortality experience	Actual number of deaths occurring in a defined group of people.
Mortality risk reinsurance	Reinsurance that focuses primarily on transfer of mortality risk through coinsurance of term products or YRT.
NAIC	National Association of Insurance Commissioners
NAIC SAP	NAIC statutory accounting practices
NAV	Net asset value
NIFO	Net investments in foreign operations
NOL	Net operating loss
Non-traditional reinsurance	Usually synonymous with capital-motivated reinsurance, but includes any reinsurance of non-biometrical risks
Novation	The act of replacing one participating member of a contract with another, with all rights, duties and terms being transferred to the new party upon consent of all parties affected.
NYSE	New York Stock Exchange: the exchange where RGA is traded under the symbol "RGA"
OCI	Other comprehensive income
OTC	Derivatives that are privately negotiated contracts, which are known as over-the-counter derivatives
OTC Cleared	OTC derivatives that are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties.
PBR	Principles-based reserves
PCAOB	Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
PCS	Performance Contingent Shares
Pension Plans	The Company's sponsored or administrated both qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans
Portfolio	The totality of risks assumed by an insurer or reinsurer.
Preferred risk coverage	Coverage designed for applicants who represent a better-than-average risk to an insurer.
Premium	Amount paid to insure a risk.
Primary insurance (also known as direct insurance)	Insurance business relating to contracts directly between insurers and policyholders. The insurance company is directly responsible to the policyholder.
Production	New business produced during a specified period.
PSU	Performance Share Units
Quota share (also known as 'first dollar' quota share)	A reinsurance arrangement in which the reinsurer receives a certain percentage of each risk reinsured.
RBC	Risk-Based Capital, which are guidelines promulgated by the NAIC and identify minimum capital requirements based upon business levels and asset mix.
Recapture	The right of the ceding company to cancel reinsurance under certain conditions.
Regulation XXX/Regulation A-XXX	U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation implemented beginning in 2002 for various types of life insurance business, significantly increased the level of reserves that U.S. life insurance and life reinsurance companies must hold on their statutory financial statements for various types of life insurance business, primarily certain level premium term life products.
Reinsurance	The transfer of insurance risk from an insurer, referred to as the ceding company, to a reinsurer, in conjunction with the payment of a reinsurance premium. Through reinsurance, a reinsurer 'insures' an insurer.

175

Reserves	The amount required to be carried as a liability in the financial statement of an insurer or reinsurer to provide for future commitments under outstanding policies and contracts.
Retakaful	A form of reinsurance that is acceptable within Islamic law. See Takaful.
Retention limit	The maximum amount of risk a company will insure on one life.
Retrocession	A transfer of reinsurance risk from a reinsurer to another reinsurer, referred to as the retrocessionaire, in conjunction with the payment of a retrocession premium. Through retrocession, a retrocessionaire reinsures a reinsurer.
Retrocessionaire	A reinsurer that reinsures another reinsurer; see Retrocession.
RMBS	Residential mortgage-backed securities, a part of our investment portfolio that consists of securities made up of residential mortgages. Stated on our balance sheet at fair value.
RMSC	The Company's Risk Management Steering Committee
RSUs	Restricted Stock Units
S&P	Standard & Poor's
SARs	Stock Appreciation Rights
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
Securitization	The structuring of financial assets as collateral against which securities can be issued to investors.
Simplified issue life insurance	Insurance products with limited face amounts that require no or minimal underwriting.
SOFR	Secured Overnight Financing Rate, an alternative to LIBOR being proposed by the Federal Reserve Board
SPLRC	Special Purpose Life Reinsurance Captives
Statutory capital	The excess of statutory assets over statutory reserves, both of which are calculated in accordance with standards established by insurance regulators.
"Stock Plans"	The RGA flexible stock plan and the Flexible Stock Plan for Directors, collectively
Takaful	A form of insurance that is acceptable within Islamic law, and that is devised upon the principles of mutual advantage and group security.
TDR	Troubled Debt Restructuring
Tele-underwriting	A telephone interview process, during which an applicant's qualifications to be insured are assessed.
The "County"	The County of St. Louis, Missouri
The "Plan"	RGA Flexible Stock Plan
The Board	RGA's board of directors
The CARES Act	The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
The Companies Act	The Bermuda's Companies Act of 1981
The Company	Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, collectively
Treaty (also known as a contract)	A reinsurance agreement between a reinsurer and a ceding company. The three most common types of reinsurance treaties are YRT (yearly renewable term), coinsurance and modified coinsurance. The three most common methods of accepting reinsurance are automatic, facultative and facultative-obligatory.
TVaR	Tail Value-at-Risk used for calculated capital requirement for Bermuda subsidiaries.
U.S. Tax Reform	The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
UAE	United Arab Emirates
UK	United Kingdom
UL	Universal life insurance
Underwriting	The process that assesses the risk inherent in an application for insurance prior to acceptance of the policy.
Valuation	The periodic calculation of reserves, the funds that insurance companies are required to hold in order satisfy all future insurance obligations.
Variable life insurance	A form of whole life insurance under which the death benefit and the cash value of the policy fluctuate according to the performance of an investment fund. Most variable life insurance policies guarantee that the death benefit will not fall below a specified minimum.
VII	Variable investment income
VOCRA	Value of customer relationships acquired which represents the present value of the expected future profits associated with the expected future business acquired through existing customers of the acquired company or business.
VODA	Value of distribution agreements which represents the present value of future profits associated with the expected future business derived from distribution agreements.
Webcasts	Presentation of information broadcast over the Internet.
WorkWise	The Company's hybrid approach to flexible work arrangements.
Yearly Renewable Term (YRT)	A type of reinsurance which covers only mortality risk, with each year's premium based on the current amount of risk.

176

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated.
By:	/s/ Anna Manning
	Anna Manning
	Chief Executive Officer
	Date:     February 24, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 24, 2023.

Signatures		Title
	/s/ Stephen T. O’Hearn*	Chair of the Board and Director
	Stephen T. O’Hearn
	/s/ Anna Manning	Chief Executive Officer and
	Anna Manning	Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)
	/s/ Pina Albo*	Director
	Pina Albo
	/s/ Tony Cheng*	President and Director
	Tony Cheng
	/s/ John J. Gauthier*	Director
	John J. Gauthier
	/s/ Patricia L. Guinn*	Director
	Patricia L. Guinn
	/s/ Hazel M. McNeilage*	Director
	Hazel M. McNeilage
	/s/ Ng Keng Hooi*	Director
	Ng Keng Hooi
	/s/ George Nichols III*	Director
	George Nichols III
	/s/ Shundrawn Thomas*	Director
	Shundrawn Thomas
	/s/ Khanh T. Tran*	Director
	Khanh T. Tran
	/s/ Steven C. Van Wyk*	Director
	Steven C. Van Wyk
	/s/ Todd C. Larson	Senior Executive Vice President and Chief
	Todd C. Larson	Financial Officer (Principal Financial
		and Accounting Officer)
*	By: /s/ Todd C. Larson
	Todd C. Larson, Attorney-in-fact

177

Index to Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective as of May 21, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(i) to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of December 20, 2022, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2022
4.1	Form of stock certificate for common stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed on November 17, 2008
4.2	Indenture, dated as of August 21, 2012, between Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2012

4.3	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2013, between RGA and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 24, 2013
4.4	Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2016, between RGA and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2016
4.5	Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2016
4.6	Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 15, 2019, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2019
4.7	Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 9, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2020
4.8	Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated September 23, 2022, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 23, 2022
4.9	Form of Junior Subordinated Indenture between RGA and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Original S-3
4.10	Second Supplemental Junior Subordinated Indenture between RGA and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 9, 2005
4.11	Description of securities

178

10.1	Credit Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2018, by and among RGA, the lenders named therein, U.S. Bank National Association, as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer, Bank of America, N.A.; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.; and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Joint Syndication Agents and Barclays Bank PLC; HSBC Bank USA, National Association; KeyBank National Association; Mizuho Bank, Ltd.; MUFG Bank, Ltd.; Royal Bank of Canada; and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation as Co-Documentation Agents, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2018
10.2	Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2017, by and between RGA and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 19, 2017
10.3	First Amendment to Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated as of June 14, 2019, by and between RGA, Incorporated and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 18, 2019
10.4	Second Amendment to Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated May 13, 2022, by and between RGA and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 16, 2022
10.5	Directors Compensation Summary Sheet*
10.6	RGA Flexible Stock Plan for Directors, as amended and restated effective May 23, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2018*
10.7	Amendment to the RGA Flexible Stock Plan for Directors, effective May 19, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2021*
10.8	RGA Phantom Stock Plan for Directors, as amended and restated effective May 19, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2021*
10.9	Form of Directors’ Indemnification Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2018*
10.10	RGA Annual Bonus Plan, effective February 20, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2020*
10.11	RGA Annual Bonus Plan, effective February 21, 2023, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 23, 2023*
10.12	RGA Flexible Stock Plan, as amended and restated effective May 23, 2017 (“RGA Flexible Stock Plan”), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2018*
10.13	Amendment to the RGA Flexible Stock Plan, effective May 19, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2021*
10.14	Form of 2018 Performance Contingent Share Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2018*
10.15	Form of 2018 Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2018*
10.16	Form of 2018 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2018*
10.17	Form of 2019 Performance Contingent Share Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 3, 2019*

179

10.18	Form of 2019 Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 3, 2019*
10.19	Form of 2019 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 3, 2019*
10.20	Form of 2021 Performance Share Unit Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2021*
10.21	Form of 2021 Restricted Share Unit Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2021*
10.22	Form of 2021 Performance Contingent Share Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2021*
10.23	Form of 2021 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2021*
10.24	Form of 2021 Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2021*
10.25	Form of 2021 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2021*
10.26	Form of 2022 Performance Contingent Share Arrangement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2022*
10.27	Form of 2022 Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Quarterly Report Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2022*
10.28	Form of 2022 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Quarterly Report Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2022*
10.29	RGA Reinsurance Company Augmented Benefit Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2018*
10.30	RGA Reinsurance Company Executive Deferred Savings Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2018*
10.31	Canadian Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Executive Employees of RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada, as amended and restated as of August 1, 2015, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2018*
10.32	Offer Letter, dated October 29, 2015, between RGA and Anna Manning, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 24, 2015*
10.33	Letter Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2019, by and between the Company and Anna Manning, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2019*
10.34	Offer Letter, dated January 2, 2023, between RGA and Tony Cheng, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 4, 2023*
10.35	Employment Agreement, dated December 24, 2008, between Tony Cheng and RGA Reinsurance Company, Hong Kong Branch*

180

21.1	Subsidiaries of RGA
23.1	Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
24.1	Powers of Attorney for Messrs. Cheng, Gauthier, Ng, Nichols, Thomas, Tran and Van Wyk and Mses. Albo, Guinn and McNeilage
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101).

* Represents a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this form pursuant to Item 15 of this Report.

181

EX-4.11

Exhibit 4.11

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

As of the end of our most recent fiscal year, Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA,” “we,” “us” or “our”) had three classes of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”): (i) our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”); (ii) our 7.125% fixed-rate reset subordinated debentures due 2052 (the “2052 Debentures”); and (iii) our 5.75% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated debentures due 2056 (the “2056 Debentures”).

Description of Common Stock

The following description of our Common Stock is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended (the “Articles of Incorporation”) and our Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”), each of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.11 is a part. We encourage you to read our Articles of Incorporation, our Bylaws and the applicable provisions of The General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri for additional information.

Authorized Capital Stock

RGA’s authorized capital stock consists of 150 million shares of capital stock, of which 140 million shares are designated as Common Stock and 10 million shares are designated as preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. The outstanding shares of Common Stock are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

Dividend and Liquidation Rights

Subject to the prior rights of the holders of any shares of preferred stock which may be issued and outstanding, holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by RGA out of legally available funds, and, if RGA liquidates, dissolves, or winds up, to share ratably in all remaining assets after RGA pays its liabilities.  

Voting Rights

Each holder of Common Stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters presented to a vote of shareholders, including the election of directors. Holders of Common Stock do not have cumulative voting rights.

Other Rights

Holders of Common Stock do not have preemptive rights to purchase or subscribe for any stock or other securities and there are no conversion rights or redemption or sinking fund provisions for the Common Stock.

Listing

Our Common Stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “RGA.”

Registrar and Transfer Agent

Computershare is the registrar and transfer agent for our Common Stock.

Certain Effects of Authorized but Unissued Stock

We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or preferred stock without shareholder approval, subject to applicable rules of the NYSE, for a variety of corporate purposes, including raising additional capital, corporate acquisitions, and employee benefit plans. The existence of unissued and unreserved Common Stock and preferred stock may enable us to issue shares to persons who are friendly to current management, which could discourage an attempt to obtain control of RGA through a

merger, tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise, and protect the continuity of management and possibly deprive holders of Common Stock of opportunities to sell shares at prices higher than the prevailing market prices. We could also use additional shares to dilute the stock ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of RGA. See also “Anti-Takeover Provisions in the RGA Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws” below.

Limitation on Liability of Directors; Indemnification

Our Articles of Incorporation limit the liability of our directors to RGA and its shareholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director to the fullest extent permitted by Missouri law. Our Articles of Incorporation provide that RGA will indemnify each person (other than a party plaintiff suing on his own behalf or in the right of RGA) who at any time is serving or has served as a director or officer of RGA against any claim, liability or expense incurred as a result of this service, or as a result of any other service on behalf of RGA, or service at the request of RGA as a director, officer, employee, member or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, trade or industry association or other enterprise (whether incorporated or unincorporated, for-profit or not-for-profit), to the maximum extent permitted by law. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, RGA will indemnify any such person who was or is a party (other than a party plaintiff suing on his own behalf or in the right of RGA), or is threatened to be made a party, to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (including, but not limited to, an action by or in the right of RGA) by reason of such service against expenses (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with such action, suit or proceeding. We have entered into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors providing for indemnification to the fullest extent permitted by law.

The inclusion of these provisions in our Articles of Incorporation may have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and may discourage or deter RGA or its shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their duty of care, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise have benefited RGA and its shareholders.

Anti-Takeover Provisions in the RGA Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws

Some of the provisions in our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and The General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri could have the following effects, among others:

• delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of RGA;

• delaying, deferring or preventing the removal of our existing management or directors;

• deterring potential acquirors from making an offer to our shareholders; and

• limiting our shareholders’ opportunity to realize premiums over prevailing market prices of our Common Stock in connection with offers by potential acquirors.

The following is a summary of some of the provisions in our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws that could have the effects described above.

Directors, and Not Shareholders, Fix the Size of the Board of Directors of RGA.  Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that the number of directors will be fixed from time to time exclusively pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of our board of directors, but in no event will it consist of less than three directors.

Directors are Removed for Cause Only.  Missouri law provides that, unless a corporation’s articles of incorporation provide otherwise, the holders of a majority of the corporation’s voting stock may remove any director from office. Our Articles of Incorporation provide that shareholders may remove a director only “for cause” and with the approval of the holders of 85% of RGA’s voting stock. Our board of directors may remove a director, with or without cause, only in the event the director fails to meet the qualifications stated in the Bylaws for election as a director or in the event the director is in breach of any agreement between such director and RGA relating to such director’s service as RGA’s director or employee.

Board Vacancies to Be Filled by Remaining Directors and Not Shareholders.  Any vacancy created by any reason, including vacancies which occur by reason of an increase in the number of directors, will be filled by a majority of the remaining directors, even if less than a quorum. A director elected to fill a vacancy will be elected for a term expiring at the next annual meeting of shareholders held immediately following such person being elected to fill the vacancy.

Shareholders May Only Act by Written Consent Upon Unanimous Written Consent.  As required by Missouri law, our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide for shareholder action by unanimous written consent only.

No Special Meetings Called by Shareholders. Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that special meetings may only be called by the chairman of our board of directors, our president, or a majority of our board of directors. Only such business will be conducted, and only such proposals acted upon, as are specified in the notice of the special meeting.

Advance Notice for Shareholder Proposals and Director Nominations. Our Articles of Incorporation contain provisions requiring that advance notice be delivered to RGA of any business to be brought by a shareholder before an annual meeting and providing for procedures to be followed by shareholders in nominating persons for election to our board of directors. Ordinarily, the shareholder must give notice at least 60 days but not more than 90 days before the meeting, but if we give less than 70 days’ notice of the meeting, then the shareholder must give notice within ten days after we mail notice of the meeting or make other public disclosure of the meeting. The notice must include a description of the proposal, the reasons for the proposal, and other specified matters. Additionally, our Bylaws supplement the advance notice requirements included in our Articles of Incorporation by, among other things, requiring shareholder proponents to disclose all ownership interests in us, certain information about proposed director nominees and any material interest of the shareholder proponent or beneficial owner in the business proposed for the meeting. The Bylaws also require that these disclosures be updated and supplemented, if necessary and that the shareholder proposing business or making a nomination (or its qualified representative) must appear at the meeting for the proposal to be considered. Our board of directors may reject any proposals that have not followed these procedures or that are not a proper subject for shareholder action in accordance with the provisions of applicable law.

Exclusive Forum Provision.  Our Bylaws provide for the designation of any state court located in St. Louis County, Missouri, or the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri as the exclusive forum for certain shareholder litigation such as derivative claims, breach of fiduciary duty claims, claims pursuant to The General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri, our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, claims governed by the internal affairs doctrine and actions to interpret, enforce or determine the validity of our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, unless we otherwise consent to another jurisdiction.

Missouri Statutory Provisions

Missouri law also contains certain provisions which may have an anti-takeover effect and otherwise discourage third parties from effecting transactions with us, including control share acquisition and business combination statutes.

Business Combination Statute. Missouri law contains a “business combination statute” which restricts certain “business combinations” between us and an “interested shareholder,” or affiliates of the interested shareholder, for a period of five years after the date of the transaction in which the person becomes an interested shareholder, unless either such transaction or the interested shareholder’s acquisition of stock is approved by our board of directors on or before the date the interested shareholder obtains such status.

The statute also provides that, after the expiration of such initial five-year period, business combinations are prohibited unless:

• the business combination or the interested shareholder’s acquisition of stock is approved by our board of directors on or before the date the interested shareholder obtains such status; 

• the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting stock, other than the stock owned by the interested shareholder, or any affiliate or associate of such interested shareholder, approve the business combination; or

• the business combination satisfies certain detailed fairness and procedural requirements.

A “business combination” for this purpose includes a merger or consolidation, some sales, leases, exchanges, pledges and similar dispositions of corporate assets or stock and any reclassifications or recapitalizations that generally increase the proportionate voting power of the interested shareholder. An “interested shareholder” for this purpose generally means any person who, together with his or her affiliates and associates, owns or controls 20% or more of the outstanding shares of the corporation’s voting stock.

A Missouri corporation may opt out of coverage by the business combination statute by including a provision to that effect in its governing corporate documents. We have not done so.

The business combination statute may make it more difficult for a 20% beneficial owner to effect other transactions with us and may encourage persons that seek to acquire us to negotiate with our board of directors prior to acquiring a 20% interest. It is possible that such a provision could make it more difficult to accomplish a transaction which shareholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interest.

Control Share Acquisition Statute. Missouri also has a “control share acquisition statute” that would limit the rights of a shareholder to vote some or all of the shares that it holds, in case of a shareholder whose acquisition of shares results in that shareholder having voting power, when added to the shares previously held by such shareholder, to exercise or direct the exercise of more than a specified percentage of RGA’s outstanding stock (beginning at 20%). The statute exempts some types of acquisitions and provides a procedure for an acquiring shareholder to obtain shareholder approval to permit such shareholder to vote these shares. However, as permitted by the statute, RGA previously amended our Bylaws to provide that the control share acquisition statute will not apply to control share acquisitions of RGA’s stock, but may elect to become subject to such statute by a further amendment to our Bylaws.

Takeover Bid Disclosure Statute. Missouri’s “takeover bid disclosure statute” requires that, under some circumstances, before making a tender offer that would result in the offeror acquiring control of us, the offeror must file certain disclosure materials with the Commissioner of the Missouri Department of Securities.

Insurance Holding Companies Act.  We are regulated in Missouri as an insurance holding company. Under the Missouri Insurance Holding Companies Act and related regulations, the acquisition of control of a domestic insurer must receive prior approval by the Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance, which we refer to as the “Department.” Missouri law provides that a transaction will be approved if the Department finds that the transaction would, among other things, not violate the law or be contrary to the interests of the insureds of any participating domestic insurance corporations. The Department may approve any proposed change of control subject to conditions.

Description of Subordinated Debentures

The following description of our 2052 Debentures and our 2056 Debentures (collectively, the “Debentures”) is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the Indenture, dated as of August 21, 2012 (the “Base Indenture”), between RGA and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, as supplemented in the case of the 2052 Debentures, by the Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 23, 2022, and, as supplemented in the case of the 2056 Debentures, by the Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2016 (the Base Indenture, as supplemented by either the Seventh Supplemental Indenture for the 2052 Debentures or the Fourth Supplemental Indenture for the 2056 Debentures, the “indenture”), which are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.11 is a part.

We encourage you to read the above referenced indenture, as supplemented, for additional information.

General

The 2052 Debentures were initially issued in $700 million aggregate principal amount and the 2056 Debentures were initially issued in $400 million aggregate principal amount. The amount outstanding of each of the 2052 Debentures and 2056 Debentures as of the end of our most recent fiscal year is reflected in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.11 is a part.

We may from time to time, without the consent of the existing holders, create and issue additional debentures having the same terms and conditions as either series of the Debentures in all respects, except for issue date, issue price and, if applicable, the initial interest accrual date and the first payment of interest thereon. Additional debentures issued in this manner will be consolidated with, and will form a single series with, the applicable series of the Debentures, unless such additional subordinated debt will not be treated as fungible with the Debentures for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The applicable series of the Debentures and any additional debentures of such series would rank equally and ratably.

The 2052 Debentures have a maturity date of October 15, 2052. The 2056 Debentures have a maturity date of June 15, 2056 (or if such day is not a business day, the following business day)

The indenture does not require the maintenance of any financial ratios or specified levels of net worth or liquidity. The indenture does not contain provisions that would afford holders of Debentures protection in the event of a decline in our credit quality resulting from any highly leveraged transaction, reorganization, restructuring, merger or similar transaction involving us that may adversely affect such holders.

The Debentures do not have a sinking fund.

Interest rates    

The Debentures bear interest from the date issued until their maturity date or earlier acceleration or redemption, payable on each interest payment date.

For the 2052 Debentures, interest accrues as follows:

• from and including September 23, 2022, to, but excluding, October 15, 2027 (the “First Reset Date”) at the fixed rate of 7.125% per annum; and

• from, and including, the First Reset Date, during each Reset Period, at a rate per annum equal to the Five-Year Treasury Rate as of the most recent Reset Interest Determination Date plus 3.456% to be reset on each Reset Date.

Interest on the 2052 Debentures will be payable quarterly in arrears on January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on January 15, 2023, each of which dates we refer to as an interest payment date, to the record holders of the 2052 Debentures at the close of business on the immediately preceding January 1, April 1, July 1 or October 1, as applicable, whether or not a business day. However, interest that we pay on the maturity date or a redemption date will be payable to the person to whom the principal will be payable.

Interest payments will include accrued interest from, and including, September 23, 2022, or, if interest has already been paid, from the last date in respect of which interest has been paid or duly provided for to, but excluding, the next succeeding interest

payment date, the maturity date or the redemption date, as the case may be. The amount of interest payable for any interest payment period will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. If any date on which interest is payable on the debentures is not a business day, then payment of the interest payable on such date will be made on the next succeeding day that is a business day (and without any interest or other payment in respect of any such delay). 

The indenture includes the following definitions applicable to the interest rates for the 2052 Debentures:

“Business day” means any day other than a day on which banking institutions in the State of New York or any place of payment are authorized or required by law, executive order or regulation to close.

“Calculation agent” means, at any time, the person or entity appointed by us and serving as such agent with respect to the debentures at such time. Unless we have validly redeemed all outstanding debentures on or before the First Reset Date, the trustee will serve as the initial calculation agent with respect to the debentures prior to the Reset Interest Determination Date preceding the First Reset Date and may subsequently appoint one of its affiliates as calculation agent. We may terminate any such appointment as long as we appoint a successor agent at the time of termination.

“Five-Year Treasury Rate” means, as of any Reset Interest Determination Date, as applicable, (1) the yield, under the heading which represents the average for the immediately preceding week, appearing in the most recently published H.15, with a maturity of five years from the next Reset Date and trading in the public securities market or (2) if there is no such published U.S. Treasury security with a maturity of five years from the next Reset Date and trading in the public securities markets, the rate will be determined by the calculation agent by interpolation or extrapolation on a straight line basis between the most recent weekly average yield to maturity for two series of U.S. Treasury securities trading in the public securities market, (A) one maturing as close as possible to, but earlier than, the Reset Date following the next succeeding Reset Interest Determination Date, and (B) the other maturity as close as possible to, but later than, the Reset Date following the next succeeding Reset Interest Determination Date, in each case as published in the most recently published H.15. If the Five-Year Treasury Rate cannot be determined pursuant to the methods described in clauses (1) or (2) above, then the Five-Year Treasury Rate will be the same interest rate as in effect for the prior period.

“H.15” means the weekly statistical release designated as such, or any successor publication, published by the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve System and which establishes yields on actively traded United States Treasury securities adjusted to constant maturity under the caption “Treasury Constant Maturities.”

“Reset Date” means the First Reset Date and each date falling on the fifth anniversary of the preceding Reset Date.

“Reset Interest Determination Date” means, in respect of any Reset Period, the day falling two business days prior to the beginning of such Reset Period.

“Reset Period” means the period from and including the First Reset Date to, but excluding, the next following Reset Date and thereafter each period from and including each Reset Date to, but excluding, the next following Reset Date.

For the 2056 Debentures, interest due with respect to any interest period (as defined below) accrues as follows: 

• for any interest period ending on or prior to June 15, 2026, or any earlier redemption date, at an annual rate equal to 5.75%, computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30 day months, or a “30/360 Basis,” payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2016 to and including June 15, 2026, or if any such interest payment date is not a business day, the next business day, without adjustment, to the record holders at the close of business on the preceding March 1, June 1, September 1 or December 1, as applicable (whether or not a business day); and

• for any interest period commencing on or after June 15, 2026 to but excluding the maturity date unless redeemed or repaid earlier, at an annual rate equal to the sum of three-month LIBOR for the applicable interest period, plus 4.04% (provided that such sum shall not be less than zero), computed on the basis of a 360-day year and the actual number of days elapsed, payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2026, or if any such interest payment date is not a business day, the next business day, except that if such business day is in the next succeeding calendar month, interest will be payable on the immediately preceding business day, to the record holders at the close of business on the preceding March 1, June 1, September 1 or December 1, as applicable (whether or not a business day).

Interest payments not paid when due as the result of the deferral of interest payments or otherwise will themselves accrue additional interest at the rate per annum then applicable to the Debentures. References in this prospectus to “interest” include interest accruing on the principal balance of the Debentures, interest on deferred interest payments and other unpaid amounts and compounded interest, as applicable.

The indenture includes the following definitions applicable to the interest rates for the 2056 Debentures:

“Business day” means any day other than (i) a Saturday or Sunday, (ii) a day on which banking institutions in New York City are authorized or required by law or executive order to remain closed, (iii) a day on which the corporate trust office of the trustee is closed for business or (iv) on or after June 15, 2026, in the case of the 2056 Debentures, a day that is not a London banking day.

“Calculation agent” means The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. or any other successor, acting as calculation agent.

“Interest period” means a period beginning on an interest payment date or, in the case of the first interest period for the 2056 Debentures, June 8, 2016, and ending on the day immediately preceding the next interest payment date.

“LIBOR determination date” means the second London banking day (as defined below) immediately preceding the first day of the relevant interest period.

“London banking day” means any day on which commercial banks are open for general business (including dealings in deposits in U.S. dollars) in London.

“Reuters Page LIBOR01” means the display so designated on the Reuters 3000 Xtra (or such other page as may replace that page on that service, or such other service as may be nominated by us as the information vendor, for the purpose of displaying rates or prices comparable to the London Interbank Offered rate for U.S. dollar deposits).

“Three-month LIBOR” means the rate (expressed as a percentage per annum) for deposits in U.S. dollars for a three-month period commencing on the first day of the relevant interest period that appears on Reuters Page LIBOR01 as of 11:00 a.m., London time, on the LIBOR determination date (as defined below) for that interest period. If such rate does not appear on Reuters Page LIBOR01, three-month LIBOR will be determined on the basis of the rates at which deposits in U.S. dollars for a three-month period commencing on the first day of that interest period and in a principal amount of not less than $1,000,000 are offered to prime banks in the London interbank market by four major banks in the London interbank market selected by the calculation agent (as defined below) after consultation with us, at approximately 11:00 a.m., London time, on the LIBOR determination date for that interest period. The calculation agent will request the principal London office of each of these banks to provide a quotation of such bank’s rate. If at least two such quotations are provided, three-month LIBOR with respect to that interest period will be the arithmetic mean (rounded upward if necessary to the nearest whole multiple of 0.00001%) of such quotations. If fewer than two quotations are provided, three-month LIBOR with respect to that interest period will be the arithmetic mean (rounded upward if necessary to the nearest whole multiple of 0.00001%) of the rates quoted by three major banks in New York City selected by the calculation agent after consultation with us, at approximately 11:00 a.m., New York City time, on the first day of that interest period for loans in U.S. dollars to leading European banks for a three-month period commencing on the first day of that interest period and in a principal amount of not less than $1,000,000. However, if fewer than three banks selected by the calculation agent to provide quotations are quoting as described above, three-month LIBOR for that interest period will be the same as three-month LIBOR as determined for the previous interest period or, in the case of the interest period beginning on June 15, 2026 for the 2056 Debentures, 0.6813%. The establishment of three-month LIBOR for each interest period by the calculation agent will (in the absence of manifest error) be final and binding.

Option to defer interest payments

So long as no event of default with respect to the Debentures has occurred and is continuing, we may, on one or more occasions, in our sole discretion, defer interest payments on the Debentures for one or more interest periods (each, a “deferral period”) of up to five consecutive years without giving rise to an event of default under the terms of the Debentures. A deferral of interest payments cannot extend, however, beyond the maturity date or the earlier acceleration or redemption of the Debentures. During a deferral period, interest will continue to accrue on the Debentures, and deferred interest payments will

accrue additional interest at the then applicable interest rate on the Debentures, compounded quarterly as of each interest payment date to the extent permitted by applicable law. No interest otherwise due during a deferral period will be due and payable on the Debentures until the end of such deferral period except upon an acceleration or redemption of the Debentures during such deferral period.

At the end of five years following the commencement of a deferral period, we must pay all accrued and unpaid deferred interest, including compounded interest, and our failure to pay all accrued and unpaid deferred interest, including compounded interest, for a period of 30 days after the conclusion of such five-year period will result in an event of default giving rise to a right of acceleration. If, at the end of any deferral period, we have paid all deferred interest due on the Debentures, including compounded interest, we can again defer interest payments on the Debentures as described above.

We will provide to the trustee and the holders of Debentures written notice of any deferral of interest at least one and not more than 60 business days prior to the applicable interest payment date, provided that the failure to provide such notice will not constitute an event of default. In addition, whether or not such notice is given, our failure to pay interest on the Debentures on any interest payment date will itself constitute the commencement of a deferral period unless we pay such interest within five business days after any such interest payment date, whether or not we provide a notice of deferral.

Certain limitations during a deferral period

After the commencement of a deferral period in connection with the 2052 Debentures until we have paid all accrued and unpaid interest on the 2052 Debentures, we will not, and will not permit any of our subsidiaries to:

•	declare or pay any dividends or distributions on, or redeem, purchase, acquire or make a liquidation payment with respect to, any shares of our capital stock other than:
	(i)	purchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of our capital stock in connection with any employment contract, benefit plan or other similar arrangement with or for the benefit of employees, officers, agents, directors or consultants or under any dividend reinvestment plan or shareholder purchase plan;
	(ii)	purchases of our capital stock pursuant to a contractually binding requirement to buy or acquire capital stock entered into prior to the beginning of the related optional deferral period, including under a contractually binding stock repurchase plan;
	(iii)	as a result of any reclassification of any class or series of our capital stock, or the exchange, redemption or conversion of any class or series of our capital stock for any class or series of our capital stock;
	(iv)	the purchase of or payment of cash in lieu of fractional interests in our capital stock in accordance with the conversion or exchange provisions of such capital stock or the security being converted or exchanged;
	(v)	acquisitions of our capital stock in connection with acquisitions of businesses made by us (which acquisitions are made by us in connection with the satisfaction of indemnification obligations of the sellers of such businesses);
	(vi)	dividends or distributions payable solely in our capital stock, or options, warrants or rights to subscribe for or acquire capital stock, or repurchases or redemptions of capital stock made solely from the issuance or exchange of such capital stock or stock that ranks equally with or junior to such capital stock; or
	(vii)	the distribution, declaration, redemption or repurchase of rights in accordance with any stockholders’ rights plan or the issuance of rights, stock or other property under any shareholder rights plan, or the redemption or purchase of rights pursuant thereto;
•	make any payment of principal of or interest or premium, if any, on or repay, repurchase or redeem any of our debt securities or guarantees that rank equal in right of payment with the Debentures (“parity securities”) or junior to the Debentures other than (i) any exchange, redemption or conversion of our indebtedness for any class or series of our capital stock, (ii) any payments under our guarantee of the preferred securities of any RGA trust and (iii) any payment of principal on parity securities necessary to avoid a breach of the instrument governing such parity securities or payment, repurchase or redemption in respect of parity securities made ratably and in proportion to the respective amount of (1) accrued and unpaid amounts on such parity securities, on the one hand, and (2) accrued and unpaid amounts on the 2052 Debentures, on the other hand.

After the commencement of a deferral period in connection with the 2056 Debentures until we have paid all accrued and unpaid interest on the 2056 Debentures, we will not, and will not permit any of our subsidiaries to:

•	declare or pay any dividends or distributions on, or redeem, purchase, acquire or make a liquidation payment with respect to, any shares of our capital stock other than:
	(i)	purchases, redemptions or other acquisitions of our Common Stock in connection with any employment contract, benefit plan or other similar arrangement with or for the benefit of employees, officers, directors or consultants or under any dividend reinvestment plan or shareholder purchase plan;
	(ii)	purchases of our Common Stock pursuant to a contractually binding requirement to buy or acquire Common Stock entered into prior to the beginning of the related deferral period, including under a contractually binding stock repurchase plan;
	(iii)	as a result of any reclassification of any class or series of our capital stock, or the exchange, redemption or conversion of any class or series of our capital stock (or any capital stock of one of our subsidiaries) for any class or series of our capital stock or of any class or series of our indebtedness for any class or series of our capital stock;
	(iv)	the purchase of or payment of cash in lieu of fractional interests in our capital stock in accordance with the conversion or exchange provisions of such capital stock or the security being converted or exchanged;
	(v)	acquisitions of our Common Stock in connection with acquisitions of businesses made by RGA (which acquisitions are made by RGA in connection with the satisfaction of indemnification obligations of the sellers of such businesses);
	(vi)	dividends or distributions payable solely in our capital stock, or rights to acquire Common Stock, or repurchases or redemptions of Common Stock made solely from the issuance or exchange of Common Stock; or
	(vii)	the distribution, declaration, redemption or repurchase of rights in accordance with any stockholders’ rights plan or the issuance of rights, stock or other property under any shareholder rights plan, or the redemption or purchase of rights pursuant thereto;
•	make any payment of principal of or interest or premium, if any, on or repay, repurchase or redeem any of our parity securities or debt securities or guarantees that rank junior to the Debentures other than any payment of principal on parity securities necessary to avoid a breach of the instrument governing such parity securities or payment, repurchase or redemption in respect of parity securities made ratably and in proportion to the respective amount of (1) accrued and unpaid amounts on such parity securities, on the one hand, and (2) accrued and unpaid amounts on the 2056 Debentures, on the other hand.

For the avoidance of doubt, no terms of the Debentures restrict in any manner the ability of any of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make any distributions to us or to any of our other subsidiaries.

Ranking

The payment of the principal of, and interest on, the Debentures is expressly subordinated, to the extent and in the manner set forth in the indenture, to the prior payment in full of all of our senior indebtedness.

Subject to the qualifications described below, the term “senior indebtedness” is defined in the indenture to include principal of, premium, if any, and interest on, and any other payment due pursuant to any of the following, whether incurred prior to, on or after the date of this prospectus supplement:

• all of our obligations for money borrowed (other than obligations relating to the Debentures and our Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065 (the “2065 Junior Subordinated Debentures”)); 

• all of our obligations evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds or other similar instruments (other than obligations relating to the Debentures and our 2065 Junior Subordinated Debentures), including obligations incurred in connection with the acquisition of property, assets or businesses and including all other debt securities issued by us to any trust or a trustee of such trust, or to a partnership or other affiliate that acts as a financing vehicle for us, in connection with the issuance of securities by such vehicles;

• all of our obligations under leases required or permitted to be capitalized under generally accepted accounting principles;

• all of our reimbursement obligations with respect to letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances or similar facilities issued for our account;

• all of our obligations issued or assumed as the deferred purchase price of property or services, including all obligations under master lease transactions pursuant to which we or any of our subsidiaries have agreed to be treated as owner of the subject property for federal income tax purposes (including trade accounts payable or accrued liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business);

• all of our payment obligations under interest rate swap or similar agreements or foreign currency hedge, exchange or similar agreements at the time of determination, including any such obligations we incurred solely to act as a hedge against increases in interest rates that may occur under the terms of other outstanding variable or floating rate indebtedness of ours;

• all obligations of the types referred to in the preceding bullet points of another person and all dividends of another person the payment of which, in either case, we have assumed or guaranteed or for which we are responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, jointly or severally, as obligor, guarantor or otherwise;

• all compensation, reimbursement and indemnification obligations of ours to the trustee pursuant to the indenture; and

• all amendments, modifications, renewals, extensions, refinancings, replacements and refundings of any of the above types of indebtedness.

The Debentures rank senior to all of our equity securities.

The senior indebtedness will continue to be senior indebtedness and entitled to the benefits of the subordination provisions of the indenture irrespective of any amendment, modification or waiver of any term of the senior indebtedness or extension or renewal of the senior indebtedness. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the foregoing, senior indebtedness will not include (1) any indebtedness that by its terms expressly provides that it is subordinated, or not senior in right of payment to the Debentures, (2) any indebtedness that by its terms expressly provides that it will rank equal in right of payment with the Debentures, (3) obligations of RGA owed to its subsidiaries or (4) our existing 2065 Junior Subordinated Debentures, which debentures are subordinated to the Debentures, subject, in any such case, to the provisions described under “—Certain limitations during a deferral period”.

All liabilities of our subsidiaries, including their trade accounts payable and other liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business (including obligations to policyholders), are effectively senior to the Debentures to the extent of the assets of such subsidiaries, as we are a holding company. Because we are a holding company, we rely primarily on dividends and other payments from our direct and indirect subsidiaries, which are generally regulated insurance companies, to pay interest and principal on our outstanding debt obligations. Regulatory rules may restrict our ability to withdraw capital from our subsidiaries by dividends, loans or other means.

No direct or indirect payment, in cash, property or securities, by set-off or otherwise, may be made or agreed to be made on account of the Debentures or interest thereon, or in respect of any repayment, redemption, retirement, purchase or other acquisition of the Debentures, if:

• RGA defaults in the payment of any principal, premium (if any) or interest on any senior indebtedness, whether at maturity or at a date fixed for prepayment or declaration or otherwise; or

• an event of default occurs with respect to any senior indebtedness permitting the holders thereof to accelerate the maturity and written notice of such event of default, requesting that payments on the Debentures cease, is given to RGA by the holders of senior indebtedness,

 until such default in payment or event of default has been cured, is waived or ceases to exist.

All present and future senior indebtedness, which includes, without limitation, interest accruing after the commencement of any proceeding, assignment or marshaling of assets described below, will first be fully paid before any payment, whether in cash, securities or other property, will be made by RGA on account of the Debentures in the event of:

• any insolvency, bankruptcy, receivership, liquidation, reorganization, readjustment, composition or other similar proceeding relating to RGA, its creditors or its property;

• any proceeding for the liquidation, dissolution or other winding-up of RGA, voluntary or involuntary, whether or not involving insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings,

• any assignment by RGA for the benefit of creditors; or

• any other marshaling of the assets of RGA.

In any such event, payments which would otherwise be made on the Debentures will generally be paid to the holders of senior indebtedness, or their representatives, in accordance with the priorities existing among these creditors at that time until the senior indebtedness is fully paid. If payments on the Debentures are in the form of RGA’s securities or those of any other corporation under a plan of reorganization or readjustment and such payments are subordinated to outstanding senior indebtedness and to any securities issued with respect thereto under a plan of reorganization or readjustment, such payments will be made to the holders of senior indebtedness and then, if any amounts remain, to the holders of the Debentures. No present or future holder of any senior indebtedness will be prejudiced in the right to enforce the subordination of the Debentures by any act or failure to act on the part of RGA.

If, notwithstanding any of the foregoing prohibitions, the indenture trustee or the holders of the Debentures receive any payment with respect to the Debentures when a responsible officer of the indenture trustee or such holder has actual knowledge that such payment should not have been made to it, the trustee or such holder will hold such payment in trust for the benefit of, and, upon written request, will pay it over to, the holders of the senior indebtedness or their agents or representatives, for application to the payment of all principal, premium, if any, and interest then payable with respect to any senior indebtedness.

Senior indebtedness will only be deemed to have been paid in full if the holders of such indebtedness have received cash, securities or other property which is equal to the amount of the outstanding senior indebtedness.

After full payment of all present and future senior indebtedness, holders of the Debentures will be subrogated to the rights of any holders of senior indebtedness to receive any further payments that are applicable to the senior indebtedness until all the Debentures are fully paid. In matters between holders of the Debentures and any other RGA creditor, any payments that would otherwise be paid to holders of senior indebtedness and are made to holders of the Debentures because of this subrogation will be deemed a payment by RGA on account of senior indebtedness and not on account of the Debentures.

If such events of bankruptcy, insolvency or receivership occur, after we have paid in full all amounts owed on senior indebtedness, the holders of Debentures together with the holders of any of our other obligations that rank equally with the Debentures will be entitled to receive from our remaining assets any principal, premium or interest due at that time on the Debentures and such other obligations before we make any payment or other distribution on account of any of our capital stock or obligations ranking junior to the Debentures.

If we violate the indenture by making a payment or distribution to holders of the Debentures before we have paid all the senior indebtedness in full, then such holders of the Debentures will have to pay or transfer the payments or distributions to the trustee in bankruptcy, receiver, liquidating trustee or other person distributing our assets for payment of the senior indebtedness.

Because of the subordination provisions of the indenture, if we become insolvent, holders of senior indebtedness may receive more, ratably, and holders of the Debentures having a claim pursuant to those securities may receive less, ratably, than our other creditors. This type of subordination will not prevent an event of default from occurring under the indenture in connection with the Debentures.

The Debentures do not limit our or our subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional debt, including debt that ranks senior to the Debentures. RGA expects from time to time to incur additional indebtedness constituting senior indebtedness. In addition, the holders of our senior indebtedness may, under certain circumstances, restrict or prohibit us from making payments on the Debentures.

The amount of our short- and long-term debt outstanding as of the end of our most recent fiscal year is reflected in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.11 is a part, including the amount of any outstanding senior notes, which rank senior in right of payment to the Debentures, and the amount of any outstanding junior subordinated debentures, which rank junior in right of payment to the Debentures.

Optional redemption

We may redeem the 2052 Debentures in increments of $25 principal amount: 

• in whole or in part on the First Reset Date or any time thereafter, at a redemption price equal to their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption; provided that if the 2052 Debentures are not redeemed in whole, at least $25 million aggregate principal amount of the 2052 Debentures must remain outstanding after giving effect to such redemption;

• in whole, but not in part, at any time prior to October 15, 2027, within 90 days of the occurrence of a “tax event” at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest thereon (including compounded interest, if any) to, but excluding, the date of redemption;

• in whole, but not in part, at any time prior to October 15, 2027, within 90 days of the occurrence of a “regulatory capital event,” at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest thereon (including compounded interest, if any) to, but excluding, the date of redemption; or;

• in whole, but not in part, at any time prior to October 15, 2027, within 90 days of the occurrence of a “rating agency event”, at a redemption price equal to 102% of the principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest thereon (including compounded interest, if any) to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

The indenture includes the following definitions applicable to the calculation of the redemption price for the 2052 Debentures:

“Tax event” means that we will have received an opinion of counsel, rendered by a law firm of nationally recognized standing that is experienced in such matters, stating that, as a result of any:

• amendment to, or change in (including any promulgation, enactment, execution or modification of) the laws (or any regulations under those laws) of the United States or any political subdivision thereof or therein affecting taxation;

• official administrative pronouncement (including a private letter ruling, technical advice memorandum or similar pronouncement) or judicial decision or administrative action or other official pronouncement interpreting or applying the laws or regulations enumerated in the preceding bullet point, by any court, governmental agency or regulatory authority; or

• threatened challenge asserted in writing in connection with an audit of us or any of our subsidiaries, or a threatened challenge asserted in writing against any taxpayer that has raised capital through the issuance of securities that are substantially similar to the debentures,

which amendment or change is enacted or effective or which pronouncement or decision is announced or which challenge is asserted or becomes publicly known on or after the original issue date of the debentures, there is more than an insubstantial increase in the risk that interest accruable or payable by us on the debentures is not, or will not be, deductible by us in whole or in part, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

“Regulatory capital event” means that we become subject to capital adequacy supervision by a capital regulator and the capital adequacy guidelines that apply to us as a result of being so subject set forth criteria pursuant to which the full principal

amount of the debentures would not qualify as capital under such capital adequacy guidelines, as we may determine at any time, in our sole discretion.

“Rating agency event” means that any nationally recognized statistical rating organization within the meaning of Section 3(a)(62) under the Exchange Act that then publishes a rating for us (a “rating agency”) amends, clarifies or changes the criteria it uses to assign equity credit to securities such as the debentures, which amendment, clarification or change results in (a) the shortening of the length of time the debentures are assigned a particular level of equity credit by that rating agency as compared to the length of time they would have been assigned that level of equity credit by that rating agency or its predecessor on the initial issuance of the debentures; or (b) the lowering of the equity credit (including up to a lesser amount) assigned to the debentures by that rating agency compared to the equity credit assigned by that rating agency or its predecessor on the initial issuance of the Debentures.

We may redeem the 2056 Debentures in $25 increments: 

• in whole at any time or in part from time to time on or after June 15, 2026, at a redemption price equal to their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption; provided that if the Debentures are not redeemed in whole, at least $25 million aggregate principal amount of the Debentures must remain outstanding after giving effect to such redemption;

• in whole, but not in part, at any time prior to June 15, 2026, within 90 days of the occurrence of a “rating agency event,” at a redemption price equal to their principal amount or, if greater, the “make-whole redemption amount” described below, in each case, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption; or

• in whole, but not in part, at any time prior to June 15, 2026, within 90 days of the occurrence of a “tax event” or “regulatory capital event,” at a redemption price equal to their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

The indenture includes the following definitions applicable to the calculation of the redemption price for the 2056 Debentures:

“Make-whole redemption amount” means, with respect to any principal amount of any Debentures to be redeemed, the sum, as determined by the treasury dealer, of the present value of the outstanding principal (discounted from June 15, 2026 for the 2056 Debentures to, but excluding, the redemption date) and remaining scheduled payments of interest that would have been payable from the redemption date to and including June 15, 2026 for the 2056 Debentures (discounted from the interest payment date to, but excluding, the redemption date) on the 2056 Debentures to be redeemed (not including any portion of such payments of interest accrued and unpaid to, but excluding, the date of redemption) on a 30/360 Basis at a discount rate equal to the treasury rate plus a spread of 50 basis points.

“Rating agency event” means an amendment, clarification, or change by any nationally recognized statistical rating organization (each an “NRSRO”) within the meaning of Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act in its criteria for awarding equity credit to securities such as the Debentures, which amendment, clarification, or change results in (i) the shortening of the length of time the Debentures are assigned a particular level of equity credit by that NRSRO as compared to the length of time they would have been assigned that level of equity credit by such NRSRO or its predecessor on the issue date or (ii) the lowering of the equity credit (including up to a lesser amount) assigned to the Debentures by that NRSRO as compared to the equity credit that such NRSRO or its predecessor assigned the Debentures on the issuance date of the Debentures.

“Regulatory capital event” means that we become subject to capital adequacy supervision by a capital regulator and the capital adequacy guidelines that apply to us as a result of being so subject set forth criteria pursuant to which the full principal amount of the Debentures would not qualify as capital under such capital adequacy guidelines, as we may determine at any time, in our sole discretion.

“Tax event” means that we will have received an opinion of counsel, rendered by a law firm of nationally recognized standing that is experienced in such matters, stating that, as a result of any:

• amendment to, or change in (including any promulgation, enactment, execution or modification of) the laws (or any regulations under those laws) of the United States or any political subdivision thereof or therein affecting taxation;

• official administrative pronouncement (including a private letter ruling, technical advice memorandum or similar pronouncement) or judicial decision or administrative action or other official pronouncement interpreting or applying the laws or regulations enumerated in the preceding bullet point, by any court, governmental agency or regulatory authority; or

• threatened challenge asserted in connection with an audit of us or any of our subsidiaries, or a threatened challenge asserted in writing against any taxpayer that has raised capital through the issuance of securities that are substantially similar to the Debentures,

which amendment or change is enacted or effective or which pronouncement or decision is announced or which challenge is asserted against us or becomes publicly known on or after the date of initial issuance of the Debentures, there is more than an insubstantial increase in the risk that interest accruable or payable by us on the Debentures is not, or will not be, deductible by us in whole or in part, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

“Trading day” means a day on which our Common Stock is traded on the NYSE, or if not then listed on the NYSE, a day on which our Common Stock is traded or quoted on the principal U.S. securities exchange on which it is listed or quoted, or if not then listed or quoted on a U.S. securities exchange, a day on which our Common Stock is quoted in the over-the-counter market.

“Treasury dealer” means, with respect to the 2052 Debentures, one of Barclays Capital Inc., UBS Securities LLC, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (or their respective successors), and, with respect to the 2056 Debentures, one of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (or their respective successors), in each case as selected by us, or, if such dealers (or their respective successors) refuse to act as treasury dealer for this purpose or cease to be a primary U.S. Government securities dealer, another nationally recognized investment banking firm that is a primary U.S. Government securities dealer specified by us for these purposes.

“Treasury price” means the bid-side price for the treasury security as of the third trading day preceding the redemption date, as set forth in the daily statistical release (or any successor release) published by The Wall Street Journal (or its successor or, in its absence, any recognized daily national publication) on that trading day and designated “Treasury Bonds, Notes and Bills,” as determined by the treasury dealer except that: (i) if that release (or any successor release) is not published or does not contain that price information on that trading day; or (ii) if the treasury dealer determines that the price information is not reasonably reflective of the actual bid-side price of the treasury security prevailing at 3:30 P.M., New York City time, on that trading day, then treasury price will instead mean the bid-side price for the treasury security at or around 3:30 P.M., New York City time, on that trading day (expressed on a next trading day settlement basis) as determined by the treasury dealer through such alternative means as the treasury dealer considers to be appropriate under the circumstances.

“Treasury rate” means the semi-annual equivalent yield to maturity of the treasury security that corresponds to the treasury price thereof (calculated by the treasury dealer in accordance with standard market practice and computed as of the second trading day preceding the redemption date).

“Treasury security” means the United States treasury security that the treasury dealer determines would be appropriate to use, at the time of determination and in accordance with standard market practice, in pricing the Debentures being redeemed in a tender offer based on a spread to United States Treasury yields.

Redemption procedures

If we give a notice of redemption in respect of any Debentures, then prior to the redemption date, we will:

• irrevocably deposit with the trustee or a paying agent for the Debentures funds sufficient to pay the applicable redemption price of, and (except if the redemption date is an interest payment date) accrued interest on, the Debentures to be redeemed; and

• give the trustee or such paying agent, as applicable, irrevocable instructions and authority to pay the redemption price to the holders upon surrender of the global certificate or such other certificates as we may have issued evidencing the Debentures.

Notwithstanding the above, interest payable on or prior to the redemption date for any Debentures called for redemption will be payable to the holders of the Debentures on the relevant record dates for the related interest payment dates.

Once notice of redemption has been given and funds deposited as required, then upon the date of the deposit, all rights of the holders of the Debentures so called for redemption will cease, except the right of the holders of the Debentures to receive the redemption price and any interest payable in respect of the Debentures on or prior to the redemption date and the Debentures will cease to be outstanding. In the event that payment of the redemption price in respect of Debentures called for redemption is improperly withheld or refused and not paid by us, interest on the Debentures will continue to accrue at the then applicable rate from the redemption date originally established by us for the Debentures to the date the redemption price is actually paid, in which case the actual payment date will be the date fixed for redemption for purposes of calculating the redemption price.

Subject to applicable law (including, without limitation, U.S. federal securities law), we or our subsidiaries may at any time and from time to time purchase outstanding Debentures by tender, in the open market or by private agreement.

If less than all of the Debentures are to be redeemed, the particular Debentures to be redeemed will be selected not more than 60 days prior to the redemption date by the trustee, from the outstanding Debentures not previously called for redemption, by such method as the trustee in its sole discretion deems fair and appropriate and which may provide for the selection for redemption of a portion of the principal amount of any Debentures, provided that, so long as the Debentures are in the form of global certificates, such selection shall be made by The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) in accordance with its applicable procedures, and provided further that the portion of the principal amount of any Debenture selected for redemption shall be in an authorized denomination (which shall not be less than the minimum authorized denomination) for such Debenture. The trustee will promptly notify us in writing of the Debentures selected for redemption and, in the case of any Debentures selected for partial redemption, the principal amount thereof to be redeemed.

We may not redeem the Debentures in part if the principal amount has been accelerated and such acceleration has not been rescinded or unless all accrued and unpaid interest, including deferred interest (and compounded interest thereon), has been paid in full on all outstanding Debentures for all interest periods terminating or payment dates occurring, as applicable, on or before the redemption date.

Notice of any redemption will be mailed at least 30 days but not more than 60 days before the redemption date to each holder of Debentures to be redeemed at its registered address. Unless we default in payment of the redemption price on the Debentures, on and after the redemption date, interest will cease to accrue on the Debentures or portions called for redemption.

Denominations

The Debentures were issued only in registered form in denominations of $25 each and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof. The Debentures are held in book-entry form only and are held in the name of DTC or its nominee.

Events of default

The indenture provides that any one or more of the following events with respect to the Debentures that has occurred and is continuing constitutes an event of default: 

• the failure to pay interest in full, including compounded interest, on any Debenture for a period of 30 days after the conclusion of a five-year period following the commencement of any deferral period or on the maturity date;

• the failure to pay principal of or premium, if any, on any Debenture on the maturity date or upon redemption; or

• certain events of our bankruptcy, insolvency or receivership.

If an event of default under the indenture arising from a default in the payment of interest, principal or premium has occurred and is continuing, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in outstanding principal amount of the Debentures will have the right to declare the principal of and accrued but unpaid interest on the Debentures to be due and payable immediately. If an event of default under the indenture arising from an event of our bankruptcy, insolvency or receivership has occurred, the principal of and accrued but unpaid interest on the Debentures will automatically, and without any declaration or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder of Debentures, become immediately due and payable. In case of any default that is not an event of default, there is no right to declare the principal amount of and accrued but unpaid interest on the Debentures due and payable immediately.

In cases specified in the indenture, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the Debentures may waive any default on behalf of all holders of the Debentures, except a default in the payment of principal or interest or a default in the performance of a covenant or provision of the indenture which cannot be modified without the consent of each holder. We are required to file annually with the trustee a certificate as to whether or not we are in compliance with all the conditions and covenants applicable to us under the indenture.

Within 90 days after actual knowledge by a responsible officer of the trustee of the occurrence of any default (the term “default” to include the events specified above without grace or notice) with respect to the Debentures, the trustee shall transmit by mail to all holders of Debentures, notice of such default unless such default shall have been cured or waived; provided, however, that, except in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of or interest on any Debentures, the trustee shall

be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee of directors and/or responsible officers of the trustee in good faith determines that the withholding of such notice is in the interests of the holders of the Debentures.

Subject to certain limitations under the indenture, the holders of a majority of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Debentures have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee with respect to the Debentures.

Defeasance, Satisfaction and Discharge

Legal or Covenant Defeasance.  The indenture provides that we may be discharged from our obligations in respect of the debt securities of any series, including the Debentures, as described below.

At our option, we may choose either one of the following alternatives:

• We may elect to be discharged from any and all of our obligations in respect of the Debentures, except for, among other things, certain obligations to register the transfer or exchange of the Debentures, to replace stolen, lost or mutilated Debentures, and to maintain paying agencies and certain provisions relating to the treatment of funds held by the trustee for defeasance. We refer to this as “legal defeasance.”

• Alternatively, we may omit to comply with certain covenants relating to consolidation, mergers, conveyance, transfers or leases, and any omission to comply with those covenants will not constitute a default or an event of default with respect to the Debentures. We refer to this as “covenant defeasance.”

In either case, we will be so discharged upon the deposit with the trustee, in trust, of money and/or U.S. Government Obligations (as defined below) that, through the payment of interest and principal in accordance with their terms, will provide money in an amount sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants to pay and discharge each installment of principal, premium, if any, and interest on the Debentures on the stated maturity of those payments in accordance with the terms of the indenture. This discharge may occur only if, among other things, we have delivered to the trustee an opinion of counsel or an Internal Revenue Service ruling to the effect that the holders of the Debentures will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the defeasance.

Covenant Defeasance and Events of Default.  In the event we exercise our option to effect covenant defeasance with respect to the Debentures and the Debentures are declared due and payable because of the occurrence of any event of default, the amount of money and/or U.S. Government Obligations on deposit with the trustee will be sufficient to pay amounts due on the Debentures at the time of their stated maturity but may not be sufficient to pay amounts due on the Debentures at the time of the acceleration resulting from the event of default. However, we will remain liable for those payments.

“U.S. Government Obligations” means securities which are (1) direct obligations of the United States for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged, or (2) obligations of a person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States, which, in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof, and will also include a depository receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any such U.S. Government Obligation or a specific payment of interest on or principal of any such U.S. Government Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of a depository receipt, provided that, except as required by law, such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depository receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the U.S. Government Obligation or the specific payment of interest on or principal of the U.S. Government Obligation evidenced by such depository receipt.

We may exercise our legal defeasance option even if we have already exercised our covenant defeasance option.

Voting rights

The Debentures are not entitled to voting rights, subject to any required consents in connection with a modification or amendment of the indenture, as described below.

Modification or Amendment of the Indenture

Supplemental Indentures Without Consent of Holders. Without the consent of any holders of the Debentures, we and the trustee may enter into one or supplemental indentures for certain purposes, including:

(1)to evidence the succession of another corporation to our rights and the assumption by such successor of the covenants contained in the indenture;

(2)to add to our covenants for the benefit of all or any series of debt securities, or to surrender any of our rights or powers;

(3)to add any additional events of default;

(4)to change or eliminate any provisions, as long as any such change or elimination is effective only when there are no outstanding debt securities of any series created before the execution of such supplemental indenture which is entitled to the benefit of the provisions being changed or eliminated;

(5)to provide security for or guarantee of the debt securities;

(6)to supplement any of the provisions to permit or facilitate the defeasance and discharge of any series of debt securities in accordance with the indenture;

(7)to establish the form or terms of debt securities in accordance with the indenture;

(8)to provide for the acceptance of the appointment of a successor trustee for any series of debt securities or to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts under the indenture by more than one trustee;

(9)to cure any ambiguity, to correct or supplement any provision of the indenture which may be defective or inconsistent with any other provision, to eliminate any conflict with the Trust Indenture Act or to make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the indenture which are not inconsistent with any provision of the indenture, as long as the additional provisions do not adversely affect the interests of the holders in any material respect;

(10)with respect to the 2052 Debentures, to conform the terms of the indenture to the related prospectus supplement;

(11)to change the conversion rights, if any; or

(12)to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of the holders in any material respect.

Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Holders.  If we receive the consent of the holders of at least a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series affected, we may enter into supplemental indentures with the trustee for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of the indenture or of modifying in any manner the rights of the holders under the indenture of such debt securities.

However, unless we receive the consent of all of the affected holders, we may not enter into supplemental indentures that would, with respect to the debt securities of such holders:

(1)conflict with the required provisions of the Trust Indenture Act;

(2)except as described in any prospectus supplement or other offering material: 

• change the stated maturity of the principal of, or installment of interest, if any, on, any debt security,

• reduce the principal amount thereof or the interest thereon or any premium payable upon redemption thereof; provided, however, that a requirement to offer to repurchase debt securities will not be deemed a redemption for this purpose,

• change the currency or currencies in which the principal of, and premium, if any, or interest on such debt security is denominated or payable,

• reduce the amount of the principal of a discount security that would be due and payable upon a declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof or reduce the amount of, or postpone the date fixed for, any payment under any sinking fund or analogous provisions for any debt security,

• impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment on or after the stated maturity thereof, or, in the case of redemption, on or after the redemption date, or

• adversely affect the right to convert any debt security into shares of our common stock if so provided;

(3)reduce the requirement for majority approval of supplemental indentures, or for waiver of compliance with certain provisions of the indenture or certain defaults; or

(4)modify any provisions of the indenture relating to waiver of past defaults with respect to that series, except to increase any such percentage or to provide that certain other provisions of the indenture cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the holders of each such debt security of each series affected thereby.

It is not necessary for holders of the debt securities to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it is sufficient if the holders approve the substance thereof.

A supplemental indenture which changes or eliminates any covenant or other provision of the indenture to which it relates with respect to one or more particular series of debt securities or which modifies the rights of the holders of debt securities of such series with respect to such covenant or other provision, will be deemed not to affect the rights under such indenture of the holders of debt securities of any other series.

Listing

The 2052 Debentures and 2056 Debentures are each traded on the NYSE under the trading symbols of “RZC” and “RZB,” respectively.

Reports

We must file with the trustee copies of our annual reports and the information and other documents which we may be required to file with the SEC under Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, unless they have been filed on EDGAR, after they are filed with the SEC. We must also file with the trustee and the SEC, in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed from time to time by the SEC, additional information, documents and reports with respect to compliance by RGA with the conditions and covenants of the indenture, as may be required from time to time by such rules and regulations.

About the trustee

The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. is the indenture trustee and the principal paying agent and registrar for the Debentures. We have entered, and from time to time may continue to enter, into banking or other relationships with The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. or its affiliates. For example, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. acts as the trustee or successor trustee under the indentures relating to other series of our outstanding debt securities and provides other banking and financial services to us.

If the trustee is or becomes one of our creditors, the indenture limits the right of the trustee to obtain payment of claims in certain cases, or to realize on certain property received in respect of any such claims as security or otherwise. The trustee is permitted to engage in other transactions. However, if after a specified default has occurred and is continuing, it acquires or has a conflicting interest (such as continuing to serve as trustee with respect to outstanding senior notes or junior subordinated debentures or continuing to be a creditor of RGA in certain circumstances), it must eliminate such conflict within 90 days, apply to the SEC for permission to continue as a trustee, or resign.

The trustee may resign or be removed with respect to one or more series of debt securities under the indenture, and a successor trustee may be appointed to act with respect to such series.

EX-10.5

Exhibit 10.5

Directors’ Compensation Summary Sheet - 2023

	Board Members	Chairman of the Board
Annual Retainer	115,000	215,000
Committee Chairs
Audit Committee	27,500
Human Capital & Compensation Committee	22,500
Investment Committee	22,500
Nominating & Governance Committee	22,500
Risk Committee	22,500
Transaction Review Subgroup Committee Retainer	10,000
Cyber & Technology Subgroup Committee Retainer	10,000
Stock Grants ¹	155,000	285,000
¹ Number of shares issued based upon FMV on date of grant.

EX-10.35

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

    Exhibit 10.35

Employment Agreement

made as of December 24, 2008

BETWEEN:

RGA Reinsurance Company, Hong Kong Branch referred to as "RGA" or "the Company"

AND

Tony Cheng

referred to as "You"

1.Term of Employment, Position and Title

You shall be employed by RGA as Chief Executive Officer, Hong Kong Branch and Executive Advisor Taiwan, China and India commencing July 21, 2008 ("the Commencement Date").

For all other purposes, including without limitation pension, benefits and seniority, the parties acknowledge that your employment with the Company commenced July 6, 1999.

2.Reporting

You shall report to Brendan Galligan, Executive Vice President, International Business Development, RGA Inc., his successor or another person RGA may appoint.

3.Place of Work

You will perform your duties primarily at the offices of RGA, wherever located, but currently at 4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong. However, RGA may require you to perform your duties outside the office, or at any other location at which RGA carries on its business from time to time.

In addition, you agree that the nature of RGA's business and the services you are bound to perform imply the need to travel for business domestically and internationally, and you consent to sue travel as may reasonably be required.

4.Duties and Responsibilities

You shall have the authority and responsibilities consistent with your position with the Company, and will perform duties set.out in Schedule A. You agree to be flexible with respect to the duties which RGA requires you to perform and which may vary from time to time according to the needs of RGA and to applicable regulatory requirements.

You will devote substantially all of your business time and efforts to the performance of your duties under this Agreement, except when prevented from doing so by illness, incapacity or other matters outside your control. You shall personally, faithfully and diligently perform your duties under this Agreement to the best of your abilities and shall use your best efforts to promote the interests of RGA.

4.1    Compliance with Company Policy

You shall at all times comply with and be subject to RGA's policies, procedures, directives and regulations as established and communicated to you by the Company or the person to whom you report from time to time.

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

4.2    Fiduciary Duty

You acknowledge and agree that you owe a fiduciary duty of loyalty, fidelity and allegiance to act at all times in the best interests of RGA and to do no act which would injure the business, interests, or reputation of RGA or any of its related companies, subject to applicable laws and your professional obligations.

You will not engage in any other business, profession or occupation, for compensation or otherwise, without the prior written consent of RGA. This is not intended to preclude you from being involved in volunteer or charitable activities or managing personal and family passive investments, provided that such activities do not materially conflict or interfere with the performance of your duties for RGA.

5.Salary

5.1    Base Salary

Your Base Salary at the Commencement Date will be HK$ 174,448.5 per month payable in arrears in regular installments in accordance with RGA's usual payment practices and applicable regulatory requirements.

5.2    Annual Salary Review

Your Base Salary will be reviewed yearly pursuant to RGA policies and procedures, with the first review taking place in I March 2009. Your salary may be increased from time to time by the Company at its sole discretion. The Company will have no obligation (whether contractual or otherwise) to increase your salary.

6.Annual Bonus

You will be enrolled in the Company's Bonus Program effective from the Commencement Date.

6.1    Target Bonus

The bonus target percentage will be 45% of (your monthly salary as at December 31 for the respective calendar year multiplied by 14), with a range from 0% to 90%, depending on performance relative to objectives. For the first year, Annual Bonus will be calculated on a prorated basis from the Commencement Date. Targets are set annually based on a combination of any of all of RGA Inc, International Division, Segment, Local and Personal performance objectives in accordance with RGA policies applicable to your position.

6.2    Conditions for Payment of Bonus

In order to receive the Annual Bonus, you must be actively employed by the Company and not under notice of resignation or dismissal at the time the Annual Bonus is to be paid, which generally occurs within the first quarter of each calendar year.

Payment of the Annual Bonus is also subject to the prov1s10ns of the Incentive Compensation Guidelines developed from time to time. A separate agreement outlining the terms and conditions of the Annual Bonus will be drafted by RGA and will be signed by both you and RGA. You shall not be eligible to receive any amount payable under this paragraph before such an agreement has been executed.

6.3    Annual Bonus Review

RGA will review the eligibility and payment and performance criteria of the bonus program on an annual basis and reserves the right to amend or terminate the program in its absolute discretion, at any time. There can be no assurance that a bonus will be granted in any given year.

6.4    New Year Bonus

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

In addition, you will be entitled to a New Year Bonus of two times your monthly salary, payable in December each year.

7.Other Incentive Compensation

You will be nominated for participation in RGA's Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"), subject to approval by the Board of Directors of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated. RGA reviews the participants and communicates the awards during the first quarter of each calendar year. You will be nominated for the awards noted in the first quarter of 2009.

The value of executive stock grant awards (Options and Performance Contingent Restricted Shares) is based on the associate’s job level and the corresponding "Long Term Economic Value" as determined by market data. The resulting value is split 50/50 between stock options and performance contingent restricted shares.

I. The 50% stock option portion is divided by the "Black Scholes" valuation of the strike price to obtain number of options granted.

2. The 50% Performance Contingent portion is divided by the strike price to obtain the estimated number of units that may be granted at the end of the performance period (3 years).

RGA reviews program eligibility and payment and performance criteria on an annual basis and reserves the right to change or terminate the program at any time. You will not be entitled to participate in the Long-Term Incentive Plan as a matter of right.

RGA will communicate to you the terms and conditions of participation in the Long-Term Incentive Plan and separate agreements outlining its terms and conditions will be drafted by RGA and signed by both parties during the first quarter of each calendar year.

8.Benefits

While employed by RGA, you shall be allowed to participate in all employee benefit plans and programs, including improvements or modifications of the same, which are made available by RGA to employees in your jurisdiction.

8.1    Benefits Currently Provided

The following Benefits are currently provided:

Description	Eligibility
Health insurance	From the Commencement Date
Life insurance	From the Commencement Date

8.2    Premiums

The premiums for the above listed benefits are paid entirely by RGA.

8.3    Annual Benefit Review

RGA reviews the benefit program on an annual basis, and reserves the right at all times to vary or discontinue any of the above benefit plans in which you participate and/or the contributions to such plans by RGA. You are not entitled to receive the above listed benefits as a matter of right. Any benefit plans which are insured will be subject to and conditional upon the terms and conditions of the relevant policy of insurance.

8.4    Termination of Benefits

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

All benefits payable or otherwise made available to you by RGA will automatically cease, as will your eligibility to participate in such plan, upon the termination of your employment for any reason whatsoever. In such event, RGA will be under no obligation to replace the terminated or discontinued benefit plan and/or provide the same or similar benefits or compensation in lieu.

9.Pension

You will participate in RGA's Provident Fund from the Commencement Date and you will contribute HK$l,000 of your monthly base salary to it. RGA will contribute an amount equal to 12.5% of your monthly base salary to it.

10.Taxes

You are solely responsible for settling your own salaries tax liability arising out of this Agreement.

11.Working Hours

Normal office hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Monday to Friday. You may occasionally be required to work such additional hours as the needs of the Company may from time to time demand. In particular, due to the international nature of RGA's business operations you may need to work outside normal office hours or at home to accommodate differences in time zones. You expressly declare your consent to work overtime, upon request of the Company, without any additional compensation.

12.Vacation and Holidays

The Company's holiday year runs from January 1 to December 31. You will be entitled to 25 working days' holidays per holiday year (exclusive of all statutory holidays). Your holiday entitlement for the current year will be calculated on a pro rata basis from the Commencement Date.

12.1    Timing

Your holidays are to be taken at times convenient to RGA, in accordance with the Company's usual and customary practices and with the approval of the person to whom you report. Holidays taken by you in each holiday year will first be applied against the holidays to which you are entitled under applicable law.

12.2    Unused Vacation

Holidays from the previous year may be carried over to the following year for one year only. Upon termination of your employment you will be entitled to salary in lieu of any outstanding holiday entitlement or RGA will be entitled to deduct from your final remuneration payment any salary received by you in respect of vacation taken in excess of your entitlement, at your then current base salary.

12.3    Statutory Holidays

You are entitled to all local statutory holidays.

13.Business Expenses

RGA will reimburse you for all reasonable business expenses, including travel and lodging, which are properly incurred in the performance of your duties with RGA, upon presentation of proper receipts and in accordance with written policies established from time to time by the Company for such reimbursements.

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, ls!and East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

14.Membership Fees

From and after your Commencement Date, RGA will reimburse you for any fees necessary to maintain your membership in appropriate professional and business organizations, having regard to the nature of your position and the best interests of the Company. Such reimbursement is subject to prior approval of the person to whom you report and presentation of the relevant receipts.

15.Professional Development

RGA will reimburse you for any professional development or education expenses relevant to your duties, upon prior approval of the person to whom you report and presentation of the relevant receipts.

16.Illness

If you are absent from work due to illness or accident you will notify RGA as soon as possible on the first day of such absence. If this incapacity continues for two or more consecutive days you will submit a registered doctor's certificate in a form satisfactory to RGA confirming your inability to work and upon request thereafter while you are absent from work.

16.1    Independent Medical Examination

In the event of your absence from work or inability to perform the duties of your position due to illness or accident the Company reserves the right to refer you for medical examination to an independent medical practitioner nominated and paid for by the Company. The Company will be entitled to receive full details of any such medical examination which in the view of the medical practitioner relate to your absence.

17.Confidential Business Information and Intellectual Property

To the extent permitted by law, all rights worldwide with respect to any and all intellectual or other property of any nature produced, created or suggested by you during the term of your employment or resulting from your services (whether during business hours or otherwise and whether on RGA's premises or otherwise) shall be the sole and exclusive property of RGA. You agree to execute, acknowledge and deliver to RGA at RGA's request, such further documents as RGA finds appropriate to evidence RGA's rights in such property, including the waiver of any moral rights.

You agree that (a) your wages are full compensation for your services and all present and future uses of copyright works made by you in the course of your employment; and (b) you will not make any claims against RGA with respect to those copyright works.

If you make any inventions that do not belong to RGA, you agree that you will forthwith exclusively license or assign (as determined by RGA) to RGA your rights in relation to such inventions and will deliver to RGA all documents and other materials relating to them. RGA will pay to you such compensation for the license or assignment as RGA will determine in its absolute discretion, subject to applicable law.

You acknowledge that the business of RGA is highly competitive and that strategies, methods, books, records, and documents, technical information concerning products, services, processes, and pricing techniques, as well as the names of and other information concerning customers, all comprise confidential business information and trade secrets which are valuable, special, and unique assets which RGA. You further acknowledge that protection of such confidential business information and trade secrets against unauthorized disclosure and use is of critical importance to RGA in maintaining its competitive position. You agree that you will not, at any time during or after your employment by RGA, make any unauthorized disclosure of any confidential business information or trade secrets of RGA, or related companies, or make any use thereof, except in the carrying out of your employment responsibilities hereunder. The above notwithstanding, a disclosure shall not be unauthorized if

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

(i) it is required by law, by a court of competent jurisdiction or by a professional regulatory body by which you are regulated, or (ii) it is in connection with any judicial or other legal proceeding in which your legal rights and obligations are at issue; provided, however, that you shall, to the extent practicable and lawful in any such events, give prior notice to RGA of your intent to disclose any such confidential business information in such context so as to allow RGA an opportunity (which you will not oppose) to obtain such protective orders or similar relief as it may deem appropriate.

It is understood that the consideration for the provisions of this Clause is already included in your annual base salary as set out in this Agreement.

18.Personal Information

ROA will hold records and personnel files relating to you in both paper and electronic formats. These will include your employment application, references, bank details, performance appraisals, holiday records, compensation information, salary reviews and remuneration details, benefits information, and other records. ROA requires such personal data for personnel, administration, and management purposes and to comply with its obligations regarding the keeping of employee records. You agree and consent that RGA may, when necessary for those purposes, make such data available to its professional advisors, to parties providing products and/or services to ROA (including but not limited to payroll and benefit services providers), to RGA's parent company [OR to RGA International Inc. for jurisdictions in which providing that information to an American company is illegal], to regulatory authorities, to any potential purchasers of RGA or its business (on a confidential basis) and as required by law.

You also consent to RGA checking your name against lists developed by various governments for the prevention of money laundering and terrorism.

RGA will also hold certain sensitive personal data including absence information, health information, medical certificates and medical reports. The purpose of retaining and processing this type of information as to administer sick pay and to monitor and manage sickness absence and to comply with health and safely legislation. If sensitive personal data relating to you is being processed for reasons otherwise than those set out above, your explicit consent will be sought.

You have the right to access information in your personnel files upon request.

By agreeing to the terms and conditions set out in this letter, you agree and consent that RGA may process personal data relating to you for the purposes set out above.

You will inform ROA promptly of any changes relating to personal information to the extent that it is relevant to your employment. Any adverse consequences resulting from failure to observe this obligation shall be borne by you.

19.Use of Equipment

You will use RGA's equipment, including telephones, fax machines, e-mail and internet systems for business use in compliance with company policies. Only minimal personal use of RGA's e-mail and internet systems is permitted. Failure to adhere to this rule will be treated as a serious disciplinary matter which may lead to summary dismissal. RGA reserves the right to monitor employee use of its equipment, including electronic mail and internet usage, in accordance with applicable law.

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

20.Discipline and Termination

20.1    Suspension

In the event of perceived or alleged misconduct, the Company will be entitled to suspend you forthwith to the extent permitted by law in order to consider and investigate the allegation and decide what action or procedure it would be appropriate to adopt. Your normal remuneration will be paid to you during any suspension. In all disciplinary matters, you will be presented in writing with the totality of the allegations outstanding against you, will be given the right to respond and will have the opportunity to be represented at any disciplinary hearing by a colleague or appropriate third party and a right of appeal against any disciplinary action taken.

20.2    Termination for Cause

RGA operates in a business which requires unimpeachable integrity. Therefore, RGA may terminate your employment for cause and without prior notice if:

you are guilty of any serious, repeated or continued material breach or non-observance of your obligations to RGA;

you are guilty of any gross misconduct, gross default or willful neglect in the discharge of your duties or in connection with or affecting the business of RGA;

you are guilty of any violation of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics;

you commit any act of personal or professional dishonesty, fraud, willful misconduct or breach of fiduciary duty, in each such case harmful to RGA's property, personnel or business operations, or damaging to RGA's relationships with its customers, clients or you or detrimental to the goodwill of RGA;

and in any such event all obligations of RGA hereunder shall immediately terminate, except for RGA's obligations to pay you all earned but unpaid salary and unconditionally accrued benefits (including outstanding reimbursement for business expenses) up to the last day of your employment. This list is indicative, but not exhaustive, of the incidents that will lead to termination of employment for cause. In the event of termination for cause, you shall have no further rights to any compensation or any other benefits except as provided in this Agreement.

20.3    Termination Without Cause - Notice Period

Either party may terminate this Agreement without cause by giving 3 calendar months' written notice.

If your employment is terminated by RGA without cause you shall be entitled to: receive your wages to the date of termination;

reimbursement for any business expenses incurred by you in accordance with Company policy prior to the date of your termination;

receive, subject to your continued compliance with the provisions of the Confidential Business Information and Intellectual Property, Return of Property and Non-solicitation clauses, any bonus that would have become payable up to the last date of your employment; and

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

such benefits, if any, to which you may be entitled under applicable benefit plans up to the last date of your employment.

RGA reserves the right to pay your salary in a lump sum in lieu of notice.

You agree that the compensation provided in this clause is inclusive of, and not in addition to, any amounts payable to you by RGA pursuant to all applicable statutes and regulations as a consequence of the termination of your employment.

On termination of your employment, RGA will to the extent permitted by law be entitled to deduct from your salary all sums owed by you to RGA or any associated company, (including a pro rata portion of any professional Membership Fees paid by RGA) and by your execution of this Agreement you consent to the deduction of such sums.

20.4    Survival

The provisions of this section will remain applicable upon any promotion you may receive, as well as upon any change in your title or reporting structure.

21.Return of Property

On termination of your employment for any reason whatsoever, you will return to RGA all company information in your possession including, but not limited to, all records, accounts, correspondence, documents, memoranda, customer lists, lists of business contacts, notebooks, reports, quotations and data, whether held in hard copy or electronically, and you will not retain copies of such items. In such circumstances, you will also return to RGA all Company property, including without limitation computers and peripheral equipment, cell phones, pagers, blackberries and other communications devices, and office equipment.

22.Non-Solicitation

You covenant and agree that, for a period of one year following the termination of this Agreement for any reason whatsoever, you shall not in any capacity offer employment to, or solicit the employment or engagement of, or otherwise recruit or entice away from the employment of RGA or any affiliated entity, either for your own account or for any other person or firm, any person who is employed by RGA or any such affiliated entity, whether or not such person would commit any breach of his or her contract of employment by reason of leaving the service of RGA or such affiliated entity. PROVIDED THAT such person was employed by RGA or any of its affiliated entities for at least 3 months prior to the Termination Date, and

(1)with whom you have had material contact or dealings during any part of the twelve months immediately preceding the Termination Date; or

(2)who had material contact with customers or suppliers of RGA or any of its affiliated entities in performing his or her duties of employment with RGA or any of its affiliated entities (as applicable); or

(3)who had access to confidential information during his or her employment with RGA or any of its affiliated entities (as applicable).

Nothing in this provision prohibits you from serving as a reference for any employee or former employee of RGA.

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

23.Governing Law

This Agreement and your employment with RGA shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Hong Kong SAR. The parties hereby submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts.

24.Language

The parties have agreed that this Agreement, policies referred to in it and all notices made pursuant to it shall be drafted in English.

25.Entire Agreement

Except as provided in:

(1)written policies promulgated by RGA from time to time dealing with issues such as securities trading, business ethics, governmental affairs and political contributions, data protection, compliance with law and the like;

(2)written benefits, plans, and programs referenced in the Pension and Benefits clauses of this Agreement; and

(3)any signed written agreements contemporaneously or hereafter executed by RGA and you;

this Agreement constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with regard to your employment relationship with RGA, and supercedes all previous written and oral negotiations, correspondence and understandings.

26.Amendment

RGA shall have the right to change your reporting structure and/or your title due to reasonable business requirements and changes in RGA's operations or structure. All other amendments to this Agreement must be in writing signed by each of the parties.

27.Waiver

The failure of a party to insist upon strict adherence to any term of this Agreement on any occasion shall not be considered a waiver of such party's rights or deprive such party of the right thereafter to insist upon strict adherence to that term or any other term of this Agreement.

28.Headings

All headings are inserted for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of any such provisions or of this Agreement, taken in its entirety.

29.Severability

The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this Agreement shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this Agreement.

30.Successors and Assignment

You acknowledge that the services required of you pursuant to this Agreement are personal and therefore you may not assign this Agreement or any of your rights or duties under it. This Agreement shall be to the benefit of and be enforceable by your personal or legal representatives, executors, administrators, successors, heirs, and legatees.

31.Notice

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

RGA Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Branch

Notices and all other communications provided for in the Agreement shall be in writing and signed. Such notices and communications shall be deemed delivered when received by fax or as an attachment to electronic mail.

32.Survival

The provisions of this Agreement (including, without limitation, the Confidential Business Information and Intellectual Property, Return of Property and Non-solicitation clauses) which by their terms should survive, and the parties' rights and remedies with respect to them, shall survive the termination of this Agreement and your employment with RGA for any reason.

33.Counterparts

This Agreement may be signed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, with the same effect as if the signatures were upon the same instrument.

RGA Reinsnrance Company, Hong Kong Branch

/s/ Brendan Galligan

Brendan Galligan

Executive Vice President,

International Business Development, RGA Inc.

/s/ Paul Nitsou

Paul Nitsou

Executive Vice President, RGA Reinsurance Company

Signed in the city of    , this    day of December, 2008.

/s/ Tony Cheng

Tony Cheng

4/F. Cambridge House, TaiKoo Place, 979 King's Road, Island East, Hong Kong T 852.2511.8688 F 852.2511.8827 www.rgare.com

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

SUBSIDIARIES OF

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

As of January 31, 2023

Entity	Jurisdiction of Organization
Aurora National Life Assurance Company	California
Bonhomme Financing LLC	Missouri
Bueller Financing LLC	Missouri
Castlewood Financial LLC	Missouri
Castlewood Reinsurance Company	Missouri
Chesterfield Reinsurance Company	Missouri
Elite Sales Processing, Inc.	Nebraska
Gateway Ridge LLC	Missouri
Hodge Life Assurance Company Limited	United Kingdom
L&A Separate JV LLC	Missouri
LOGIQ3 INC.	Canada
Manor Reinsurance, Ltd.	Barbados
Maroon Financing LLC	Missouri
Meramec Financing LLC	Iowa
My Life Covered LLC	Missouri
Omnilife Insurance Company Limited	United Kingdom
Papara Financing LLC	Delaware
Parkway Financial LLC	Missouri
Parkway Reinsurance Company	Missouri
Quincy Financing LLC	Missouri
RE Separate JV LLC	Missouri
RGA Americas Investments LLC	Missouri
RGA Americas Real Estate Investments LLC	Missouri
RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	Bermuda
RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.	Barbados
RGA Australian Holdings Pty Limited	Australia
RGA Capital Limited	United Kingdom
RGA Capital LLC	Missouri
RGA Enterprise Services Company	Missouri
RGA Financial Group, L.L.C.	Delaware
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	Bermuda
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.,- escritório de Representação no Brasil Ltda.	Brazil
RGA Global Shared Services India Private Limited	India
RGA Holdings Limited	United Kingdom
RGA International Corporation	Nova Scotia
RGA International Division Sydney Office Pty. Limited	Australia
RGA International Reinsurance Company dac	Ireland
RGA International Services Pty Ltd.	Australia
RGA Investment Advisors LLC	Missouri
RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company	Missouri
RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada	Canada
RGA Partners Japan GK	Japan
RGA Real Estate Holdings LLC	Missouri

RGA Real Estate Investments LLC	Missouri
RGA ReCap Incorporated	Missouri
RGA Reinsurance Company	Missouri
RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.	Barbados
RGA Reinsurance Company Middle East Limited	Dubai International Finance Centre
RGA Reinsurance Company of Australia Limited	Australia
RGA Reinsurance Company of South Africa Limited	South Africa
RGA Services (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
RGA South African Holdings (Pty) Ltd.	South Africa
RGA Technology Partners, Inc.	Missouri
RGA UK Services Limited	United Kingdom
RGA Ventures (Pty) Ltd.	South Africa
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	Barbados
RGAx EMEA Limited	United Kingdom
RGAx LLC	Missouri
RGAx Technology (India) Private Limited	India
RGAx Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.	China
River's Edge Turnkey Services, Inc.	Missouri
Rockwood Reinsurance Company	Missouri
SALT Associates, LLC	Maine
Sun Mountain Financing LLC	Missouri
TAI Services Corp.	Ontario
Timberlake Financial, L.L.C.	Delaware
Tindall Associates, Inc.	Illinois
Ulysses Financing LLC	Missouri
Weldon Spring Partners LLC	Missouri
Wild Horse Financing LLC	Iowa

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement Nos. 333-123161, 333-176104, 333-196114 and 333-218214 on Form S-3 and Registration Statement Nos. 333-192656, 333-256383 and 333-218213 on Form S-8 of our reports dated February 24, 2023, relating to the financial statements and financial statement schedules of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and the effectiveness of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated's internal control over financial reporting, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for the year ended December 31, 2022.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

St. Louis, Missouri

February 24, 2023

EX-24.1

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Stephen T. O'Hearn

Stephen T. O'Hearn

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Pina Albo

Pina Albo

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Tony Cheng

Tony Cheng

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ John J. Gauthier

John J. Gauthier

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Patricia L. Guinn

Patricia L. Guinn

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Hazel M. McNeilage

Hazel M. McNeilage

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Ng Keng Hooi

Ng Keng Hooi

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ George Nichols III

George Nichols III

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Shundrawn Thomas

Shundrawn Thomas

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Khanh T. Tran

Khanh T. Tran

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

Exhibit 24.1

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, the undersigned, as a director of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated hereby constitute Todd C. Larson, John Hayden and William L. Hutton, and each of them singly, with full power to sign for me the annual report of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated for fiscal year 2022 on Form 10-K and any and all amendments to this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission and I hereby ratify and confirm my signature as it may be signed by the above-mentioned people to said Form 10-K and to any and all amendments thereto.

Witness my hand on the date set forth below.

Signature

/s/ Steven C. Van Wyk

Steven C. Van Wyk

Name (Typed or printed)

Date February 24, 2023

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

I, Anna Manning, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 24, 2023
	/s/ Anna Manning
	Anna Manning
	President & Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

I, Todd C. Larson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 24, 2023
	/s/ Todd C. Larson
	Todd C. Larson
	Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and subsidiaries, (the “Company”), for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Anna Manning, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certifies, to her best knowledge and belief, pursuant to Securities Exchange Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 24, 2023
	/s/ Anna Manning
	Anna Manning
	President & Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and subsidiaries, (the “Company”), for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Todd C. Larson, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certifies, to his best knowledge and belief, pursuant to Securities Exchange Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 24, 2023
	/s/ Todd C. Larson
	Todd C. Larson
	Senior Executive Vice President &
	Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Address	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	16600 Swingley Ridge Road
Entity Address, City or Town	Chesterfield
Entity Address, State or Province	MO
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	63017
City Area Code	636
Local Phone Number	736-7000

XML

Document and Entity Information Document and Entity Information Entity Listing - NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
RGA [Member]
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01
Trading Symbol	RGA
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
RZB [Member]
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2056
Trading Symbol	RZB
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
RZC
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	7.125% Fixed Rate Reset Subordinated Debentures due 2052
Trading Symbol	RZC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Fixed Maturity Securities [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 52,901	[1]	$ 60,749	[2]
Equity Securities, FV-NI	134		151
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $51 and $35)	6,590		6,283
Policy loans	1,231		1,234
Funds withheld at interest	6,003		6,954
Real Estate Investments, Joint Ventures	2,327		1,996
Short-term investments	154		87
Other invested assets	1,140		1,074
Total investments	70,480		78,528
Cash and cash equivalents	2,927		2,948
Accrued investment income	630		533
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	3,013		2,888
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	2,462		2,580
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,974		3,690
Other assets	1,220		1,008
Total assets	84,706		92,175
Liabilities and Equity
Future policy benefits	35,220		35,782
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	30,572		26,377
Other policy claims and benefits	6,571		6,993
Other reinsurance balances	756		613
Deferred income taxes	736		2,886
Other liabilities	2,655		2,663
Long-term debt	3,961		3,667
Collateral finance and securitization notes	0		180
Total liabilities	80,471		79,161
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 12)
Stockholders Equity:
Preferred stock (par value $.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding)	0		0
Common stock (par value $0.01 per share; 140,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued: 85,310,598 at both December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021)	1		1
Additional paid-in-capital	2,502		2,461
Retained earnings	8,967		8,563
Treasury stock, at cost – 18,634,390 and 18,139,868 shares	(1,720)		(1,653)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(5,605)		3,642
Total Reinsurance Group of America, Inc. stockholders’ equity	4,145		13,014
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	84,706		92,175
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	90		0
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 4,235		$ 13,014

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS PARENTHETICAL - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 59,663	$ 55,873
Preferred stock par value	$ 0.01
Preferred stock shares authorized	10,000,000
Common stock par value	$ 0.01
Common stock shares authorized	140,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued	85,310,598	85,310,598
Treasury Shares Held	18,634,390	18,139,868
Allowances for Loan and Lease Losses, Real Estate	$ 51	$ 35
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 37	$ 31

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenues
Net premiums	$ 13,078.0	$ 12,513.0	$ 11,694.0
Net investment income	3,161.0	3,138.0	2,575.0
Investment related gains (losses), net	(506.0)	560.0	(33.0)
Other revenues	525.0	447.0	360.0
Total revenues	16,258.0	16,658.0	14,596.0
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	12,046.0	12,776.0	11,075.0
Interest credited	682.0	700.0	704.0
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	1,499.0	1,416.0	1,261.0
Other operating expenses	1,009.0	936.0	816.0
Interest expense	184.0	127.0	170.0
Collateral finance and securitization expense	7.0	12.0	17.0
Total benefits and expenses	15,427.0	15,967.0	14,043.0
Income before income taxes	831.0	691.0	553.0
Provision for income taxes	204.0	74.0	138.0
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	627.0	617.0	415.0
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	4.0	0.0	0.0
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent, Total	$ 623.0	$ 617.0	$ 415.0
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 9.31	$ 9.10	$ 6.35
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 9.21	$ 9.04	$ 6.31

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Comprehensive income
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 627	$ 617	$ 415
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(162)	60	23
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(9,108)	(1,799)	2,201
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments	23	22	(2)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(9,247)	(1,717)	2,222
Total comprehensive income (loss)	(8,620)	(1,100)	2,637
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax attributable to noncontrolling interest	4	0	0
Total comprehensive income (loss) available to Reinsurance Group of America, Inc.	$ (8,624)	$ (1,100)	$ 2,637

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock Member	Additional Paid In Capital Member	Retained Earnings Member	Treasury Stock Member	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Member
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 11,601.0
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	0.0
Total stockholders equity at Dec. 31, 2019	11,601.0	$ 1.0	$ 1,937.0	$ 7,952.0	$ (1,426.0)	$ 3,137.0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent	415.0			415.0
Stockholders' Equity, Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member]	(12.0)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	2,222.0					2,222.0
Dividends to stockholders, $3.06 per share	(182.0)			(182.0)
Treasury Stock, Value, Acquired, Cost Method	163.0				(163.0)
Reissuance of treasury stock	(10.0)		(12.0)	(25.0)	(27.0)
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	481.0
Total stockholders equity at Dec. 31, 2020	14,352.0	1.0	2,406.0	8,148.0	(1,562.0)	5,359.0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	0.0
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	14,352.0
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	0.0
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent	617.0			617.0
Stockholders' Equity, Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member]	0.0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(1,717.0)					(1,717.0)
Dividends to stockholders, $3.06 per share	(194.0)			(194.0)
Treasury Stock, Value, Acquired, Cost Method	99.0				(99.0)
Reissuance of treasury stock	(55.0)		(55.0)	(8.0)	(8.0)
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	0.0
Total stockholders equity at Dec. 31, 2021	13,014.0	1.0	2,461.0	8,563.0	(1,653.0)	3,642.0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	0.0
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	13,014.0
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	0.0
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent	623.0			623.0
Stockholders' Equity, Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member]	0.0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(9,247.0)					(9,247.0)
Dividends to stockholders, $3.06 per share	(205.0)			(205.0)
Treasury Stock, Value, Acquired, Cost Method	81.0				(81.0)
Reissuance of treasury stock	(41.0)		(41.0)	(14.0)	(14.0)
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	0.0
Total stockholders equity at Dec. 31, 2022	4,145.0	$ 1.0	$ 2,502.0	$ 8,967.0	$ (1,720.0)	$ (5,605.0)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interest	627.0
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders	(4.0)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	4.0
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders	4.0
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	4,235.0
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 90.0

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared	$ 3.06	$ 2.80	$ 2.86

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 627	$ 617	$ 415
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(111)	(15)	(11)
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	(233)	(100)	162
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(156)	(71)	(95)
Reinsurance ceded receivable balances	91	(107)	(115)
Future policy benefits, other policy claims and benefits and other reinsurance balances	1,129	5,062	2,819
Deferred income taxes	75	(89)	(16)
Other assets and other liabilities, net	(2)	(97)	225
Amortization of net investment premiums, discounts and other	(71)	(54)	(46)
(Income) loss from limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	(331)	(419)	(50)
Investment related (gains) losses, net	506	(560)	33
Depreciation and amortization expense	38	43	49
Gain on sale of businesses	(2)	(11)	0
Other, net	(217)	(17)	(48)
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,343	4,182	3,322
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	10,558	12,142	6,514
Principal payments on mortgage loans	906	887	973
Proceeds from Sale of Available-for-sale Securities, Equity	7	30	181
Proceeds from Sale and Collection of Mortgage Notes Receivable	963	991	661
Payments to Acquire Available-for-sale Securities	(16,531)	(18,071)	(9,619)
Payments to Acquire Available-for-sale Securities, Equity	(15)	(22)	(22)
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(1,314)	(1,155)	(780)
Payments to Fund Policy Loans	2	25	61
Cash invested in funds withheld at interest	(36)	(67)	(131)
Proceeds from Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures	710	498	142
Payments to Acquire Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures	(700)	(648)	(315)
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired of $53	0	(156)	0
Proceeds from Divestiture of Businesses, Net of Cash Divested	7	19	0
Payments to Acquire Property, Plant, and Equipment	(25)	(19)	(28)
Change in short-term investments	(80)	371	(155)
Change in other invested assets	(140)	547	(162)
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,688)	(4,628)	(2,680)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends to stockholders	(205)	(194)	(182)
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	0	0	481
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	(181)	(208)	(214)
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	700	500	598
Debt issuance costs	(10)	(6)	(5)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(403)	(403)	(3)
Purchases of treasury stock	(81)	(99)	(163)
Exercise of stock options, net	0	0	1
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	230	31	(32)
Decrease In Reinsurance Deposits Financing Activities	(44)	91	0
Deposits on investment-type policies and contracts	5,705	1,729	1,576
Withdrawals on investment-type policies and contracts	(1,365)	(1,421)	(803)
Proceeds from Noncontrolling Interests	90	0	0
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	4,436	20	1,254
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(112)	(34)	63
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(21)	(460)	1,959
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	2,948	3,408
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	2,927	2,948	3,408
Change in cash and cash equivalents	2,927	2,948	3,408
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid	163	160	166
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	129	368	108
Non-cash investing activities:
Transfer of invested assets	618	1,798	93
Right-of-use assets acquired through operating leases	0	0	23
Non-cash deposits on reinsurance	0	1,581	0
Assets acquired, excluding cash acquired	0	847	0
Liabilities assumed	0	(691)	0
Assets disposed, net of cash transferred	(6)	(512)	0
Liabilities disposed	$ 1	$ 504	$ 0

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS PARENTHETICAL - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Additional Cash Flow Elements and Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Cash Divested from Deconsolidation	$ 1	$ 43
Cash Acquired from Acquisition	$ 53

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Business and Basis of Presentation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Business and Basis of Presentation

BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) engage in providing traditional reinsurance, which includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. The Company also provides financial solutions, which includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products, primarily annuities, financial reinsurance, capital solutions and stable value products.

Reinsurance is an arrangement under which an insurance company, the reinsurer, agrees to indemnify another insurance company, the ceding company, for all or a portion of the insurance risks underwritten by the ceding company. Reinsurance is designed to:

(i)reduce the net amount at risk on individual risks, thereby enabling the ceding company to increase the volume of business it can underwrite, as well as increase the maximum risk it can underwrite on a single risk;

(ii)enhance the ceding company’s financial strength and surplus position;

(iii)stabilize operating results by leveling fluctuations in the ceding company’s loss experience; and

(iv)assist the ceding company in meeting applicable regulatory requirements.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates include those used in determining deferred policy acquisition costs, premiums receivable, future policy benefits, incurred but not reported claims, income taxes, valuation of investments and investment impairments, and valuation of embedded derivatives. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used by management.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, and any variable interest entities where the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates variable interest entities in accordance with the general accounting principles for Consolidation. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

There were no subsequent events that would require disclosure or adjustments to the accompanying consolidated financial statements through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND PRONOUNCEMENTS

Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities

Fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value and are so classified based upon the possibility that such securities could be sold prior to maturity if that action enables the Company to execute its investment philosophy and appropriately match investment results to operating and liquidity needs.

Unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, less applicable deferred income taxes as well as related adjustments to deferred acquisition costs, if applicable, are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”).

Investment income is recognized as it accrues or is legally due. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are included in investment related gains (losses), net, as are change in allowance for credit losses and impairments. The cost of investments sold is primarily determined based upon the specific identification method.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value and realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in investment related gains (losses), net.

Mortgage Loans

Mortgage loans are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the mortgage loan based on its contractual interest rate. Amortization of premiums, discounts, and loan origination fees are recorded using the effective yield method. The Company accrues interest on loans until it is probable the Company will not receive interest or the loan is 90 days past due. Interest income, amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, amortization of loan origination fees and prepayment fees are reported in net investment income.

Policy Loans

Policy loans are reported at the unpaid principal balance. Interest income on such loans is recorded as earned using the contractually agreed-upon interest rate. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy.

Funds Withheld at Interest

Funds withheld at interest represent amounts contractually withheld by ceding companies in accordance with reinsurance agreements. For agreements written on a modified coinsurance (“modco”) basis and agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets that support the net statutory reserves or as defined in the treaty, are withheld and legally owned by the ceding company. Interest, recorded in net investment income, accrues to these assets at calculated rates as defined by the treaty terms. Changes in the value of the equity options held within the funds withheld portfolio associated with equity-indexed annuity treaties are reflected in net investment income.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures, in which the Company has more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations, are reported using the equity method of accounting. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.

Limited partnerships, in which the Company has a minor ownership interest in or virtually no influence over the investee’s operations, are primarily carried at estimated fair value. If a readily determinable fair value is not available, the Company uses the net asset value ("NAV") per share. Changes in estimated fair value are included in investment related gains (losses), net. Certain other limited partnerships are carried at cost less impairment.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments represent investments with remaining maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months, at the time of acquisition and are stated at estimated fair value or amortized cost, which approximates estimated fair value. Interest on short-term investments is recorded in net investment income.

Other Invested Assets

In addition to derivative contracts discussed below, other invested assets include Federal Home Loan Bank common stock, unit-linked investments and lifetime mortgages. FHLB common stock is carried at cost. The fair value option (“FVO”) was elected for contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities that do not qualify for presentation and reporting as separate accounts. Changes in estimated fair value of unit-linked investments are included in net investment income.

Lifetime mortgages are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the lifetime mortgage based on its contractual interest rate.

Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The Company participates in securities borrowing programs whereby securities, which are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are borrowed from third parties. The borrowed securities are used to provide collateral under affiliated reinsurance transactions. The Company is generally required to maintain a minimum of 100% to 110% of the fair value, or par value under certain programs, of the borrowed securities as collateral. The collateral generally consists of securities pledged to the third parties or rights to reinsurance treaty cash flows. If cash flows from the reinsurance treaties are

insufficient to maintain the minimum collateral requirement, the Company may substitute cash or securities to meet the requirement.

The Company participates in a securities lending program whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are loaned to a third party. In return, the Company receives securities from the third party, with an estimated fair value generally equal to 105% of the securities lent. The securities received as collateral are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company participates in repurchase/reverse repurchase programs whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are sold to third parties. In return, the Company purchases securities from the third parties. Under the agreements the Company’s value of the securities sold is generally equal to 100% to 105% of the estimated fair value of the securities purchased. The securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Securities sold under such transactions may be sold or re-pledged by the transferee.

The Company participates in repurchase agreements, whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are sold to a third party. Under these agreements, the Company receives cash in an amount generally equal to 72% to 100% of the estimated fair value of the securities sold at the inception of the transaction, with a simultaneous agreement to repurchase such securities at a future date or on demand in an amount equal to the cash initially received plus interest. The Company monitors the ratio of the cash held to the estimated fair value of the securities sold throughout the duration of the transaction and additional cash or securities are provided or obtained as necessary. Securities sold under such transactions may be sold or re-pledged by the transferee. The obligation to repurchase bonds is reflected in other liabilities.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments

Fixed Maturity Securities

The Company identifies fixed maturity securities that could result in a credit loss by monitoring market events that could impact issuers’ credit ratings, business climates, management changes, litigation, government actions and other similar factors. The Company also monitors late payments, pricing levels, rating agency actions, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.

The Company reviews all securities to determine whether a decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss and whether an allowance for credit loss should be recognized. In making this determination, the Company considers relevant facts and circumstances including: (1) the reasons for the decline in fair value; (2) the issuer’s financial position and access to capital; and (3) the Company’s intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost that, in some cases, may extend to maturity.

If the Company intends to sell a security or it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, less any recorded credit loss, it recognizes an impairment loss in investment related gains (losses), net for the difference between amortized cost and fair value.

Credit impairments and changes in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are reflected in investment related gains (losses), net, while non-credit impairment losses are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”).

The Company estimates the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The Company excludes accrued interest from the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The techniques and assumptions for establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The asset-backed securities’ cash flow estimates are based on security-specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees.

The Company writes off uncollectible fixed maturity securities when (1) it has sufficient information to determine that the issuer of the security is insolvent or (2) it has received notice that the issuer of the security has filed for bankruptcy, and the collectability of the asset is expected to be adversely impacted by the bankruptcy.

Mortgage Loans

Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans are computed on an expected loss basis using a model that utilizes probability of default and loss given default methods over the lifetime of the loan. Within the reasonable and supportable forecast period (i.e., typically two years), the allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans is established based on several pool-level loan

assumptions, defaults and loss severity, loss expectations for loans with similar risk characteristics and industry statistics. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The evaluation also includes the impact of expected changes in future macro-economic conditions. The Company reverts to historical loss information for periods beyond which it believes it is able to develop or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. When individual loans no longer have similar credit risk characteristics of the commercial mortgage loan pool, they are removed from the pool and are evaluated individually for an allowance.

Any interest accrued or received on the net carrying amount of the impaired loan is included in net investment income or applied to the principal of the loan, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. Mortgage loans deemed to be uncollectible or that have been foreclosed are charged off against the allowance for credit losses and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. Changes in allowance for credit losses are reported in investment related gains (losses), net.

The Company evaluates whether a mortgage loan modification represents a troubled debt restructuring and does not meet the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). In a troubled debt restructuring, the Company grants concessions related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. Generally, the types of concessions include reduction of the contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market interest rates and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The Company considers the amount, timing and extent of the concession granted in determining any changes in allowance for credit losses recorded in connection with the troubled debt restructuring. Through the continuous monitoring process, the Company may have recorded a specific allowance for credit loss prior to when the mortgage loan is modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Accordingly, the carrying value (after specific allowance for credit loss) before and after modification through a troubled debt restructuring may not change significantly or may increase if the expected recovery is higher than the pre-modification recovery assessment.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The Company considers its limited partnership investments that are carried at cost for impairment when the carrying value of these investments exceeds the fair value. The Company takes into consideration the severity and duration of this excess when deciding if the investment is impaired. For equity method investments (including real estate joint ventures), the Company considers financial and other information provided by the investee, other known information and inherent risks in the underlying investments, as well as future capital commitments, in determining whether an impairment has occurred.

Derivative Instruments

Overview

The Company utilizes a variety of derivative instruments including swaps, options, forwards and futures, primarily to manage or hedge interest rate risk, credit risk, inflation risk, foreign currency risk, market volatility and various other market risks associated with its business. The Company does not invest in derivatives for speculative purposes. It is the Company’s policy to enter into derivative contracts primarily with highly rated parties. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional detail on the Company’s derivative positions.

Accounting and Financial Statement Presentation of Derivatives

Derivatives are carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets primarily in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Certain derivatives are subject to master netting provisions and reported as a net asset or liability. On the date a derivative contract is executed, the Company designates the derivative as (1) a fair value hedge, (2) a cash flow hedge, (3) a net investment hedge in a foreign operation or (4) free-standing derivatives held for other risk management purposes, which primarily involve managing asset or liability risks associated with the Company’s reinsurance treaties that do not qualify for hedge accounting.

Changes in the fair value of free-standing derivative instruments, which do not receive accounting hedge treatment, are primarily reflected in investment related gains (losses), net.

Hedge Documentation and Hedge Effectiveness

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge as either (i) a fair value hedge; (ii) a cash flow hedge; or (iii) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. In this documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and periodically throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship.

Under a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative and changes in the fair value of the hedged item related to the designated risk being hedged, are reported within investment related gains (losses), net. The fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported within investment income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.

Under a cash flow hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative measured as effective are reported within AOCI and the deferred gains or losses on the derivative are reclassified into the consolidated statements of income when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item. The fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported within investment income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.

In a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative that are measured as effective are reported within AOCI consistent with the translation adjustment for the hedged net investment in the foreign operation.

The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur; or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The carrying value of the hedged asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction occurrence is still probable, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the consolidated statements of income when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is no longer probable that the forecasted transactions will occur on the anticipated date or within two months of that date, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized currently in investment related gains (losses), net. Deferred gains and losses of a derivative recorded in OCI pursuant to the discontinued cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction that is no longer probable are recognized immediately in investment related gains (losses), net.

In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value in the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as investment related gains (losses), net.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company reinsures certain annuity products that contain terms that are deemed to be embedded derivatives, primarily equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits. The Company assesses reinsurance contract terms to identify embedded derivatives, which are required to be bifurcated under the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. If the contract is not reported for in its entirety at fair value and it is determined that the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for separately.

Embedded derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in the same line item as the host contract. Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with equity-indexed annuities are reflected in interest credited on the consolidated statements of income and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits are reflected in investment related gains (losses), net. See “Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities” below for additional information on embedded derivatives related to equity-indexed and variable annuities. The Company has implemented an economic hedging strategy to mitigate the volatility associated with its reinsurance of variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits. The hedging strategy is designed such that changes in the fair value of the hedge contracts, primarily futures, swap contracts and options, move in the opposite direction of changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives. While the Company actively manages its hedging program, the hedges that are in place may not be totally effective in offsetting the embedded derivative changes due to the many variables that must be managed and the Company may see a corresponding increase or decrease in the net liability. The Company has elected not to assess this hedging strategy for hedge accounting treatment.

Additionally, reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. The Company’s funds withheld at interest balances are primarily

associated with its reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, the majority of which were subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. Management believes the embedded derivative feature in each of these reinsurance treaties is similar to a total return swap on the assets held by the ceding companies. The valuation of embedded derivatives is sensitive to the investment credit spread environment. Changes in investment credit spreads are also affected by the application of a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in an asset position utilizes a CVA based on the ceding company’s credit risk. Conversely, the fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in a liability position utilizes a CVA based on the Company’s credit risk. Generally, an increase in investment credit spreads, ignoring changes in the CVA, will have a negative impact on the fair value of the embedded derivative (decrease in income). The fair value of the embedded derivative assets and liabilities are included in the funds withheld at interest and other liabilities, respectively. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives is recorded in investment related gains (losses), net.

The Company has entered into various financial reinsurance treaties on a funds withheld and modco basis. These treaties do not transfer significant insurance risk and are recorded on a deposit method of accounting with the Company earning a net fee. As a result of the experience refund provisions contained in these treaties, the value of the embedded derivatives in these contracts is currently considered immaterial. The Company monitors the performance of these treaties on a quarterly basis. Significant adverse performance or losses on these treaties may result in a loss associated with the embedded derivative.

Fair Value Measurements

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, establish a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. In compliance with these principles, the Company has categorized its assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three level hierarchy or separately for assets measured using the net asset value (“NAV”). The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), the second highest priority to quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.

See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for further details on the Company’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit and highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

Premiums Receivable

Premiums are accrued when due and in accordance with information received from the ceding company. When the Company enters into a new reinsurance agreement, it records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty. Similarly, when a ceding company fails to report information on a timely basis, the Company records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty as well as historical experience. Other management estimates include adjustments for increased in force on existing treaties, lapsed premiums given historical experience, the financial health of specific ceding companies, collateral value and the legal right of offset on related amounts (i.e. allowances and claims) owed to the ceding company. Under the legal right of offset provisions in its reinsurance treaties, the Company can withhold payments for allowances and claims from unpaid premiums. Based on its review of these factors and historical experience, the Company did not believe a provision for doubtful accounts was necessary as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Reinsurance Ceded Receivables and Other

The Company generally reports retrocession activity on a gross basis. Amounts paid or deemed to have been paid for reinsurance are reflected in reinsurance ceded receivables. The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is recognized over the terms of the reinsured policies on a basis consistent with the reporting of those policies.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Costs of acquiring new business, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new business, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Such costs include commissions and allowances as well as certain costs of policy issuance and underwriting. Non-commission costs related to the acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts may be deferred only if they meet the following criteria:

•Incremental direct costs of a successful contract acquisition

•Portions of employees’ salaries and benefits directly related to time spent performing specified acquisition activities for a contract that has been acquired or renewed

•Other costs directly related to the specified acquisition or renewal activities that would not have been incurred had that acquisition contract transaction not occurred

The Company tests the recoverability for each year of business at issue before establishing additional deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”). The Company also performs annual tests to establish that DAC are expected to remain recoverable, and if financial performance significantly deteriorates to the point where a deficiency exists, a cumulative charge to current operations will be recorded. No such adjustments related to DAC recoverability were made in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

DAC related to traditional life insurance contracts are amortized with interest over the premium-paying period of the related policies in proportion to the ratio of individual period premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues over the expected life of the policy. Such anticipated premium revenues are estimated using the same assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits.

DAC related to interest-sensitive life and investment-type policies are amortized over the expected lives of the policies, in proportion to the gross profits realized from mortality, investment income less interest credited, and expense margins.

Other Reinsurance Balances

The Company assumes and retrocedes financial reinsurance contracts that do not expose it to a reasonable possibility of loss from insurance risk. These contracts are reported as deposits and are included in other reinsurance assets/liabilities. The amount of revenue reported in other revenues on these contracts represents fees and the cost of insurance under the terms of the reinsurance agreement. Assets and liabilities are reported on a net or gross basis, depending on the specific details within each treaty. Reinsurance agreements reported on a net basis, where a legal right of offset exists, are generally included in other reinsurance balances on the consolidated balance sheets. Balances resulting from the assumption and/or subsequent transfer of benefits and obligations resulting from cash flows related to variable annuities have also been classified as other reinsurance balance assets and/or liabilities. Other reinsurance assets are included in premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances while other reinsurance liabilities are included in other reinsurance balances.

Acquired Intangibles

Goodwill and Value of Business Acquired

Goodwill, reported in other assets, is not amortized into results of operations, but instead is reviewed at least annually for impairment and written down only in the periods in which the recorded value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. Goodwill as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, totaled $7 million. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value of business acquired was fully amortized.

Value of Distribution Agreements and Customer Relationships Acquired

Value of distribution agreements (“VODA”) is reported in other assets and represents the present value of future profits associated with the expected future business derived from the distribution agreements. Value of customer relationships acquired (“VOCRA”) is also reported in other assets and represents the present value of the expected future profits associated with the expected future business acquired through existing customers of the acquired company or business. VODA is amortized over a useful life of 15 years and VOCRA is also amortized over a 15 year period in proportion to expected revenues generated, with amortization included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Each year the Company reviews VODA and VOCRA to determine the recoverability of these balances. VODA and VOCRA totaled approximately $12 million and $19 million, including accumulated amortization of $109 million and $102 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. VODA and VOCRA amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $6 million, $7 million and $8 million, respectively. Amortization of the VODA and VOCRA is estimated to be $6 million and $6 million during 2023 and 2024, respectively, with the VODA and VOCRA expected to be fully amortized by the end of 2024.

Other Acquired Intangible Assets

Other acquired intangibles are reported in other assets and primarily represent intangibles and licenses acquired through the Company’s acquisition of service and technology oriented companies in an effort to both support its clients and generate new future revenue streams. Other acquired intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 10 to 15 years, with amortization included in other operating expenses. Each year the Company reviews other acquired intangibles to determine the recoverability of these balances. Other acquired intangibles totaled approximately $14 million and $22 million, including accumulated amortization of $20 million and $17 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other acquired intangibles amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $3 million, $4 million and $4 million, respectively. During 2021, the Company wrote off $4 million of acquired intangible assets

deemed to be impaired. Amortization of other acquired intangibles is estimated to be $3 million during 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively.

Property, Equipment, Leasehold Improvements and Computer Software

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, which are included in other assets, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as appropriate. The estimated life is generally 40 years for company occupied real estate property, from one to seven years for leasehold improvements, and from three to seven years for all other property and equipment. The cost basis of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $270 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accumulated depreciation of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $136 million and $131 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $15 million, $16 million and $17 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Computer software, which is included in other assets, is stated at cost, less accumulated amortization. Purchased software costs, as well as certain internal and external costs incurred to develop internal-use computer software during the application development stage, are capitalized. Amortization of software costs is recorded on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from three to ten years. Carrying values are reviewed at least annually for indicators of impairment in value. Unamortized computer software costs were $138 million and $145 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense was $24 million, $27 million, and $32 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company did not impair any capital projects during 2022 or 2021. The Company recognized impairments of $5 million in 2020.

Operating Joint Ventures

The Company has made investments in certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and made other than for the sole purpose of generating investment income. These investments are reported under the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets. The Company’s share of earnings from these joint ventures is reported in other revenues on the consolidated statements of income. The Company’s investments in operating joint ventures do not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition, and as a result no additional disclosures have been presented.

Future Policy Benefits

Liabilities for future benefits on life and health policies are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on policies in force. Liabilities for future policy benefits under long-duration life and health insurance policies have been computed based upon expected investment yields, mortality and withdrawal (lapse) rates, and other assumptions. These assumptions include a margin for adverse deviation and vary with the characteristics of the plan of insurance, year of issue, age of insured, and other appropriate factors. Interest rates range from 3.0% to 6.0%. The mortality and withdrawal assumptions are based on the Company’s experience as well as industry experience and standards. In establishing reserves for future policy benefits, the Company assigns policy liability assumptions to particular timeframes (eras) in such a manner as to be consistent with the underlying assumptions and economic conditions at the time the risks are assumed. The Company maintains a consistent approach to setting the provision for adverse deviation between eras.

Liabilities for future benefits on longevity business, including annuities in the payout phase, are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on policies in force. Liabilities for future benefits related to the longevity business, including annuities in the payout phase have been calculated using expected mortality, investment yields, and other assumptions. These assumptions include a margin for adverse deviation and vary with the characteristics of the plan of insurance, year of issue, age of insured, and other appropriate factors. The mortality assumptions are based on the Company’s experience as well as industry experience and standards. A deferred profit liability is established when the gross premium exceeds the net premium.

The Company periodically reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits. The Company establishes premium deficiency reserves if actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy liabilities together with the present value of future gross premiums will not be sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. Anticipated investment income is considered in the calculation of premium deficiency losses for short-duration contracts. The premium deficiency reserve is established by a charge to income, as well as a reduction in unamortized acquisition costs and, to the extent there are no unamortized acquisition costs, an increase in future policy benefits.

The reserving process includes normal periodic reviews of assumptions used and adjustments of reserves to incorporate the refinement of the assumptions. Any such adjustments relate only to policies assumed in recent periods and the adjustments are reflected by a cumulative charge or credit to current operations.

The Company reinsures disability and long-term care products in various markets. Liabilities for future benefits on disability and long-term care policies’ active lives are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on

policies in force. These reserves are the amounts that, with the additional premiums to be received and interest thereon compounded annually at certain assumed rates, are calculated to be sufficient to meet the various policy and contract obligations as they mature.

The Company establishes future policy benefits for guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”) relating to the reinsurance of certain variable annuity contracts by estimating the expected value of death benefits in excess of the projected account balance and recognizing the excess proportionally over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments. The Company regularly evaluates estimates used and adjusts the additional liability balance, with a related charge or credit to claims and other policy benefits, if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised. The assumptions used in estimating the GMDB liabilities are consistent with those used for amortizing DAC, and are thus subject to the same variability and risk. The Company’s GMDB liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were not material.

Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities

Liabilities for future benefits on interest-sensitive life and investment-type contract liabilities are carried at the accumulated contract holder values without reduction for potential surrender or withdrawal charges. The Company reinsures asset-intensive products, including annuities and corporate-owned life insurance. The investment portfolios for these products are segregated for management purposes within the general account of the respective legal entity. The liabilities under asset-intensive insurance contracts or reinsurance contracts reinsured on a coinsurance basis are included in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Asset-intensive contracts principally include individual fixed annuities in the accumulation phase, single premium immediate annuities, equity-indexed annuities, individual variable annuities, corporate-owned life and interest-sensitive whole life insurance contracts. Interest-sensitive contract liabilities are equal to (i) policy account values, which consist of an accumulation of gross premium payments; (ii) credited interest less expenses, mortality charges, and withdrawals; and (iii) fair value adjustments relating to business combinations. Liabilities for immediate annuities are calculated as the present value of the expected cash flows, with the locked-in discount rate determined such that there is no gain or loss at inception. Additionally, certain annuity contracts the Company reinsures contain terms, such as guaranteed minimum benefits and equity participation options, which are deemed to be embedded derivatives and are accounted for based on the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging.

The Company establishes liabilities for guaranteed minimum living benefits relating to certain variable annuity products as follows:

•Guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”) provide the contract holder, after a specified period of time determined at the time of issuance of the variable annuity contract, with a minimum level of income (annuity) payments. Under the reinsurance treaty, the Company makes a payment to the ceding company equal to the GMIB net amount-at-risk at the time of annuitization and thus these contracts meet the net settlement criteria of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging and the Company assumes no mortality risk. Accordingly, the GMIB is considered an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

•Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) guarantee the contract holder a return of their purchase payment via partial withdrawals, even if the account value is reduced to zero, provided that the contract holder’s cumulative withdrawals in a contract year do not exceed a certain limit. The initial guaranteed withdrawal amount is equal to the initial benefit base as defined in the contract (typically, the initial purchase payments plus applicable bonus amounts). The GMWB is also an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

•Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) provide the contract holder, after a specified period of time determined at the time of issuance of the variable annuity contract, with a minimum accumulation of their purchase payments even if the account value is reduced to zero. The initial guaranteed accumulation amount is equal to the initial benefit base as defined in the contract (typically, the initial purchase payments plus applicable bonus amounts). The GMAB is also an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

For GMIB, GMWB and GMAB, the initial benefit base is increased by additional purchase payments made within a certain time period and decreased by benefits paid and/or withdrawal amounts. After a specified period of time, the benefit base may also increase as a result of an optional reset as defined in the contract.

The fair values of the GMIB, GMWB and GMAB embedded derivative liabilities are reflected in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and are calculated based on actuarial and capital market assumptions related to the projected cash flows, including benefits and related contract charges over the lives of the contracts. These projected cash flows incorporate expectations concerning policyholder behavior, such as lapses, withdrawals and benefit selections, and capital market assumptions such as interest rates and equity market volatilities. In measuring the fair value of GMIBs, GMWBs and

GMABs, the Company attributes a portion of the fees collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of expected future guaranteed minimum income, withdrawal and accumulation benefits (at inception). The changes in fair value are reported in investment related gains (losses), net. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in other revenues on the consolidated statements of income. These variable annuity guaranteed living benefits may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets or falling interest rate markets, causing an increase in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, negatively affecting net income.

The Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity contracts. These contracts allow the contract holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component where interest credited is based on the performance of common stock market indices, such as the S&P 500 Index®, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, or the NASDAQ. The equity market option is considered an embedded derivative, similar to a call option, which is reflected at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets in interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The fair value of embedded derivatives is computed based on a projection of future equity option costs using a budget methodology, discounted back to the balance sheet date using current market indicators of volatility and interest rates. Changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives are included as a component of interest credited on the consolidated statements of income.

The Company reviews its estimates of actuarial liabilities for interest-sensitive contract liabilities and compares them with its actual experience. Differences between actual experience and the assumptions used in pricing these guarantees and benefits and in the establishment of the related liabilities result in variances in profit and could result in losses. The effects of changes in such estimated liabilities are included in the results of operations in the period in which the changes occur.

Other Policy Claims and Benefits

Claims payable for incurred but not reported losses are determined using case-basis estimates and lag studies of past experience. The time lag from the date of the claim or death to when the ceding company reports the claim to the Company can vary significantly by ceding company, business segment and product type, but generally averages around 3.4 months. Incurred but not reported claims are estimates on an undiscounted basis, using actuarial estimates of historical claims expense, adjusted for current trends and conditions. These estimates are continually reviewed and the ultimate liability may vary significantly from the amount recognized, which are reflected in claims and other policy benefits in the period in which they are determined.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities primarily include liabilities associated with amounts ceded on a funds withheld basis, investments in transit, separate accounts, employee benefits, cash collateral received on derivative positions and current federal income taxes payable.

Income Taxes

The U.S. consolidated tax return includes the operations of RGA and all eligible subsidiaries. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries are taxed under applicable local statutes.

The Company provides for federal, state and foreign income taxes currently payable, as well as those deferred due to temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts, and are recognized in net income or in certain cases in other comprehensive income. The Company’s accounting for income taxes represents management’s best estimate of various events and transactions considering the laws enacted as of the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the relevant jurisdictions’ enacted tax rate for the period in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse to the temporary difference change for that period. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets including those related to foreign tax credits, net operating, and capital losses. The Company has projected its ability to utilize its deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets the Company believes more likely than not will not be realized.

Significant judgment is required in determining whether valuation allowances should be established as well as the amount of such allowances. When making such a determination, consideration is given to, among other things, the following:

(i)taxable income in prior carryback years

(ii)future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences;

(iii)future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; and

(iv)tax planning strategies.

Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these changes occur.

The Company made a policy election to account for global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a period cost.

The Company reports uncertain tax positions in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In order to recognize the benefit of an uncertain tax position, the position must meet the more likely than not criteria of being sustained. Unrecognized tax benefits due to tax uncertainties that do not meet the more likely than not criteria are included within income tax liabilities and are charged to earnings in the period that such determination is made. The Company classifies interest related to tax uncertainties as interest expense whereas penalties related to tax uncertainties are classified as a component of income tax.

See Note 9 – “Income Tax” for further discussion.

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes

Collateral finance and securitization notes represent private placement asset-backed structured financing transactions. Collateral finance notes are issued on specified insurance policies reinsured by the Company’s regulated subsidiaries. Transaction costs, primarily interest expense, are reflected in collateral finance and securitization expense. See Note 14 – “Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes” for additional information.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets, liabilities and results of foreign operations are recorded based on the functional currency of each foreign operation. The determination of the functional currency is based on economic facts and circumstances pertaining to each foreign operation. The Company’s material functional currencies are the U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, British pound, Australian dollar, Japanese yen, Korean won, Euro and South African rand. The translation of the functional currency into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using weighted-average exchange rates during each year. Gains or losses, net of applicable deferred income taxes, resulting from such translation are included in accumulated currency translation adjustments, in AOCI until the underlying functional currency operation is sold or substantially liquidated.

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses – Long-Duration Products

Life and health premiums are recognized as revenue when due from the insured, and are reported net of amounts retroceded. Benefits and expenses are reported net of amounts retroceded and are associated with earned premiums so that profits are recognized over the life of the related contract. This association is accomplished through the provision for future policy benefits and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs. Other revenue includes items such as treaty recapture fees, fees associated with financial reinsurance and policy changes on interest-sensitive and investment-type products that the Company reinsures. Any fees that are collected in advance of the period benefited are deferred and recognized over the period benefited.

For certain reinsurance transactions involving in force blocks of business, the ceding company pays a premium equal to the initial required reserve (future policy benefit). In such transactions, for income statement presentation, the Company nets the expense associated with the establishment of the reserve against the premiums from the transaction.

Revenues for interest-sensitive and investment-type products consist of investment income, policy charges for the cost of insurance, policy administration, and surrenders that have been assessed against policy account balances during the period. Interest-sensitive contract liabilities for these products represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expenses include claims incurred in the period in excess of related policy account balances and interest credited to policy account balances. Interest is credited to policyholder account balances according to terms of the policies or contracts.

For each of its reinsurance contracts, the Company must determine if the contract provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with GAAP. The Company must review all contractual features, particularly those that may limit the amount of insurance risk to which the Company is subject or features that delay the timely reimbursement of claims. If the Company determines that a contract does not expose it to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the Company records the contract on a deposit method of accounting with any net amount receivable reflected as an asset within premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances, and any net amount payable reflected as a liability within other reinsurance balances. Fees earned on the contracts are reflected as other revenues, rather than premiums.

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses – Short-Duration Products

The Company provides reinsurance of medical, disability, life and other products for a fixed period of short-duration, typically one to three years. Under the short-duration insurance accounting model:

•Premiums are recognized over the coverage period in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided.

•Claims or benefits are recognized when insured events occur, based on the ultimate cost to settle the claim, and are adjusted to reflect changes in estimates during the life of the contract. The estimated cost to settle the claim is based on

actuarial assumptions for similar claims. The Company also establishes an incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) liability based on historical reporting patterns.

•Eligible deferred acquisition costs are capitalized and amortized in proportion to premium.

Equity Based Compensation

The Company expenses the fair value of stock awards included in its incentive compensation plans. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, and is recognized as an increase to additional paid-in-capital in stockholders’ equity, and stock-based compensation expense is reflected in other operating expenses.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share include the dilutive effects assuming the exercise or issuance of stock awards.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards Adopted

There were no new accounting standards or updated accounting guidance adopted by the Company that had a material impact on the Company’s results of operations and financial position.

Standards Not Yet Adopted

In the first quarter of 2023, the Company will adopt Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”): ASU 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (“ASU 2018-12”). ASU 2018-12 updates certain requirements for the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.

•Cash flow assumptions and measuring liability for future policy benefits – ASU 2018-12 requires the Company to review its cash flow assumptions at least annually and update, when necessary, with the impact recognized in net income in the period of the change.

Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to retained earnings as a result of capping the net premium ratio at 100% and eliminating negative reserves on certain issue year cohorts.

•Discount rate – The discount rate assumption is prescribed by ASU 2018-12 as an upper-medium (low credit risk) fixed-income yield and is required to be updated every quarter. The change in the liability as a result of updating the discount rate assumption is recognized in OCI.

Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a result of remeasuring in force contract liabilities using current upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields. The adjustment will largely reflect the difference between discount rates locked-in at contract inception versus current discount rates at transition.

•Deferred policy acquisition costs and similar balances – Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other capitalized costs such as unearned revenue are amortized on a constant level or straight-line basis over the expected term of the contracts.

Upon adoption, the Company expects an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the removal of cumulative adjustments to DAC associated with unrealized gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

•Market risk benefits – Market risk benefits, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to the instrument-specific credit risk, which is recognized in OCI.

Upon adoption, the Company expects an impact to (1) accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk between contract issue date and transition date and (2) retained earnings for the difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition date, excluding the changes in the instrument-specific credit risk.

The updated guidance for the cash flow assumptions, discount rate and deferred policy acquisition costs will be applied on a modified retrospective method as of the earliest period included in the financial statements; that is, to contracts in force as of January 1, 2021. The guidance for market risk benefits will be applied retrospectively as of January 1, 2021. The following summarizes the estimated impact the adoption will have on previously reported amounts:

•Stockholders’ equity as of January 1, 2021 (the transition date): The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease previously reported retained earnings by approximately $1.0 billion to $1.3 billion, net of tax, and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $5.1 billion to $7.1 billion, net of tax, as of the transition date of January 1, 2021.

•Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2021: The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease previously reported retained earnings by approximately $0.5 billion to $0.8 billion, net of tax, and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $3.2 billion to $5.2 billion, net of tax, as of December 31, 2021.

•Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022: The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease reported retained earnings by approximately $0.6 billion to $0.9 billion, net of tax, and increase accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $2.9 billion to $4.9 billion, net of tax, as of December 31, 2022.

The above estimates assume an effective tax rate of 20%. While the Company has substantially completed the necessary updates to its valuation models and other systems to implement the standard, the Company’s implementation of the new guidance is continuing to be refined and reviewed. The actual impact of adoption, including the actual tax rates, will be finalized upon completion the Company’s disclosure and controls procedures regarding the adoption of the new guidance. Therefore, the Company’s estimates are subject to change.

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Earnings Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):

	2022		2021		2020
Earnings:
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations)	$	627	$	617	$	415
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	4		—		—
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	623	$	617	$	415
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculations)	66.9		67.8		65.4
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock awards	0.8		0.5		0.4
Diluted shares (denominator for diluted calculations)	67.7		68.3		65.8
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	9.31	$	9.10	$	6.35
Diluted	9.21		9.04		6.31

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of stock awards with a conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent awards, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period.

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Investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Investments [Abstract]

Investments

INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). RMBS, ABS and CMBS are collectively “structured securities.”

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,963	$	27	$	168	$	5,135	$	33,969	64.2	%
Canadian government	3,311		—		381		66		3,626		6.9
RMBS	1,054		—		1		114		941		1.8
ABS	4,324		10		4		440		3,878		7.3
CMBS	1,835		—		—		212		1,623		3.1
U.S. government	1,690		—		4		212		1,482		2.8
State and political subdivisions	1,282		—		10		173		1,119		2.1
Other foreign government	7,204		—		26		967		6,263		11.8
Total fixed maturity securities	$	59,663	$	37	$	594	$	7,319	$	52,901	100.0	%

December 31, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	35,239	$	26	$	3,084	$	194	$	38,103	62.8	%
Canadian government	3,339		—		1,606		1		4,944		8.1
RMBS	1,020		—		37		7		1,050		1.7
ABS	4,024		—		22		41		4,005		6.6
CMBS	1,790		1		66		6		1,849		3.0
U.S. government	2,082		—		31		8		2,105		3.5
State and political subdivisions	1,191		—		137		5		1,323		2.2
Other foreign government	7,188		4		273		87		7,370		12.1
Total fixed maturity securities	$	55,873	$	31	$	5,256	$	349	$	60,749	100.0	%

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral	$	355	$	292	$	100	$	103
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral	n/a		1,428		n/a		1,922
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	31,510		27,817		28,671		31,173

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, as well as the securities disclosed below, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Government of Japan	$	2,988	$	2,516	$	3,080	$	3,063
Canadian province of Quebec	1,436		1,649		1,377		2,347
Canadian province of Ontario	982		1,068		1,092		1,451

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2022, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below as they are not due at a single maturity date.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,231	$	1,223
Due after one year through five years	10,397		10,076
Due after five years through ten years	11,293		10,231
Due after ten years	29,529		24,929
Structured securities	7,213		6,442
Total	$	59,663	$	52,901

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	14,551	$	12,680	37.3	%
Industrial	19,624		17,257		50.8
Utility	4,788		4,032		11.9
Total	$	38,963	$	33,969	100.0	%
December 31, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	13,101	$	14,045	36.9	%
Industrial	17,857		19,375		50.8
Utility	4,281		4,683		12.3
Total	$	35,239	$	38,103	100.0	%

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements,” allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The amount recognized represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to the allowance for credit losses. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in OCI.

The following tables present the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses in fixed maturity securities by type for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	26	$	—	$	1	$	4	$	31
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	31		10		—		1		42
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(32)		—		—		(7)		(39)
Reductions for securities the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost	(4)		—		—		—		(4)
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	6		—		(1)		2		7
Balance, end of period	$	27	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	37

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	17	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	20
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	21		—		1		5		27
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(10)		—		(2)		(1)		(13)
Reductions for securities the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost	—		—		—		—		—
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(2)		—		(1)		—		(3)
Balance, end of period	$	26	$	—	$	1	$	4	$	31

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment.

The following table presents the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses for the 6,441 and 1,862 fixed maturity securities for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has continuously remained below amortized cost.

	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2022:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	21,867	$	2,756	$	6,840	$	2,225	$	28,707	$	4,981
Canadian government	554		42		71		23		625		65
RMBS	664		62		181		53		845		115
ABS	1,596		153		1,931		269		3,527		422
CMBS	1,314		144		281		65		1,595		209
U.S. government	1,202		64		253		148		1,455		212
State and political subdivisions	819		124		131		50		950		174
Other foreign government	2,757		253		2,720		652		5,477		905
Total investment grade securities	30,773		3,598		12,408		3,485		43,181		7,083
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	767		87		305		61		1,072		148
ABS	52		6		38		9		90		15
Other foreign government	39		2		164		60		203		62
Total below investment grade securities	858		95		507		130		1,365		225
Total fixed maturity securities	$	31,631	$	3,693	$	12,915	$	3,615	$	44,546	$	7,308

	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2021:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	4,135	$	86	$	946	$	51	$	5,081	$	137
Canadian government	20		1		—		—		20		1
RMBS	132		3		102		4		234		7
ABS	1,747		22		589		6		2,336		28
CMBS	152		2		35		2		187		4
U.S. government	1,513		6		31		2		1,544		8
State and political subdivisions	109		3		28		2		137		5
Other foreign government	2,237		33		724		37		2,961		70
Total investment grade securities	10,045		156		2,455		104		12,500		260
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	463		13		97		44		560		57
ABS	—		—		13		13		13		13
Other foreign government	136		7		75		10		211		17
Total below investment grade securities	599		20		185		67		784		87
Total fixed maturity securities	$	10,644	$	176	$	2,640	$	171	$	13,284	$	347

The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in risk-free interest rates and credit spreads.

Investment Income and Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net – Accounting Correction

In 2021, the Company reclassified approximately $92 million of pre-tax unrealized gains from AOCI to net investment income associated with investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds for which it utilizes the equity method of accounting. The unrealized gains should have been recognized directly in investment income in the same prior periods they were reported by the investees. In addition, the Company recorded approximately $70 million of pre-tax gains in investment related gains (losses), net, associated with investments in limited partnerships considered to be investment companies in order

to adjust the carrying value from cost less impairments to a fair value approach, using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share or its equivalent. Had the adjustments been recorded in the years they were reported by the investees, the Company estimates it would have recognized approximately $102 million, $(2) million, $1 million and $10 million of pre-tax income (loss) in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Net Investment Income

Major categories of net investment income consist of the following (dollars in millions):

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	2,305	$	2,059	$	1,928
Equity securities	6		5		6
Mortgage loans	298		293		282
Policy loans	54		55		56
Funds withheld at interest	253		351		279
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	331		419		50
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	29		3		7
Other invested assets	12		61		59
Investment income	3,288		3,246		2,667
Investment expense	(127)		(108)		(92)
Net investment income	$	3,161	$	3,138	$	2,575

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in millions):

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Change in allowance for credit losses	$	(6)	$	(11)	$	(20)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities	(17)		(1)		(1)
Realized gains on investment activity	192		299		114
Realized losses on investment activity	(396)		(65)		(82)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	(21)		25		(15)
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(16)		29		(38)
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments	38		169		—
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures impairment losses	—		—		(18)
Other, net	21		25		24
Net gains (losses) on derivatives	(301)		90		3
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	(506)	$	560	$	(33)

As of December 31, 2022, the Company held non-income producing securities with amortized costs, net of allowances, of $87 million and estimated fair values of $45 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held non-income producing securities with amortized costs, net of allowances, of $26 million and estimated fair values of $26 million. Generally, securities are non-income producing when principal or interest is not paid primarily as a result of bankruptcies or credit defaults.

Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The following table provides information relating to securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022			2021
	Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value
Securities borrowing agreements:
Securities borrowed (1)	n/a	$	852	n/a	$	420
Securities pledged as collateral (2)	859	693		279	290
Securities lending agreements:
Securities loaned (2)	59	55		94	102
Securities received as collateral (3)	n/a	66		n/a	102
Repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements:
Securities sold (2)	898	779		704	736
Cash (4)	—	—		10	10
Securities purchased (3)	n/a	619		n/a	728
Cash received (5)	149	149		—	—

(1)Securities borrowed are not reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.

(2)Securities loaned, pledged or sold to counterparties are included within fixed maturity securities.

(3)Securities received as collateral or purchased from counterparties are not reflected on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(4)A receivable for the cash held by counterparties is included within other assets.

(5)A payable for the cash received by the Company is included within other liabilities.

The following tables present information on the remaining contractual maturity of the Company’s securities lending and repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollars in millions).

	December 31, 2022
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	42	$	42
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Other foreign government	—		—		—		10		10
Total	—		—		—		55		55
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		279		279
RMBS	—		—		—		10		10
ABS	—		—		—		54		54
CMBS	—		—		—		63		63
Other foreign government	—		—		—		373		373
Total	—		—		—		779		779
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	834	$	834

	December 31, 2021
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	94	$	94
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Other foreign government	—		—		—		5		5
Total	—		—		—		102		102
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		366		366
RMBS	—		—		—		—		—
ABS	—		—		—		—		—
CMBS	—		—		—		—		—
Other foreign government	—		—		—		370		370
Total	—		—		—		736		736
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	838	$	838

Mortgage Loans

As of December 31, 2022, mortgage loans were geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California (13.3%), Texas (11.2%) and Washington (7.8%), in addition to loans secured by properties in Canada (3.6%) and United Kingdom (2.4%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Carrying Value		Percentage of Total		Carrying Value		Percentage of Total
Property type:
Office	$	1,706	25.6	%	$	1,683	26.6	%
Retail	2,290		34.4		2,090		33.0
Industrial	1,518		22.8		1,249		19.7
Apartment	763		11.5		801		12.7
Other commercial	376		5.7		506		8.0
Recorded investment	6,653		100.0	%	6,329		100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(12)				(11)
Allowance for credit losses	(51)				(35)
Total mortgage loans	$	6,590			$	6,283

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	2,652	39.9	%	$	2,660	42.0	%
Due after five years through ten years	2,930		44.0		2,593		41.0
Due after ten years	1,071		16.1		1,076		17.0
Total	$	6,653	100.0	%	$	6,329	100.0	%

The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2022:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,466	$	215	$	56	$	18	$	3,755	56.4	%
60% – 69.99%	1,894		119		71		—		2,084		31.3
70% – 79.99%	475		49		91		—		615		9.3
80% or greater	81		—		118		—		199		3.0
Total	$	5,916	$	383	$	336	$	18	$	6,653	100.0	%

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2021:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,111	$	238	$	51	$	6	$	3,406	53.8	%
60% – 69.99%	1,906		190		46		—		2,142		33.8
70% – 79.99%	520		41		12		—		573		9.1
80% or greater	148		—		60		—		208		3.3
Total	$	5,685	$	469	$	169	$	6	$	6,329	100.0	%

The following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
December 31, 2022:	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Total
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	698	$	684	$	327	$	561	$	422	$	1,565	$	4,257
Investment grade	586		284		248		279		252		531		2,180
Average	—		6		—		39		52		83		180
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	1,284	$	974	$	575	$	879	$	726	$	2,215	$	6,653

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
December 31, 2021:	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Total
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	725	$	402	$	645	$	461	$	344	$	1,534	$	4,111
Investment grade	367		272		331		301		296		502		2,069
Average	6		—		27		39		5		32		109
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		4		4
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	1,098	$	674	$	1,003	$	801	$	645	$	2,108	$	6,329

The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Current	$	6,617	$	6,329
Greater than 90 days	36		—
Total	$	6,653	$	6,329

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	35	$	64	$	12
Adoption of new accounting standard	—		—		14
Change in allowance for credit losses	16		(29)		38
Balance, end of period	$	51	$	35	$	64

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company restructured three mortgage loans to interest only payments as a result of lower occupancy levels, one of which was paid in full as of December 31, 2022. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans, which were modified and met the criteria of Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”), is $67 million as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant loans that were modified and met the criteria of a TDR. The Company has two mortgage loans in the aggregate amount of $36 million that were on a nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2022. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2021. The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Policy Loans

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

As of December 31, 2022, $3.8 billion of the funds withheld at interest balance is primarily associated with two clients. For reinsurance agreements written on a modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The carrying values of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Limited partnerships - equity method	$	934	$	780
Limited partnerships - fair value	683		581
Limited partnerships - cost method	49		63
Real estate joint ventures	661		572
Total limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	2,327	$	1,996

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include lifetime mortgages and derivative contracts. Other invested assets also includes FHLB common stock and unit-linked investments, which are included in “Other” in the table below. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages was not material. The carrying values of other invested assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Lifetime mortgages	868		758
Derivatives	170		175
Other	102		141
Total other invested assets	$	1,140	$	1,074

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Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for additional disclosures related to the fair value hierarchy for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives.

Types of Derivatives Used by the Company

Credit Derivatives

The Company sells protection under single name credit default swaps and credit default swap index tranches, as well as other credit derivatives, to diversify its credit risk exposure in certain portfolios and, in combination with purchasing securities, to replicate characteristics of similar investments based on the credit quality and term of the credit default swap. Credit default triggers for indexed reference entities and single name reference entities are defined in the contracts. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss equals the notional value for credit default swaps. In the event of default of a referencing entity, the Company is typically required to pay the protection holder the full notional value less a recovery amount determined at auction. The Company uses credit default swaps which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Equity Derivatives

Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain variable annuity products. With exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the relevant stock indices. The Company posts variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference between the daily estimated fair values of those contracts. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. The Company uses exchange-traded futures which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company buys put options. The contracts are net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. The Company uses equity index options which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Foreign Currency Derivatives

Foreign currency swaps are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a forward exchange rate calculated by reference to an agreed upon principal amount. The principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company uses foreign currency swaps in hedges of net investments in foreign operations, cash flow hedges, fair value hedges and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

Foreign currency forwards are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made in a different currency at the specified future date. The Company uses foreign currency forwards in hedges of net investments in foreign operations and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

Interest Rate Derivatives

Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates, to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches) and to manage the risk of cash flows of liabilities that are variable based on a benchmark rate. With an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between two rates, which can be either fixed-rate or floating-rate interest amounts, tied to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments at each due date. The Company uses interest rate swaps in cash flow and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

Interest rate options include swaptions that are used by the Company to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Company’s long-term liabilities and invested assets. A swaption is an option to enter a swap with a forward starting effective date. The Company pays a premium for purchased swaptions. The Company uses swaptions which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Total return swaps are used by the Company to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and calculated rate of return of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Total return swaps are used by the Company to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). The Company uses total return swaps which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Forward bond purchase commitments are used by the Company to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase securities. With forward bond purchase commitments, the forward price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such contract is made at the future specified settlement date of the securities. The Company uses forward bond purchase commitments in cash flow hedges.

Other Derivatives

Consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps are used by the Company primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain insurance products where value is directly affected by changes in a designated benchmark consumer price index. With a CPI swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange the actual amount of inflation realized over a specified period of time for a fixed amount of inflation determined at inception. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Most of these swaps will require a single payment to be made by one counterparty at the maturity date of the swap.

The Company sells fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”) to retirement plans that include investment-only, stable value contracts. The assets are owned by the trustees of such plans, who invest the assets under the terms of investment guidelines to which the Company agrees. The contracts contain a guarantee of a minimum rate of return on participant balances supported by the underlying assets, and a guarantee of liquidity to meet certain participant-initiated plan cash flow requirements. These contracts are reported as derivatives and recorded at fair value.

The Company has certain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and reported as derivatives. Host contracts include reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis. Additionally, the Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity and variable annuity contracts with benefits that are considered embedded derivatives, including guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits, and guaranteed minimum income benefits. The changes in fair values of embedded derivatives on equity-indexed annuities described below relate to changes in the fair value associated with capital market and other related assumptions.

Summary of Derivative Positions

Derivatives, except for embedded derivatives, are included in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modco or funds withheld arrangements are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity and variable annuity products are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

		December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Primary Underlying Risk	Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value
		Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	1,271	$	2	$	2	$	1,273	$	66	$	1
Interest rate options	Interest rate	7,756		34		—		—		—		—
Total return swaps	Interest rate	500		18		—		—		—		—
Financial futures	Equity	260		—		—		240		—		—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	150		18		—		150		1		—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	766		50		—		395		2		4
CPI swaps	CPI	496		20		3		563		34		7
Credit default swaps	Credit	1,523		2		21		1,321		29		1
Equity options	Equity	358		38		—		472		29		—
Synthetic GICs	Interest rate	17,411		—		—		16,143		—		—
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements		—		363		371		—		227		62
Indexed annuity products		—		—		530		—		—		693
Variable annuity products		—		—		124		—		—		162
Total non-hedging derivatives		30,491		545		1,051		20,557		388		930
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Foreign currency/interest rate	1,310		3		113		941		4		33
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	114		—		—		153		1		—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	1,019		38		1		1,320		14		11
Forward bond purchase commitments	Interest rate	407		—		96		545		14		1
Total hedging derivatives		2,850		41		210		2,959		33		45
Total derivatives		$	33,341	$	586	$	1,261	$	23,516	$	421	$	975

Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):

Type of Fair Value Hedge	Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives		Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items
		Investment Related Gains (Losses)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(1)	$	7
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(4)	$	6
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	8	$	(10)

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets and liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps; and (iii) forward bond purchase commitments.

The following table presents the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	Amounts Included in AOCI
Balance December 31, 2019	$	(26)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(27)
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	4
Balance December 31, 2020	(49)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	20
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	7
Balance December 31, 2021	(22)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(192)
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	8
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	1
Balance December 31, 2022	$	(205)

As of December 31, 2022, approximately $10 million of before-tax deferred net gains on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest income during the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $1 million of before-tax deferred net losses on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest expense during the next twelve months.

The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of income and the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

Derivative Type	Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI		Gains (Losses) Reclassified into Income from AOCI
For the year ended December 31, 2022:			Investment Related Gains (Losses)		Investment Income		Interest Expense
Interest rate	$	(187)	$	—	$	—	$	(1)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(5)		—		(8)		—
Total	$	(192)	$	—	$	(8)	$	(1)
For the year ended December 31, 2021:
Interest rate	$	28	$	—	$	—	$	(7)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(8)		—		—		—
Total	$	20	$	—	$	—	$	(7)
For the year ended December 31, 2020:
Interest rate	$	(33)	$	—	$	—	$	(4)
Foreign currency/interest rate	6		—		—		—
Total	$	(27)	$	—	$	—	$	(4)

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges and the gains (losses) deferred in OCI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI
	For the years ended December 31,
Type of NIFO Hedge	2022		2021		2020
Foreign currency swaps	$	—	$	(2)	$	1
Foreign currency forwards	73		—		(30)
Total	$	73	$	(2)	$	(29)

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $210 million and $137 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation. There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from AOCI into investment income during the periods presented.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been elected for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net, except where otherwise noted.

A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (dollars in millions):

		Gains (Losses) for the years ended December 31,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gains (Losses)	2022		2021		2020
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(131)	$	(34)	$	76
Interest rate options	Investment related gains (losses), net	3		—		—
Total return swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		—		—
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	28		(24)		(47)
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		20		(7)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(93)		(20)		5
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	31		46		16
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(66)		33		16
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	14		(33)		—
Subtotal		(172)		(12)		59
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	(173)		107		(62)
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	98		10		(30)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	38		(7)		8
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	(209)	$	98	$	(25)

Changes in the credit valuation adjustment utilized by the Company to value its embedded derivatives resulted in investment related gains (losses), net of approximately $2 million $(36) million and $70 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022					2021
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations(1)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-
Single name credit default swaps	$	(18)	$	428	18.7	$	28	$	600	14.2
BBB+/BBB/BBB-
Single name credit default swaps	1		155		3.3	1		141		2.4
Credit default swaps referencing indices	—		915		6.2	—		565		5.1
Subtotal	1		1,070		5.8	1		706		4.6
BB+/BB/BB-
Single name credit default swaps	(2)		25		3.2	(1)		15		3.5
Total	$	(19)	$	1,523	9.4	$	28	$	1,321	9.0

(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Netting Arrangements and Credit Risk

Certain of the Company’s derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all derivatives, except embedded derivatives, in the table below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 4 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements. See “Embedded Derivatives” above for information regarding the Company’s bifurcated embedded derivatives.

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Gross Amounts   Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments/Collateral (1)		Net Amount
December 31, 2022:
Derivative assets	$	223	$	(53)	$	170	$	(170)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	236		(53)		183		(183)		$	—
December 31, 2021:
Derivative assets	$	194	$	(19)	$	175	$	(175)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	58		(19)		39		(39)		$	—

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value and accrued interest of non-collateralized derivative contracts in an asset position at the reporting date. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had credit exposure of $14 million.

Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”) and others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties. The Company manages its credit risk related to OTC derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. The Company is only exposed to the default of the central clearing counterparties for OTC cleared derivatives, and these transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings. Exchange-traded derivatives are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing the credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a three-level fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Active markets are defined through various characteristics for the measured asset/liability, such as having many transactions and narrow bid/ask spreads.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities and include those whose value is determined using market standard valuation techniques described above. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities.

Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	33,969	$	—	$	29,670	$	4,299
Canadian government	3,626		—		3,626		—
RMBS	941		—		931		10
ABS	3,878		—		2,603		1,275
CMBS	1,623		—		1,555		68
U.S. government	1,482		1,388		85		9
State and political subdivisions	1,119		—		1,093		26
Other foreign government	6,263		—		6,228		35
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	52,901		1,388		45,791		5,722
Equity securities	134		68		—		66
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(370)		—		—		(370)
Funds withheld at interest	54		—		—		54
Cash equivalents	1,535		1,535		—		—
Short-term investments	121		54		54		13
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	170		—		170		—
Other	23		—		23		—
Total other invested assets	193		—		193		—
Total	$	54,568	$	3,045	$	46,038	$	5,485
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	653	$	—	$	—	$	653
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(361)		—		—		(361)
Derivatives	183		—		183		—
Total	$	475	$	—	$	183	$	292

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million.

December 31, 2021:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,103	$	—	$	34,215	$	3,888
Canadian government	4,944		—		4,944		—
RMBS	1,050		—		1,049		1
ABS	4,005		—		2,908		1,097
CMBS	1,849		—		1,768		81
U.S. government	2,105		1,993		100		12
State and political subdivisions	1,323		—		1,290		33
Other foreign government	7,370		—		7,337		33
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	60,749		1,993		53,611		5,145
Equity securities	151		101		—		50
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	104		—		—		104
Funds withheld at interest	83		—		—		83
Cash equivalents	1,138		1,138		—		—
Short-term investments	64		—		36		28
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	175		—		175		—
Other	52		—		52		—
Total other invested assets	227		—		227		—
Total	$	62,516	$	3,232	$	53,874	$	5,410
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	855	$	—	$	—	$	855
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(61)		—		—		(61)
Derivatives	39		—		39		—
Total	$	833	$	—	$	39	$	794

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

The Company may utilize information from third parties, such as pricing services and brokers, to assist in determining the fair value for certain assets and liabilities; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices and pricing of assets and liabilities, and approving changes to valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The selection of the valuation technique(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and the nature of the asset or liability being valued and significant expertise and judgment is required.

The Company performs initial and ongoing analysis and review of the various techniques utilized in determining fair value to ensure that they are appropriate and consistently applied, and that the various assumptions are reasonable. The Company analyzes and reviews the information and prices received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value and to monitor controls around pricing, which includes quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by the Company’s investment and accounting personnel. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, review of pricing trends, comparison of a sample of executed prices of securities sold to the fair value estimates, comparison of fair value estimates to management’s knowledge of the current market, and ongoing confirmation that third party pricing services use, wherever possible, market-based parameters for valuation. In addition, the Company utilizes both internal and external cash flow models to analyze the reasonableness of fair values utilizing credit spread and other market assumptions, where appropriate. As a result of the analysis, if the Company determines there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. The Company also determines if the inputs used in estimated fair values received from pricing services are observable by assessing whether these inputs can be corroborated by observable market data.

For assets and liabilities reported at fair value, the Company utilizes, when available, fair values based on quoted prices in active markets that are regularly and readily obtainable. Generally, these are very liquid investments and the valuation does not require management judgment. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair value is based on market valuation techniques, market comparable pricing and the income approach. The use of different techniques, assumptions and inputs may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s securities holdings. For the periods presented, the application of market standard valuation techniques applied to similar assets and liabilities has been consistent.

The methods and assumptions the Company uses to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.

Fixed Maturity Securities – The fair values of the Company’s publicly-traded fixed maturity securities are generally based on prices obtained from independent pricing services. Prices from pricing services are sourced from multiple vendors, and a vendor hierarchy is maintained by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. The Company generally receives prices from multiple pricing services for each security, but ultimately uses the price from the vendor that is highest in the hierarchy for the respective asset type. To validate reasonableness, prices are periodically reviewed as explained above. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy described above, securities with quotes from pricing services are generally reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs. If the pricing information received from third party pricing services is not reflective of market activity or other inputs observable in the market, the Company may challenge the price through a formal process with the pricing service.

If the Company ultimately concludes that pricing information received from the independent pricing service is not reflective of fair value, non-binding broker quotes are used, if available. If the Company concludes that the values from both pricing services and brokers are not reflective of fair value, an internally developed valuation may be prepared; however, this occurs infrequently. Internally developed valuations or non-binding broker quotes are also used to determine fair value in circumstances where vendor pricing is not available. These valuations may use significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Observable market data may not be available in certain circumstances such as market illiquidity and credit events related to the security. Pricing service overrides, internally developed valuations and non-binding broker quotes are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy.

The inputs used in the valuation of corporate and government securities include, but are not limited to standard market observable inputs that are derived from, or corroborated by, market observable data including market yield curve, duration, call provisions, observable prices and spreads for similar publicly traded or privately placed issues that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer. For internal pricing of private placements and structured securities, valuation is based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques using standard market inputs including spreads for actively traded securities, spreads off benchmark yields, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, current and forecasted loss severity, rating, weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity, average delinquency rates, geographic region, debt service coverage ratios and issuance-specific information including, but not limited to: collateral type, payment terms of the underlying assets, payment priority within the tranche, structure of the security, deal performance and vintage of loans.

When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation techniques for determining the estimated fair value of certain types of securities that trade infrequently, and therefore have little or no price transparency, rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, such as market illiquidity. Other significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s private debt investments include a multiple of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”). These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management judgment or estimation, and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and are believed to be consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities.

Equity Securities – Equity securities consist principally of common and preferred stock of publicly and privately traded companies. The fair values of publicly traded equity securities are primarily based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Non-binding broker quotes and internally developed evaluations for equity securities are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Embedded Derivatives – The fair value of embedded derivative liabilities, including those calculated by third parties, are monitored through the use of attribution reports to quantify the effect of underlying sources of fair value change, including capital market inputs based on policyholder account values, interest rates and short-term and long-term implied volatilities, from period to period. Actuarial assumptions are based on experience studies performed internally in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually.

For embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying products in reinsurance treaties, primarily equity-indexed and variable annuity treaties, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow model, which includes an estimate of future equity option purchases and an adjustment for a CVA. The variable annuity embedded derivative calculations are performed by third parties based on methodology and input assumptions provided by the Company. To validate the reasonableness of the resulting fair value, the Company’s internal actuaries perform reviews and analytical procedures on the results. The capital market inputs to the model, such as equity indexes, short-term equity volatility and interest rates, are generally observable. The valuation also requires certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable and accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy,

The fair value of embedded derivatives associated with funds withheld reinsurance treaties is determined based upon a total return swap technique with reference to the fair value of the investments held by the ceding company that support the Company’s funds withheld at interest asset with an adjustment for a CVA. The fair value of the underlying assets is generally based on a variety of sources and pricing methodologies chosen by the ceding company, which are not transparent to the Company and may include significant unobservable inputs. Additionally, some of the valuations also require certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable. Therefore, the valuation of the embedded derivative assets and liabilities associated with these funds withheld reinsurance treaties are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Where those funds withheld reinsurance agreements are ceded by the Company, the same approach is taken to valuing the embedded derivatives associated with the funds withheld at interest liability.

Credit Valuation Adjustment – The Company bases its CVA on corporate Option-adjusted spread (“OAS”) indexes and market conditions adjusted for the Company’s specific factors. The input assumptions are a combination of externally derived and publicly available information, corporate OAS indexes, market inputs, and internally developed data based on Company specific investments by rating category.

Funds Withheld at Interest – Funds withheld at interest, elected at fair value on a limited basis, include assets where inputs are not observable in the market and are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments – Cash equivalents and short-term investments include money market instruments and other highly liquid debt instruments. Money market instruments are generally valued using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets and are primarily classified as Level 1. The fair value of certain other cash equivalents and short-term investments, such as bonds with original maturities twelve months or less, are based upon other market observable data and are typically classified as Level 2. However, certain short-term investments may incorporate significant unobservable inputs resulting in a Level 3 classification. Various time deposits, certificates of deposit and sweeps carried as cash equivalents or short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value and therefore are excluded from the tables presented.

Other – FVO contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities consist of fixed maturity securities. The fair value of the fixed maturity contractholder-directed securities is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described above for fixed maturity securities and are classified within Level 2 of the hierarchy.

Derivative Assets and Derivative Liabilities – All of the derivative instruments utilized by the Company are classified within Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy. These derivatives are principally valued using an income approach. Valuations of interest rate contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) basis curves, Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) basis curves, Overnight Index Swaps curves, and repurchase rates. Valuations of foreign currency contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, LIBOR basis curves, currency spot rates, and cross currency basis curves. Valuations of credit contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, credit curves, and recovery rates. Valuations of equity market contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, and dividend yield curves. Valuations of equity market contracts, option-based, are based on option pricing models, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, dividend yield curves, and equity volatility.

Quantitative Information Regarding Internally-Priced Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Estimated Fair Value				Valuation	Unobservable	Range (Weighted Average)
Assets:	2022		2021		Technique	Input	2022	2021
Corporate	$	25	$	49	Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1%	0-1% (1%)
						EBITDA Multiple	5.3x	5.2x-7.0x (6.4x)
ABS	274		205		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-18% (2%)	2-18% (4%)
U.S. government	9		12		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)	0-1% (1%)
Equity securities	9		5		Market comparable securities	EBITDA Multiple	8.4x-11.2x (9.6x)	6.9x-10.6x (8.0x)
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(34)		182		Total return swap	Mortality	0-100%  (3%)	0-100% (3%)
						Lapse	0-35%  (17%)	0-35% (18%)
						Withdrawal	0-5%  (4%)	0-5% (4%)
						CVA	0-5%  (0%)	0-5% (0%)
						Crediting rate	1-4%  (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – indexed annuities	530		693		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (3%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-35% (16%)	0-35% (16%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)	0-5% (3%)
						Option budget projection	1-4% (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – variable annuities	124		162		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-25% (3%)	0-25% (4%)
						Withdrawal	0-7% (6%)	0-7% (5%)
						CVA	0-5% (1%)	0-5% (1%)
						Long-term volatility	0-27% (13%)	0-27% (14%)

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Transfers out of Level 3 are primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	6		—		—		—		—		—		—		(14)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(8)		—		(11)		(1)		6		1		(173)		—		38
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		98
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(474)		(11)		(194)		(4)		—		(1)		—		(8)		—
Purchases(2)	1,669		—		521		—		14		33		—		3		1
Sales(2)	(182)		—		(58)		(6)		(4)		—		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(577)		—		(140)		(5)		—		(28)		—		(10)		65
Transfers into Level 3	88		13		130		10		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(111)		—		(74)		(4)		—		(20)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	4,299	$	35	$	1,353	$	35	$	66	$	13	$	(8)	$	54	$	(653)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(14)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(18)		—		(10)		—		4		—		(173)		—		33
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		33
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(467)		(11)		(195)		(4)		—		—		—		(8)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	5		—		1		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(5)		—		—		—		13		—		107		—		(7)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		10
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(28)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—
Purchases(2)	1,506		25		1,038		—		9		31		—		36		(34)
Sales(2)	(53)		—		(6)		—		(25)		(3)		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(587)		(5)		(186)		(3)		—		(10)		—		(4)		83
Transfers into Level 3	29		—		84		25		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(8)		—		—		—		—		(5)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(7)		—		—		—		7		—		107		—		(15)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(72)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(24)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,186	$	720	$	208	$	25	$	77	$	2	$	121	$	—	$	(930)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	2		—		—		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(22)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		8
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(30)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	28		1		(7)		1		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	1,193		—		149		—		3		17		—		60		(32)
Sales(1)	(182)		—		(5)		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(229)		—		(59)		(3)		—		(3)		—		—		77
Transfers into Level 3	57		—		38		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(4)		(704)		(70)		—		(14)		(1)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(23)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		(2)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(107)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(34)		1		(8)		1		—		—		—		—		—

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions). This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

			Estimated Fair		Fair Value Measurement Using:
December 31, 2022:	Carrying Value (1)		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Mortgage loans	$	6,590	$	6,109	$	—	$	—	$	6,109
Policy loans	1,231		1,231		—		1,231		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,319		5,884		—		—		5,884
Limited partnerships – cost method	49		52		—		—		52
Cash and cash equivalents	1,392		1,392		1,392		—		—
Short-term investments	33		33		33		—		—
Other invested assets	947		758		4		65		689
Accrued investment income	630		630		—		630		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	23,493	$	23,065	$	—	$	—	$	23,065
Other liabilities – funds withheld at interest	1,596		1,321		—		—		1,321
Long-term debt	3,961		3,670		—		—		3,670
December 31, 2021:
Assets:
Mortgage loans	$	6,283	$	6,580	$	—	$	—	$	6,580
Policy loans	1,234		1,234		—		1,234		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,747		7,075		—		—		7,075
Limited partnerships – cost method	63		81		—		—		81
Cash and cash equivalents	1,810		1,810		1,810		—		—
Short-term investments	23		23		23		—		—
Other invested assets	847		826		6		70		750
Accrued investment income	533		533		—		533		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	18,625	$	19,540	$	—	$	—	$	19,540
Other liabilities – funds withheld at interest	1,658		1,657		—		—		1,657
Long-term debt	3,667		3,886		—		—		3,886
Collateral finance and securitization notes	180		153		—		—		153

(1)Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Mortgage Loans – The fair value of mortgage loans is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using current interest rates for mortgage loans with similar credit ratings and similar remaining maturities. As such, inputs include current treasury yields and spreads, which are based on the credit rating and average life of the loan, corresponding to the market spreads. The valuation of mortgage loans is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Policy Loans – Policy loans typically carry an interest rate that is adjusted annually based on an observable market index and therefore carrying value approximates fair value. The valuation of policy loans is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Funds Withheld at Interest – The carrying value of funds withheld at interest approximates fair value except where the funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement. When funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement, the fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying assets that are held by the ceding company. A variety of sources and pricing methodologies, which are not transparent to the Company and may include significant unobservable inputs, are used to value the securities that are held in distinct portfolios, therefore the valuation of these funds withheld assets and liabilities are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Limited Partnerships – The fair value of limited partnerships accounted for using the cost method, considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated by internally developed valuation techniques.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments – The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments and are considered Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Other Invested Assets – This primarily includes lifetime mortgages, FHLB common stock, and cash collateral. The fair value of the Company’s lifetime mortgage loan portfolio, considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using a risk-free rate plus an illiquidity premium. The cash flow analysis considers future expenses, changes in property prices, and actuarial analysis of borrower behavior, mortality and morbidity. The fair value of the Company’s common stock investment in the FHLB is considered to be the carrying value and it is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s cash collateral is considered to be the carrying value and considered to be Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued Investment Income – The carrying value for accrued investment income approximates fair value as there are no adjustments made to the carrying value. This is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities – The carrying and fair values of interest-sensitive contract liabilities reflected in the table above exclude contracts with significant mortality risk. The fair value of the Company’s interest-sensitive contract liabilities utilizes a market standard technique with both capital market inputs and policyholder behavior assumptions, as well as cash values adjusted for recapture fees. The capital market inputs to the model, such as interest rates, are generally observable. Policyholder behavior assumptions are generally not observable and may require use of significant management judgment. The valuation of interest-sensitive contract liabilities is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-term Debt/Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes – The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes is generally estimated by discounting future cash flows using market rates currently available for debt with similar remaining maturities and reflecting the credit risk of the Company, including inputs when available, from actively traded debt of the Company or other companies with similar credit quality. The valuation of long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes is generally obtained from brokers and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Reinsurance

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance

REINSURANCE CEDED RECEIVABLES AND OTHER

In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance or reinsurance companies under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. In the individual life markets, the Company retains a maximum of $8 million of coverage per individual life. Claims in excess of this retention amount are retroceded to retrocessionaires; however, the Company remains fully liable to the ceding company for the entire amount of risk it assumes. In certain limited situations the Company has retained more than $8 million per individual policy. The Company enters into agreements with other reinsurers to mitigate the residual risk related to the over-retained policies. Additionally, due to some lower face amount reinsurance coverage provided by the Company in addition to individual life, such as group life, disability and health, under certain circumstances, the Company could potentially incur net claims totaling more than $8 million per individual life.

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance and reinsurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, no allowances were deemed necessary.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of December 31, 2022, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets has been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. In addition to its third party retrocessionaires, various RGA reinsurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to affiliated subsidiaries.

The following table presents information for the Company’s reinsurance ceded receivables and other, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

		2022				2021
Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Reinsurer A	A-	$	1,605	65.2	%	$	1,626	63.0	%
Reinsurer B	A+	401		16.3		423		16.4
Reinsurer C	A+	200		8.1		212		8.2
Reinsurer D	A	52		2.1		59		2.3
Reinsurer E	A+	41		1.7		44		1.7
Reinsurer F	A++	35		1.4		42		1.6
Other reinsurers		128		5.2		174		6.8
Total		$	2,462	100.0	%	$	2,580	100.0	%

Included in the total ceded reinsurance receivables balance were $183 million and $203 million of claims recoverable, of which $16 million and $10 million were in excess of 90 days past due, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Also included in the total reinsurance ceded receivable and other is a deposit asset on reinsurance of $1,605 million and $1,626 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The effect of reinsurance on net premiums is as follows (dollars in millions):

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Direct insurance	$	26	$	33	$	58
Reinsurance assumed	13,823		13,348		12,583
Reinsurance ceded	(771)		(868)		(947)
Net premiums	$	13,078	$	12,513	$	11,694

The effect of reinsurance on claims and other policy benefits as follows (dollars in millions):

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Direct insurance	$	56	$	37	$	97
Reinsurance assumed	12,736		13,725		11,931
Reinsurance ceded	(746)		(986)		(953)
Net claims and other policy benefits	$	12,046	$	12,776	$	11,075

The effect of reinsurance on life reinsurance in force is shown in the following schedule (dollars in millions):

	Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net		Assumed/Net %
December 31, 2022	$	1,027	$	3,400,735	$	151,569	$	3,250,193	104.6	%
December 31, 2021	1,117		3,467,054		166,842		3,301,329		105.0
December 31, 2020	1,990		3,480,692		184,625		3,298,057		105.5

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Company provided approximately $28.7 billion and $25.9 billion of financial reinsurance, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures, to other insurance companies under financial reinsurance or capital solutions transactions to assist ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements. Generally, such financial reinsurance is provided by the Company committing cash or assuming insurance liabilities, which are collateralized by future profits on the reinsured business. The Company earns a fee based on the amount of net outstanding financial reinsurance.

Reinsurance treaties, whether facultative or automatic, may provide for recapture rights on the part of the ceding company. Recapture rights permit the ceding company to reassume all or a portion of the risk formerly ceded to the reinsurer after an agreed-upon period of time, generally 10 years, or in some cases due to changes in the financial condition or ratings of the reinsurer. Recapture of business previously ceded does not affect premiums ceded prior to the recapture of such business but would reduce premiums in subsequent periods. Additionally, some reinsurance treaties give the ceding company the right to require the Company to place assets in trust for their benefit to support the ceding company’s statutory reserve credits, in the event of a downgrade of the Company’s credit ratings and or other statutory measure to specified levels, generally non-investment grade levels, or if minimum levels of financial condition are not maintained. As of December 31, 2022, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been required to post additional collateral or have had a reinsurance treaty recaptured as a result of credit downgrade or defined statutory measure decline.

Certain reinsurance treaties require the reinsurer to place assets in trust to collateralize the reinsurer’s obligation to the ceding company. Assets placed in trust continue to be owned by the Company, but their use is restricted based on the terms of the trust agreement. Securities with an amortized cost of $3.7 billion and $4.1 billion were held in trust for the benefit of the Company’s subsidiaries to satisfy collateral requirements for reinsurance business at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, securities with an amortized cost of $31.5 billion and $28.7 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were held in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under certain third-party reinsurance treaties. Under certain conditions, the Company may be obligated to move reinsurance from one subsidiary to another subsidiary, post additional collateral or make payments under a given reinsurance treaty. These conditions include change in control or ratings of the subsidiary, insolvency, nonperformance under a reinsurance treaty, or loss of license or other regulatory authorization of such subsidiary. If the Company was ever required to move reinsurance from one subsidiary to another subsidiary, the risk to the Company on a consolidated basis under the reinsurance treaties would not change; however, additional collateral may need to be posted or additional capital may be required due to the change in jurisdiction of the subsidiary reinsuring the business, which could lead to a strain on liquidity.

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Disclosures [Abstract]

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

The following reflects the amounts of policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized (dollars in millions): 

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of year	$	3,690	$	3,616	$	3,512
Capitalization	632		541		478
Amortization (including interest)	(547)		(496)		(405)
Change in value of embedded derivatives	93		(36)		22
Attributed to unrealized investment gains (losses)	171		33		(26)
Foreign currency translation	(65)		32		35
Balance, end of year	$	3,974	$	3,690	$	3,616

Some reinsurance agreements involve reimbursing the ceding company for allowances and commissions in excess of first-year premiums. These amounts represent acquisition costs and are capitalized to the extent deemed recoverable from the future premiums and amortized against future profits of the business. This type of agreement presents a risk to the extent that the business lapses faster than originally anticipated, resulting in future profits being insufficient to recover the Company’s investment.

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Income Tax

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Tax

INCOME TAX

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“the Act”) was enacted in the U.S. The Act includes law changes relating to tax, climate change, energy and health care. In particular, for tax years ending after December 31, 2022, the Act imposes a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income for applicable corporations with average financial statement income over $1 billion for the previous 3-year period ending in 2022 or after. The Act also imposes a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks of a publicly traded corporation. The tax provisions are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s tax expense.

Pre-tax income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following (dollars in millions): 

	2022		2021		2020
Pre-tax income – U.S.	$	399	$	327	$	79
Pre-tax income – foreign	432		364		474
Total pre-tax income	$	831	$	691	$	553

The provision for income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Current income tax expense (benefit):
U.S.	$	9	$	91	$	75
Foreign	120		72		79
Total current	129		163		154
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
U.S.	68		(127)		(60)
Foreign	7		38		44
Total deferred	75		(89)		(16)
Total provision for income taxes	$	204	$	74	$	138

The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal income tax statutory rate of 21% as a result of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022			2021			2020
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate	$	175		$	145		$	116
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
Tax rate differences on income in other jurisdictions	21			51			21
Differences in tax basis in foreign jurisdictions	10			(4)			(32)
Deferred tax valuation allowance	(6)			(18)			10
Amounts related to uncertain tax positions	3			(119)			10
Equity based compensation	(2)			(1)			(1)
Corporate rate changes	2			29			13
GILTI, net of credits	21			11			13
Subpart F for non-full inclusion companies	60			2			—
Foreign tax credits	(67)			(10)			(7)
Return to provision adjustments	(13)			(17)			(4)
Other, net	—			5			(1)
Total provision for income taxes	$	204		$	74		$	138
Effective tax rate (1)	24.6		%	10.6		%	24.9		%

(1)    The Company rounds amounts in the financial statements to millions and calculates the effective tax rate from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus certain amounts may not recalculate based on the numbers due to rounding.

The effective tax rate for 2022 was higher than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of income in jurisdictions with tax rates differing from the U.S., Subpart F income, generated primarily in RGA Canada, and GILTI generated in Australia, Ireland, Hodge Life Assurance Company Limited, and Omnilife Insurance Company Limited. These expenses were offset with benefits from foreign tax credits and return to provision adjustments. The effective tax rate for 2021 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of the release of uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of the statute of limitations, and the release of valuation allowances primarily due to income earned in RGA Australia. This benefit was partially offset by income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S. and GILTI, primarily Canada and Australia. Furthermore, the UK enacted an increase to the statutory tax rate resulting in a tax expense from the remeasurement of the deferred tax liabilities.

Total income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Provision for income taxes	$	204	$	74	$	138
Income tax from OCI and additional paid-in-capital:
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on debt and equity securities recognized for financial reporting purposes	(2,495)		(520)		611
Foreign currency translation	21		23		(9)
Unrealized pension and post retirement	7		7		(1)
Total income taxes provided	$	(2,263)	$	(416)	$	739

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, are presented in the following tables (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Deferred income tax assets:
Nondeductible accruals	$	90	$	85
Net operating loss carryforward	295		251
Tax Credit Carryforward	80		50
Invested assets	1,309		—
Other	11		3
Subtotal	1,785		389
Valuation allowance	(221)		(218)
Total deferred income tax assets	1,564		171
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisition costs	756		754
Policy reserves and other reinsurance liabilities	820		1,085
Invested assets	—		793
Outside basis difference foreign subsidiaries	268		260
Foreign currency translation	90		66
Anticipated future tax credit reduction	85		58
Total deferred income tax liabilities	2,019		3,016
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	455	$	2,845
Balance sheet presentation of net deferred income tax liabilities:
Included in other assets	$	281	$	41
Included in deferred income taxes	736		2,886
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	455	$	2,845

As of December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was $221 million. During 2022, the Company established a $25 million valuation allowance on certain unrealized losses in the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio due to limitations on the utilization of the deferred tax asset. Additionally, there were increases to the valuation allowance related to losses in foreign subsidiaries that do not have a history of income. These increases were partially offset by pretax earnings in certain subsidiaries with valuation allowances and foreign currency translation.

As of December 31, 2021, the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was $218 million. During 2021 there were decreases to the valuation allowance due to pretax earnings in certain subsidiaries with valuation allowances. These decreases were partially offset by increases in the valuation allowance due to losses in subsidiaries that do not have a history of income. The valuation allowance was further impacted by changes in foreign currency translation during the year.

The earnings of substantially all of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have been permanently reinvested in foreign operations. The Company has provided a deferred tax liability for the future expected tax on foreign subsidiaries where the Company cannot assert permanent reinvestment. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the financial reporting basis in excess of the tax basis for which no deferred taxes have been recognized was approximately $1.6 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. As U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminates U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries, the Company does not expect to incur material income taxes if these funds were repatriated.

During 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company received federal and foreign income tax refunds of approximately $3 million, $20 million, and $59 million, respectively. The Company made cash income tax payments of approximately $131 million, $388 million, and $167 million, in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The following table presents consolidated net operating losses (“NOL”) as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

	2022
NOL with no expiration and with no valuation allowance	$	472
NOL with a full valuation allowance	161
NOL with no expiration and a partial valuation allowance	527
Total net operating loss carryforwards	$	1,160

These net operating losses, other than the net operating losses for which there is a valuation allowance, are expected to be utilized in the normal course of business during the period allowed for carryforwards and in any event, are not expected to be lost, due to the application of tax planning strategies that management would utilize.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards of $56 million related to the U.S. and Ireland. The Ireland foreign tax credit of $24 million has a full valuation allowance.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is under continuous examination by the Internal Revenue Service and is subject to audit by taxing authorities in other foreign jurisdictions in which the Company has significant business operations. The income tax years under examination vary by jurisdiction. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2019, Canadian tax authorities for years prior to 2017 and with a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to state and foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2018.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s total amount of unrecognized tax benefits is $35 million all of which would affect the effective tax rate, if recognized. Management believes it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefit could decrease by up to $14 million over the next 12 months if statutes expire.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, is as follows (dollars in millions):

	Total Unrecognized Tax Benefits
	2022		2021		2020
Beginning balance, January 1	$	34	$	342	$	333
Additions for tax positions of prior years	2		2		281
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(4)		(312)		(278)
Additions for tax positions of current year	3		2		6
Ending balance, December 31	$	35	$	34	$	342

The Company recognized minimal interest expense (benefit) associated with uncertain tax positions in 2022, $(31) million in 2021 and $11 million in 2020. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company had $3 million and $3 million of accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits. There are no penalties accrued as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Defined Benefit Plan

EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Certain subsidiaries of the Company are sponsors or administrators of both qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans (“Pension Plans”). The largest of these plans is a non-contributory qualified defined benefit pension plan sponsored by RGA Reinsurance Company (“RGA Reinsurance”) that covers U.S. employees. The benefits under the Pension Plans are generally based on years of service and compensation levels. Effective January 1, 2020, the qualified defined benefit pension plan and some of the non-qualified defined benefit pension plans were closed to new employees.

The Company also provides select health care and life insurance benefits for certain retired employees. The health care benefits are provided through a self-insured welfare benefit plan. Employees become eligible for these benefits if they meet minimum age and service requirements. The retiree’s cost for health care benefits varies depending upon the credited years of service. Effective January 1, 2017, employees hired in the U.S. are not eligible for retiree health care benefits. Virtually all retirees, or their beneficiaries, contribute a portion of the total cost of postretirement health benefits. Overfunded and underfunded plans are recognized in other assets and other liabilities, respectively.

A December 31 measurement date is used for all of the defined benefit and postretirement plans. The status of these plans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	256	$	254	$	75	$	81
Service cost	17		18		3		3
Interest cost	6		4		2		2
Participant contributions	—		—		—		—
Amendments	—		—		2		(3)
Actuarial (gains) losses	(50)		(8)		(20)		(6)
Benefits paid	(12)		(12)		(2)		(2)
Foreign exchange translations and other adjustments	(3)		—		—		—
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	214	$	256	$	60	$	75

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	179	$	157	$	—	$	—
Actual return on plan assets	(30)		15		—		—
Employer contributions	21		19		2		2
Participant contributions	—		—		—		—
Benefits paid	(12)		(12)		(2)		(2)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	158	$	179	$	—	$	—
Funded status at end of year	$	(56)	$	(77)	$	(60)	$	(75)

	December 31,
	Qualified Plans				Non-Qualified Plans(1)				Total
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Aggregate fair value of plan assets	$	158	$	179	$	—	$	—	$	158	$	179
Aggregate projected benefit obligations	142		166		72		90		214		256
Over (under) funded	$	16	$	13	$	(72)	$	(90)	$	(56)	$	(77)

(1)For non-qualified plans, there are no required funding levels.

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Net actuarial (gain) loss	$	40	$	52	$	(1)	$	20
Net prior service cost (credit)	—		—		(6)		(9)
Total	$	40	$	52	$	(7)	$	11

The following table presents information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Projected benefit obligation	$	73	$	256
Fair value of plan assets	—		179

The following table presents information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	66	$	248
Fair value of plan assets	—		179

The components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the consolidated statements of income, and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	17	$	18	$	14	$	3	$	3	$	3
Interest cost	6		4		6		2		2		2
Expected return on plan assets	(12)		(10)		(9)		—		—		—
Amortization of net actuarial losses	3		6		5		1		2		2
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		(2)		(1)		(1)
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost	14		18		16		4		6		6
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss):
Net actuarial (gains) losses	(9)		(13)		17		(20)		(6)		(8)
Amortization of net actuarial (losses)	(3)		(6)		(5)		(1)		(2)		(2)
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	—		—		—		2		1		1
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		1		(3)		—
Foreign exchange translations and other adjustments	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	(12)		(19)		12		(18)		(10)		(9)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2	$	(1)	$	28	$	(14)	$	(4)	$	(3)

The Company has met the minimum funding requirements for its qualified pension plans and is not required to contribute to the qualified pension plans during 2023. The Company has not determined whether, and to what extent, contributions may be made to the qualified pension plans in 2023. During 2023, the Company expects to contribute $4 million and $2 million to its non-qualified pension plans and other benefit plans, respectively.

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service as appropriate, are expected to be paid (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits		Other Benefits
2023	$	12	$	2
2024	15		3
2025	16		3
2026	17		3
2027	17		4
2028 – 2032	99		21

Assumptions

The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost were as follows:

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.00	%	2.64	%	2.22	%	4.99	%	2.76	%	2.41	%
Rate of compensation increase	4.96	%	4.74	%	4.69	%	n/a		n/a		n/a
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	2.65	%	2.21	%	3.03	%	2.76	%	2.41	%	3.17	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	6.50	%	6.50	%	7.00	%	n/a		n/a		n/a
Rate of compensation increase	4.75	%	4.71	%	4.60	%	n/a		n/a		n/a

The expected rate of return on plan assets is based on anticipated performance of the various asset sectors in which the plan invests, weighted by target allocation percentages. Anticipated future performance is based on long-term historical returns of the plan assets by sector, adjusted for the long-term expectations on the performance of the markets. While the precise expected return derived using this approach may fluctuate from year to year, the policy is to hold this long-term assumption constant as long as it remains within reasonable tolerance from the derived rate. This process is consistent for all plan assets as all the assets are invested in mutual funds.

The assumed health care cost trend rates used in measuring the accumulated non-pension post-retirement benefit obligation were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Health care cost trend rates assumed for next year	7.00	%	6.50	%
Ultimate cost trend rate	4.50	%	4.50	%
Year ultimate trend is reached	2028		2026

Plan Assets

Target allocations of U.S. qualified pension plan assets are determined with the objective of maximizing returns and minimizing volatility of net assets through adequate asset diversification and partial liability immunization. Adjustments are made to target allocations based on the Company’s assessment of the effect of economic factors and market conditions. The target allocations for plan assets are 60% equity securities and 40% debt securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company’s plan assets are invested in mutual funds. The mutual funds include holdings of S&P 500 securities, large-cap securities, mid-cap securities, small-cap securities, international securities, corporate debt securities, U.S. and other government securities, mortgage-related securities and cash.

Equity and debt securities are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate risk, credit risk and overall market volatility. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investment securities, changes in the values of investment securities will occur and any change would affect the amounts reported in the financial statements.

The fair values of the Company’s qualified pension plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

	December 31, 2022
			Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mutual Funds(1)	$	158	$	158	$	—	$	—
Cash	—		—		—		—
Total	$	158	$	158	$	—	$	—

(1)Mutual funds were invested 25% in U.S. equity funds, 40% in U.S. fixed income funds, 16% in non-U.S. equity funds and 19% in other.

	December 31, 2021
			Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mutual Funds(2)	$	179	$	179	$	—	$	—
Cash	—		—		—		—
Total	$	179	$	179	$	—	$	—

(2)Mutual funds were invested 27% in U.S. equity funds, 38% in U.S. fixed income funds, 18% in non-U.S. equity funds and 17% in other.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company classified all of its qualified pension plan assets in the Level 1 category as quoted prices in active markets are available for these assets. See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Asset and Liabilities” for additional detail on the fair value hierarchy.

Savings and Investment Plans

Certain subsidiaries of RGA also sponsor savings and investment plans under which a portion of employee contributions are matched. Subsidiary contributions to these plans were $23 million, $21 million and $19 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis - Significant Subsidiaries

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Statutory Basis [Abstract]

Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis - Significant Subsidiaries

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NET INCOME ON A STATUTORY BASIS – SIGNIFICANT SUBSIDIARIES

The domestic and foreign insurance subsidiaries of RGA prepare their statutory financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the applicable state insurance department or local regulatory authority, which may vary materially from statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Prescribed statutory accounting practices in the U.S. include publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), as well as state laws, local regulations and general administrative rules. The differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP vary between jurisdictions. The principal differences between GAAP and NAIC are that statutory financial statements do not reflect deferred policy acquisition costs and limit deferred tax assets, life benefit reserves predominately use interest rate and mortality assumptions prescribed by the NAIC and local regulatory agencies, bonds are generally carried at amortized cost and reinsurance assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance.

Statutory net income and capital and surplus of the Company’s primary operating insurance subsidiaries, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed by the applicable state insurance department or local regulatory authority are as follows (dollars in millions):

	Statutory Capital and Surplus				Statutory Net Income (Loss)
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2020
RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company	$	2,516	$	2,362	$	5	$	(13)	$	4
RGA Reinsurance Company	2,262		2,368		(332)		(98)		(133)
RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	1,607		6,812		(441)		(241)		879
RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.	1,074		1,781		(353)		52		268
RGA Life Reinsurance Company Of Canada	938		903		108		25		152
RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.	759		1,137		36		(226)		175
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	639		702		8		10		104
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	382		565		—		93		59
RGA Reinsurance Company Of Australia Limited	387		485		(68)		(22)		42
RGA International Reinsurance Company Dac	214		1,121		31		43		52
Other	1,038		1,015		300		(152)		194

Each U.S. domestic insurance subsidiary’s state of domicile imposes minimum risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that were developed by the NAIC. The formulas for determining the amount of RBC specify various weighting factors that are applied to financial balances or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk. Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to authorized control level RBC, as defined by the NAIC. Companies below specific trigger points or ratios are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. Each of RGA’s U.S. domestic insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum RBC requirements for all periods presented herein. These requirements do not represent a significant constraint for the payment of dividends by RGA’s U.S. domestic insurance companies.

The licensing orders of the Company’s special purpose companies stipulate a minimum amount of capital required based on the purpose of the entity and the underlying business. These companies are subject to enhanced oversight by the regulator which includes filing detailed plans of operations before commencing operations or making material changes to existing agreements or entering into new agreements. Each of the Company’s Special Purpose Life Reinsurance Captives (“SPLRC”) exceeded the minimum capital requirements for all periods presented herein.

The Company’s foreign insurance subsidiaries prepare financial statements in accordance with local regulatory requirements. The regulatory authorities in these foreign jurisdictions establish some form of minimum regulatory capital and surplus requirements. All of the Company’s foreign insurance subsidiaries have regulatory capital and surplus that exceed the local minimum requirements. These requirements do not represent a significant constraint for the payment of dividends by the Company’s foreign insurance companies.

The state of domicile of certain of the Company’s SPLRCs follow prescribed accounting practices differing from NAIC statutory accounting practices (“NAIC SAP”) applicable to their statutory financial statements. Specifically, these prescribed practices require that surplus note interest accrued but not approved for payment be reported as a direct reduction of surplus and an addition to the surplus note balance. Under NAIC SAP, surplus note interest is not to be reported until approved for payment and is reported as a reduction of net investment income in the Summary of Operations. In addition, these prescribed practices allow the SPLRC to reflect letters of credit issued for its benefit as an admitted asset and a direct credit to unassigned surplus. Under NAIC SAP, letters of credit issued on behalf of the reporting company are not reported on the balance sheet.

A reconciliation of the surplus between NAIC SAP and practices prescribed by the state of domicile is shown below (dollars in millions):

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Prescribed practice – surplus	$	527	$	403
Prescribed practice – letters of credit	(301)		(461)
Surplus (deficit) – NAIC SAP	$	226	$	(58)

RGA Life and Annuity and RGA Reinsurance are subject to Missouri statutory provisions that restrict the payment of dividends. They may not pay dividends in any 12-month period in excess of the greater of the prior year’s statutory net gain from operations or 10% of statutory capital and surplus at the preceding year-end, without regulatory approval. Aurora National is subject to California statutory provisions that are identical to those imposed by Missouri regarding the ability of Aurora National to pay dividends to RGA Reinsurance. The applicable statutory provisions only permit an insurer to pay a shareholder dividend from unassigned surplus. As of January 1, 2023, RGA Reinsurance could pay maximum dividends, without prior approval, of approximately $226 million. Any dividends paid by RGA Reinsurance would be paid to RGA Life and Annuity, its parent company, which in turn has restrictions related to its ability to pay dividends to RGA.

The Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance allows RGA Life and Annuity to pay a dividend to RGA to the extent RGA Life and Annuity received the dividend from its subsidiaries, without limitation related to the level of unassigned surplus. Dividend payments from other subsidiaries are subject to regulations in the jurisdiction of domicile, which are generally based on their earnings and/or capital level.

Dividend payments from non-U.S. operations are subject to similar restrictions established by local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit the dividend payments to the parent to a portion of the prior year’s statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of the Company’s non-U.S. operations may also limit or prohibit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of the non-U.S. operating subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries that are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to the first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividends paid to RGA.

There are no regulatory restrictions that limit the payment of dividends by RGA, except those generally applicable to Missouri corporations. Dividends are payable by Missouri corporations only under the circumstances specified in The General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri. RGA would not be permitted to pay common stock dividends if there is any accrued and unpaid interest on its subordinated debentures and its junior subordinated debentures. Furthermore, the ability of RGA to pay dividends is dependent on business conditions, income, cash requirements of the Company, receipt of dividends from its subsidiaries, financial covenant provisions and other relevant factors.

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Commitments Contingencies and Guarantees

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND GUARANTEES

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the following table (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	937	$	1,031
Mortgage loans	137		152
Bank loans and private placements	682		768
Lifetime mortgages	59		41

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Bank loans and private placements are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale.

The Company has an immaterial liability, included in other liabilities, for current expected credit losses associated with unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In 2013, the Company executed a series of incentive agreements with the County of St. Louis, Missouri (the “County”). Under these agreements, the Company transferred ownership in its newly constructed world headquarters to the County in exchange

for taxable industrial revenue bonds (the “bonds”), in a series of bond issuances during 2013 and 2014, with a maximum amount of $150 million. As a result, the Company was able to reduce the cost of constructing and operating its world headquarters by reducing certain state and local tax expenditures. The Company simultaneously leased the world headquarters from the County and has an option to purchase the world headquarters for a nominal fee upon tendering the bonds back to the County. The payments due to the Company under the terms of the bonds and the amounts owed by the Company under the terms of the lease agreement qualify for the right of offset under GAAP. As such, neither the bonds nor the lease obligation is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as an asset or liability, respectively. The world headquarters is recorded as an asset of the Company in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

Funding Agreements

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Des Moines

The Company is a member of the FHLB and, through membership, has issued funding agreements to the FHLB in exchange for cash advances. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, of FHLB funding agreements outstanding. The Company is required to provide collateral in excess of the funding agreement amounts outstanding, considering any discounts to the securities posted and prepayment penalties.

Funding Agreement Backed Notes

The Company’s Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”) program allows RGA Global Funding, a special-purpose, unaffiliated statutory trust, to offer its senior secured medium-term notes to investors. RGA Global Funding uses the net proceeds from each sale to purchase one or more funding agreements from the Company. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $900 million and $500 million of FABN agreements outstanding and are included within interest-sensitive contract liabilities.

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation and regulatory investigations or actions from time to time. Based on current knowledge, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters will have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in future or pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and indeterminate or potentially substantial amount of damages sought in any such matters, an adverse outcome could be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action or is notified that an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

Certain RGA subsidiaries have committed to provide statutory reserve support to third-parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). In addition, certain subsidiaries have also committed to provide capital support to a third-party, in exchange for a fee, by agreeing to assume real estate leases in the event of a severe and prolonged decline in the commercial lease market. Upon assumption of a lease, the Company would recognize a right to use asset and lease obligation. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

Commitment Period	Maximum Potential Obligation
2034	$	1,243
2035	2,628
2036	3,599
2037	6,850
2038	800
2039	8,751
2046	3,000

Other Guarantees

RGA has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, RGA or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. Additionally, in limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide them additional security, particularly in cases where RGA’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of a significant size, relative to the ceding company. Liabilities supported by the treaty guarantees, before consideration of any legally offsetting amounts due from the guaranteed party are reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets in future policy benefits. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to provide securities when due. RGA’s guarantees issued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are reflected in the following table (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Treaty guarantees	$	1,851	$	2,208
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust	1,081		1,281
Securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements	170		134

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

DEBT

Long-Term Debt

The Company’s long-term debt consists of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$100 million 4.09% Promissory Note due 2039	77		80
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$500 million 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051	500		500
$700 million 7.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	319		319
Sub-total	3,993		3,695
Unamortized issuance costs	(32)		(28)
Long-term Debt	$	3,961	$	3,667

RGA has entered into an interest rate swap on its Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures that effectively fixes the interest rate on these securities at 4.82% until December 2037.

On September 15, 2022, RGA announced a cash tender offer for any and all of its outstanding 6.20% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2042 (the “2042 Debentures”) at a price of $25.20 for each $25 principal amount. The tender offer expired on September 22, 2022, and a total of $151 million or approximately 38%, of the aggregate principal amount of the 2042 Debentures were tendered. The Company redeemed the remaining debentures in accordance with the indenture governing the 2042 Debentures on December 15, 2022.

On September 23, 2022, RGA issued 7.125% fixed-rate reset subordinated debentures due October 15, 2052, with a face amount of $700 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $690 million and a portion was used to pay for the tender offer and redemption of the 2042 Debentures. The remaining proceeds will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $10 million.

On December 13, 2021, RGA Reinsurance, a subsidiary of RGA issued to unaffiliated financial institutions 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051 (the “Surplus Notes”). The proceeds of the Surplus Notes was $500 million. RGA Reinsurance will use the proceeds of the Surplus Notes for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $6 million.

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-default covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event that results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $3,993 million and $3,695 million, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the average interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 4.71% and 4.42%, respectively.

The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds. Future principal payments due on long-term debt, excluding discounts, as of December 31, 2022, were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Calendar Year
	2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter
Long-term debt	$	403	$	3	$	4	$	404	$	4	$	3,179

Credit and Committed Facilities

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were approximately $128 million and $53 million, respectively, of undrawn outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, the Company utilizes letters of credit primarily to secure reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions such as the U.S. and the UK. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $1,462 million and $1,440 million, respectively, in undrawn letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, primarily backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company. The banks providing letters of credit to the Company are included on the NAIC list of approved banks.

The Company maintains seven committed credit facilities, a syndicated revolving credit facility and six letter of credit facilities. The committed credit facilities have a combined capacity of $928 million while the syndicated revolving credit facility is for $850 million and the remaining letter of credit facilities have a capacity of $1,250 million. The Company may borrow cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies under its syndicated revolving credit facility. The following table provides additional information on the Company’s existing committed credit facilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

				Amount Utilized(1) December 31,
Current Capacity			Maturity Date	2022		2021		Basis of Fees
$	850		August 2023	$	1	$	21	Senior unsecured long-term debt rating
500			November 2023	346		376		Debt rating and utilization %
3		(2)	December 2023	3		80		Fixed
100			February 2024	97		51		Fixed
125			March 2024	103		108		Fixed
100			August 2024	30		40		Fixed
100			May 2025	70		70		Fixed

(1)Represents issued but undrawn letters of credit. There was no cash borrowed for the periods presented.

(2)Foreign currency denominated facility, amounts presented are in U.S. dollars.

Fees associated with the Company’s other letters of credit are not fixed for periods in excess of one year and are based on the Company’s ratings and the general availability of these instruments in the marketplace. Total fees expensed associated with the Company’s letters of credit were $11 million, $11 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

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Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Collateralized Financings [Abstract]

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes

COLLATERAL FINANCE AND SECURITIZATION NOTES

Collateral Finance Notes

In 2006, RGA’s subsidiary, Timberlake Financial L.L.C. (“Timberlake Financial”), issued $850 million of Series A Floating Rate Insured Notes, due June 2036, in a private placement. The notes were issued to fund the collateral requirements for statutory reserves required by Regulation XXX on specified term life insurance policies reinsured by RGA Reinsurance and retroceded to Timberlake Re. Proceeds from the notes, along with a $113 million direct investment by RGA, were deposited into a series of accounts that collateralize the notes and are not available to satisfy the general obligations of the Company. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Company held assets in trust and in custody of $0 million and $465 million, of which $0 million and $39 million were held in a Debt Service Coverage account to cover interest payments on the notes. Interest on the notes accrued at an annual rate of 1-month LIBOR plus a base rate margin, payable monthly, and totaled $2 million, $1 million and $3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The notes were called and fully redeemed on August 29, 2022.

Securitization Notes

The Company’s collateral finance and securitization notes consist of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Timberlake Financial	$	—	$	181
Unamortized issuance costs	—		(1)
Total	$	—	$	180

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Segment Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses.

The U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health reinsurance to domestic clients for a variety of products through yearly renewable term agreements, coinsurance, and modified coinsurance. The U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment includes asset-intensive products that concentrate on the investment risk within underlying annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies, financial reinsurance, and capital solutions that assists ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength and regulatory surplus position.

The Canada Traditional segment is primarily engaged in individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance, through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements. The Canada Financial Solutions segment concentrates on assisting clients with longevity risk transfer structures within underlying annuities and pension benefit obligations and provides capital solutions to assist clients in meeting applicable regulatory requirements while enhancing their financial strength and regulatory surplus position through financial reinsurance and other capital solutions structures.

The Europe, Middle East and Africa Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health products through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements, reinsurance of critical illness coverage that provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness and underwritten annuities. The Europe, Middle East and Africa Financial Solutions segment provides longevity, asset-intensive and financial reinsurance. Longevity reinsurance takes the form of closed block annuity reinsurance and longevity swap structures.

The Asia Pacific Traditional segment provides individual and group life and health reinsurance, critical illness coverage, disability and superannuation through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements. The Asia Pacific Financial Solutions segment provides financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks.

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. The Company invests in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the development of new solutions and services to increase consumer engagement within the life industry.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements.” The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before

income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is attributed to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and assets of the Company’s operations are summarized below (dollars in millions):

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Revenues:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	7,629	$	7,198	$	6,560
Financial Solutions	1,100		1,492		1,220
Total	8,729		8,690		7,780
Canada:
Traditional	1,465		1,448		1,260
Financial Solutions	105		101		92
Total	1,570		1,549		1,352
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,830		1,827		1,633
Financial Solutions	623		616		471
Total	2,453		2,443		2,104
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,823		2,778		2,806
Financial Solutions	476		417		309
Total	3,299		3,195		3,115
Corporate and Other	207		781		245
Total	$	16,258	$	16,658	$	14,596

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Income (loss) before income taxes:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	268	$	(540)	$	(298)
Financial Solutions	199		515		295
Total	467		(25)		(3)
Canada:
Traditional	86		128		134
Financial Solutions	32		15		21
Total	118		143		155
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	10		(239)		27
Financial Solutions	196		303		258
Total	206		64		285
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	294		(10)		174
Financial Solutions	(18)		98		59
Total	276		88		233
Corporate and Other	(236)		421		(117)
Total	$	831	$	691	$	553

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Interest expense:
Corporate and Other	$	184	$	127	$	170
Total	$	184	$	127	$	170

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Depreciation and amortization:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	314	$	360	$	291
Financial Solutions	(111)		80		90
Total	203		440		381
Canada:
Traditional	22		21		24
Financial Solutions	—		—		—
Total	22		21		24
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	60		66		46
Financial Solutions	1		1		1
Total	61		67		47
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	82		87		94
Financial Solutions	68		43		20
Total	150		130		114
Corporate and Other	18		22		23
Total	$	454	$	680	$	589

The table above includes amortization of DAC, including the effect from investment related gains and losses.

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021
Assets:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	20,567	$	20,572
Financial Solutions	25,228		29,028
Total	45,795		49,600
Canada:
Traditional	4,912		5,091
Financial Solutions	52		18
Total	4,964		5,109
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	4,723		4,670
Financial Solutions	4,998		7,165
Total	9,721		11,835
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	9,510		10,048
Financial Solutions	10,628		7,678
Total	20,138		17,726
Corporate and Other	4,088		7,905
Total	$	84,706	$	92,175

Companies in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported on the equity basis of accounting. The equity in the net income of such investments is not material to the results of operations or financial position of individual segments or the Company taken as a whole. Capital expenditures of each reporting segment were immaterial in the periods noted.

No individual client generated 10% or more of the Company’s total gross premiums and other revenues on a consolidated basis in 2022, 2021 and 2020. For the purpose of this disclosure, companies that are within the same insurance holding company structure are combined.

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Policy Claims and Benefits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Insurance [Abstract]

Short-Duration Insurance and Deposit Contracts [Text Block]

Liabilities for Unpaid Claims and Claim Expense

The Company uses several actuarial methods to compute incurred-but-not reported liabilities. These methods use historical claim reporting patterns to develop a triangle of reported claim amounts. The claim triangle is then used to develop the ultimate claims amount and the incurred-but-not reported liabilities. Expected claim methods use exposure data such as premiums to develop the ultimate claim amount. The final method blends the estimates from the development and the expected claim methods. There were no significant changes in methodologies during 2022.

The following tables provide information on incurred and paid claims development, net of retrocession, for short-duration reinsurance contracts for the Company’s U.S. and Latin America and Asia Pacific Traditional segments, which primarily relate to group life and health (including disability) business. The short-duration business for the Company’s other segments is immaterial. Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance equals total incurred claims less cumulative paid claims plus outstanding liabilities prior to 2013.

The Company provides reinsurance on large quota share transactions. It is common industry practice for cedants to provide loss information on a bulk basis without comprehensive claim details. Additionally, a claim under aggregate stop loss coverage may be the result of thousands of claims, but the Company only pays the excess amount. Therefore, it is impractical to provide meaningful claim count detail by accident year in the tables shown below.

U.S. and Latin America																					As of
(dollars in millions)																					December 31, 2022
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustments, Net of Reinsurance (1)																					Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	349	$	333	$	339	$	337	$	336	$	336	$	337	$	335	$	336	$	336	—
2014			408		411		396		397		396		399		399		401		401		—
2015					460		461		465		462		462		463		463		464		—
2016							501		500		501		497		497		498		499		—
2017									485		514		509		504		503		504		—
2018											538		538		524		517		520		1
2019													491		473		456		453		2
2020															469		426		415		5
2021																	509		492		27
2022																			519		227
																	Total		$	4,603

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance (1)
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	114	$	249	$	277	$	286	$	292	$	297	$	302	$	305	$	309	$	311
2014			129		305		337		349		356		364		368		374		378
2015					146		361		407		422		431		437		441		446
2016							185		393		437		451		460		467		472
2017									190		403		448		462		468		474
2018											183		415		465		479		489
2019													180		372		418		428
2020															159		356		388
2021																	177		414
2022																			182
													Total						3,982
					All outstanding claims prior to 2013, net of reinsurance														108
			Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance																$	729

(1)2013 – 2021 unaudited.

Asia Pacific																					As of
(dollars in millions)																					December 31, 2022
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustments, Net of Reinsurance (1)																					Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	282	$	302	$	293	$	291	$	303	$	317	$	319	$	318	$	319	$	323	4
2014			267		290		257		262		275		277		277		276		275		4
2015					269		249		242		258		258		259		258		258		6
2016							220		199		206		213		212		209		210		5
2017									205		208		207		210		198		196		3
2018											245		262		256		245		239		9
2019													245		253		260		251		19
2020															145		141		142		23
2021																	67		61		12
2022																			93		57
																	Total		$	2,048

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance (1)
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	48	$	139	$	202	$	228	$	253	$	273	$	285	$	294	$	300	$	306
2014			33		131		171		199		221		234		244		251		255
2015					47		115		162		196		214		226		235		240
2016							37		94		129		148		161		172		180
2017									34		84		111		132		147		160
2018											31		103		142		171		191
2019													37		99		136		174
2020															22		53		80
2021																	8		23
2022																			11
															Total				1,620
					All outstanding claims prior to 2013, net of reinsurance														79
					Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance														$	507

(1)2013 – 2021 unaudited.

The following is unaudited supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

Average Annual Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
U.S. and Latin America	35.7	%	44.1	%	9.0	%	2.7	%	1.7	%	1.4	%	1.1	%	1.3	%	1.1	%	0.8	%
Asia Pacific	14.8	%	27.1	%	16.6	%	11.1	%	7.6	%	5.4	%	3.7	%	2.5	%	2.0	%	1.7	%

Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expenses

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expense in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance:
U.S. and Latin America	$	729
Asia Pacific	507
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance	1,236
Adjustments to reconcile to total policy claims and future policy benefits:
Reinsurance recoverable	10
Effect of discounting	(97)
Unallocated claims adjustment expense	7
Total adjustments	(80)
Other short-duration contracts:
Canada	309
Europe, Middle East and Africa	768
Other	259
Liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense – short-duration	2,492
Liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense – long-duration	5,152
Total liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances)	$	7,644

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	8,053	$	7,556	$	6,786
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(556)		(641)		(564)
Net balance, beginning of period	7,497		6,915		6,222
Incurred:
Current year	11,018		13,181		11,195
Prior years	(143)		(377)		123
Total incurred	10,875		12,804		11,318
Payments:
Current year	(4,282)		(6,284)		(5,617)
Prior years	(6,634)		(5,810)		(5,204)
Total payments	(10,916)		(12,094)		(10,821)
Other changes:
Interest accretion	34		31		36
Foreign exchange adjustments	(285)		(159)		160
Total other changes	(251)		(128)		196
Net balance, end of period	7,205		7,497		6,915
Plus: reinsurance recoverable	439		556		641
Balance, end of period	$	7,644	$	8,053	$	7,556

Incurred claims associated with prior periods are primarily due to events, related to long-duration business, which were incurred in prior periods but were reported in the current period, and to a lesser extent, the development of short-duration business claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.

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Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent [Abstract]

Comprehensive Income

EQUITY

On June 5, 2020, the Company completed a public offering of 6,172,840 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, at a public offering price of $81.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $481 million. The Company granted the underwriters an option to purchase from the Company, within 30 days after the Underwriting Agreement dated June 2, 2020, up to an additional 925,926 shares of common stock at the offering price of $81.00 per share. The underwriters’ option was not exercised and expired on July 2, 2020. The Company used the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes.

Common Stock

The changes in number of common stock shares, issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:

	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2019	79,137,758	16,481,656	62,656,102
Equity offering	6,172,840	—	6,172,840
Common Stock acquired	—	1,074,413	(1,074,413)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(202,372)	202,372
Balance, December 31, 2020	85,310,598	17,353,697	67,956,901
Common Stock acquired	—	852,037	(852,037)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(65,866)	65,866
Balance, December 31, 2021	85,310,598	18,139,868	67,170,730
Common Stock acquired	—	599,254	(599,254)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(104,732)	104,732
Balance, December 31, 2022	85,310,598	18,634,390	66,676,208

(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s stock-based compensation programs.

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of “Common stock held in treasury” are credited to “Additional paid-in capital.” Losses resulting from the reissuance of “Common stock held in treasury” are charged first to “Additional paid-in capital” to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to “Retained earnings.”

On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 219,116 shares of common stock under this program for $25 million.

On February 25, 2022, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2022, RGA repurchased 380,138 shares of common stock under this program for $50 million.

The following table summarizes the Company’s current share repurchase program activity under the 2019 and 2022 share repurchase programs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollar amounts in millions, except for the number of shares and per share amounts):

Year of Repurchase	Shares Repurchased	Amount Paid		Average Per Share
2022	599,254	$	75	$	125.15
2021	852,037	$	96	$	112.64

Noncontrolling Interest

In 2022, Papara Financing LLC (“Papara”), a subsidiary of RGA Reinsurance, issued nonconvertible preferred interests to an unaffiliated third party. Papara holds investments in mortgage loans. The membership interests in Papara consist of (1) common interests, which are held by RGA Reinsurance and (2) preferred interests. The preferred interests total $90 million and pay an initial preferred distribution at an annual rate of 2.375% plus three month LIBOR. The applicable rate of interest is reset every five years. Distributions are paid quarterly, if declared by Papara. RGA can call the Papara preferred interests at the issue price beginning five years from the issuance date or upon the receipt of proceeds from the sale of the underlying assets. The holders of the Papara preferred interests have the option to require redemption upon the occurrence of certain contingent events, such as the failure of Papara to pay the preferred distribution for two or more periods or to meet certain other requirements, including a minimum credit rating. If notice is given upon such an event, all other holders of equal or more subordinate classes of

membership interests in Papara are entitled to receive the same form of consideration payable to the holders of the preferred interests, resulting in a deemed liquidation for accounting purposes. The preferred interests are included in noncontrolling interest, and net income attributable to noncontrolling interest was $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the components of the Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	(205)	$	(8)	$	(213)
Foreign currency swap	64		(13)		51
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	(141)		(21)		(162)
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding losses arising during the year	(11,821)		2,536		(9,285)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	(218)		41		(177)
Net unrealized gains	(11,603)		2,495		(9,108)
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		—
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	(3)		1		(2)
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	33		(8)		25
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	30		(7)		23
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(11,714)	$	2,467	$	(9,247)

For the year ended December 31, 2021:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	85	$	(24)	$	61
Foreign currency swap	(2)		1		(1)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	83		(23)		60
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding gains arising during the year	(2,093)		471		(1,622)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	226		(49)		177
Net unrealized gains	(2,319)		520		(1,799)
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		—
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	2		—		2
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	27		(7)		20
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	29		(7)		22
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(2,207)	$	490	$	(1,717)

For the year ended December 31, 2020:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	43	$	3	$	46
Foreign currency swap	(29)		6		(23)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	14		9		23
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding gains arising during the year	2,812		(614)		2,198
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	(8)		(1)		(9)
Net unrealized gains	2,820		(613)		2,207
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	(8)		2		(6)
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	(1)		—		(1)
Net gain arising during the period	(2)		1		(1)
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	(3)		1		(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2,823	$	(601)	$	2,222

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

A summary of the components of net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of balances carried at fair value is as follows (dollars in millions):

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	(11,632)	$	(2,299)	$	2,837
Other investments(1)	(186)		(64)		29
Effect on unrealized appreciation on:
Deferred policy acquisition costs	215		44		(54)
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	$	(11,603)	$	(2,319)	$	2,812

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

The balance of and changes in each component of AOCI were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments		Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments (1)		Pension and Postretirement Benefits		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(92)	$	3,299	$	(70)	$	3,137
OCI before reclassifications	14		2,854		(9)		2,859
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		(42)		6		(36)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	9		(611)		1		(601)
Balance, December 31, 2020	(69)		5,500		(72)		5,359
OCI before reclassifications	83		(2,144)		22		(2,039)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		(175)		7		(168)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(23)		520		(7)		490
Balance, December 31, 2021	(9)		3,701		(50)		3,642
OCI before reclassifications	(141)		(12,045)		28		(12,158)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		442		2		444
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(21)		2,495		(7)		2,467
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	(171)	$	(5,407)	$	(27)	$	(5,605)

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(205), $(22) and $(49) as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Amount Reclassified from AOCI
Details about AOCI Components	2022		2021		Affected Line Item in  Statement of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	$	(218)	$	226	Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges – Interest rate	(1)		(7)		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Currency/Interest rate	(8)		—		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Forward bond purchase commitments	—		—		(1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses	(215)		(44)		(2)
Total	(442)		175
Provision for income taxes	335		(38)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax	$	(107)	$	137
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit)	$	2	$	1	(3)
Actuarial gains (losses)	(4)		(8)		(3)
Total	(2)		(7)
Provision for income taxes	—		1
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax	$	(2)	$	(6)
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(109)	$	131

(1)See Note 5 for information on cash flow hedges.

(2)See Note 8 for information on deferred policy acquisition costs.

(3)See Note 10 for information on employee benefit plans.

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Equity Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Equity Based Compensation

Equity Based Compensation

The Company adopted the RGA Flexible Stock Plan (the “Plan”) in February 1993, as amended, and the Flexible Stock Plan for Directors (the “Directors Plan”) in January 1997, as amended, (collectively, the “Stock Plans”). The Stock Plans provide for the award of benefits (collectively “Benefits”) of various types, including stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, performance shares, cash awards, and other stock-based awards, to key employees, officers, directors and others performing significant services for the benefit of the Company or its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022, shares authorized for the granting of Benefits under the Plan and the Directors Plan totaled 16,460,077 and 462,500 respectively. The Company uses treasury shares or shares made available from authorized but unissued shares to support the future exercise of options or settlement of awards granted under its stock plans.

Equity-based compensation expense of $45 million, $55 million, and $(12) million related to grants or awards under the Stock Plans was recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The equity compensation credit for the year ended December 31, 2020, is attributable to the reduction in the estimated financial performance measures associated with performance-based stock awards, primarily due to the adverse impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s financial results. Equity-based compensation expense is principally related to the issuance of performance contingent restricted units, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock.

In general, stock awards granted under the Plan become exercisable over vesting periods ranging from one to four years. SARs are generally granted with a conversion price equal to the stock’s fair value at the date of grant and expire 10 years after the date of grant. There are no stock options outstanding under the Directors Plan during the periods presented. Information with respect to grants under the Stock Plans are as follows.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following table presents a summary of options and SARs activity:

	Number of Options and SARs	Weighted-Average Exercise/Conversion Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,222,714	$	107.39
Granted	258,327	$	106.53
Exercised	(251,305)	$	64.79
Forfeited	(8,449)	$	124.29
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,221,287	$	112.05	$	68.7
Awards exercisable	1,818,128	$	111.35	$	57.8

The intrinsic value of awards exercised was $16 million, $8 million, and $15 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

	Awards Outstanding				Awards Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding as of 12/31/2022	Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Number Exercisable as of 12/31/2022	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
$50.00 – $89.99	145,026	0.8	$	70.87	145,026	$	70.87
$90.00 – $99.99	688,154	2.8	$	92.56	688,154	$	92.56
$100.00 – $139.99	1,045,417	7.4	$	118.87	642,258	$	121.18
$140.00 +	342,690	5.7	$	147.80	342,690	$	147.80
Totals	2,221,287	5.3	$	112.05	1,818,128	$	111.35

The following table presents the weighted average assumptions used to determine the fair value of SARs issued:

For the years ended December 31,	2022			2021			2020
Dividend yield	2.74		%	2.17		%	2.37		%
Risk-free rate of return	2.41		%	1.04		%	0.69		%
Expected volatility	36.0		%	34.5		%	18.8		%
Expected life (years)	6.3			6.3			7.0
Weighted average exercise price of stock options granted	$	106.53		$	129.01		$	117.85
Weighted average fair value of stock options granted	$	30.55		$	34.93		$	15.14

The Black-Scholes model was used to determine the fair value recognized in the financial statements of SARs that have been granted. The Company used daily historical volatility when calculating a SAR’s value. The benchmark rate is based on observed interest rates for instruments with maturities similar to the expected term of the stock options. Dividend yield is determined based on historical dividend distributions compared to the price of the underlying common stock as of the valuation

date and held constant over the life of the stock options. The Company estimated expected life using the historical average years to exercise or cancellation.

Performance Contingent Awards

Performance contingent awards include both Performance Contingent Shares (“PCS”) and Performance Share Units (“PSU”).

•Performance Contingent Shares, are units that, if they vest, are multiplied by a performance factor to produce a number of final units that are paid in the Company’s common stock. Each PCS represents the right to receive up to two shares of Company’s common stock, depending on the results of certain performance measures.

•Performance Share Units, are units that, if they vest, are paid in the Company’s common stock. Each PSU represents the right to receive one share of Company common stock, depending on the results of certain performance measures.

The compensation expense related to each type of performance continent award is recognized ratably over the requisite performance period. Performance contingent awards are accounted for as equity awards, but are not credited with dividend-equivalents for actual dividends paid on the Company’s common stock during the performance period.

Restricted Stock Units

In general, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) become payable at the end of a three-year vesting period. Each RSU, if they vest, represents the right to receive one share of Company common stock. RSUs awarded under the plan generally have no strike price and are included in the Company’s shares outstanding.

The following table presents a summary of Performance Share and Restricted Stock Unit activity:

	Performance Contingent Awards	Restricted Stock Units
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	340,405	379,888
Granted	78,687	219,553
Change in units based on performance factor	(172,601)	—
Paid	—	(21,552)
Forfeited	(1,511)	(11,454)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 (1)	244,980	566,435

(1)Amount outstanding at December 31, 2022, includes the amount of shares to be issued under RSUs expected to vest and number of shares to be issued under performance continent awards at target performance. The amount of shares do not reflect potential increases or decreases that may result from the performance factor results except for the 2020 – 2022 grants which vested as of December 31, 2022.

During 2022, the Company issued 78,687 performance contingent awards at a weighted average fair value per unit of $106.53.

As of December 31, 2022, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the financial statements was $20.0 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 0.8 years.

The majority of the awards granted each year under the board-approved incentive compensation package and Directors Plan are made in the first quarter of each year.

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Summary of Investments Other Than Investments in Related Parties

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Abstract]

Summary of Investments Other Than Investments in Related Parties

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE I-SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS-OTHER THAN

INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

December 31, 2022

(in millions)

Type of Investment	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amount at Which Shown in the Balance Sheets(1)
Fixed maturity securities:
United States government and government agencies and authorities	$	1,690	$	1,482	$	1,482
State and political subdivisions	1,282		1,119		1,119
Foreign governments(2)	10,515		9,889		9,889
Public utilities	4,788		4,032		4,032
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	7,213		6,442		6,442
All other corporate bonds	34,175		29,937		29,937
Total fixed maturity securities	$	59,663	$	52,901	$	52,901
Equity securities	$	175	$	134	$	134
Mortgage loans	6,590				6,590
Policy loans	1,231				1,231
Funds withheld at interest	6,003				6,003
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,327				2,327
Short-term investments	154				154
Other invested assets	1,140				1,140
Total investments	$	77,283			$	70,480

(1)Fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value.

(2)Includes fixed maturities directly issued by foreign governments, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises.

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Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE II—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT

December 31,

(in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value	$	598	$	523
Short-term and other investments	7		7
Cash and cash equivalents	298		92
Investment in subsidiaries	7,082		15,737
Loans to subsidiaries	1,060		1,020
Other assets	386		382
Total assets	$	9,431	$	17,761
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Long-term debt – unaffiliated(1)	$	3,468	$	3,172
Long-term debt – affiliated(2)	600		600
Other liabilities	1,218		975
Stockholders’ equity	4,145		13,014
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	9,431	$	17,761
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Interest / dividend income(3)	$	325	$	399	$	472
Investment related gains (losses), net	2		5		14
Operating expenses	(53)		(66)		(59)
Interest expense	(183)		(152)		(202)
Income (loss) before income tax and undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	91		186		225
Income tax expense (benefit)	(22)		(21)		(21)
Net income (loss) before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	113		207		246
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	510		410		169
Net income	623		617		415
Other comprehensive income (loss)	19		14		(29)
Total comprehensive income	$	642	$	631	$	386

The condensed financial information of RGA (the “Parent Company”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of RGA and its subsidiaries and the notes thereto (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”). These condensed unconsolidated financial statements reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for RGA. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.

(1)Long-term debt – unaffiliated consists of the following:

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$700 million 7.12% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	399		399
Subtotal	3,496		3,195
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(28)		(23)
Total	$	3,468	$	3,172

(2)Long-term debt includes $600 million of affiliated subordinated debt in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The affiliated subordinated debt was issued to various operating subsidiaries.

(3)Interest/dividend income includes $188 million and $270 million of cash dividends received from consolidated subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE II—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT (continued)

December 31,

(in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Operating activities:
Net income	$	623	$	617	$	415
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	(510)		(410)		(169)
Other, net	316		(227)		(170)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	429		(20)		76
Investing activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	177		268		358
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(315)		(150)		(400)
Repayments/issuances of loans to subsidiaries	(40)		(10)		—
Change in short-term investments	—		165		(165)
Change in other invested assets	(1)		(1)		(26)
Capital contributions to subsidiaries	(53)		(43)		(78)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(232)		229		(311)
Financing activities:
Dividends to stockholders	(205)		(194)		(182)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—		—		481
Purchases of treasury stock	(81)		(99)		(163)
Exercise of stock options, net	—		—		1
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	5		(19)		(11)
Principal payments on debt	(400)		(399)		—
Principal payments on affiliated debt	—		(500)		—
Proceeds from unaffiliated long-term debt issuance	700		—		598
Proceeds from affiliated long-term debt issuance	—		600		—
Debt issuance costs	(10)		—		(5)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	9		(611)		719
Change in cash and cash equivalents	206		(402)		484
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	92		494		10
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	298	$	92	$	494
Supplementary information:
Interest paid	$	156	$	173	$	187
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	—	$	323	$	23

XML

Supplementary Insurance Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Abstract]

Supplementary Insurance Information

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(in millions)

	As of December 31,
	Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Future Policy Benefits  and Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities		Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable
2022
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	2,000	$	13,122	$	2,495
Financial Solutions	387		24,662		34
Canada:
Traditional	171		3,600		341
Financial Solutions	—		2		6
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	231		1,358		1,631
Financial Solutions	—		5,306		104
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	1,039		3,933		1,933
Financial Solutions	141		12,218		24
Corporate and Other	5		1,591		3
Total	$	3,974	$	65,792	$	6,571
2021
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	1,926	$	12,757	$	2,806
Financial Solutions	190		25,107		24
Canada:
Traditional	192		3,668		330
Financial Solutions	—		16		5
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	253		1,366		1,612
Financial Solutions	—		5,999		89
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	1,052		3,792		2,116
Financial Solutions	74		8,202		6
Corporate and Other	3		1,252		5
Total	$	3,690	$	62,159	$	6,993

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (continued)

(in millions)

	Year ended December 31,
	Premium Income		Net Investment Income		Policyholder Benefits and Interest Credited		Amortization of DAC (1)		Other Expenses (2)
2022
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	6,590	$	965	$	6,335	$	220	$	806
Financial Solutions	66		1,078		666		51		184
Canada:
Traditional	1,219		238		1,158		14		207
Financial Solutions	95		1		68		—		5
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,736		89		1,573		44		203
Financial Solutions	486		148		368		—		59
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,650		142		2,152		57		321
Financial Solutions	236		272		376		68		50
Corporate and Other	—		228		32		—		410
Total	$	13,078	$	3,161	$	12,728	$	454	$	2,245
2021
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	6,244	$	930	$	6,790	$	269	$	679
Financial Solutions	55		1,089		731		101		145
Canada:
Traditional	1,194		248		1,096		13		211
Financial Solutions	90		—		79		—		7
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,738		88		1,829		48		189
Financial Solutions	350		205		258		—		55
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,624		136		2,445		60		283
Financial Solutions	218		138		244		41		34
Corporate and Other	—		304		4		—		356
Total	$	12,513	$	3,138	$	13,476	$	532	$	1,959
2020
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	5,838	$	714	$	5,979	$	200	$	679
Financial Solutions	53		999		764		52		109
Canada:
Traditional	1,052		207		909		16		201
Financial Solutions	83		1		68		—		3
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,555		72		1,389		31		186
Financial Solutions	252		193		163		—		50
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,681		107		2,293		65		274
Financial Solutions	180		85		206		19		25
Corporate and Other	—		197		8		—		354
Total	$	11,694	$	2,575	$	11,779	$	383	$	1,881

(1)Includes the effect from investment related gains and losses.

(2)Includes policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses, excluding amortization of DAC. Also includes other operating expenses, interest expense, and collateral finance and securitization expense.

XML

Supplemental Schedule of Reinsurance

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Abstract]

Reinsurance

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE IV—REINSURANCE

(in millions)

	As of or for the Year ended December 31,
	Gross Amount		Ceded to Other Companies		Assumed from Other Companies		Net Amounts		Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net
2022
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,027	$	151,569	$	3,400,735	$	3,250,193	104.6	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	25	$	421	$	6,986	$	6,590	106.0	%
Financial Solutions	1		—		65		66		98.5
Canada:
Traditional	—		64		1,283		1,219		105.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		95		95		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	—		32		1,768		1,736		101.8
Financial Solutions	—		137		623		486		128.2
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		117		2,767		2,650		104.4
Financial Solutions	—		—		236		236		100.0
Total	$	26	$	771	$	13,823	$	13,078	105.7
2021
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,117	$	166,842	$	3,467,054	$	3,301,329	105.0	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	26	$	472	$	6,690	$	6,244	107.1	%
Financial Solutions	2		—		53		55		96.4
Canada:
Traditional	—		50		1,244		1,194		104.2
Financial Solutions	—		—		90		90		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	5		32		1,765		1,738		101.6
Financial Solutions	—		202		552		350		157.7
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		112		2,736		2,624		104.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		218		218		100.0
Total	$	33	$	868	$	13,348	$	12,513	106.7
2020
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,990	$	184,625	$	3,480,692	$	3,298,057	105.5	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	23	$	585	$	6,399	5,837		109.6	%
Financial Solutions	3		—		50		53		94.3
Canada:
Traditional	—		54		1,106		1,052		105.1
Financial Solutions	—		—		83		83		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	32		24		1,548		1,556		99.5
Financial Solutions	—		178		430		252		170.6
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		106		2,787		2,681		104.0
Financial Solutions	—		—		180		180		100.0
Total	$	58	$	947	$	12,583	$	11,694	107.6

XML

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts [Abstract]

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE V—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

(in millions)

			Additions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Costs  and Expenses		Charged to Other   Accounts		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
2022
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	218	$	(6)	$	9	$	—	$	221
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans	35		16		—		—		51
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	31		42		—		36		37
2021
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	251	$	(18)	$	(15)	$	—	$	218
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans	64		—		—		29		35
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	20		27		—		16		31
2020
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	236	$	(4)	$	19	$	—	$	251
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans (1)	12		38		14		—		64
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	—		41		—		21		20

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates include those used in determining deferred policy acquisition costs, premiums receivable, future policy benefits, incurred but not reported claims, income taxes, valuation of investments and investment impairments, and valuation of embedded derivatives. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used by management.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, and any variable interest entities where the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates variable interest entities in accordance with the general accounting principles for Consolidation. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

There were no subsequent events that would require disclosure or adjustments to the accompanying consolidated financial statements through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued.

Investments

Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities

Fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value and are so classified based upon the possibility that such securities could be sold prior to maturity if that action enables the Company to execute its investment philosophy and appropriately match investment results to operating and liquidity needs.

Unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, less applicable deferred income taxes as well as related adjustments to deferred acquisition costs, if applicable, are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”).

Investment income is recognized as it accrues or is legally due. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are included in investment related gains (losses), net, as are change in allowance for credit losses and impairments. The cost of investments sold is primarily determined based upon the specific identification method.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value and realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in investment related gains (losses), net.

Mortgage Loans

Mortgage loans are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the mortgage loan based on its contractual interest rate. Amortization of premiums, discounts, and loan origination fees are recorded using the effective yield method. The Company accrues interest on loans until it is probable the Company will not receive interest or the loan is 90 days past due. Interest income, amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, amortization of loan origination fees and prepayment fees are reported in net investment income.

Funds Withheld at Interest

Funds withheld at interest represent amounts contractually withheld by ceding companies in accordance with reinsurance agreements. For agreements written on a modified coinsurance (“modco”) basis and agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets that support the net statutory reserves or as defined in the treaty, are withheld and legally owned by the ceding company. Interest, recorded in net investment income, accrues to these assets at calculated rates as defined by the treaty terms. Changes in the value of the equity options held within the funds withheld portfolio associated with equity-indexed annuity treaties are reflected in net investment income.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures, in which the Company has more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations, are reported using the equity method of accounting. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.

Limited partnerships, in which the Company has a minor ownership interest in or virtually no influence over the investee’s operations, are primarily carried at estimated fair value. If a readily determinable fair value is not available, the Company uses the net asset value ("NAV") per share. Changes in estimated fair value are included in investment related gains (losses), net. Certain other limited partnerships are carried at cost less impairment.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments represent investments with remaining maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months, at the time of acquisition and are stated at estimated fair value or amortized cost, which approximates estimated fair value. Interest on short-term investments is recorded in net investment income.

Other Invested Assets

In addition to derivative contracts discussed below, other invested assets include Federal Home Loan Bank common stock, unit-linked investments and lifetime mortgages. FHLB common stock is carried at cost. The fair value option (“FVO”) was elected for contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities that do not qualify for presentation and reporting as separate accounts. Changes in estimated fair value of unit-linked investments are included in net investment income.

Lifetime mortgages are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount, unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the lifetime mortgage based on its contractual interest rate.

Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The Company participates in securities borrowing programs whereby securities, which are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are borrowed from third parties. The borrowed securities are used to provide collateral under affiliated reinsurance transactions. The Company is generally required to maintain a minimum of 100% to 110% of the fair value, or par value under certain programs, of the borrowed securities as collateral. The collateral generally consists of securities pledged to the third parties or rights to reinsurance treaty cash flows. If cash flows from the reinsurance treaties are

insufficient to maintain the minimum collateral requirement, the Company may substitute cash or securities to meet the requirement.

The Company participates in a securities lending program whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are loaned to a third party. In return, the Company receives securities from the third party, with an estimated fair value generally equal to 105% of the securities lent. The securities received as collateral are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company participates in repurchase/reverse repurchase programs whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are sold to third parties. In return, the Company purchases securities from the third parties. Under the agreements the Company’s value of the securities sold is generally equal to 100% to 105% of the estimated fair value of the securities purchased. The securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Securities sold under such transactions may be sold or re-pledged by the transferee.

The Company participates in repurchase agreements, whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are sold to a third party. Under these agreements, the Company receives cash in an amount generally equal to 72% to 100% of the estimated fair value of the securities sold at the inception of the transaction, with a simultaneous agreement to repurchase such securities at a future date or on demand in an amount equal to the cash initially received plus interest. The Company monitors the ratio of the cash held to the estimated fair value of the securities sold throughout the duration of the transaction and additional cash or securities are provided or obtained as necessary. Securities sold under such transactions may be sold or re-pledged by the transferee. The obligation to repurchase bonds is reflected in other liabilities.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments

Fixed Maturity Securities

The Company identifies fixed maturity securities that could result in a credit loss by monitoring market events that could impact issuers’ credit ratings, business climates, management changes, litigation, government actions and other similar factors. The Company also monitors late payments, pricing levels, rating agency actions, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.

The Company reviews all securities to determine whether a decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss and whether an allowance for credit loss should be recognized. In making this determination, the Company considers relevant facts and circumstances including: (1) the reasons for the decline in fair value; (2) the issuer’s financial position and access to capital; and (3) the Company’s intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost that, in some cases, may extend to maturity.

If the Company intends to sell a security or it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, less any recorded credit loss, it recognizes an impairment loss in investment related gains (losses), net for the difference between amortized cost and fair value.

Credit impairments and changes in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are reflected in investment related gains (losses), net, while non-credit impairment losses are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”).

The Company estimates the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The Company excludes accrued interest from the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The techniques and assumptions for establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The asset-backed securities’ cash flow estimates are based on security-specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees.

The Company writes off uncollectible fixed maturity securities when (1) it has sufficient information to determine that the issuer of the security is insolvent or (2) it has received notice that the issuer of the security has filed for bankruptcy, and the collectability of the asset is expected to be adversely impacted by the bankruptcy.

Mortgage Loans

Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans are computed on an expected loss basis using a model that utilizes probability of default and loss given default methods over the lifetime of the loan. Within the reasonable and supportable forecast period (i.e., typically two years), the allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans is established based on several pool-level loan

assumptions, defaults and loss severity, loss expectations for loans with similar risk characteristics and industry statistics. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The evaluation also includes the impact of expected changes in future macro-economic conditions. The Company reverts to historical loss information for periods beyond which it believes it is able to develop or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. When individual loans no longer have similar credit risk characteristics of the commercial mortgage loan pool, they are removed from the pool and are evaluated individually for an allowance.

Any interest accrued or received on the net carrying amount of the impaired loan is included in net investment income or applied to the principal of the loan, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. Mortgage loans deemed to be uncollectible or that have been foreclosed are charged off against the allowance for credit losses and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. Changes in allowance for credit losses are reported in investment related gains (losses), net.

The Company evaluates whether a mortgage loan modification represents a troubled debt restructuring and does not meet the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). In a troubled debt restructuring, the Company grants concessions related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. Generally, the types of concessions include reduction of the contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market interest rates and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The Company considers the amount, timing and extent of the concession granted in determining any changes in allowance for credit losses recorded in connection with the troubled debt restructuring. Through the continuous monitoring process, the Company may have recorded a specific allowance for credit loss prior to when the mortgage loan is modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Accordingly, the carrying value (after specific allowance for credit loss) before and after modification through a troubled debt restructuring may not change significantly or may increase if the expected recovery is higher than the pre-modification recovery assessment.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The Company considers its limited partnership investments that are carried at cost for impairment when the carrying value of these investments exceeds the fair value. The Company takes into consideration the severity and duration of this excess when deciding if the investment is impaired. For equity method investments (including real estate joint ventures), the Company considers financial and other information provided by the investee, other known information and inherent risks in the underlying investments, as well as future capital commitments, in determining whether an impairment has occurred.

Policy Loans Receivable

Policy Loans

Policy loans are reported at the unpaid principal balance. Interest income on such loans is recorded as earned using the contractually agreed-upon interest rate. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Overview

The Company utilizes a variety of derivative instruments including swaps, options, forwards and futures, primarily to manage or hedge interest rate risk, credit risk, inflation risk, foreign currency risk, market volatility and various other market risks associated with its business. The Company does not invest in derivatives for speculative purposes. It is the Company’s policy to enter into derivative contracts primarily with highly rated parties. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional detail on the Company’s derivative positions.

Accounting and Financial Statement Presentation of Derivatives

Derivatives are carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets primarily in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Certain derivatives are subject to master netting provisions and reported as a net asset or liability. On the date a derivative contract is executed, the Company designates the derivative as (1) a fair value hedge, (2) a cash flow hedge, (3) a net investment hedge in a foreign operation or (4) free-standing derivatives held for other risk management purposes, which primarily involve managing asset or liability risks associated with the Company’s reinsurance treaties that do not qualify for hedge accounting.

Changes in the fair value of free-standing derivative instruments, which do not receive accounting hedge treatment, are primarily reflected in investment related gains (losses), net.

Hedge Documentation and Hedge Effectiveness

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge as either (i) a fair value hedge; (ii) a cash flow hedge; or (iii) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. In this documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and periodically throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship.

Under a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative and changes in the fair value of the hedged item related to the designated risk being hedged, are reported within investment related gains (losses), net. The fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported within investment income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.

Under a cash flow hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative measured as effective are reported within AOCI and the deferred gains or losses on the derivative are reclassified into the consolidated statements of income when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item. The fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported within investment income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.

In a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative that are measured as effective are reported within AOCI consistent with the translation adjustment for the hedged net investment in the foreign operation.

The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur; or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The carrying value of the hedged asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction occurrence is still probable, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the consolidated statements of income when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is no longer probable that the forecasted transactions will occur on the anticipated date or within two months of that date, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized currently in investment related gains (losses), net. Deferred gains and losses of a derivative recorded in OCI pursuant to the discontinued cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction that is no longer probable are recognized immediately in investment related gains (losses), net.

In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value in the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as investment related gains (losses), net.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company reinsures certain annuity products that contain terms that are deemed to be embedded derivatives, primarily equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits. The Company assesses reinsurance contract terms to identify embedded derivatives, which are required to be bifurcated under the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. If the contract is not reported for in its entirety at fair value and it is determined that the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for separately.

Embedded derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in the same line item as the host contract. Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with equity-indexed annuities are reflected in interest credited on the consolidated statements of income and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits are reflected in investment related gains (losses), net. See “Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities” below for additional information on embedded derivatives related to equity-indexed and variable annuities. The Company has implemented an economic hedging strategy to mitigate the volatility associated with its reinsurance of variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits. The hedging strategy is designed such that changes in the fair value of the hedge contracts, primarily futures, swap contracts and options, move in the opposite direction of changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives. While the Company actively manages its hedging program, the hedges that are in place may not be totally effective in offsetting the embedded derivative changes due to the many variables that must be managed and the Company may see a corresponding increase or decrease in the net liability. The Company has elected not to assess this hedging strategy for hedge accounting treatment.

Additionally, reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. The Company’s funds withheld at interest balances are primarily

associated with its reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, the majority of which were subject to the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging related to embedded derivatives. Management believes the embedded derivative feature in each of these reinsurance treaties is similar to a total return swap on the assets held by the ceding companies. The valuation of embedded derivatives is sensitive to the investment credit spread environment. Changes in investment credit spreads are also affected by the application of a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in an asset position utilizes a CVA based on the ceding company’s credit risk. Conversely, the fair value calculation of an embedded derivative in a liability position utilizes a CVA based on the Company’s credit risk. Generally, an increase in investment credit spreads, ignoring changes in the CVA, will have a negative impact on the fair value of the embedded derivative (decrease in income). The fair value of the embedded derivative assets and liabilities are included in the funds withheld at interest and other liabilities, respectively. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives is recorded in investment related gains (losses), net.

The Company has entered into various financial reinsurance treaties on a funds withheld and modco basis. These treaties do not transfer significant insurance risk and are recorded on a deposit method of accounting with the Company earning a net fee. As a result of the experience refund provisions contained in these treaties, the value of the embedded derivatives in these contracts is currently considered immaterial. The Company monitors the performance of these treaties on a quarterly basis. Significant adverse performance or losses on these treaties may result in a loss associated with the embedded derivative.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, establish a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. In compliance with these principles, the Company has categorized its assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three level hierarchy or separately for assets measured using the net asset value (“NAV”). The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), the second highest priority to quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.

See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for further details on the Company’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit and highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

Premiums Receivable

Premiums Receivable

Premiums are accrued when due and in accordance with information received from the ceding company. When the Company enters into a new reinsurance agreement, it records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty. Similarly, when a ceding company fails to report information on a timely basis, the Company records accruals based on the terms of the reinsurance treaty as well as historical experience. Other management estimates include adjustments for increased in force on existing treaties, lapsed premiums given historical experience, the financial health of specific ceding companies, collateral value and the legal right of offset on related amounts (i.e. allowances and claims) owed to the ceding company. Under the legal right of offset provisions in its reinsurance treaties, the Company can withhold payments for allowances and claims from unpaid premiums. Based on its review of these factors and historical experience, the Company did not believe a provision for doubtful accounts was necessary as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Costs of acquiring new business, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new business, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Such costs include commissions and allowances as well as certain costs of policy issuance and underwriting. Non-commission costs related to the acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts may be deferred only if they meet the following criteria:

•Incremental direct costs of a successful contract acquisition

•Portions of employees’ salaries and benefits directly related to time spent performing specified acquisition activities for a contract that has been acquired or renewed

•Other costs directly related to the specified acquisition or renewal activities that would not have been incurred had that acquisition contract transaction not occurred

The Company tests the recoverability for each year of business at issue before establishing additional deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”). The Company also performs annual tests to establish that DAC are expected to remain recoverable, and if financial performance significantly deteriorates to the point where a deficiency exists, a cumulative charge to current operations will be recorded. No such adjustments related to DAC recoverability were made in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

DAC related to traditional life insurance contracts are amortized with interest over the premium-paying period of the related policies in proportion to the ratio of individual period premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues over the expected life of the policy. Such anticipated premium revenues are estimated using the same assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits.

DAC related to interest-sensitive life and investment-type policies are amortized over the expected lives of the policies, in proportion to the gross profits realized from mortality, investment income less interest credited, and expense margins.

Other Reinsurance Balances

Other Reinsurance Balances

The Company assumes and retrocedes financial reinsurance contracts that do not expose it to a reasonable possibility of loss from insurance risk. These contracts are reported as deposits and are included in other reinsurance assets/liabilities. The amount of revenue reported in other revenues on these contracts represents fees and the cost of insurance under the terms of the reinsurance agreement. Assets and liabilities are reported on a net or gross basis, depending on the specific details within each treaty. Reinsurance agreements reported on a net basis, where a legal right of offset exists, are generally included in other reinsurance balances on the consolidated balance sheets. Balances resulting from the assumption and/or subsequent transfer of benefits and obligations resulting from cash flows related to variable annuities have also been classified as other reinsurance balance assets and/or liabilities. Other reinsurance assets are included in premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances while other reinsurance liabilities are included in other reinsurance balances.

Goodwill and Value of Business Acquired

Goodwill and Value of Business AcquiredGoodwill, reported in other assets, is not amortized into results of operations, but instead is reviewed at least annually for impairment and written down only in the periods in which the recorded value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. Goodwill as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, totaled $7 million. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value of business acquired was fully amortized.

Value of Distribution Agreements and Customer Relationships Acquired

Value of Distribution Agreements and Customer Relationships Acquired

Value of distribution agreements (“VODA”) is reported in other assets and represents the present value of future profits associated with the expected future business derived from the distribution agreements. Value of customer relationships acquired (“VOCRA”) is also reported in other assets and represents the present value of the expected future profits associated with the expected future business acquired through existing customers of the acquired company or business. VODA is amortized over a useful life of 15 years and VOCRA is also amortized over a 15 year period in proportion to expected revenues generated, with amortization included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Each year the Company reviews VODA and VOCRA to determine the recoverability of these balances. VODA and VOCRA totaled approximately $12 million and $19 million, including accumulated amortization of $109 million and $102 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. VODA and VOCRA amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $6 million, $7 million and $8 million, respectively. Amortization of the VODA and VOCRA is estimated to be $6 million and $6 million during 2023 and 2024, respectively, with the VODA and VOCRA expected to be fully amortized by the end of 2024.

Other Acquired Intangible Assets

Other acquired intangibles are reported in other assets and primarily represent intangibles and licenses acquired through the Company’s acquisition of service and technology oriented companies in an effort to both support its clients and generate new future revenue streams. Other acquired intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 10 to 15 years, with amortization included in other operating expenses. Each year the Company reviews other acquired intangibles to determine the recoverability of these balances. Other acquired intangibles totaled approximately $14 million and $22 million, including accumulated amortization of $20 million and $17 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other acquired intangibles amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $3 million, $4 million and $4 million, respectively. During 2021, the Company wrote off $4 million of acquired intangible assets

deemed to be impaired. Amortization of other acquired intangibles is estimated to be $3 million during 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively.

Other Assets

Property, Equipment, Leasehold Improvements and Computer Software

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, which are included in other assets, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as appropriate. The estimated life is generally 40 years for company occupied real estate property, from one to seven years for leasehold improvements, and from three to seven years for all other property and equipment. The cost basis of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $270 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accumulated depreciation of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $136 million and $131 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $15 million, $16 million and $17 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Computer software, which is included in other assets, is stated at cost, less accumulated amortization. Purchased software costs, as well as certain internal and external costs incurred to develop internal-use computer software during the application development stage, are capitalized. Amortization of software costs is recorded on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from three to ten years. Carrying values are reviewed at least annually for indicators of impairment in value. Unamortized computer software costs were $138 million and $145 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense was $24 million, $27 million, and $32 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company did not impair any capital projects during 2022 or 2021. The Company recognized impairments of $5 million in 2020.

Future Policy Benefits

Future Policy Benefits

Liabilities for future benefits on life and health policies are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on policies in force. Liabilities for future policy benefits under long-duration life and health insurance policies have been computed based upon expected investment yields, mortality and withdrawal (lapse) rates, and other assumptions. These assumptions include a margin for adverse deviation and vary with the characteristics of the plan of insurance, year of issue, age of insured, and other appropriate factors. Interest rates range from 3.0% to 6.0%. The mortality and withdrawal assumptions are based on the Company’s experience as well as industry experience and standards. In establishing reserves for future policy benefits, the Company assigns policy liability assumptions to particular timeframes (eras) in such a manner as to be consistent with the underlying assumptions and economic conditions at the time the risks are assumed. The Company maintains a consistent approach to setting the provision for adverse deviation between eras.

Liabilities for future benefits on longevity business, including annuities in the payout phase, are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on policies in force. Liabilities for future benefits related to the longevity business, including annuities in the payout phase have been calculated using expected mortality, investment yields, and other assumptions. These assumptions include a margin for adverse deviation and vary with the characteristics of the plan of insurance, year of issue, age of insured, and other appropriate factors. The mortality assumptions are based on the Company’s experience as well as industry experience and standards. A deferred profit liability is established when the gross premium exceeds the net premium.

The Company periodically reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits. The Company establishes premium deficiency reserves if actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy liabilities together with the present value of future gross premiums will not be sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. Anticipated investment income is considered in the calculation of premium deficiency losses for short-duration contracts. The premium deficiency reserve is established by a charge to income, as well as a reduction in unamortized acquisition costs and, to the extent there are no unamortized acquisition costs, an increase in future policy benefits.

The reserving process includes normal periodic reviews of assumptions used and adjustments of reserves to incorporate the refinement of the assumptions. Any such adjustments relate only to policies assumed in recent periods and the adjustments are reflected by a cumulative charge or credit to current operations.

The Company reinsures disability and long-term care products in various markets. Liabilities for future benefits on disability and long-term care policies’ active lives are established in an amount adequate to meet the estimated future obligations on

policies in force. These reserves are the amounts that, with the additional premiums to be received and interest thereon compounded annually at certain assumed rates, are calculated to be sufficient to meet the various policy and contract obligations as they mature.

The Company establishes future policy benefits for guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”) relating to the reinsurance of certain variable annuity contracts by estimating the expected value of death benefits in excess of the projected account balance and recognizing the excess proportionally over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments. The Company regularly evaluates estimates used and adjusts the additional liability balance, with a related charge or credit to claims and other policy benefits, if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised. The assumptions used in estimating the GMDB liabilities are consistent with those used for amortizing DAC, and are thus subject to the same variability and risk. The Company’s GMDB liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were not material.

Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities

Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities

Liabilities for future benefits on interest-sensitive life and investment-type contract liabilities are carried at the accumulated contract holder values without reduction for potential surrender or withdrawal charges. The Company reinsures asset-intensive products, including annuities and corporate-owned life insurance. The investment portfolios for these products are segregated for management purposes within the general account of the respective legal entity. The liabilities under asset-intensive insurance contracts or reinsurance contracts reinsured on a coinsurance basis are included in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Asset-intensive contracts principally include individual fixed annuities in the accumulation phase, single premium immediate annuities, equity-indexed annuities, individual variable annuities, corporate-owned life and interest-sensitive whole life insurance contracts. Interest-sensitive contract liabilities are equal to (i) policy account values, which consist of an accumulation of gross premium payments; (ii) credited interest less expenses, mortality charges, and withdrawals; and (iii) fair value adjustments relating to business combinations. Liabilities for immediate annuities are calculated as the present value of the expected cash flows, with the locked-in discount rate determined such that there is no gain or loss at inception. Additionally, certain annuity contracts the Company reinsures contain terms, such as guaranteed minimum benefits and equity participation options, which are deemed to be embedded derivatives and are accounted for based on the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging.

The Company establishes liabilities for guaranteed minimum living benefits relating to certain variable annuity products as follows:

•Guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”) provide the contract holder, after a specified period of time determined at the time of issuance of the variable annuity contract, with a minimum level of income (annuity) payments. Under the reinsurance treaty, the Company makes a payment to the ceding company equal to the GMIB net amount-at-risk at the time of annuitization and thus these contracts meet the net settlement criteria of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging and the Company assumes no mortality risk. Accordingly, the GMIB is considered an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

•Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) guarantee the contract holder a return of their purchase payment via partial withdrawals, even if the account value is reduced to zero, provided that the contract holder’s cumulative withdrawals in a contract year do not exceed a certain limit. The initial guaranteed withdrawal amount is equal to the initial benefit base as defined in the contract (typically, the initial purchase payments plus applicable bonus amounts). The GMWB is also an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

•Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) provide the contract holder, after a specified period of time determined at the time of issuance of the variable annuity contract, with a minimum accumulation of their purchase payments even if the account value is reduced to zero. The initial guaranteed accumulation amount is equal to the initial benefit base as defined in the contract (typically, the initial purchase payments plus applicable bonus amounts). The GMAB is also an embedded derivative, which is measured at fair value separately from the host variable annuity product.

For GMIB, GMWB and GMAB, the initial benefit base is increased by additional purchase payments made within a certain time period and decreased by benefits paid and/or withdrawal amounts. After a specified period of time, the benefit base may also increase as a result of an optional reset as defined in the contract.

The fair values of the GMIB, GMWB and GMAB embedded derivative liabilities are reflected in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and are calculated based on actuarial and capital market assumptions related to the projected cash flows, including benefits and related contract charges over the lives of the contracts. These projected cash flows incorporate expectations concerning policyholder behavior, such as lapses, withdrawals and benefit selections, and capital market assumptions such as interest rates and equity market volatilities. In measuring the fair value of GMIBs, GMWBs and

GMABs, the Company attributes a portion of the fees collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of expected future guaranteed minimum income, withdrawal and accumulation benefits (at inception). The changes in fair value are reported in investment related gains (losses), net. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in other revenues on the consolidated statements of income. These variable annuity guaranteed living benefits may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets or falling interest rate markets, causing an increase in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, negatively affecting net income.

The Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity contracts. These contracts allow the contract holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component where interest credited is based on the performance of common stock market indices, such as the S&P 500 Index®, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, or the NASDAQ. The equity market option is considered an embedded derivative, similar to a call option, which is reflected at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets in interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The fair value of embedded derivatives is computed based on a projection of future equity option costs using a budget methodology, discounted back to the balance sheet date using current market indicators of volatility and interest rates. Changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives are included as a component of interest credited on the consolidated statements of income.

The Company reviews its estimates of actuarial liabilities for interest-sensitive contract liabilities and compares them with its actual experience. Differences between actual experience and the assumptions used in pricing these guarantees and benefits and in the establishment of the related liabilities result in variances in profit and could result in losses. The effects of changes in such estimated liabilities are included in the results of operations in the period in which the changes occur.

Other Policy Claims and Benefits

Other Policy Claims and Benefits

Claims payable for incurred but not reported losses are determined using case-basis estimates and lag studies of past experience. The time lag from the date of the claim or death to when the ceding company reports the claim to the Company can vary significantly by ceding company, business segment and product type, but generally averages around 3.4 months. Incurred but not reported claims are estimates on an undiscounted basis, using actuarial estimates of historical claims expense, adjusted for current trends and conditions. These estimates are continually reviewed and the ultimate liability may vary significantly from the amount recognized, which are reflected in claims and other policy benefits in the period in which they are determined.

Other Liabilities

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities primarily include liabilities associated with amounts ceded on a funds withheld basis, investments in transit, separate accounts, employee benefits, cash collateral received on derivative positions and current federal income taxes payable.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The U.S. consolidated tax return includes the operations of RGA and all eligible subsidiaries. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries are taxed under applicable local statutes.

The Company provides for federal, state and foreign income taxes currently payable, as well as those deferred due to temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts, and are recognized in net income or in certain cases in other comprehensive income. The Company’s accounting for income taxes represents management’s best estimate of various events and transactions considering the laws enacted as of the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying the relevant jurisdictions’ enacted tax rate for the period in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse to the temporary difference change for that period. The Company will establish a valuation allowance if management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets including those related to foreign tax credits, net operating, and capital losses. The Company has projected its ability to utilize its deferred tax assets and established a valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets the Company believes more likely than not will not be realized.

Significant judgment is required in determining whether valuation allowances should be established as well as the amount of such allowances. When making such a determination, consideration is given to, among other things, the following:

(i)taxable income in prior carryback years

(ii)future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences;

(iii)future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; and

(iv)tax planning strategies.

Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these changes occur.

The Company made a policy election to account for global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a period cost.

The Company reports uncertain tax positions in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In order to recognize the benefit of an uncertain tax position, the position must meet the more likely than not criteria of being sustained. Unrecognized tax benefits due to tax uncertainties that do not meet the more likely than not criteria are included within income tax liabilities and are charged to earnings in the period that such determination is made. The Company classifies interest related to tax uncertainties as interest expense whereas penalties related to tax uncertainties are classified as a component of income tax.

Collateral Finance Facility

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes

Collateral finance and securitization notes represent private placement asset-backed structured financing transactions. Collateral finance notes are issued on specified insurance policies reinsured by the Company’s regulated subsidiaries. Transaction costs, primarily interest expense, are reflected in collateral finance and securitization expense. See Note 14 – “Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes” for additional information.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency TranslationAssets, liabilities and results of foreign operations are recorded based on the functional currency of each foreign operation. The determination of the functional currency is based on economic facts and circumstances pertaining to each foreign operation. The Company’s material functional currencies are the U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, British pound, Australian dollar, Japanese yen, Korean won, Euro and South African rand. The translation of the functional currency into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using weighted-average exchange rates during each year. Gains or losses, net of applicable deferred income taxes, resulting from such translation are included in accumulated currency translation adjustments, in AOCI until the underlying functional currency operation is sold or substantially liquidated.

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses – Long-Duration Products

Life and health premiums are recognized as revenue when due from the insured, and are reported net of amounts retroceded. Benefits and expenses are reported net of amounts retroceded and are associated with earned premiums so that profits are recognized over the life of the related contract. This association is accomplished through the provision for future policy benefits and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs. Other revenue includes items such as treaty recapture fees, fees associated with financial reinsurance and policy changes on interest-sensitive and investment-type products that the Company reinsures. Any fees that are collected in advance of the period benefited are deferred and recognized over the period benefited.

For certain reinsurance transactions involving in force blocks of business, the ceding company pays a premium equal to the initial required reserve (future policy benefit). In such transactions, for income statement presentation, the Company nets the expense associated with the establishment of the reserve against the premiums from the transaction.

Revenues for interest-sensitive and investment-type products consist of investment income, policy charges for the cost of insurance, policy administration, and surrenders that have been assessed against policy account balances during the period. Interest-sensitive contract liabilities for these products represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expenses include claims incurred in the period in excess of related policy account balances and interest credited to policy account balances. Interest is credited to policyholder account balances according to terms of the policies or contracts.

For each of its reinsurance contracts, the Company must determine if the contract provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with GAAP. The Company must review all contractual features, particularly those that may limit the amount of insurance risk to which the Company is subject or features that delay the timely reimbursement of claims. If the Company determines that a contract does not expose it to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the Company records the contract on a deposit method of accounting with any net amount receivable reflected as an asset within premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances, and any net amount payable reflected as a liability within other reinsurance balances. Fees earned on the contracts are reflected as other revenues, rather than premiums.

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

Equity Based Compensation

The Company expenses the fair value of stock awards included in its incentive compensation plans. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, and is recognized as an increase to additional paid-in-capital in stockholders’ equity, and stock-based compensation expense is reflected in other operating expenses.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share include the dilutive effects assuming the exercise or issuance of stock awards.

Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards

New Accounting Pronouncements

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards Adopted

There were no new accounting standards or updated accounting guidance adopted by the Company that had a material impact on the Company’s results of operations and financial position.

Standards Not Yet Adopted

In the first quarter of 2023, the Company will adopt Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”): ASU 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (“ASU 2018-12”). ASU 2018-12 updates certain requirements for the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts.

•Cash flow assumptions and measuring liability for future policy benefits – ASU 2018-12 requires the Company to review its cash flow assumptions at least annually and update, when necessary, with the impact recognized in net income in the period of the change.

Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to retained earnings as a result of capping the net premium ratio at 100% and eliminating negative reserves on certain issue year cohorts.

•Discount rate – The discount rate assumption is prescribed by ASU 2018-12 as an upper-medium (low credit risk) fixed-income yield and is required to be updated every quarter. The change in the liability as a result of updating the discount rate assumption is recognized in OCI.

Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a result of remeasuring in force contract liabilities using current upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields. The adjustment will largely reflect the difference between discount rates locked-in at contract inception versus current discount rates at transition.

•Deferred policy acquisition costs and similar balances – Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other capitalized costs such as unearned revenue are amortized on a constant level or straight-line basis over the expected term of the contracts.

Upon adoption, the Company expects an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the removal of cumulative adjustments to DAC associated with unrealized gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

•Market risk benefits – Market risk benefits, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to the instrument-specific credit risk, which is recognized in OCI.

Upon adoption, the Company expects an impact to (1) accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk between contract issue date and transition date and (2) retained earnings for the difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition date, excluding the changes in the instrument-specific credit risk.

The updated guidance for the cash flow assumptions, discount rate and deferred policy acquisition costs will be applied on a modified retrospective method as of the earliest period included in the financial statements; that is, to contracts in force as of January 1, 2021. The guidance for market risk benefits will be applied retrospectively as of January 1, 2021. The following summarizes the estimated impact the adoption will have on previously reported amounts:

•Stockholders’ equity as of January 1, 2021 (the transition date): The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease previously reported retained earnings by approximately $1.0 billion to $1.3 billion, net of tax, and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $5.1 billion to $7.1 billion, net of tax, as of the transition date of January 1, 2021.

•Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2021: The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease previously reported retained earnings by approximately $0.5 billion to $0.8 billion, net of tax, and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $3.2 billion to $5.2 billion, net of tax, as of December 31, 2021.

•Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022: The Company estimates the adoption of the new guidance will decrease reported retained earnings by approximately $0.6 billion to $0.9 billion, net of tax, and increase accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by approximately $2.9 billion to $4.9 billion, net of tax, as of December 31, 2022.

The above estimates assume an effective tax rate of 20%. While the Company has substantially completed the necessary updates to its valuation models and other systems to implement the standard, the Company’s implementation of the new guidance is continuing to be refined and reviewed. The actual impact of adoption, including the actual tax rates, will be finalized upon completion the Company’s disclosure and controls procedures regarding the adoption of the new guidance. Therefore, the Company’s estimates are subject to change.

Reinsurance Accounting Policy

Reinsurance Ceded Receivables and Other

The Company generally reports retrocession activity on a gross basis. Amounts paid or deemed to have been paid for reinsurance are reflected in reinsurance ceded receivables. The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is recognized over the terms of the reinsured policies on a basis consistent with the reporting of those policies.

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule Of Earnings Per Share Basic And Diluted By Common Class [Table Text Block]

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):

	2022		2021		2020
Earnings:
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations)	$	627	$	617	$	415
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	4		—		—
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	623	$	617	$	415
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculations)	66.9		67.8		65.4
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock awards	0.8		0.5		0.4
Diluted shares (denominator for diluted calculations)	67.7		68.3		65.8
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	9.31	$	9.10	$	6.35
Diluted	9.21		9.04		6.31

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Investments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Investments [Abstract]

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,963	$	27	$	168	$	5,135	$	33,969	64.2	%
Canadian government	3,311		—		381		66		3,626		6.9
RMBS	1,054		—		1		114		941		1.8
ABS	4,324		10		4		440		3,878		7.3
CMBS	1,835		—		—		212		1,623		3.1
U.S. government	1,690		—		4		212		1,482		2.8
State and political subdivisions	1,282		—		10		173		1,119		2.1
Other foreign government	7,204		—		26		967		6,263		11.8
Total fixed maturity securities	$	59,663	$	37	$	594	$	7,319	$	52,901	100.0	%

December 31, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	35,239	$	26	$	3,084	$	194	$	38,103	62.8	%
Canadian government	3,339		—		1,606		1		4,944		8.1
RMBS	1,020		—		37		7		1,050		1.7
ABS	4,024		—		22		41		4,005		6.6
CMBS	1,790		1		66		6		1,849		3.0
U.S. government	2,082		—		31		8		2,105		3.5
State and political subdivisions	1,191		—		137		5		1,323		2.2
Other foreign government	7,188		4		273		87		7,370		12.1
Total fixed maturity securities	$	55,873	$	31	$	5,256	$	349	$	60,749	100.0	%

Schedule of Financial Instruments Owned and Pledged as Collateral [Table Text Block]

The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral	$	355	$	292	$	100	$	103
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral	n/a		1,428		n/a		1,922
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	31,510		27,817		28,671		31,173

Concentration Risk Disclosure [Text Block]

The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, as well as the securities disclosed below, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Government of Japan	$	2,988	$	2,516	$	3,080	$	3,063
Canadian province of Quebec	1,436		1,649		1,377		2,347
Canadian province of Ontario	982		1,068		1,092		1,451

Investments Classified By Contractual Maturity Date [Table Text Block]

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2022, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below as they are not due at a single maturity date.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,231	$	1,223
Due after one year through five years	10,397		10,076
Due after five years through ten years	11,293		10,231
Due after ten years	29,529		24,929
Structured securities	7,213		6,442
Total	$	59,663	$	52,901

Fixed Maturity Holdings Industry Types [Table Text Block]

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	14,551	$	12,680	37.3	%
Industrial	19,624		17,257		50.8
Utility	4,788		4,032		11.9
Total	$	38,963	$	33,969	100.0	%
December 31, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	13,101	$	14,045	36.9	%
Industrial	17,857		19,375		50.8
Utility	4,281		4,683		12.3
Total	$	35,239	$	38,103	100.0	%

Roll Forward Of Cumulative Credit Loss Component Of Otti Income Loss [Table Text Block]

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	26	$	—	$	1	$	4	$	31
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	31		10		—		1		42
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(32)		—		—		(7)		(39)
Reductions for securities the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost	(4)		—		—		—		(4)
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	6		—		(1)		2		7
Balance, end of period	$	27	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	37

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	17	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	20
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	21		—		1		5		27
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(10)		—		(2)		(1)		(13)
Reductions for securities the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost	—		—		—		—		—
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(2)		—		(1)		—		(3)
Balance, end of period	$	26	$	—	$	1	$	4	$	31

Fair Value And Investments In Debt And Equity Securities Disclosures [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses for the 6,441 and 1,862 fixed maturity securities for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has continuously remained below amortized cost.

	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2022:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	21,867	$	2,756	$	6,840	$	2,225	$	28,707	$	4,981
Canadian government	554		42		71		23		625		65
RMBS	664		62		181		53		845		115
ABS	1,596		153		1,931		269		3,527		422
CMBS	1,314		144		281		65		1,595		209
U.S. government	1,202		64		253		148		1,455		212
State and political subdivisions	819		124		131		50		950		174
Other foreign government	2,757		253		2,720		652		5,477		905
Total investment grade securities	30,773		3,598		12,408		3,485		43,181		7,083
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	767		87		305		61		1,072		148
ABS	52		6		38		9		90		15
Other foreign government	39		2		164		60		203		62
Total below investment grade securities	858		95		507		130		1,365		225
Total fixed maturity securities	$	31,631	$	3,693	$	12,915	$	3,615	$	44,546	$	7,308

	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2021:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	4,135	$	86	$	946	$	51	$	5,081	$	137
Canadian government	20		1		—		—		20		1
RMBS	132		3		102		4		234		7
ABS	1,747		22		589		6		2,336		28
CMBS	152		2		35		2		187		4
U.S. government	1,513		6		31		2		1,544		8
State and political subdivisions	109		3		28		2		137		5
Other foreign government	2,237		33		724		37		2,961		70
Total investment grade securities	10,045		156		2,455		104		12,500		260
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	463		13		97		44		560		57
ABS	—		—		13		13		13		13
Other foreign government	136		7		75		10		211		17
Total below investment grade securities	599		20		185		67		784		87
Total fixed maturity securities	$	10,644	$	176	$	2,640	$	171	$	13,284	$	347

Investment Income [Table Text Block]

Major categories of net investment income consist of the following (dollars in millions):

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	2,305	$	2,059	$	1,928
Equity securities	6		5		6
Mortgage loans	298		293		282
Policy loans	54		55		56
Funds withheld at interest	253		351		279
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	331		419		50
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	29		3		7
Other invested assets	12		61		59
Investment income	3,288		3,246		2,667
Investment expense	(127)		(108)		(92)
Net investment income	$	3,161	$	3,138	$	2,575

Gain (Loss) on Securities [Table Text Block]

Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in millions):

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Change in allowance for credit losses	$	(6)	$	(11)	$	(20)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities	(17)		(1)		(1)
Realized gains on investment activity	192		299		114
Realized losses on investment activity	(396)		(65)		(82)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	(21)		25		(15)
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(16)		29		(38)
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments	38		169		—
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures impairment losses	—		—		(18)
Other, net	21		25		24
Net gains (losses) on derivatives	(301)		90		3
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	(506)	$	560	$	(33)

Schedule of Repurchase Agreements [Table Text Block]

The following table provides information relating to securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022			2021
	Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value
Securities borrowing agreements:
Securities borrowed (1)	n/a	$	852	n/a	$	420
Securities pledged as collateral (2)	859	693		279	290
Securities lending agreements:
Securities loaned (2)	59	55		94	102
Securities received as collateral (3)	n/a	66		n/a	102
Repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements:
Securities sold (2)	898	779		704	736
Cash (4)	—	—		10	10
Securities purchased (3)	n/a	619		n/a	728
Cash received (5)	149	149		—	—

(1)Securities borrowed are not reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.

(2)Securities loaned, pledged or sold to counterparties are included within fixed maturity securities.

(3)Securities received as collateral or purchased from counterparties are not reflected on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(4)A receivable for the cash held by counterparties is included within other assets.

(5)A payable for the cash received by the Company is included within other liabilities.

Schedule of Underlying Assets of Repurchase Agreements when Amount of Repurchase Agreements Exceeds 10 Percent of Assets [Table Text Block]

The following tables present information on the remaining contractual maturity of the Company’s securities lending and repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollars in millions).

	December 31, 2022
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	42	$	42
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Other foreign government	—		—		—		10		10
Total	—		—		—		55		55
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		279		279
RMBS	—		—		—		10		10
ABS	—		—		—		54		54
CMBS	—		—		—		63		63
Other foreign government	—		—		—		373		373
Total	—		—		—		779		779
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	834	$	834

	December 31, 2021
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	94	$	94
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Other foreign government	—		—		—		5		5
Total	—		—		—		102		102
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		366		366
RMBS	—		—		—		—		—
ABS	—		—		—		—		—
CMBS	—		—		—		—		—
Other foreign government	—		—		—		370		370
Total	—		—		—		736		736
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	838	$	838

Disclosure Of Real Estate Holdings By Property Type [Table Text Block]

The recorded investment in mortgage loans presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses, and allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Carrying Value		Percentage of Total		Carrying Value		Percentage of Total
Property type:
Office	$	1,706	25.6	%	$	1,683	26.6	%
Retail	2,290		34.4		2,090		33.0
Industrial	1,518		22.8		1,249		19.7
Apartment	763		11.5		801		12.7
Other commercial	376		5.7		506		8.0
Recorded investment	6,653		100.0	%	6,329		100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(12)				(11)
Allowance for credit losses	(51)				(35)
Total mortgage loans	$	6,590			$	6,283

Disclosure of Real Estate Holdings Classified By Contractual Maturity Date [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022				2021
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	2,652	39.9	%	$	2,660	42.0	%
Due after five years through ten years	2,930		44.0		2,593		41.0
Due after ten years	1,071		16.1		1,076		17.0
Total	$	6,653	100.0	%	$	6,329	100.0	%

Accounts Receivable, Noncurrent, Credit Quality Indicator

The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2022:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,466	$	215	$	56	$	18	$	3,755	56.4	%
60% – 69.99%	1,894		119		71		—		2,084		31.3
70% – 79.99%	475		49		91		—		615		9.3
80% or greater	81		—		118		—		199		3.0
Total	$	5,916	$	383	$	336	$	18	$	6,653	100.0	%

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2021:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,111	$	238	$	51	$	6	$	3,406	53.8	%
60% – 69.99%	1,906		190		46		—		2,142		33.8
70% – 79.99%	520		41		12		—		573		9.1
80% or greater	148		—		60		—		208		3.3
Total	$	5,685	$	469	$	169	$	6	$	6,329	100.0	%

Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators [Table Text Block]

The following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
December 31, 2022:	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Total
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	698	$	684	$	327	$	561	$	422	$	1,565	$	4,257
Investment grade	586		284		248		279		252		531		2,180
Average	—		6		—		39		52		83		180
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	1,284	$	974	$	575	$	879	$	726	$	2,215	$	6,653

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
December 31, 2021:	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Total
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	725	$	402	$	645	$	461	$	344	$	1,534	$	4,111
Investment grade	367		272		331		301		296		502		2,069
Average	6		—		27		39		5		32		109
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		4		4
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	1,098	$	674	$	1,003	$	801	$	645	$	2,108	$	6,329

Financing Receivable, Past Due

The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Current	$	6,617	$	6,329
Greater than 90 days	36		—
Total	$	6,653	$	6,329

Allowance For Loan And Lease Losses Provision For Loss Net [Table Text Block]

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	35	$	64	$	12
Adoption of new accounting standard	—		—		14
Change in allowance for credit losses	16		(29)		38
Balance, end of period	$	51	$	35	$	64

Real Estate Investment Financial Statements, Disclosure

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The carrying values of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Limited partnerships - equity method	$	934	$	780
Limited partnerships - fair value	683		581
Limited partnerships - cost method	49		63
Real estate joint ventures	661		572
Total limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	2,327	$	1,996

Schedule of Other Assets [Table Text Block]

The carrying values of other invested assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Lifetime mortgages	868		758
Derivatives	170		175
Other	102		141
Total other invested assets	$	1,140	$	1,074

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Derivative Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

		December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Primary Underlying Risk	Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value
		Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	1,271	$	2	$	2	$	1,273	$	66	$	1
Interest rate options	Interest rate	7,756		34		—		—		—		—
Total return swaps	Interest rate	500		18		—		—		—		—
Financial futures	Equity	260		—		—		240		—		—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	150		18		—		150		1		—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	766		50		—		395		2		4
CPI swaps	CPI	496		20		3		563		34		7
Credit default swaps	Credit	1,523		2		21		1,321		29		1
Equity options	Equity	358		38		—		472		29		—
Synthetic GICs	Interest rate	17,411		—		—		16,143		—		—
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements		—		363		371		—		227		62
Indexed annuity products		—		—		530		—		—		693
Variable annuity products		—		—		124		—		—		162
Total non-hedging derivatives		30,491		545		1,051		20,557		388		930
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Foreign currency/interest rate	1,310		3		113		941		4		33
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	114		—		—		153		1		—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	1,019		38		1		1,320		14		11
Forward bond purchase commitments	Interest rate	407		—		96		545		14		1
Total hedging derivatives		2,850		41		210		2,959		33		45
Total derivatives		$	33,341	$	586	$	1,261	$	23,516	$	421	$	975

Schedule of Fair Value Hedging Instruments, Statements of Financial Performance and Financial Position, Location [Table Text Block]

The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):

Type of Fair Value Hedge	Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives		Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items
		Investment Related Gains (Losses)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(1)	$	7
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(4)	$	6
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	8	$	(10)

Schedule of Cash Flow Hedges Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	Amounts Included in AOCI
Balance December 31, 2019	$	(26)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(27)
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	4
Balance December 31, 2020	(49)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	20
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	7
Balance December 31, 2021	(22)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(192)
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	8
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	1
Balance December 31, 2022	$	(205)

Schedule of Cash Flow Hedging Instruments, Statements of Financial Performance and Financial Position, Location [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of income and the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

Derivative Type	Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI		Gains (Losses) Reclassified into Income from AOCI
For the year ended December 31, 2022:			Investment Related Gains (Losses)		Investment Income		Interest Expense
Interest rate	$	(187)	$	—	$	—	$	(1)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(5)		—		(8)		—
Total	$	(192)	$	—	$	(8)	$	(1)
For the year ended December 31, 2021:
Interest rate	$	28	$	—	$	—	$	(7)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(8)		—		—		—
Total	$	20	$	—	$	—	$	(7)
For the year ended December 31, 2020:
Interest rate	$	(33)	$	—	$	—	$	(4)
Foreign currency/interest rate	6		—		—		—
Total	$	(27)	$	—	$	—	$	(4)

Schedule of Net Investment Hedges, Statements of Financial Performance and Financial Position, Location [Table Text Block]

The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges and the gains (losses) deferred in OCI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI
	For the years ended December 31,
Type of NIFO Hedge	2022		2021		2020
Foreign currency swaps	$	—	$	(2)	$	1
Foreign currency forwards	73		—		(30)
Total	$	73	$	(2)	$	(29)

Derivative Instruments Gain Loss By Income Statement Location [Table Text Block]

A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (dollars in millions):

		Gains (Losses) for the years ended December 31,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gains (Losses)	2022		2021		2020
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(131)	$	(34)	$	76
Interest rate options	Investment related gains (losses), net	3		—		—
Total return swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		—		—
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	28		(24)		(47)
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		20		(7)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(93)		(20)		5
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	31		46		16
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(66)		33		16
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	14		(33)		—
Subtotal		(172)		(12)		59
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	(173)		107		(62)
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	98		10		(30)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	38		(7)		8
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	(209)	$	98	$	(25)

Disclosure Of Credit Derivatives [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022					2021
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations(1)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-
Single name credit default swaps	$	(18)	$	428	18.7	$	28	$	600	14.2
BBB+/BBB/BBB-
Single name credit default swaps	1		155		3.3	1		141		2.4
Credit default swaps referencing indices	—		915		6.2	—		565		5.1
Subtotal	1		1,070		5.8	1		706		4.6
BB+/BB/BB-
Single name credit default swaps	(2)		25		3.2	(1)		15		3.5
Total	$	(19)	$	1,523	9.4	$	28	$	1,321	9.0

(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Offsetting Assets [Table Text Block]

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Gross Amounts   Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments/Collateral (1)		Net Amount
December 31, 2022:
Derivative assets	$	223	$	(53)	$	170	$	(170)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	236		(53)		183		(183)		$	—
December 31, 2021:
Derivative assets	$	194	$	(19)	$	175	$	(175)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	58		(19)		39		(39)		$	—

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

Offsetting Liabilities [Table Text Block]

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Gross Amounts   Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments/Collateral (1)		Net Amount
December 31, 2022:
Derivative assets	$	223	$	(53)	$	170	$	(170)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	236		(53)		183		(183)		$	—
December 31, 2021:
Derivative assets	$	194	$	(19)	$	175	$	(175)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	58		(19)		39		(39)		$	—

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis [Table Text Block]

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2022:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	33,969	$	—	$	29,670	$	4,299
Canadian government	3,626		—		3,626		—
RMBS	941		—		931		10
ABS	3,878		—		2,603		1,275
CMBS	1,623		—		1,555		68
U.S. government	1,482		1,388		85		9
State and political subdivisions	1,119		—		1,093		26
Other foreign government	6,263		—		6,228		35
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	52,901		1,388		45,791		5,722
Equity securities	134		68		—		66
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(370)		—		—		(370)
Funds withheld at interest	54		—		—		54
Cash equivalents	1,535		1,535		—		—
Short-term investments	121		54		54		13
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	170		—		170		—
Other	23		—		23		—
Total other invested assets	193		—		193		—
Total	$	54,568	$	3,045	$	46,038	$	5,485
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	653	$	—	$	—	$	653
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(361)		—		—		(361)
Derivatives	183		—		183		—
Total	$	475	$	—	$	183	$	292

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million.

December 31, 2021:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,103	$	—	$	34,215	$	3,888
Canadian government	4,944		—		4,944		—
RMBS	1,050		—		1,049		1
ABS	4,005		—		2,908		1,097
CMBS	1,849		—		1,768		81
U.S. government	2,105		1,993		100		12
State and political subdivisions	1,323		—		1,290		33
Other foreign government	7,370		—		7,337		33
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	60,749		1,993		53,611		5,145
Equity securities	151		101		—		50
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	104		—		—		104
Funds withheld at interest	83		—		—		83
Cash equivalents	1,138		1,138		—		—
Short-term investments	64		—		36		28
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	175		—		175		—
Other	52		—		52		—
Total other invested assets	227		—		227		—
Total	$	62,516	$	3,232	$	53,874	$	5,410
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	855	$	—	$	—	$	855
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(61)		—		—		(61)
Derivatives	39		—		39		—
Total	$	833	$	—	$	39	$	794

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Table Text Block]

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Estimated Fair Value				Valuation	Unobservable	Range (Weighted Average)
Assets:	2022		2021		Technique	Input	2022	2021
Corporate	$	25	$	49	Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1%	0-1% (1%)
						EBITDA Multiple	5.3x	5.2x-7.0x (6.4x)
ABS	274		205		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-18% (2%)	2-18% (4%)
U.S. government	9		12		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)	0-1% (1%)
Equity securities	9		5		Market comparable securities	EBITDA Multiple	8.4x-11.2x (9.6x)	6.9x-10.6x (8.0x)
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(34)		182		Total return swap	Mortality	0-100%  (3%)	0-100% (3%)
						Lapse	0-35%  (17%)	0-35% (18%)
						Withdrawal	0-5%  (4%)	0-5% (4%)
						CVA	0-5%  (0%)	0-5% (0%)
						Crediting rate	1-4%  (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – indexed annuities	530		693		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (3%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-35% (16%)	0-35% (16%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)	0-5% (3%)
						Option budget projection	1-4% (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – variable annuities	124		162		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-25% (3%)	0-25% (4%)
						Withdrawal	0-7% (6%)	0-7% (5%)
						CVA	0-5% (1%)	0-5% (1%)
						Long-term volatility	0-27% (13%)	0-27% (14%)

Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	6		—		—		—		—		—		—		(14)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(8)		—		(11)		(1)		6		1		(173)		—		38
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		98
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(474)		(11)		(194)		(4)		—		(1)		—		(8)		—
Purchases(2)	1,669		—		521		—		14		33		—		3		1
Sales(2)	(182)		—		(58)		(6)		(4)		—		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(577)		—		(140)		(5)		—		(28)		—		(10)		65
Transfers into Level 3	88		13		130		10		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(111)		—		(74)		(4)		—		(20)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	4,299	$	35	$	1,353	$	35	$	66	$	13	$	(8)	$	54	$	(653)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(14)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(18)		—		(10)		—		4		—		(173)		—		33
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		33
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(467)		(11)		(195)		(4)		—		—		—		(8)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	5		—		1		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(5)		—		—		—		13		—		107		—		(7)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		10
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(28)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—
Purchases(2)	1,506		25		1,038		—		9		31		—		36		(34)
Sales(2)	(53)		—		(6)		—		(25)		(3)		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(587)		(5)		(186)		(3)		—		(10)		—		(4)		83
Transfers into Level 3	29		—		84		25		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(8)		—		—		—		—		(5)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(7)		—		—		—		7		—		107		—		(15)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(72)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(24)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,186	$	720	$	208	$	25	$	77	$	2	$	121	$	—	$	(930)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	2		—		—		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(22)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		8
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(30)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	28		1		(7)		1		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	1,193		—		149		—		3		17		—		60		(32)
Sales(1)	(182)		—		(5)		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(229)		—		(59)		(3)		—		(3)		—		—		77
Transfers into Level 3	57		—		38		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(4)		(704)		(70)		—		(14)		(1)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(23)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		(2)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(107)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(34)		1		(8)		1		—		—		—		—		—

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

For the year ended December 31, 2022:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	6		—		—		—		—		—		—		(14)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(8)		—		(11)		(1)		6		1		(173)		—		38
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		98
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(474)		(11)		(194)		(4)		—		(1)		—		(8)		—
Purchases(2)	1,669		—		521		—		14		33		—		3		1
Sales(2)	(182)		—		(58)		(6)		(4)		—		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(577)		—		(140)		(5)		—		(28)		—		(10)		65
Transfers into Level 3	88		13		130		10		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(111)		—		(74)		(4)		—		(20)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	4,299	$	35	$	1,353	$	35	$	66	$	13	$	(8)	$	54	$	(653)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(14)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(18)		—		(10)		—		4		—		(173)		—		33
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		33
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(467)		(11)		(195)		(4)		—		—		—		(8)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2021:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net(1)		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	5		—		1		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(5)		—		—		—		13		—		107		—		(7)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		10
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(28)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—
Purchases(2)	1,506		25		1,038		—		9		31		—		36		(34)
Sales(2)	(53)		—		(6)		—		(25)		(3)		—		—		—
Settlements(2)	(587)		(5)		(186)		(3)		—		(10)		—		(4)		83
Transfers into Level 3	29		—		84		25		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(8)		—		—		—		—		(5)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,888	$	33	$	1,179	$	45	$	50	$	28	$	165	$	83	$	(855)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	4	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(7)		—		—		—		7		—		107		—		(15)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(72)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(24)		(4)		(6)		—		—		—		—		(1)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds  withheld at interest –embedded derivatives		Funds  withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract  liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,186	$	720	$	208	$	25	$	77	$	2	$	121	$	—	$	(930)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	2		—		—		—		—		—		—		(4)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(22)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		8
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(30)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	28		1		(7)		1		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	1,193		—		149		—		3		17		—		60		(32)
Sales(1)	(182)		—		(5)		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(229)		—		(59)		(3)		—		(3)		—		—		77
Transfers into Level 3	57		—		38		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(4)		(704)		(70)		—		(14)		(1)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	58	$	56	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(23)		—		—		—		(13)		—		(63)		—		(2)
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(107)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(34)		1		(8)		1		—		—		—		—		—

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Fair Value Assets Measured On Nonrecurring Basis [Text Block]

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment.

Financial Instruments Carrying Amounts And Estimated Fair Value [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions). This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

			Estimated Fair		Fair Value Measurement Using:
December 31, 2022:	Carrying Value (1)		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Mortgage loans	$	6,590	$	6,109	$	—	$	—	$	6,109
Policy loans	1,231		1,231		—		1,231		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,319		5,884		—		—		5,884
Limited partnerships – cost method	49		52		—		—		52
Cash and cash equivalents	1,392		1,392		1,392		—		—
Short-term investments	33		33		33		—		—
Other invested assets	947		758		4		65		689
Accrued investment income	630		630		—		630		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	23,493	$	23,065	$	—	$	—	$	23,065
Other liabilities – funds withheld at interest	1,596		1,321		—		—		1,321
Long-term debt	3,961		3,670		—		—		3,670
December 31, 2021:
Assets:
Mortgage loans	$	6,283	$	6,580	$	—	$	—	$	6,580
Policy loans	1,234		1,234		—		1,234		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,747		7,075		—		—		7,075
Limited partnerships – cost method	63		81		—		—		81
Cash and cash equivalents	1,810		1,810		1,810		—		—
Short-term investments	23		23		23		—		—
Other invested assets	847		826		6		70		750
Accrued investment income	533		533		—		533		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	18,625	$	19,540	$	—	$	—	$	19,540
Other liabilities – funds withheld at interest	1,658		1,657		—		—		1,657
Long-term debt	3,667		3,886		—		—		3,886
Collateral finance and securitization notes	180		153		—		—		153

(1)Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

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Reinsurance (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Ceded Credit Risk [Table Text Block]

The following table presents information for the Company’s reinsurance ceded receivables and other, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

		2022				2021
Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Reinsurer A	A-	$	1,605	65.2	%	$	1,626	63.0	%
Reinsurer B	A+	401		16.3		423		16.4
Reinsurer C	A+	200		8.1		212		8.2
Reinsurer D	A	52		2.1		59		2.3
Reinsurer E	A+	41		1.7		44		1.7
Reinsurer F	A++	35		1.4		42		1.6
Other reinsurers		128		5.2		174		6.8
Total		$	2,462	100.0	%	$	2,580	100.0	%

Reinsurance Premium And Effect On Claims And Other Policy Benefits [Table Text Block]

The effect of reinsurance on net premiums is as follows (dollars in millions):

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Direct insurance	$	26	$	33	$	58
Reinsurance assumed	13,823		13,348		12,583
Reinsurance ceded	(771)		(868)		(947)
Net premiums	$	13,078	$	12,513	$	11,694

The effect of reinsurance on claims and other policy benefits as follows (dollars in millions):

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Direct insurance	$	56	$	37	$	97
Reinsurance assumed	12,736		13,725		11,931
Reinsurance ceded	(746)		(986)		(953)
Net claims and other policy benefits	$	12,046	$	12,776	$	11,075

Reinsurance Information [Table Text Block]

The effect of reinsurance on life reinsurance in force is shown in the following schedule (dollars in millions):

	Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net		Assumed/Net %
December 31, 2022	$	1,027	$	3,400,735	$	151,569	$	3,250,193	104.6	%
December 31, 2021	1,117		3,467,054		166,842		3,301,329		105.0
December 31, 2020	1,990		3,480,692		184,625		3,298,057		105.5

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Disclosures [Abstract]

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Table Text Block]

The following reflects the amounts of policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized (dollars in millions): 

Years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of year	$	3,690	$	3,616	$	3,512
Capitalization	632		541		478
Amortization (including interest)	(547)		(496)		(405)
Change in value of embedded derivatives	93		(36)		22
Attributed to unrealized investment gains (losses)	171		33		(26)
Foreign currency translation	(65)		32		35
Balance, end of year	$	3,974	$	3,690	$	3,616

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Income Tax (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign [Table Text Block]

Pre-tax income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following (dollars in millions): 

	2022		2021		2020
Pre-tax income – U.S.	$	399	$	327	$	79
Pre-tax income – foreign	432		364		474
Total pre-tax income	$	831	$	691	$	553

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) [Table Text Block]

The provision for income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Current income tax expense (benefit):
U.S.	$	9	$	91	$	75
Foreign	120		72		79
Total current	129		163		154
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
U.S.	68		(127)		(60)
Foreign	7		38		44
Total deferred	75		(89)		(16)
Total provision for income taxes	$	204	$	74	$	138

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal income tax statutory rate of 21% as a result of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

	2022			2021			2020
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate	$	175		$	145		$	116
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
Tax rate differences on income in other jurisdictions	21			51			21
Differences in tax basis in foreign jurisdictions	10			(4)			(32)
Deferred tax valuation allowance	(6)			(18)			10
Amounts related to uncertain tax positions	3			(119)			10
Equity based compensation	(2)			(1)			(1)
Corporate rate changes	2			29			13
GILTI, net of credits	21			11			13
Subpart F for non-full inclusion companies	60			2			—
Foreign tax credits	(67)			(10)			(7)
Return to provision adjustments	(13)			(17)			(4)
Other, net	—			5			(1)
Total provision for income taxes	$	204		$	74		$	138
Effective tax rate (1)	24.6		%	10.6		%	24.9		%

(1)    The Company rounds amounts in the financial statements to millions and calculates the effective tax rate from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus certain amounts may not recalculate based on the numbers due to rounding.

Schedule Of Income Tax Expense Benefit Intraperiod Tax Allocation [Table Text Block]

Total income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Provision for income taxes	$	204	$	74	$	138
Income tax from OCI and additional paid-in-capital:
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on debt and equity securities recognized for financial reporting purposes	(2,495)		(520)		611
Foreign currency translation	21		23		(9)
Unrealized pension and post retirement	7		7		(1)
Total income taxes provided	$	(2,263)	$	(416)	$	739

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities [Table Text Block]

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, are presented in the following tables (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Deferred income tax assets:
Nondeductible accruals	$	90	$	85
Net operating loss carryforward	295		251
Tax Credit Carryforward	80		50
Invested assets	1,309		—
Other	11		3
Subtotal	1,785		389
Valuation allowance	(221)		(218)
Total deferred income tax assets	1,564		171
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisition costs	756		754
Policy reserves and other reinsurance liabilities	820		1,085
Invested assets	—		793
Outside basis difference foreign subsidiaries	268		260
Foreign currency translation	90		66
Anticipated future tax credit reduction	85		58
Total deferred income tax liabilities	2,019		3,016
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	455	$	2,845
Balance sheet presentation of net deferred income tax liabilities:
Included in other assets	$	281	$	41
Included in deferred income taxes	736		2,886
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	455	$	2,845

Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards [Table Text Block]

The following table presents consolidated net operating losses (“NOL”) as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

	2022
NOL with no expiration and with no valuation allowance	$	472
NOL with a full valuation allowance	161
NOL with no expiration and a partial valuation allowance	527
Total net operating loss carryforwards	$	1,160

Summary of Income Tax Contingencies [Table Text Block]

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, is as follows (dollars in millions):

	Total Unrecognized Tax Benefits
	2022		2021		2020
Beginning balance, January 1	$	34	$	342	$	333
Additions for tax positions of prior years	2		2		281
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(4)		(312)		(278)
Additions for tax positions of current year	3		2		6
Ending balance, December 31	$	35	$	34	$	342

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Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in Projected Benefit Obligations [Table Text Block]

A December 31 measurement date is used for all of the defined benefit and postretirement plans. The status of these plans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	256	$	254	$	75	$	81
Service cost	17		18		3		3
Interest cost	6		4		2		2
Participant contributions	—		—		—		—
Amendments	—		—		2		(3)
Actuarial (gains) losses	(50)		(8)		(20)		(6)
Benefits paid	(12)		(12)		(2)		(2)
Foreign exchange translations and other adjustments	(3)		—		—		—
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	214	$	256	$	60	$	75

Schedule of Changes in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	179	$	157	$	—	$	—
Actual return on plan assets	(30)		15		—		—
Employer contributions	21		19		2		2
Participant contributions	—		—		—		—
Benefits paid	(12)		(12)		(2)		(2)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	158	$	179	$	—	$	—
Funded status at end of year	$	(56)	$	(77)	$	(60)	$	(75)

Schedule of Net Funded Status [Table Text Block]

	December 31,
	Qualified Plans				Non-Qualified Plans(1)				Total
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Aggregate fair value of plan assets	$	158	$	179	$	—	$	—	$	158	$	179
Aggregate projected benefit obligations	142		166		72		90		214		256
Over (under) funded	$	16	$	13	$	(72)	$	(90)	$	(56)	$	(77)

(1)For non-qualified plans, there are no required funding levels.

Schedule of Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Net actuarial (gain) loss	$	40	$	52	$	(1)	$	20
Net prior service cost (credit)	—		—		(6)		(9)
Total	$	40	$	52	$	(7)	$	11

Schedule Of Projected Benefit Obligations In Excess Of Fair Value Of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]

The following table presents information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Projected benefit obligation	$	73	$	256
Fair value of plan assets	—		179

Defined Benefit Plan, Plan with Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]

The following table presents information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	66	$	248
Fair value of plan assets	—		179

Schedule of Defined Benefit Plan Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

The components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the consolidated statements of income, and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	17	$	18	$	14	$	3	$	3	$	3
Interest cost	6		4		6		2		2		2
Expected return on plan assets	(12)		(10)		(9)		—		—		—
Amortization of net actuarial losses	3		6		5		1		2		2
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		(2)		(1)		(1)
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost	14		18		16		4		6		6
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss):
Net actuarial (gains) losses	(9)		(13)		17		(20)		(6)		(8)
Amortization of net actuarial (losses)	(3)		(6)		(5)		(1)		(2)		(2)
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	—		—		—		2		1		1
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		1		(3)		—
Foreign exchange translations and other adjustments	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	(12)		(19)		12		(18)		(10)		(9)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2	$	(1)	$	28	$	(14)	$	(4)	$	(3)

Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments [Table Text Block]

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service as appropriate, are expected to be paid (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits		Other Benefits
2023	$	12	$	2
2024	15		3
2025	16		3
2026	17		3
2027	17		4
2028 – 2032	99		21

Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions [Table Text Block]

The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost were as follows:

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.00	%	2.64	%	2.22	%	4.99	%	2.76	%	2.41	%
Rate of compensation increase	4.96	%	4.74	%	4.69	%	n/a		n/a		n/a
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	2.65	%	2.21	%	3.03	%	2.76	%	2.41	%	3.17	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	6.50	%	6.50	%	7.00	%	n/a		n/a		n/a
Rate of compensation increase	4.75	%	4.71	%	4.60	%	n/a		n/a		n/a

Schedule of Effect of One-Percentage-Point Change in Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates [Table Text Block]

The assumed health care cost trend rates used in measuring the accumulated non-pension post-retirement benefit obligation were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Health care cost trend rates assumed for next year	7.00	%	6.50	%
Ultimate cost trend rate	4.50	%	4.50	%
Year ultimate trend is reached	2028		2026

Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]

The fair values of the Company’s qualified pension plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

	December 31, 2022
			Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mutual Funds(1)	$	158	$	158	$	—	$	—
Cash	—		—		—		—
Total	$	158	$	158	$	—	$	—

(1)Mutual funds were invested 25% in U.S. equity funds, 40% in U.S. fixed income funds, 16% in non-U.S. equity funds and 19% in other.

	December 31, 2021
			Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mutual Funds(2)	$	179	$	179	$	—	$	—
Cash	—		—		—		—
Total	$	179	$	179	$	—	$	—

(2)Mutual funds were invested 27% in U.S. equity funds, 38% in U.S. fixed income funds, 18% in non-U.S. equity funds and 17% in other.

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Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis - Significant Subsidiaries (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Statutory Basis [Abstract]

Statutory Accounting Practices Disclosure [Table Text Block]

Statutory net income and capital and surplus of the Company’s primary operating insurance subsidiaries, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed by the applicable state insurance department or local regulatory authority are as follows (dollars in millions):

	Statutory Capital and Surplus				Statutory Net Income (Loss)
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2020
RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company	$	2,516	$	2,362	$	5	$	(13)	$	4
RGA Reinsurance Company	2,262		2,368		(332)		(98)		(133)
RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	1,607		6,812		(441)		(241)		879
RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.	1,074		1,781		(353)		52		268
RGA Life Reinsurance Company Of Canada	938		903		108		25		152
RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.	759		1,137		36		(226)		175
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	639		702		8		10		104
RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	382		565		—		93		59
RGA Reinsurance Company Of Australia Limited	387		485		(68)		(22)		42
RGA International Reinsurance Company Dac	214		1,121		31		43		52
Other	1,038		1,015		300		(152)		194

Reconciliation Of NAIC SAP And Prescribed Practice [Text Block]

A reconciliation of the surplus between NAIC SAP and practices prescribed by the state of domicile is shown below (dollars in millions):

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Prescribed practice – surplus	$	527	$	403
Prescribed practice – letters of credit	(301)		(461)
Surplus (deficit) – NAIC SAP	$	226	$	(58)

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Commitments Contingencies and Guarantees (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks [Table Text Block]

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the following table (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	937	$	1,031
Mortgage loans	137		152
Bank loans and private placements	682		768
Lifetime mortgages	59		41

Other Commitments [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions):

Commitment Period	Maximum Potential Obligation
2034	$	1,243
2035	2,628
2036	3,599
2037	6,850
2038	800
2039	8,751
2046	3,000

Schedule of Guarantor Obligations [Table Text Block]

RGA’s guarantees issued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are reflected in the following table (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Treaty guarantees	$	1,851	$	2,208
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust	1,081		1,281
Securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements	170		134

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Long-term Debt Instruments [Table Text Block]

The Company’s long-term debt consists of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$100 million 4.09% Promissory Note due 2039	77		80
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$500 million 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051	500		500
$700 million 7.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	319		319
Sub-total	3,993		3,695
Unamortized issuance costs	(32)		(28)
Long-term Debt	$	3,961	$	3,667

Schedule of Maturities of Long-term Debt [Table Text Block]

Future principal payments due on long-term debt, excluding discounts, as of December 31, 2022, were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Calendar Year
	2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter
Long-term debt	$	403	$	3	$	4	$	404	$	4	$	3,179

Schedule of Line of Credit Facilities [Table Text Block]

The following table provides additional information on the Company’s existing committed credit facilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

				Amount Utilized(1) December 31,
Current Capacity			Maturity Date	2022		2021		Basis of Fees
$	850		August 2023	$	1	$	21	Senior unsecured long-term debt rating
500			November 2023	346		376		Debt rating and utilization %
3		(2)	December 2023	3		80		Fixed
100			February 2024	97		51		Fixed
125			March 2024	103		108		Fixed
100			August 2024	30		40		Fixed
100			May 2025	70		70		Fixed

(1)Represents issued but undrawn letters of credit. There was no cash borrowed for the periods presented.

(2)Foreign currency denominated facility, amounts presented are in U.S. dollars.

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Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Collateralized Financings [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Table Text Block]

The Company’s collateral finance and securitization notes consist of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
Timberlake Financial	$	—	$	181
Unamortized issuance costs	—		(1)
Total	$	—	$	180

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Segment Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated [Table Text Block]

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Revenues:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	7,629	$	7,198	$	6,560
Financial Solutions	1,100		1,492		1,220
Total	8,729		8,690		7,780
Canada:
Traditional	1,465		1,448		1,260
Financial Solutions	105		101		92
Total	1,570		1,549		1,352
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,830		1,827		1,633
Financial Solutions	623		616		471
Total	2,453		2,443		2,104
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,823		2,778		2,806
Financial Solutions	476		417		309
Total	3,299		3,195		3,115
Corporate and Other	207		781		245
Total	$	16,258	$	16,658	$	14,596

Reconciliation of Operating Profit (Loss) from Segments to Consolidated [Table Text Block]

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Income (loss) before income taxes:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	268	$	(540)	$	(298)
Financial Solutions	199		515		295
Total	467		(25)		(3)
Canada:
Traditional	86		128		134
Financial Solutions	32		15		21
Total	118		143		155
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	10		(239)		27
Financial Solutions	196		303		258
Total	206		64		285
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	294		(10)		174
Financial Solutions	(18)		98		59
Total	276		88		233
Corporate and Other	(236)		421		(117)
Total	$	831	$	691	$	553

Reconciliation of Other Significant Reconciling Items from Segments to Consolidated [Table Text Block]

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Interest expense:
Corporate and Other	$	184	$	127	$	170
Total	$	184	$	127	$	170

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Depreciation and amortization:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	314	$	360	$	291
Financial Solutions	(111)		80		90
Total	203		440		381
Canada:
Traditional	22		21		24
Financial Solutions	—		—		—
Total	22		21		24
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	60		66		46
Financial Solutions	1		1		1
Total	61		67		47
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	82		87		94
Financial Solutions	68		43		20
Total	150		130		114
Corporate and Other	18		22		23
Total	$	454	$	680	$	589

Reconciliation of Assets from Segment to Consolidated [Table Text Block]

The table above includes amortization of DAC, including the effect from investment related gains and losses.

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021
Assets:
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	20,567	$	20,572
Financial Solutions	25,228		29,028
Total	45,795		49,600
Canada:
Traditional	4,912		5,091
Financial Solutions	52		18
Total	4,964		5,109
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	4,723		4,670
Financial Solutions	4,998		7,165
Total	9,721		11,835
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	9,510		10,048
Financial Solutions	10,628		7,678
Total	20,138		17,726
Corporate and Other	4,088		7,905
Total	$	84,706	$	92,175

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Policy Claims and Benefits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Insurance [Abstract]

Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Claims Development [Table Text Block]

U.S. and Latin America																					As of
(dollars in millions)																					December 31, 2022
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustments, Net of Reinsurance (1)																					Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	349	$	333	$	339	$	337	$	336	$	336	$	337	$	335	$	336	$	336	—
2014			408		411		396		397		396		399		399		401		401		—
2015					460		461		465		462		462		463		463		464		—
2016							501		500		501		497		497		498		499		—
2017									485		514		509		504		503		504		—
2018											538		538		524		517		520		1
2019													491		473		456		453		2
2020															469		426		415		5
2021																	509		492		27
2022																			519		227
																	Total		$	4,603

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance (1)
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	114	$	249	$	277	$	286	$	292	$	297	$	302	$	305	$	309	$	311
2014			129		305		337		349		356		364		368		374		378
2015					146		361		407		422		431		437		441		446
2016							185		393		437		451		460		467		472
2017									190		403		448		462		468		474
2018											183		415		465		479		489
2019													180		372		418		428
2020															159		356		388
2021																	177		414
2022																			182
													Total						3,982
					All outstanding claims prior to 2013, net of reinsurance														108
			Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance																$	729

(1)2013 – 2021 unaudited.

Asia Pacific																					As of
(dollars in millions)																					December 31, 2022
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustments, Net of Reinsurance (1)																					Total of Incurred-but-Not-Reported Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	282	$	302	$	293	$	291	$	303	$	317	$	319	$	318	$	319	$	323	4
2014			267		290		257		262		275		277		277		276		275		4
2015					269		249		242		258		258		259		258		258		6
2016							220		199		206		213		212		209		210		5
2017									205		208		207		210		198		196		3
2018											245		262		256		245		239		9
2019													245		253		260		251		19
2020															145		141		142		23
2021																	67		61		12
2022																			93		57
																	Total		$	2,048

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance (1)
Accident Year	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
2013	$	48	$	139	$	202	$	228	$	253	$	273	$	285	$	294	$	300	$	306
2014			33		131		171		199		221		234		244		251		255
2015					47		115		162		196		214		226		235		240
2016							37		94		129		148		161		172		180
2017									34		84		111		132		147		160
2018											31		103		142		171		191
2019													37		99		136		174
2020															22		53		80
2021																	8		23
2022																			11
															Total				1,620
					All outstanding claims prior to 2013, net of reinsurance														79
					Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance														$	507

(1)2013 – 2021 unaudited.

Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Schedule of Historical Claims Duration [Table Text Block]

The following is unaudited supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

Average Annual Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
U.S. and Latin America	35.7	%	44.1	%	9.0	%	2.7	%	1.7	%	1.4	%	1.1	%	1.3	%	1.1	%	0.8	%
Asia Pacific	14.8	%	27.1	%	16.6	%	11.1	%	7.6	%	5.4	%	3.7	%	2.5	%	2.0	%	1.7	%

Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Table Text Block]

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expense in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	2022
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance:
U.S. and Latin America	$	729
Asia Pacific	507
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expense, net of reinsurance	1,236
Adjustments to reconcile to total policy claims and future policy benefits:
Reinsurance recoverable	10
Effect of discounting	(97)
Unallocated claims adjustment expense	7
Total adjustments	(80)
Other short-duration contracts:
Canada	309
Europe, Middle East and Africa	768
Other	259
Liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense – short-duration	2,492
Liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense – long-duration	5,152
Total liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances)	$	7,644

Schedule of Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Table Text Block]

The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	8,053	$	7,556	$	6,786
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(556)		(641)		(564)
Net balance, beginning of period	7,497		6,915		6,222
Incurred:
Current year	11,018		13,181		11,195
Prior years	(143)		(377)		123
Total incurred	10,875		12,804		11,318
Payments:
Current year	(4,282)		(6,284)		(5,617)
Prior years	(6,634)		(5,810)		(5,204)
Total payments	(10,916)		(12,094)		(10,821)
Other changes:
Interest accretion	34		31		36
Foreign exchange adjustments	(285)		(159)		160
Total other changes	(251)		(128)		196
Net balance, end of period	7,205		7,497		6,915
Plus: reinsurance recoverable	439		556		641
Balance, end of period	$	7,644	$	8,053	$	7,556

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Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent [Abstract]

Schedule of Stock by Class [Table Text Block]

The changes in number of common stock shares, issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:

	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2019	79,137,758	16,481,656	62,656,102
Equity offering	6,172,840	—	6,172,840
Common Stock acquired	—	1,074,413	(1,074,413)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(202,372)	202,372
Balance, December 31, 2020	85,310,598	17,353,697	67,956,901
Common Stock acquired	—	852,037	(852,037)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(65,866)	65,866
Balance, December 31, 2021	85,310,598	18,139,868	67,170,730
Common Stock acquired	—	599,254	(599,254)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(104,732)	104,732
Balance, December 31, 2022	85,310,598	18,634,390	66,676,208

(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s stock-based compensation programs.

Class of Treasury Stock [Table Text Block]

The following table summarizes the Company’s current share repurchase program activity under the 2019 and 2022 share repurchase programs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollar amounts in millions, except for the number of shares and per share amounts):

Year of Repurchase	Shares Repurchased	Amount Paid		Average Per Share
2022	599,254	$	75	$	125.15
2021	852,037	$	96	$	112.64

Schedule of Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the components of the Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):

For the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	(205)	$	(8)	$	(213)
Foreign currency swap	64		(13)		51
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	(141)		(21)		(162)
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding losses arising during the year	(11,821)		2,536		(9,285)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	(218)		41		(177)
Net unrealized gains	(11,603)		2,495		(9,108)
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		—
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	(3)		1		(2)
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	33		(8)		25
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	30		(7)		23
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(11,714)	$	2,467	$	(9,247)

For the year ended December 31, 2021:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	85	$	(24)	$	61
Foreign currency swap	(2)		1		(1)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	83		(23)		60
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding gains arising during the year	(2,093)		471		(1,622)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	226		(49)		177
Net unrealized gains	(2,319)		520		(1,799)
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		—
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	2		—		2
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	27		(7)		20
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	29		(7)		22
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(2,207)	$	490	$	(1,717)

For the year ended December 31, 2020:

	Before-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		After-Tax Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change arising during year	$	43	$	3	$	46
Foreign currency swap	(29)		6		(23)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments	14		9		23
Unrealized gains on investments:(1)
Unrealized net holding gains arising during the year	2,812		(614)		2,198
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains realized in net income	(8)		(1)		(9)
Net unrealized gains	2,820		(613)		2,207
Change in impairments on fixed maturity securities	(8)		2		(6)
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits:
Net prior service cost arising during the year	(1)		—		(1)
Net gain arising during the period	(2)		1		(1)
Unrealized pension and postretirement benefits, net	(3)		1		(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2,823	$	(601)	$	2,222

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

Components Of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Table Text Block]

A summary of the components of net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of balances carried at fair value is as follows (dollars in millions):

For the years ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	(11,632)	$	(2,299)	$	2,837
Other investments(1)	(186)		(64)		29
Effect on unrealized appreciation on:
Deferred policy acquisition costs	215		44		(54)
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	$	(11,603)	$	(2,319)	$	2,812

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

The balance of and changes in each component of AOCI were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments		Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments (1)		Pension and Postretirement Benefits		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(92)	$	3,299	$	(70)	$	3,137
OCI before reclassifications	14		2,854		(9)		2,859
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		(42)		6		(36)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	9		(611)		1		(601)
Balance, December 31, 2020	(69)		5,500		(72)		5,359
OCI before reclassifications	83		(2,144)		22		(2,039)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		(175)		7		(168)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(23)		520		(7)		490
Balance, December 31, 2021	(9)		3,701		(50)		3,642
OCI before reclassifications	(141)		(12,045)		28		(12,158)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		442		2		444
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(21)		2,495		(7)		2,467
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	(171)	$	(5,407)	$	(27)	$	(5,605)

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(205), $(22) and $(49) as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	Amount Reclassified from AOCI
Details about AOCI Components	2022		2021		Affected Line Item in  Statement of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	$	(218)	$	226	Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges – Interest rate	(1)		(7)		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Currency/Interest rate	(8)		—		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Forward bond purchase commitments	—		—		(1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses	(215)		(44)		(2)
Total	(442)		175
Provision for income taxes	335		(38)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax	$	(107)	$	137
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit)	$	2	$	1	(3)
Actuarial gains (losses)	(4)		(8)		(3)
Total	(2)		(7)
Provision for income taxes	—		1
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax	$	(2)	$	(6)
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(109)	$	131

(1)See Note 5 for information on cash flow hedges.

(2)See Note 8 for information on deferred policy acquisition costs.

(3)See Note 10 for information on employee benefit plans.

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Equity Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award [Table Text Block]

The following table presents a summary of options and SARs activity:

	Number of Options and SARs	Weighted-Average Exercise/Conversion Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,222,714	$	107.39
Granted	258,327	$	106.53
Exercised	(251,305)	$	64.79
Forfeited	(8,449)	$	124.29
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,221,287	$	112.05	$	68.7
Awards exercisable	1,818,128	$	111.35	$	57.8

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Table Text Block]

	Awards Outstanding				Awards Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding as of 12/31/2022	Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Number Exercisable as of 12/31/2022	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
$50.00 – $89.99	145,026	0.8	$	70.87	145,026	$	70.87
$90.00 – $99.99	688,154	2.8	$	92.56	688,154	$	92.56
$100.00 – $139.99	1,045,417	7.4	$	118.87	642,258	$	121.18
$140.00 +	342,690	5.7	$	147.80	342,690	$	147.80
Totals	2,221,287	5.3	$	112.05	1,818,128	$	111.35

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the weighted average assumptions used to determine the fair value of SARs issued:

For the years ended December 31,	2022			2021			2020
Dividend yield	2.74		%	2.17		%	2.37		%
Risk-free rate of return	2.41		%	1.04		%	0.69		%
Expected volatility	36.0		%	34.5		%	18.8		%
Expected life (years)	6.3			6.3			7.0
Weighted average exercise price of stock options granted	$	106.53		$	129.01		$	117.85
Weighted average fair value of stock options granted	$	30.55		$	34.93		$	15.14

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Activity [Table Text Block]

The following table presents a summary of Performance Share and Restricted Stock Unit activity:

	Performance Contingent Awards	Restricted Stock Units
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	340,405	379,888
Granted	78,687	219,553
Change in units based on performance factor	(172,601)	—
Paid	—	(21,552)
Forfeited	(1,511)	(11,454)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 (1)	244,980	566,435

(1)Amount outstanding at December 31, 2022, includes the amount of shares to be issued under RSUs expected to vest and number of shares to be issued under performance continent awards at target performance. The amount of shares do not reflect potential increases or decreases that may result from the performance factor results except for the 2020 – 2022 grants which vested as of December 31, 2022.

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Summary of Investments Other Than Investments in Related Parties (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Abstract]

Summary Of Investments Other Than Investments In Related Parties [Table Text Block]

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE I-SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS-OTHER THAN

INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

December 31, 2022

(in millions)

Type of Investment	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amount at Which Shown in the Balance Sheets(1)
Fixed maturity securities:
United States government and government agencies and authorities	$	1,690	$	1,482	$	1,482
State and political subdivisions	1,282		1,119		1,119
Foreign governments(2)	10,515		9,889		9,889
Public utilities	4,788		4,032		4,032
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	7,213		6,442		6,442
All other corporate bonds	34,175		29,937		29,937
Total fixed maturity securities	$	59,663	$	52,901	$	52,901
Equity securities	$	175	$	134	$	134
Mortgage loans	6,590				6,590
Policy loans	1,231				1,231
Funds withheld at interest	6,003				6,003
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,327				2,327
Short-term investments	154				154
Other invested assets	1,140				1,140
Total investments	$	77,283			$	70,480

(1)Fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value.

(2)Includes fixed maturities directly issued by foreign governments, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises.

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Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Condensed Financial Statements [Table Text Block]

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE II—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT

December 31,

(in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value	$	598	$	523
Short-term and other investments	7		7
Cash and cash equivalents	298		92
Investment in subsidiaries	7,082		15,737
Loans to subsidiaries	1,060		1,020
Other assets	386		382
Total assets	$	9,431	$	17,761
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Long-term debt – unaffiliated(1)	$	3,468	$	3,172
Long-term debt – affiliated(2)	600		600
Other liabilities	1,218		975
Stockholders’ equity	4,145		13,014
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	9,431	$	17,761
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Interest / dividend income(3)	$	325	$	399	$	472
Investment related gains (losses), net	2		5		14
Operating expenses	(53)		(66)		(59)
Interest expense	(183)		(152)		(202)
Income (loss) before income tax and undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	91		186		225
Income tax expense (benefit)	(22)		(21)		(21)
Net income (loss) before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	113		207		246
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	510		410		169
Net income	623		617		415
Other comprehensive income (loss)	19		14		(29)
Total comprehensive income	$	642	$	631	$	386

The condensed financial information of RGA (the “Parent Company”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of RGA and its subsidiaries and the notes thereto (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”). These condensed unconsolidated financial statements reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for RGA. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.

(1)Long-term debt – unaffiliated consists of the following:

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$700 million 7.12% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	399		399
Subtotal	3,496		3,195
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(28)		(23)
Total	$	3,468	$	3,172

(2)Long-term debt includes $600 million of affiliated subordinated debt in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The affiliated subordinated debt was issued to various operating subsidiaries.

(3)Interest/dividend income includes $188 million and $270 million of cash dividends received from consolidated subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Condensed Cash Flow Statement

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE II—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT (continued)

December 31,

(in millions)

	2022		2021		2020
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Operating activities:
Net income	$	623	$	617	$	415
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	(510)		(410)		(169)
Other, net	316		(227)		(170)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	429		(20)		76
Investing activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	177		268		358
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(315)		(150)		(400)
Repayments/issuances of loans to subsidiaries	(40)		(10)		—
Change in short-term investments	—		165		(165)
Change in other invested assets	(1)		(1)		(26)
Capital contributions to subsidiaries	(53)		(43)		(78)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(232)		229		(311)
Financing activities:
Dividends to stockholders	(205)		(194)		(182)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—		—		481
Purchases of treasury stock	(81)		(99)		(163)
Exercise of stock options, net	—		—		1
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	5		(19)		(11)
Principal payments on debt	(400)		(399)		—
Principal payments on affiliated debt	—		(500)		—
Proceeds from unaffiliated long-term debt issuance	700		—		598
Proceeds from affiliated long-term debt issuance	—		600		—
Debt issuance costs	(10)		—		(5)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	9		(611)		719
Change in cash and cash equivalents	206		(402)		484
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	92		494		10
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	298	$	92	$	494
Supplementary information:
Interest paid	$	156	$	173	$	187
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	—	$	323	$	23

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Supplementary Insurance Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Abstract]

Supplementary Insurance Information For Insurance Companies Disclosure [Table Text Block]

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(in millions)

	As of December 31,
	Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Future Policy Benefits  and Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities		Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable
2022
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	2,000	$	13,122	$	2,495
Financial Solutions	387		24,662		34
Canada:
Traditional	171		3,600		341
Financial Solutions	—		2		6
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	231		1,358		1,631
Financial Solutions	—		5,306		104
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	1,039		3,933		1,933
Financial Solutions	141		12,218		24
Corporate and Other	5		1,591		3
Total	$	3,974	$	65,792	$	6,571
2021
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	1,926	$	12,757	$	2,806
Financial Solutions	190		25,107		24
Canada:
Traditional	192		3,668		330
Financial Solutions	—		16		5
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	253		1,366		1,612
Financial Solutions	—		5,999		89
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	1,052		3,792		2,116
Financial Solutions	74		8,202		6
Corporate and Other	3		1,252		5
Total	$	3,690	$	62,159	$	6,993

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE III—SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (continued)

(in millions)

	Year ended December 31,
	Premium Income		Net Investment Income		Policyholder Benefits and Interest Credited		Amortization of DAC (1)		Other Expenses (2)
2022
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	6,590	$	965	$	6,335	$	220	$	806
Financial Solutions	66		1,078		666		51		184
Canada:
Traditional	1,219		238		1,158		14		207
Financial Solutions	95		1		68		—		5
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,736		89		1,573		44		203
Financial Solutions	486		148		368		—		59
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,650		142		2,152		57		321
Financial Solutions	236		272		376		68		50
Corporate and Other	—		228		32		—		410
Total	$	13,078	$	3,161	$	12,728	$	454	$	2,245
2021
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	6,244	$	930	$	6,790	$	269	$	679
Financial Solutions	55		1,089		731		101		145
Canada:
Traditional	1,194		248		1,096		13		211
Financial Solutions	90		—		79		—		7
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,738		88		1,829		48		189
Financial Solutions	350		205		258		—		55
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,624		136		2,445		60		283
Financial Solutions	218		138		244		41		34
Corporate and Other	—		304		4		—		356
Total	$	12,513	$	3,138	$	13,476	$	532	$	1,959
2020
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	5,838	$	714	$	5,979	$	200	$	679
Financial Solutions	53		999		764		52		109
Canada:
Traditional	1,052		207		909		16		201
Financial Solutions	83		1		68		—		3
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	1,555		72		1,389		31		186
Financial Solutions	252		193		163		—		50
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	2,681		107		2,293		65		274
Financial Solutions	180		85		206		19		25
Corporate and Other	—		197		8		—		354
Total	$	11,694	$	2,575	$	11,779	$	383	$	1,881

(1)Includes the effect from investment related gains and losses.

(2)Includes policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses, excluding amortization of DAC. Also includes other operating expenses, interest expense, and collateral finance and securitization expense.

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Supplemental Schedule of Reinsurance (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Abstract]

Supplemental Schedule Of Reinsurance Premiums For Insurance Companies [Table Text Block]

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE IV—REINSURANCE

(in millions)

	As of or for the Year ended December 31,
	Gross Amount		Ceded to Other Companies		Assumed from Other Companies		Net Amounts		Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net
2022
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,027	$	151,569	$	3,400,735	$	3,250,193	104.6	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	25	$	421	$	6,986	$	6,590	106.0	%
Financial Solutions	1		—		65		66		98.5
Canada:
Traditional	—		64		1,283		1,219		105.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		95		95		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	—		32		1,768		1,736		101.8
Financial Solutions	—		137		623		486		128.2
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		117		2,767		2,650		104.4
Financial Solutions	—		—		236		236		100.0
Total	$	26	$	771	$	13,823	$	13,078	105.7
2021
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,117	$	166,842	$	3,467,054	$	3,301,329	105.0	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	26	$	472	$	6,690	$	6,244	107.1	%
Financial Solutions	2		—		53		55		96.4
Canada:
Traditional	—		50		1,244		1,194		104.2
Financial Solutions	—		—		90		90		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	5		32		1,765		1,738		101.6
Financial Solutions	—		202		552		350		157.7
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		112		2,736		2,624		104.3
Financial Solutions	—		—		218		218		100.0
Total	$	33	$	868	$	13,348	$	12,513	106.7
2020
Life reinsurance in force	$	1,990	$	184,625	$	3,480,692	$	3,298,057	105.5	%
Premiums
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	23	$	585	$	6,399	5,837		109.6	%
Financial Solutions	3		—		50		53		94.3
Canada:
Traditional	—		54		1,106		1,052		105.1
Financial Solutions	—		—		83		83		100.0
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	32		24		1,548		1,556		99.5
Financial Solutions	—		178		430		252		170.6
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	—		106		2,787		2,681		104.0
Financial Solutions	—		—		180		180		100.0
Total	$	58	$	947	$	12,583	$	11,694	107.6

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Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts [Abstract]

Valuation And Qualifying Accounts [Table Text Block]

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

SCHEDULE V—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

(in millions)

			Additions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Costs  and Expenses		Charged to Other   Accounts		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
2022
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	218	$	(6)	$	9	$	—	$	221
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans	35		16		—		—		51
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	31		42		—		36		37
2021
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	251	$	(18)	$	(15)	$	—	$	218
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans	64		—		—		29		35
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	20		27		—		16		31
2020
Valuation allowance for deferred income taxes	$	236	$	(4)	$	19	$	—	$	251
Allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans (1)	12		38		14		—		64
Allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	—		41		—		21		20

(1)Upon adoption of Financial Instruments – Credits Losses on January 1, 2020, the Company increased the valuation allowance for mortgage loans by $14 million. The increase was reflected as a decrease to opening retained earnings, net of income taxes.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	40 years
Other Asset Impairment Charges		$ 5
Impairment of Intangible Assets (Excluding Goodwill)	$ 4
Accumulated Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Property, Plant, and Equipment	136	131
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	270
Depreciation	15	16	$ 17
Goodwill	7	7
Values Of Business Acquired Distribution Agreements And Customer Relationships	12	19
Accumulated Amortization Of Values Of Business Acquired Distribution Agreements And Customer Relationships	109	102
Amortization Of Values Of Business Acquired Distribution Agreements And Customer Relationships	6	7	8
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Two	6
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Three	6
Capitalized Computer Software, Net	138	145
Capitalized Computer Software, Amortization	$ 24	27	$ 32
Value of Customer Relationships Acquired [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Useful Life	15 years
Value of Distribution Agreements [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Useful Life	15 years
Other Intangible Assets [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Accumulated Amortization Of Values Of Business Acquired Distribution Agreements And Customer Relationships	$ 20	$ 17
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Next Twelve Months	3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Two	3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Three	3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Four	$ 3

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Future Policy Benefits) (Narrative) (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022
Maximum [Member]
Long-Duration Contracts, Assumptions by Product and Guarantee [Line Items]
Long-Duration Contracts, Assumptions by Product and Guarantee, Discount Rate	6.00%
Minimum [Member]
Long-Duration Contracts, Assumptions by Product and Guarantee [Line Items]
Long-Duration Contracts, Assumptions by Product and Guarantee, Discount Rate	3.00%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Intangible Assets) (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Accumulated Amortization Of Values Of Business Acquired Distribution Agreements And Customer Relationships	$ 109	$ 102
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Two	6
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Three	6
Other Intangible Assets [Member]
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived Intangible Assets Acquired	14	22
Accumulated Amortization Of Values Of Business Acquired Distribution Agreements And Customer Relationships	20	17
Amortization of Intangible Assets	3	$ 4	$ 4
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Next Twelve Months	3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Two	3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Three	3
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Year Four	$ 3

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (New Accounting Pronouncements) (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 4,235	$ 13,014	$ 14,352	$ 11,601
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(9,247)	(1,717)	2,222
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Minimum [Member]
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest			1,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	2,900	3,200	5,100
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Minimum [Member] | Revision of Prior Period, Accounting Standards Update, Adjustment
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	600	500
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Maximum [Member]
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest			1,300
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	4,900	5,200	$ 7,100
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance | Maximum [Member] | Revision of Prior Period, Accounting Standards Update, Adjustment
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 900	$ 800

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Earnings Per Share (Schedule of Earnings Per Share Basic and Diluted) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent	$ 623.0	$ 617.0	$ 415.0
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Diluted [Abstract]
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Basic	66,900	67,800	65,400
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock options	800	500	400
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Diluted	67,700	68,300	65,800
Basic earnings per share:
Earnings Per Share, Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 9.31	$ 9.10	$ 6.35
Earnings Per Share, Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 9.21	$ 9.04	$ 6.31
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 627.0	$ 617.0	$ 415.0
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 4.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0

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Investments (Investments in Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale by Sector) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 37		$ 31
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	59,663		55,873
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 52,901	[1]	$ 60,749	[2]
Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	100.00%		100.00%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 7,319		$ 349
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	59,663		55,873
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	52,901		60,749
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	594		5,256
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	37		31
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	38,963		35,239
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 33,969	[1]	$ 38,103	[2]
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	64.20%		62.80%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 5,135		$ 194
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	38,963		35,239
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	33,969		38,103
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	168		3,084
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	27		26
Canadian Provincial Governments [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 3,626	[1]	$ 4,944	[2]
Canadian Provincial Governments [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	6.90%		8.10%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 66		$ 1
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	3,311		3,339
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	3,626		4,944
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	381		1,606
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	0		0
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 941	[1]	$ 1,050	[2]
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	1.80%		1.70%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 114		$ 7
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	1,054		1,020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	941		1,050
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	1		37
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	0		0
Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 3,878	[1]	$ 4,005	[2]
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	7.30%		6.60%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 440		$ 41
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	4,324		4,024
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	3,878		4,005
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	4		22
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	10		0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 1,623	[1]	$ 1,849	[2]
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	3.10%		3.00%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 212		$ 6
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	1,835		1,790
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	1,623		1,849
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	0		66
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	0		1
US Treasury and Government [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 1,482	[1]	$ 2,105	[2]
US Treasury and Government [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	2.80%		3.50%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 212		$ 8
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	1,690		2,082
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	1,482		2,105
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	4		31
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	0		0
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 1,119	[1]	$ 1,323	[2]
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	2.10%		2.20%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 173		$ 5
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	1,282		1,191
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	1,119		1,323
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	10		137
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	0		0
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 6,263	[1]	$ 7,370	[2]
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sale Securities	11.80%		12.10%
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 967		$ 87
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	7,204		7,188
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	6,263		7,370
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	26		273
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 0		$ 4

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Investments (Fixed Maturity Securities Pledged And Received As Collateral) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 59,663		$ 55,873
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	52,901	[1]	60,749	[2]
Assets Held-in-trust	0		465
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Assets Held-in-trust	27,817		31,173
Carrying Value [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Assets Held-in-trust	31,510		28,671
Collateral Fixed Maturity Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	355		100
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	292		103
Collateral Received Fixed Maturity Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 1,428		$ 1,922

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Investments (Exposure To Concentrations Of Credit Risk) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 59,663		$ 55,873
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	52,901	[1]	60,749	[2]
JAPAN
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	2,988		3,080
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	2,516		3,063
Canadian Province Of Ontario Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	1,436		1,377
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	1,649		2,347
Canadian Province Of Quebec Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	982		1,092
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 1,068		$ 1,451

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Investments (Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Fixed Maturities by Contractual Maturities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, Amortized Cost Basis [Abstract]
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, within One Year, Amortized Cost Basis	$ 1,231
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, after One Through Five Years, Amortized Cost Basis	10,397
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, after Five Through Ten Years, Amortized Cost Basis	11,293
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Allocated and Single Maturity Date, Maturity, after 10 Years, Amortized Cost	29,529
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Maturity, without Single Maturity Date, Amortized Cost	7,213
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	59,663		$ 55,873
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, Fair Value [Abstract]
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, within One Year, Fair Value	1,223
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, after One Through Five Years, Fair Value	10,076
Available-for-sale Securities, Debt Maturities, after Five Through Ten Years, Fair Value	10,231
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Maturity, Allocated and Single Maturity Date, after 10 Years, Fair Value	24,929
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Maturity, without Single Maturity Date, Fair Value	6,442
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$ 52,901	[1]	$ 60,749	[2]

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Investments (Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Holdings by Industry Type) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Corporate Secturities by Investment Sector And Credit Rating [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 59,663		$ 55,873
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	52,901	[1]	60,749	[2]
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Corporate Secturities by Investment Sector And Credit Rating [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	38,963		35,239
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 33,969	[1]	$ 38,103	[2]
Percentage Of Total Available For Sales Securities	100.00%		100.00%
Financial Services Sector [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Corporate Secturities by Investment Sector And Credit Rating [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 14,551		$ 13,101
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 12,680		$ 14,045
Percentage Of Total Available For Sales Securities	37.30%		36.90%
Commercial and Industrial Sector [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Corporate Secturities by Investment Sector And Credit Rating [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 19,624		$ 17,857
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 17,257		$ 19,375
Percentage Of Total Available For Sales Securities	50.80%		50.80%
Utility Industry [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Corporate Secturities by Investment Sector And Credit Rating [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost	$ 4,788		$ 4,281
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)	$ 4,032		$ 4,683
Percentage Of Total Available For Sales Securities	11.90%		12.30%

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Investments (Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings on Fixed Maturity Securities Held by the Company) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 31	$ 20
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, No Previous Impairment	42	27
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Securities Sold	(39)	(13)
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Change in Status	4	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, Additional Credit Losses	(7)	(3)
Balance, end of period	37	31
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	26	17
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, No Previous Impairment	31	21
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Securities Sold	(32)	(10)
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Change in Status	4	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, Additional Credit Losses	(6)	(2)
Balance, end of period	27	26
Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	0	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, No Previous Impairment	10	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Securities Sold	0	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Change in Status	0	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, Additional Credit Losses	0	0
Balance, end of period	10	0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	1	3
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, No Previous Impairment	0	1
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Securities Sold	0	(2)
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Change in Status	0	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, Additional Credit Losses	(1)	(1)
Balance, end of period	0	1
Foreign Government Debt [Member]
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	4	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, No Previous Impairment	1	5
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Securities Sold	(7)	(1)
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Reductions, Change in Status	0	0
Other than Temporary Impairment, Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings, Additions, Additional Credit Losses	(2)	0
Balance, end of period	$ 0	$ 4

XML

Investments (Fair Value and Losses by Investment Category and Length of Time in a Loss Position) (Details) - Fixed Maturities [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	$ 3,693	$ 176
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	3,615	171
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	7,308	347
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	44,546	13,284
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	31,631	10,644
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	12,915	2,640
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	3,598	156
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	3,485	104
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	7,083	260
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	43,181	12,500
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	30,773	10,045
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	12,408	2,455
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	2,756	86
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	2,225	51
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	4,981	137
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	28,707	5,081
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	21,867	4,135
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	6,840	946
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | Canadian Provincial Governments [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	42	1
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	23	0
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	65	1
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	625	20
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	554	20
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	71	0
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	62	3
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	53	4
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	115	7
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	845	234
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	664	132
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	181	102
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	153	22
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	269	6
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	422	28
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	3,527	2,336
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	1,596	1,747
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	1,931	589
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	144	2
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	65	2
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	209	4
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	1,595	187
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	1,314	152
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	281	35
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	64	6
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	148	2
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	212	8
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	1,455	1,544
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	1,202	1,513
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	253	31
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	124	3
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	50	2
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	174	5
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	950	137
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	819	109
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	131	28
External Credit Rating, Investment Grade [Member] | Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	253	33
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	652	37
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	905	70
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	5,477	2,961
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	2,757	2,237
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	2,720	724
External Credit Rating, Non Investment Grade [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	95	20
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	130	67
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	225	87
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	1,365	784
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	858	599
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	507	185
External Credit Rating, Non Investment Grade [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	87	13
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	61	44
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	148	57
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	1,072	560
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	767	463
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	305	97
External Credit Rating, Non Investment Grade [Member] | Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	6	0
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	9	13
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	15	13
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	90	13
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	52	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	38	13
External Credit Rating, Non Investment Grade [Member] | Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Aggregate Losses	2	7
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Aggregate Losses	60	10
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Aggregate Losses	62	17
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position	203	211
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	39	136
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 164	$ 75

XML

Investments (Investment Income Net of Related Expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	$ 3,288	$ 3,246	$ 2,667
Investment Income, Investment Expense	(127)	(108)	(92)
Investment income, net of related expenses	3,161	3,138	2,575
Available-for-sale Securities [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	2,305	2,059	1,928
Equity Securities [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	6	5	6
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	298	293	282
Policy Loans [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	54	55	56
Funds Withheld At Interest [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	253	351	279
Short-term Investments [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	29	3	7
Other Aggregated Investments [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	12	61	59
Partnership Interest [Member]
Major Categories Of Investment Income Net Of Expenses [Line Items]
Gross Investment Income, Operating	$ 331	$ 419	$ 50

XML

Investments (Investment Related Gains (Losses) Net) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Other than Temporary Impairment Losses, Investments	$ (6)	$ (11)	$ (20)
Impairment Losses On Debt Securities Available for Sale	(17)	(1)	(1)
Available-for-sale Securities, Realized Losses, Excluding Other than Temporary Impairments	(396)	(65)	(82)
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Equity Investments	(21)	25	(15)
Available-for-sale Securities, Gross Realized Gains	192	299	114
Other Impairment Losses And Change In Mortgage Loan Provision	(16)	29	(38)
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments and other, net	38	169	0
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures impairment losses	0	0	(18)
Derivatives And Other Investments Net	21	25	24
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Derivatives	(301)	90	3
Realized Investment Gains (Losses)	$ (506)	$ 560	$ (33)

XML

Investments (Borrowed Securities Repurchased Securities And Repurchased Reversed Repurchased Securities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Securities Financing Transaction, Cost
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Fair Value of Collateral	[1]	$ 59	$ 94
Securities for Reverse Repurchase Agreements	[1]	898	704
Cash	[2]	0	10
Collateralized Agreements		859	279
Cash Received		149	0
Securities Financing Transaction, Fair Value
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Securities Borrowed	[3]	852	420
Securities Loaned, Fair Value of Collateral	[1]	55	102
Securities Received as Collateral	[4]	66	102
Securities for Reverse Repurchase Agreements	[1]	779	736
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Securities	[4]	619	728
Cash	[2]	0	10
Collateralized Agreements		693	290
Cash Received		$ 149	$ 0

[1] Securities loaned, pledged or sold to counterparties are included within fixed maturity securities.

[2] A receivable for the cash held by counterparties is included within other assets.

[3] Securities borrowed are not reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.

[4] Securities received as collateral or purchased from counterparties are not reflected on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

XML

Investments (Securities Pledged as Collateral Related to Repurchase Reverse Repurchase Program) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	$ 55	$ 102
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	779	736
Obligation to Return Securities Received as Collateral	834	838
Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Obligation to Return Securities Received as Collateral	0	0
Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Obligation to Return Securities Received as Collateral	0	0
Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Obligation to Return Securities Received as Collateral	0	0
Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	55	102
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	779	736
Obligation to Return Securities Received as Collateral	834	838
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	42	94
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	279	366
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	42	94
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	279	366
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	10	0
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	10	0
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	10	5
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	373	370
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	10	5
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	373	370
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	3	3
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	0	0
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Securities Loaned, Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement and Assets other than Securities Transferred	3	3
Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	54	0
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	54	0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	63	0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Overnight [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Less than 30 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity 30 to 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	0	0
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Maturity Greater than 90 Days [Member]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Financial Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Gross Including Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangement	$ 63	$ 0

XML

Investments (Mortgage Loans by Property Type) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 6,653	$ 6,329
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	100.00%	100.00%
Unamortized Loan Commitment and Origination Fees and Unamortized Discounts or Premiums	$ (12)	$ (11)
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, Real Estate	(51)	(35)	$ (64)	$ (12)
Mortgage loans on real estate	6,590	6,283
Office Building [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 1,706	$ 1,683
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	25.60%	26.60%
Retail Site [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 2,290	$ 2,090
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	34.40%	33.00%
Industrial Property [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 1,518	$ 1,249
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	22.80%	19.70%
Apartment Building [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 763	$ 801
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	11.50%	12.70%
Other Property [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 376	$ 506
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	5.70%	8.00%

XML

Investments (Mortgage Loans by Maturity Date) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 6,653	$ 6,329
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	100.00%	100.00%
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Due One Year Through Five Years [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 2,652	$ 2,660
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	39.90%	42.00%
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Due After Five Years [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 2,930	$ 2,593
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	44.00%	41.00%
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Due After Ten Years [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 1,071	$ 1,076
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	16.10%	17.00%

XML

Investments (Mortgage Loans by Credit Quality Indicator) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 6,653	$ 6,329
Construction Loan	$ 18	$ 6
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	100.00%	100.00%
Greater than 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 5,916	$ 5,685
1.00x - 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	383	469
Less than 1.00x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	336	169
0% - 59.99%
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	3,755	3,406
Construction Loan	$ 18	$ 6
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	56.40%	53.80%
0% - 59.99% | Greater than 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 3,466	$ 3,111
0% - 59.99% | 1.00x - 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	215	238
0% - 59.99% | Less than 1.00x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	56	51
60% - 69.99%
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	2,084	2,142
Construction Loan	$ 0	$ 0
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	31.30%	33.80%
60% - 69.99% | Greater than 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 1,894	$ 1,906
60% - 69.99% | 1.00x - 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	119	190
60% - 69.99% | Less than 1.00x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	71	46
70% - 79.99%
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	615	573
Construction Loan	$ 0	$ 0
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	9.30%	9.10%
70% - 79.99% | Greater than 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 475	$ 520
70% - 79.99% | 1.00x - 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	49	41
70% - 79.99% | Less than 1.00x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	91	12
Greater than 80%
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	199	208
Construction Loan	$ 0	$ 0
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total	3.00%	3.30%
Greater than 80% | Greater than 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 81	$ 148
Greater than 80% | 1.00x - 1.20x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Greater than 80% | Less than 1.00x
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 118	$ 60

XML

Investments (Internal Credit Quality Indicators) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 6,653	$ 6,329
High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	4,257	4,111
Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	2,180	2,069
Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	180	109
Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	4
Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	36	36
Year Of Origination 2020
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	974	1,098
Year Of Origination 2020 | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	684	725
Year Of Origination 2020 | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	284	367
Year Of Origination 2020 | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	6	6
Year Of Origination 2020 | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2020 | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2019
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	575	674
Year Of Origination 2019 | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	327	402
Year Of Origination 2019 | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	248	272
Year Of Origination 2019 | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2019 | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2019 | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2018
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	879	1,003
Year Of Origination 2018 | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	561	645
Year Of Origination 2018 | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	279	331
Year Of Origination 2018 | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	39	27
Year Of Origination 2018 | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2018 | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2017
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	726	801
Year Of Origination 2017 | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	422	461
Year Of Origination 2017 | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	252	301
Year Of Origination 2017 | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	52	39
Year Of Origination 2017 | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2017 | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	0
Year Of Origination 2016
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		645
Year Of Origination 2016 | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		344
Year Of Origination 2016 | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		296
Year Of Origination 2016 | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		5
Year Of Origination 2016 | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		0
Year Of Origination 2016 | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		0
Year Of Origination Prior Periods
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	2,215	2,108
Year Of Origination Prior Periods | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	1,565	1,534
Year Of Origination Prior Periods | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	531	502
Year Of Origination Prior Periods | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	83	32
Year Of Origination Prior Periods | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0	4
Year Of Origination Prior Periods | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	36	$ 36
Year of Origination 2021
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	1,284
Year of Origination 2021 | High Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	698
Year of Origination 2021 | Internal Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	586
Year of Origination 2021 | Average Investment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0
Year of Origination 2021 | Watch List
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	0
Year of Origination 2021 | Internal Noninvestment Grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 0

XML

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities (Age Analysis of Past Due Recorded Investments) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 6,653	$ 6,329
Financial Asset, Not Past Due | Commercial Real Estate Portfolio Segment
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	6,617	6,329
Financial Asset, Equal to or Greater than 90 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate	$ 36	$ 0

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Investments (Loan Valuation Allowance for Mortgage Loans) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses [Roll Forward]
Balance beginning	$ 35	$ 64	$ 12
Provision	(16)	(29)	(38)
Adoption of New Accounting Standard Current Expected Credit Losses	0	0	14
Balance ending	$ 51	$ 35	$ 64

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Investments, Debt and Equity Securities (Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Real Estate [Line Items]
Real Estate Investments, Joint Ventures	$ 2,327	$ 1,996
Equity Method Investments
Real Estate [Line Items]
Real Estate Investments, Joint Ventures	934	780
Limited partnership Fair Value Member
Real Estate [Line Items]
Real Estate Investments, Joint Ventures	683	581
Cost-method Investments
Real Estate [Line Items]
Real Estate Investments, Joint Ventures	49	63
Corporate Joint Venture
Real Estate [Line Items]
Real Estate Investments, Joint Ventures	$ 661	$ 572

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Investments (Other Invested Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Investments [Abstract]
Other invested assets	$ 1,140	$ 1,074
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives [Member]
Other Investments [Abstract]
Other invested assets	170	175
Other [Member]
Other Investments [Abstract]
Other invested assets	102	141
Equity Release Mortgages [Member]
Other Investments [Abstract]
Other invested assets	$ 868	$ 758

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Investments (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) position		Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) position		Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Funds withheld at interest		$ 6,003		$ 6,954
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total		100.00%		100.00%
Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements Asset Specific Client		$ 3,800
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost		59,663		$ 55,873
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)		$ 52,901	[1]	$ 60,749	[2]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | position		6,441,000		1,862
Reclassification of Pre Tax Unrealized Gains From AOCI to Investment Income Associated With Limited Partnerships				$ 92
Pre Tax Gains In Investment Related Gains Associated With Investments In Limited Partnerships				70
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest		$ 831		691		$ 553
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring		67
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		6,653		6,329
Financial Asset, Equal to or Greater than 90 Days Past Due
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Loans Receivable, Gross, Commercial, Real Estate		36		0
Revision of Prior Period, Reclassification, Adjustment
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest						102	$ (2)	$ 1	$ 10
Non-Income Producing Securities [Member]
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost		87		26
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)		45		26
Canadian Province Of Quebec Securities [Member]
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Available for Sale at Fair value - Amortized cost		982		1,092
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)		1,068		1,451
Collateral Received Fixed Maturity Securities [Member]
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $59,663 and $55,873; allowance for credit losses of $37 and $31)		1,428		1,922
Carrying Value [Member]
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Funds withheld at interest	[3]	$ 6,319		6,747
CALIFORNIA
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total		13.30%
TEXAS
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total		11.20%
GEORGIA
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total		7.80%
Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total		3.60%
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest		$ 118		$ 143		$ 155
UNITED KINGDOM
Investment Narrative [Line Items]
Mortgage Loans On Real Estate Commercial And Consumer Net Percentage Of Total		2.40%

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

[3] Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

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Derivative Instruments (Gross Notional Amount and Fair Value of Derivatives Contracts) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	$ 33,341	$ 23,516
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	586	421
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	1,261	975
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	30,491	20,557
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	545	388
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	1,051	930
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	1,271	1,273
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	2	66
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	2	1
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Future [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	260	240
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	0	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Foreign Exchange Forward [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	766	395
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	50	2
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	4
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Consumer Price Index Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	496	563
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	20	34
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	3	7
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Credit Default Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	1,523	1,321
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	2	29
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	21	1
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Equity [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	358	472
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	38	29
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Synthetic Guaranteed Investment Contracts [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	17,411	16,143
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	0	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Modified Coinsurance Or Funds Withheld Arrangements [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	363	227
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	371	62
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	0	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	530	693
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	0	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	124	162
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Currency Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	150	150
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	18	1
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Interest Rate Swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	7,756	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	34	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Total Return Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	500	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	18	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	2,850	2,959
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	41	33
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	210	45
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	1,310	941
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	3	4
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	113	33
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Foreign Exchange Forward [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	1,019	1,320
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	38	14
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	1	11
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Currency Swap [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	114	153
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	0	1
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	0	0
Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Forward Contracts [Member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount of Derivatives	407	545
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	0	14
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	$ 96	$ 1

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Derivative Instruments Derivative Instruments (Fair Value Hedge Attributable to Foreign Currency) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedging Instruments	$ (1)	$ (4)	$ 8
Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Hedged Item in Fair Value Hedge	$ 7	$ 6	$ (10)

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Derivative Instruments (Current Period Cash Flow Hedges in AOCI (loss) before Taxes) (Details) - Cash Flow Hedging [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative, Amount of Hedged Item	$ (205)	$ (22)	$ (49)	$ (26)
Investment Income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(8)	0	0
Interest Expense [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(1)	(7)	(4)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	$ 192	$ (20)	$ 27

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Derivative Instruments (Cash Flow Hedges) (Details) - Cash Flow Hedging [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion	$ (192)
Derivative Instruments, Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion		$ (20)	$ (27)
Gain (Loss) on Investments [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	0	0	0
Investment Income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(8)	0	0
Interest Expense [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(1)	(7)	(4)
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion	(187)
Derivative Instruments, Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion		(28)	(33)
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Gain (Loss) on Investments [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	0	0	0
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Investment Income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	0	0	0
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Interest Expense [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(1)	(7)	(4)
Currency Swap [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion	(5)
Derivative Instruments, Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion		(8)	(6)
Currency Swap [Member] | Gain (Loss) on Investments [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	0	0	0
Currency Swap [Member] | Investment Income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(8)	0	0
Currency Swap [Member] | Interest Expense [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Derivative Instruments (Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Gains Losses Deferred In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss On Derivatives	$ 73	$ (2)	$ (29)
Currency Swap [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Gains Losses Deferred In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss On Derivatives	0	(2)	1
Foreign Exchange Forward [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Gains Losses Deferred In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss On Derivatives	$ 73	$ 0	$ (30)

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Derivative Instruments (Non Hedging Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives Effect on Income Statement) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$ (506)	$ 560	$ (33)
Other revenues	(525)	(447)	(360)
Gain Loss On Investments Related To Change In Fair Value Of Derivatives Excluding Embedded Derivatives	(172)	(12)	59
Indexed annuity products	682	700	704
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	(209)	98	(25)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	(131)	(34)	76
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Future [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	28	(24)	(47)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Currency Swap [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	21	20	(7)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Foreign Exchange Forward [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	(93)	(20)	5
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Consumer Price Index Swap [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	31	46	16
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Credit Default Swap [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	(66)	33	16
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Equity [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	14	(33)	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Modified Coinsurance Or Funds Withheld Arrangements [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	(173)	107	(62)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Indexed annuity products	98	10	30
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	38	(7)	8
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Interest Rate Swaption
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	3	0	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument [Member] | Total Return Swap [Member]
Income Affect Of Non Hedging Derivatives [Line Items]
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$ 21	$ 0	$ 0

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Derivative Instruments (Exposure from Credit Derivatives by Rating of the Underlying Credits) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Credit Risk Derivatives, at Fair Value, Net	[1]	$ (19)	$ 28
Maximum Potential Future Exposure on Credit Risk Derivatives	[1],[2]	$ 1,523	$ 1,321
Derivative Average Remaining Maturity	[1],[3]	9 years 4 months 24 days	9 years
Standard & Poor's, BBB Rating [Member]
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Credit Risk Derivatives, at Fair Value, Net	[1]	$ 1	$ 1
Maximum Potential Future Exposure on Credit Risk Derivatives	[1],[2]	$ 1,070	$ 706
Derivative Average Remaining Maturity	[1],[3]	5 years 9 months 18 days	4 years 7 months 6 days
Single Name Credit Default Swaps [Member] | Standard Poors AAA To A Ratings [Member]
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Credit Risk Derivatives, at Fair Value, Net	[1]	$ (18)	$ 28
Maximum Potential Future Exposure on Credit Risk Derivatives	[1],[2]	$ 428	$ 600
Derivative Average Remaining Maturity	[1],[3]	18 years 8 months 12 days	14 years 2 months 12 days
Single Name Credit Default Swaps [Member] | Standard & Poor's, BBB Rating [Member]
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Credit Risk Derivatives, at Fair Value, Net	[1]	$ 1	$ 1
Maximum Potential Future Exposure on Credit Risk Derivatives	[1],[2]	$ 155	$ 141
Derivative Average Remaining Maturity	[1],[3]	3 years 3 months 18 days	2 years 4 months 24 days
Single Name Credit Default Swaps [Member] | Standard & Poor's, BB+ Rating [Member]
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Credit Risk Derivatives, at Fair Value, Net	[1]	$ (2)	$ (1)
Maximum Potential Future Exposure on Credit Risk Derivatives	[1],[2]	$ 25	$ 15
Derivative Average Remaining Maturity	[1],[3]	3 years 2 months 12 days	3 years 6 months
Credit Default Swaps Referencing Indices [Member] | Standard & Poor's, BBB Rating [Member]
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Credit Risk Derivatives, at Fair Value, Net	[1]	$ 0	$ 0
Maximum Potential Future Exposure on Credit Risk Derivatives	[1],[2]	$ 915	$ 565
Derivative Average Remaining Maturity	[1],[3]	6 years 2 months 12 days	5 years 1 month 6 days

[1] The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

[2] Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

[3] The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts

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Derivative Instruments (Derivative Instruments Offsetting Balance Sheet) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative Asset [Abstract]
Derivative Fair Value Of Free Standing Derivative Asset		$ 223	$ 194
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Liability		(53)	(19)
Derivative Asset		170	175
Derivative Asset, Fair Value of Collateral	[1]	(170)	(175)
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash		0	0
Derivative Liability [Abstract]
Derivative Fair Value Of Free Standing Derivative Liability		236	58
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Asset		(53)	(19)
Derivative Liability		183	39
Derivative Liability, Fair Value of Collateral	[1]	(183)	(39)
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Cash		$ 0	$ 0

[1] Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

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Derivative Instruments (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Gain Loss Recorded In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss For Net Investment In Foreign Operations Hedges	$ 210	$ 137
Counterparty Credit Derivative Exposure	14
Derivative Credit Risk Valuation Adjustment, Derivative Assets	2	$ 36	$ 70
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedge Gain (Loss) Reclassified to Earnings, Net	10
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedge Gain (Loss) to be Reclassified During Next 12 Months, Net	$ 1

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Balances of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$ 52,901	[1]	$ 60,749	[2]
Equity Method Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	134	[1]	151	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements Asset Embedded Derivatives	(370)	[1]	(104)	[2]
Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset Fair Value Disclosure	54	[1]	83	[2]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Fair Value Disclosure	1,535	[1]	1,138	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Short Term Investments	121	[1]	64	[2]
Derivative Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value, Net	170	[1]	175	[2]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	193	[1]	227	[2]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	54,568	[1]	62,516	[2]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Guaranteed Interest Contracts Embedded Derivatives	653		855
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability	(361)		(61)
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure	183		39
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	475		833
Fair Value, Net Asset (Liability)	683		581
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,388	[1]	1,993	[2]
Equity Method Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	68	[1]	101	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements Asset Embedded Derivatives	0	[1]	0	[2]
Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Fair Value Disclosure	1,535	[1]	1,138	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Short Term Investments	54	[1]	0	[2]
Derivative Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value, Net	0	[1]	0	[2]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	3,045	[1]	3,232	[2]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Guaranteed Interest Contracts Embedded Derivatives	0		0
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability	0		0
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure	0
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	45,791	[1]	53,611	[2]
Equity Method Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements Asset Embedded Derivatives	0	[1]	0	[2]
Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Short Term Investments	54	[1]	36	[2]
Derivative Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value, Net	170	[1]	175	[2]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	193	[1]	227	[2]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	46,038	[1]	53,874	[2]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Guaranteed Interest Contracts Embedded Derivatives	0		0
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability	0		0
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure	183
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	183		39
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	5,722	[1]	5,145	[2]
Equity Method Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	66	[1]	50	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements Asset Embedded Derivatives	(370)	[1]	(104)	[2]
Funds Held Under Reinsurance Agreements, Asset Fair Value Disclosure	54	[1]	83	[2]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Short Term Investments	13	[1]	28	[2]
Derivative Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value, Net	0	[1]	0	[2]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	5,485	[1]	5,410	[2]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fair Value Measured On Recurring Basis Guaranteed Interest Contracts Embedded Derivatives	653		855
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability	(361)		(61)
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure	0
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	292		794
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure			0
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure			39
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Other Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure			0
Fair Value Option Contractholder Directed Unit Linked Investments [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	23	[1]	52	[2]
Fair Value Option Contractholder Directed Unit Linked Investments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Fair Value Option Contractholder Directed Unit Linked Investments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	23	[1]	52	[2]
Fair Value Option Contractholder Directed Unit Linked Investments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	[1]	0	[2]
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	33,969	[1]	38,103	[2]
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	29,670	[1]	34,215	[2]
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	4,299	[1]	3,888	[2]
Canadian Provincial Governments [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	3,626	[1]	4,944	[2]
Canadian Provincial Governments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Canadian Provincial Governments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	3,626	[1]	4,944	[2]
Canadian Provincial Governments [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	941	[1]	1,050	[2]
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	931	[1]	1,049	[2]
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	10	[1]	1	[2]
Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	3,878	[1]	4,005	[2]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	274		205
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	2,603	[1]	2,908	[2]
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,275	[1]	1,097	[2]
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,623	[1]	1,849	[2]
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,555	[1]	1,768	[2]
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	68	[1]	81	[2]
US Treasury and Government [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,482	[1]	2,105	[2]
US Treasury and Government [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,388	[1]	1,993	[2]
US Treasury and Government [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	85	[1]	100	[2]
US Treasury and Government [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	9	[1]	12	[2]
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,119	[1]	1,323	[2]
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	1,093	[1]	1,290	[2]
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	26	[1]	33	[2]
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	6,263	[1]	7,370	[2]
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	0	[1]	0	[2]
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	6,228	[1]	7,337	[2]
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$ 35	[1]	$ 33	[2]

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Quantitative Information for Level 3 Inputs) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)		Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ (54,568)	[1]	$ (62,516)	[2]
Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Financial and Nonfinancial Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure	530		693
Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Financial and Nonfinancial Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 124		$ 162
Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.01		0.01
Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.04		0.04
Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.02		0.02
Asset-backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ (274)		$ (205)
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0		0.02
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0.18		0.18
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0.02		0.04
Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ (25)		$ (49)
Total Return Swap [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	(34)		(182)
US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ (9)		$ (12)
US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0		0
US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0.01		0.01
US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0.01		0.01
Equity Securities [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ (9)		$ (5)
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input			0
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input			0.01
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	0.01		0.01
Measurement Input, Long-term Revenue Growth Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Long-term Revenue Growth Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.27		0.27
Measurement Input, Long-term Revenue Growth Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.13		0.14
Measurement Input Crediting Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.01		0.01
Measurement Input Crediting Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.04		0.04
Measurement Input Crediting Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.02		0.02
Measurement Input, Counterparty Credit Risk [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Counterparty Credit Risk [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.05		0.05
Measurement Input, Counterparty Credit Risk [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.01		0.01
Measurement Input, Counterparty Credit Risk [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Counterparty Credit Risk [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.05		0.05
Measurement Input, Counterparty Credit Risk [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.07		0.07
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.06		0.05
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.05		0.05
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.03		0.03
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.05		0.05
Measurement Input, Withdrawal Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.04		0.04
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.25		0.25
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.03		0.04
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.35		0.35
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.16		0.16
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.35		0.35
Measurement Input, Lapse Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.17		0.18
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	1		1
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Variable Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.02		0.02
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	1		1
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Embedded Derivatives In Indexed Annuity [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Liability, Measurement Input	0.03		0.02
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0		0
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	1		1
Measurement Input, Mortality Rate [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Income Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded Derivative Asset, Measurement Input	0.03		0.03
Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input			5.2
Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input			7.0
Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input	5.3		6.4
Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple [Member] | Equity Securities [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Measurement Input	8.4		6.9
Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple [Member] | Equity Securities [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Measurement Input	11.2		10.6
Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple [Member] | Equity Securities [Member] | Weighted Average [Member] | Valuation, Market Approach [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Measurement Input	9.6		8.0

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021		Dec. 31, 2020
Equity Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		$ 50		$ 53		$ 77
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	14		9		3
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	(4)		(25)		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		0		0		14
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		66		50		53
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		3,888		3,029		2,186
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(474)		(28)		28
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	1,669		1,506		1,193
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	(182)		(53)		(182)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	(577)		(587)		(229)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		88		29		57
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		111		8		4
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		4,299		3,888		3,029
Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		33		17		720
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(11)		(4)		1
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	0		25		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	0		(5)		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		13		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		0		0		704
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		35		33		17
Structured Finance [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		1,179		254		208
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(194)		(6)		(7)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	521		1,038		149
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	(58)		(6)		(5)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	(140)		(186)		(59)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		130		84		38
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		74		0		70
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		1,353		1,179		254
US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		45		23		25
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(4)		0		1
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	(6)		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	(5)		(3)		(3)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		10		25		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		4		0		0
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		35		45		23
Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		165	[2]	58	[2]	121
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period	[2]	(8)		165		58
Longevity Swap [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		83		56		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(8)		(1)		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	3		36		60
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	(10)		(4)		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		54		83		56
Short-term Investments [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset Value, Beginning of period		28		15		2
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(1)		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Purchases	[1]	33		31		17
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Sales	[1]	0		(3)		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements	[1]	(28)		(10)		(3)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset Transfers Into Level 3		0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers out of Level 3		20		5		1
Fair Value, Asset Value, End of period		13		28		15
Interest Sensitive Contract Liabilities Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Sales	[1]	0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Liability, Transfers Into Level 3		0		0		0
Fair Value, Liability Value, Beginning of period		(855)		(907)		(930)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		0		0		0
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Purchases	[1]	1		(34)		(32)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Settlements	[1]	65		83		77
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Liability, Transfers out of Level 3		0		0		0
Fair Value, Liability Value, End of period		(653)		(855)		(907)
Investment Income [Member] | Equity Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Income [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		6		5		2
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		4		4		0
Investment Income [Member] | Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Income [Member] | Structured Finance [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		1		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		1		0
Investment Income [Member] | US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Income [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Investment Income [Member] | Longevity Swap [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(14)		(4)		(4)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(14)		(4)		(4)
Investment Income [Member] | Short-term Investments [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Income [Member] | Interest Sensitive Contract Liabilities Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Equity Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		6		13		(13)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		4		7		(13)
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(8)		(5)		(22)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(18)		(7)		(23)
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Structured Finance [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(11)		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(10)		0		0
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(1)		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(173)	[2]	107	[2]	(63)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(173)	[2]	107	[2]	(63)
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Longevity Swap [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Short-term Investments [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		1		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Investment Related Gains Losses [Member] | Interest Sensitive Contract Liabilities Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(38)		7		(8)
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		33		(15)		(2)
Interest Income [Member] | Equity Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | Structured Finance [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Interest Income [Member] | Longevity Swap [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | Short-term Investments [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		0		0		0
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Interest Income [Member] | Interest Sensitive Contract Liabilities Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings		(98)		(10)		30
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		33		(72)		(107)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Equity Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(467)		(24)		(34)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Debt Security, Government, Non-US [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(11)		(4)		1
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Structured Finance [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(195)		(6)		(8)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | US Government Agencies Debt Securities [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(4)		0		1
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Funds Withheld At Interest Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0	[2]	0	[2]	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Longevity Swap [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		(8)		(1)		0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Short-term Investments [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		0		0		0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Interest Sensitive Contract Liabilities Embedded Derivatives [Member]
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss)		$ 0		$ 0		$ 0

[1] The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

[2] Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

XML

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Financial Instruments where Carrying Amounts and Fair Values May Differ) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2018
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Mortgage loans on real estate		$ 6,590	$ 6,283
Policy loans		1,231	1,234
Funds withheld at interest		6,003	6,954
Cash and cash equivalents		2,927	2,948	$ 3,408	$ 1,449
Short-term investments		154	87
Other invested assets		1,140	1,074
Accrued investment income		630	533
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities		30,572	26,377
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		361	61
Collateral finance and securitization notes		0	180
Carrying Value [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Mortgage loans on real estate	[1]	6,590	6,283
Policy loans	[1]	1,231	1,234
Funds withheld at interest	[1]	6,319	6,747
Real Estate Investments, Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other Joint Ventures		49	63
Cash and cash equivalents	[1]	1,392	1,810
Short-term investments	[1]	33	23
Other invested assets	[1]	947	847
Accrued investment income	[1]	630	533
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	[1]	23,493	18,625
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		1,596	1,658
Long And Short Term Debt	[1]	3,961	3,667
Collateral finance and securitization notes	[1]		180
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Mortgage loans on real estate		6,109	6,580
Policy loans		1,231	1,234
Funds withheld at interest		5,884	7,075
Real Estate Investments, Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other Joint Ventures		52	81
Cash and cash equivalents		1,392	1,810
Short-term investments		33	23
Other invested assets		758	826
Accrued investment income		630	533
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities		23,065	19,540
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		1,321	1,657
Long And Short Term Debt		3,670	3,886
Collateral finance and securitization notes			153
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		0	0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Mortgage loans on real estate		0	0
Policy loans		0	0
Funds withheld at interest		0	0
Real Estate Investments, Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other Joint Ventures		0	0
Cash and cash equivalents		1,392	1,810
Short-term investments		33	23
Other invested assets		4	6
Accrued investment income		0	0
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities		0	0
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		0	0
Long And Short Term Debt		0	0
Collateral finance and securitization notes			0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		0	0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Mortgage loans on real estate		0	0
Policy loans		1,231	1,234
Funds withheld at interest		0	0
Real Estate Investments, Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other Joint Ventures		0	0
Cash and cash equivalents		0	0
Short-term investments		0	0
Other invested assets		65	70
Accrued investment income		630	533
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities		0	0
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		0	0
Long And Short Term Debt		0	0
Collateral finance and securitization notes			0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		361	61
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member]
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Mortgage loans on real estate		6,109	6,580
Policy loans		0	0
Funds withheld at interest		5,884	7,075
Real Estate Investments, Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other Joint Ventures		52	81
Cash and cash equivalents		0	0
Short-term investments		0	0
Other invested assets		689	750
Accrued investment income		0	0
Financial Instruments, Financial Liabilities, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities		23,065	19,540
Funds Held under Reinsurance Agreements, Liability		1,321	1,657
Long And Short Term Debt		$ 3,670	3,886
Collateral finance and securitization notes			$ 153

[1] Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

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Reinsurance Reinsurance (Ceded Reinsurance Receivable Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 2,462	$ 2,580
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	100.00%	100.00%
Other Reinsurers [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 128	$ 174
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	5.20%	6.80%
AM Best, A+ Rating [Member] | Reinsurer A [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 1,605	$ 1,626
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	65.20%	63.00%
AM Best, A+ Rating [Member] | Reinsurer B [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 401	$ 423
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	16.30%	16.40%
AM Best, A+ Rating [Member] | Reinsurer C [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 200	$ 212
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	8.10%	8.20%
AM Best, A+ Rating [Member] | Reinsurer E [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 41	$ 44
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	1.70%	1.70%
AM Best, A Rating [Member] | Reinsurer D [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 52	$ 59
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	2.10%	2.30%
AM Best, A++ Rating [Member] | Reinsurer F | Customer Concentration Risk | Reinsurance Ceded Receivables Benchmark
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	$ 35	$ 42
Reinsurance Recoverables, Percentage of Total	1.40%	1.60%

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Reinsurance (Effect of Reinsurance on Net Premiums and Claims and Other Policy Benefits) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Premiums Earned, Net [Abstract]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 26.0	$ 33.0	$ 58.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	13,823.0	13,348.0	12,583.0
Ceded Premiums Earned	(771.0)	(868.0)	(947.0)
Net premiums	13,078.0	12,513.0	11,694.0
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Net [Abstract]
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Direct	56.0	37.0	97.0
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Assumed	12,736.0	13,725.0	11,931.0
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Ceded	(746.0)	(986.0)	(953.0)
Claims and other policy benefits	$ 12,046.0	$ 12,776.0	$ 11,075.0

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Reinsurance (Effect of Reinsurance on Life Insurance In Force) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Gross Amount	$ 1,027	$ 1,117	$ 1,990
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Assumed from Other Companies	3,400,735	3,467,054	3,480,692
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	151,569	166,842	184,625
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 3,250,193	$ 3,301,329	$ 3,298,057
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	104.60%	105.00%	105.50%

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Reinsurance (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Effects of Reinsurance [Line Items]
Maximum Life Insurance Retention Per Individual Life	$ 8
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	2,462	$ 2,580
Reinsurance Claims Recoverables	183	203
Claims Recoverable From Retrocessionaires Past Due	16	10
Statutory Financial Reinsurance	28,700	25,900
Assets Held-in-trust	0	465
Benefit Of RGA Subsidiaries [Member]
Effects of Reinsurance [Line Items]
Assets Held-in-trust	3,700	4,100
Benefit Of Third Parties [Member]
Effects of Reinsurance [Line Items]
Assets Held-in-trust	$ 31,500	$ 28,700

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Movement Analysis Of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	$ 3,690	$ 3,616	$ 3,512
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost, Capitalization	632	541	478
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, Amortization Expense	(547)	(496)	(405)
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost, Amortization Expense, Other	93	(36)	22
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost, Amortization Expense, Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)	171	33	(26)
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost, Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment	(65)	32	35
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	$ 3,974	$ 3,690	$ 3,616

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Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Narrative) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Disclosures [Abstract]
Insurance Contract, Acquisition Cost [Text Block]	Some reinsurance agreements involve reimbursing the ceding company for allowances and commissions in excess of first-year premiums. These amounts represent acquisition costs and are capitalized to the extent deemed recoverable from the future premiums and amortized against future profits of the business.

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Income Tax (Pre-tax Income Foreign and Domestic) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Domestic	$ 399	$ 327	$ 79
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Foreign	432	364	474
Income before income taxes	$ 831	$ 691	$ 553

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Income Tax (Provision for Income Tax Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Current Federal Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ 9	$ 91	$ 75
Current Foreign Tax Expense (Benefit)	120	72	79
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	129	163	154
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Deferred Federal Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	68	(127)	(60)
Deferred Foreign Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	7	38	44
Deferred income taxes	75	(89)	(16)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ 204	$ 74	$ 138

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Income Tax (Provision for Income Tax Expense Computed from Statutory Rate to Pre-tax Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amount [Abstract]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Subsidiary, Amount		$ (2)	$ (1)	$ (1)
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Amount		175	145	116
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Foreign Income Tax Rate Differential, Amount		21	51	21
Income Tax Reconciliation Foreign Income Tax Basis Differential		10	(4)	(32)
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Change in Deferred Tax Assets Valuation Allowance, Amount		(6)	(18)	10
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Contingency, Domestic, Amount		3	(119)	10
Income Tax Reconciliation Change In Foreign Enacted Tax Rate		2	29	13
Gilti Net of Credits		21	11	13
Income Tax Reconciliation Subpart F		60	2	0
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Credit, Foreign, Amount		(67)	(10)	(7)
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Prior Year Income Taxes, Amount		(13)	(17)	(4)
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Other Adjustments, Amount		0	5	(1)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)		$ 204	$ 74	$ 138
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	[1]	24.60%	10.60%	24.90%

[1] The Company rounds amounts in the financial statements to millions and calculates the effective tax rate from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus certain amounts may not recalculate based on the numbers due to rounding.

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Income Tax (Total Income Taxes Provided) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Effects Allocated Directly to Equity [Abstract]
Provision for income taxes	$ 204	$ 74	$ 138
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss) on Securities Arising During Period, Tax	(2,495)	(520)	611
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Tax	21	23	(9)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Tax	7	7	(1)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Intraperiod Tax Allocation	$ (2,263)	$ (416)	$ 739

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Income Tax (Tax Effects of Temporary Differences that Give Rise to Significant Portions of the Deferred Income Tax Asset and Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred Tax Assets, Net [Abstract]
Deferred Tax Assets, Tax Deferred Expense, Reserves and Accruals	$ 90	$ 85
Deferred Tax Assets, Operating Loss Carryforwards	295	251
Deferred Tax Assets, Tax Credit Carryforwards	80	50
Deferred Tax Assets, Investments	1,309	0
Deferred Tax Assets, Other Tax Carryforwards	11	3
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	1,785	389
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance	(221)	(218)
Deferred Tax Assets, Net	1,564	171
Deferred Tax Liabilities [Abstract]
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Deferred Expense, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	756	754
Deferred Tax Liabilities Reinsurance Transactions	820	1,085
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Investments	0	793
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Undistributed Foreign Earnings	268	260
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Unrealized Currency Transaction Gains	90	66
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Prepaid Expenses	85	58
Total Deferred Income Tax Liabilities	2,019	3,016
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Net	455	2,845
Balance Sheet Presentation Of Deferred Tax Liabilities [Abstract]
Deferred Tax Assets, Other	281	41
Deferred income taxes	736	2,886
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Net	$ 455	$ 2,845

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Income Tax Income Tax (Net Operating Loss Carryforward) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 1,160
No Expiration And No Valuation Allowance [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	472
Full Valuation Allowance [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	161
No Expiration And Partial Valuation Allowance [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 527

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Income Tax (Reconciliation of the Amount of Unrecognized Tax Benefits) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns [Roll Forward]
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Beginning balance, January 1	$ 34	$ 342	$ 333
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Increases Resulting from Prior Period Tax Positions	2	2	281
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Decreases Resulting from Prior Period Tax Positions	(4)	(312)	(278)
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Increases Resulting from Current Period Tax Positions	3	2	6
Unrecognized Tax Benefits Ending balance, December 31	$ 35	$ 34	$ 342

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Income Tax (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Proceeds from Income Tax Refunds	$ 3	$ 20	$ 59
Cash paid for income taxes	131	388	167
Decrease in Unrecognized Tax Benefits is Reasonably Possible	14
Deferred Tax Assets, Tax Credit Carryforwards, Foreign	56
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Interest on Income Taxes Accrued	3	3
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Income Tax Penalties and Interest Expense		(31)	(11)
Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset, Increase (Decrease), Amount	25
Cash paid for income taxes	131	388	167
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance	221	218
Proceeds from Income Tax Refunds	3	20	59
Deferred Tax Liability Not Recognized, Amount of Unrecognized Deferred Tax Liability	1,600	1,800
Operating Loss Carryforwards	1,160
Unrecognized Tax Benefits	35	34	$ 342	$ 333
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Interest on Income Taxes Accrued	3	$ 3
Foreign Tax Authority | Revenue Commissioners, Ireland
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Deferred Tax Assets, Tax Credit Carryforwards, Foreign	$ 24

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Changes in Projected Benefit Obligations) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Beginning Balance	$ 256
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Ending Balance	214	$ 256
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Beginning Balance	256	254
Defined Benefit Plan, Service Cost	17	18	$ 14
Defined Benefit Plan, Interest Cost	6	4	6
Defined Benefit Plan, Contributions by Plan Participants (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Increase (Decrease) for Plan Amendment	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Actuarial Net (Gains) Losses	(50)	(8)
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefits Paid (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	(12)	(12)
Defined Benefit Plan, Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Changes, Benefit Obligation	(3)	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Ending Balance	214	256	254
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Beginning Balance	75	81
Defined Benefit Plan, Service Cost	3	3	3
Defined Benefit Plan, Interest Cost	2	2	2
Defined Benefit Plan, Contributions by Plan Participants (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Increase (Decrease) for Plan Amendment	2	(3)
Defined Benefit Plan, Actuarial Net (Gains) Losses	(20)	(6)
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefits Paid (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	(2)	(2)
Defined Benefit Plan, Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Changes, Benefit Obligation	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation, Ending Balance	$ 60	$ 75	$ 81

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Changes in Fair Value of Plan Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Defined Benefit Plan, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Beginning Balance	$ 179
Defined Benefit Plan, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Ending Balance	158	$ 179
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded (Unfunded) Status of Plan	(56)	(77)
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Defined Benefit Plan, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Beginning Balance	179	157
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Increase (Decrease) for Actual Return (Loss)	(30)	15
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Contributions by Employer	21	19
Defined Benefit Plan, Contributions by Plan Participants (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefits Paid (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	(12)	(12)
Defined Benefit Plan, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Ending Balance	158	179
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded (Unfunded) Status of Plan	(56)	(77)
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Defined Benefit Plan, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Beginning Balance	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Increase (Decrease) for Actual Return (Loss)	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Contributions by Employer	2	2
Defined Benefit Plan, Contributions by Plan Participants (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefits Paid (Deprecated 2017-01-31)	(2)	(2)
Defined Benefit Plan, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Ending Balance	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded (Unfunded) Status of Plan	$ (60)	$ (75)

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Net Funded Status) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount		$ 158	$ 179
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation		214	256
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded Status of Plan, Total		(56)	(77)
Qualified Plan [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount		158	179
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation		142	166
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded Status of Plan, Total		16	13
Nonqualified Plan [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	[1]	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation	[1]	72	90
Defined Benefit Plan, Funded Status of Plan, Total	[1]	$ (72)	$ (90)

[1] For non-qualified plans, there are no required funding levels.

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Amounts Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Gain (Loss), before Tax	$ 40	$ 52
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Net Prior Service Costs (Credit) Arising During Period, Net of Tax	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Adjustment, Net of Tax	40	52
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Gain (Loss), before Tax	(1)	20
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Net Prior Service Costs (Credit) Arising During Period, Net of Tax	(6)	(9)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Adjustment, Net of Tax	$ (7)	$ 11

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Projected Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets) (Details) - Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Benefit Obligation	$ 73	$ 256
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	$ 0	$ 179

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan with Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets, Accumulated Benefit Obligation	$ 66	$ 248
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	$ 0	$ 179

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Employee Benefit Plans (Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit) [Abstract]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	$ 33	$ 27	$ (2)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	3	(2)	1
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit) [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Service Cost	17	18	14
Defined Benefit Plan, Interest Cost	6	4	6
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Return (Loss) on Plan Assets	(12)	(10)	(9)
Defined Benefit Plan, Amortization of Gain (Loss)	3	6	5
Defined Benefit Plan, Amortization of Prior Service Cost (Credit)	0	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit), Gain (Loss) Due to Settlement	0	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Total	14	18	16
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, before Tax	(9)	(13)	17
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	(3)	(6)	(5)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Settlement and Curtailment Gain (Loss), before Tax	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), before Tax	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income Defined Benefit Plan Net Foreign Exchange Translations And Other Adjustments	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, after Reclassification Adjustment, before Tax	(12)	(19)	12
Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Cost And Other Comprehensive Income Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment Before Tax Period Increase Decrease	2	(1)	28
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit) [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Service Cost	3	3	3
Defined Benefit Plan, Interest Cost	2	2	2
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Return (Loss) on Plan Assets	0	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Amortization of Gain (Loss)	1	2	2
Defined Benefit Plan, Amortization of Prior Service Cost (Credit)	(2)	(1)	(1)
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit), Gain (Loss) Due to Settlement	0	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Total	4	6	6
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, before Tax	(20)	(6)	(8)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	(1)	(2)	(2)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	2	1	1
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Settlement and Curtailment Gain (Loss), before Tax	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), before Tax	(1)	3	0
Other Comprehensive Income Defined Benefit Plan Net Foreign Exchange Translations And Other Adjustments	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, after Reclassification Adjustment, before Tax	(18)	(10)	(9)
Defined Benefit Plan Net Periodic Benefit Cost And Other Comprehensive Income Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment Before Tax Period Increase Decrease	$ (14)	$ (4)	$ (3)

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Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Expected Future Benefit Payments) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Estimated Future Benefit Payments [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments in Year One	$ 12
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments in Year Two	15
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment, Year Three	16
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment, Year Four	17
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment, Year Five	17
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments in Five Fiscal Years Thereafter	99
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Estimated Future Benefit Payments [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments in Year One	2
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments in Year Two	3
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment, Year Three	3
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment, Year Four	3
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment, Year Five	4
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payments in Five Fiscal Years Thereafter	$ 21

XML

Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Assumptions Used Calculating Benefit Obligations) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used in Calculations [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Benefit Obligation, Discount Rate	5.00%	2.64%	2.22%
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Benefit Obligation, Rate of Compensation Increase	4.96%	4.74%	4.69%
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Discount Rate	2.65%	2.21%	3.03%
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Expected Long-term Rate of Return on Plan Assets	6.50%	6.50%	7.00%
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Benefit Obligation, Rate of Compensation Increase	4.75%	4.71%	4.60%
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used in Calculations [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Benefit Obligation, Discount Rate	4.99%	2.76%	2.41%
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Discount Rate	2.76%	2.41%	3.17%

XML

Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Health Care Costs Trend Rates) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates [Abstract]
Defined Benefit Plan, Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumed, Next Fiscal Year	7.00%	6.50%
Defined Benefit Plan, Ultimate Health Care Cost Trend Rate	4.50%	4.50%
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rate, Description	2028	2026

XML

Employee Benefit Plans (Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	$ 158		$ 179
Mutual Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	$ 158	[1]	$ 179	[2]
U.S. Equity Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Actual Allocation, Percentage	25.00%		27.00%
U.S. Fixed Income Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Actual Allocation, Percentage	40.00%		38.00%
Non-U.S. Equity Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Actual Allocation, Percentage	16.00%		18.00%
Other [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Actual Allocation, Percentage	19.00%		17.00%
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	$ 0		$ 0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	158		179
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Mutual Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	158	[1]	179	[2]
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Mutual Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	0	[1]	0	[2]
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	0		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Mutual Funds [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	0	[1]	0	[2]
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Amount	$ 0		$ 0

[1] Mutual funds were invested 25% in U.S. equity funds, 40% in U.S. fixed income funds, 16% in non-U.S. equity funds and 19% in other.

[2] Mutual funds were invested 27% in U.S. equity funds, 38% in U.S. fixed income funds, 18% in non-U.S. equity funds and 17% in other.

XML

Employee Benefit Plans (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan with Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets, Accumulated Benefit Obligation	$ 66	$ 248
Defined Contribution Plan, Cost	23	21	$ 19
Pension Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit)	14	18	16
Defined Benefit Plan, Estimated Future Employer Contributions in Next Fiscal Year	4
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit)	4	$ 6	$ 6
Defined Benefit Plan, Estimated Future Employer Contributions in Next Fiscal Year	$ 2
Debt Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Target Allocation Percentage of Assets, Equity Securities	40.00%
Equity Securities [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Change In Benefit Obligation [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Target Allocation Percentage of Assets, Equity Securities	60.00%

XML

Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis - Significant Subsidiaries (Statutory Accounting Practices Disclosure) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
RGA Reinsurance [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	$ 2,262	$ 2,368
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	(332)	(98)	$ (133)
RGA Canada [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	938	903
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	108	25	152
RGA Barbados [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	1,074	1,781
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	(353)	52	268
RGA Australia [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	387	485
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	(68)	(22)	42
RGA Atlantic [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	759	1,137
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	36	(226)	175
RGA International Reinsurance Company dac [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	214	1,121
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	31	43	52
RGA Americas [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	1,607	6,812
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	(441)	(241)	879
Other Reinsurance Subsidiaries [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	1,038	1,015
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	300	(152)	194
RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	639	702
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	8	10	104
RGA Global Reinsurance Company
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	382	565
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	0	93	59
RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Capital and Surplus, Balance	2,516	2,362
Statutory Accounting Practices, Statutory Net Income Amount	$ 5	$ (13)	$ 4

XML

Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis - Significant Subsidiaries (Reconciliation of NAIC SAP and Prescribed Practice) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statutory Basis [Abstract]
Prescribed Practice Surplus Note	$ 527	$ 403
Prescribed Practice Letters Of Credit	(301)	(461)
Surplus Deficit NAIC SAP	$ 226	$ (58)

XML

Financial Condition and Net Income on a Statutory Basis - Significant Subsidiaries (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Statutory Basis [Abstract]
Number Of Preceeding Months To Accumulate Dividend Paid For Approval	12 months
Future Dividend Payment Restricted To Such Percent Of Surplus To Policy Holders	10.00%
RGA Reinsurance Max Dividend Payments Without Approval	$ 226

XML

Commitments Contingencies and Guarantees (Commitments to Fund Investments) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Limited Partner [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Fair Value Disclosure, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Face Amount, Liability	$ 937	$ 1,031
Commercial Loan [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Fair Value Disclosure, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Face Amount, Liability	137	152
Bank Loan Obligations [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Fair Value Disclosure, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Face Amount, Liability	682	768
Equity Release Mortgages [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Fair Value Disclosure, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Face Amount, Liability	$ 59	$ 41

XML

Commitments Contingencies and Guarantees (Maximum Potential Obligation) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Commitment Period Two Thousand Thirty Five [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	$ 2,628
Commitment Period Two Thousand Thirty Six [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	3,599
Commitment Period Two Thousand Thirty Seven [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	6,850
Commitment Period Two Thousand Thirty Eight [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	800
Commitment Period Two Thousand Thirty Nine [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	8,751
Commitment Period Two Thousand Thirty Four
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	1,243
Commitment Period Two Thousand Forty Six
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	$ 3,000

XML

Commitments Contingencies and Guarantees (Guarantees Issued) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Insurance Treaty Guarantee [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Current Carrying Value	$ 1,851	$ 2,208
Insurance Treaty Guarantee Net Of Assets Held In Trust [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Current Carrying Value	1,081	1,281
Guarantee Of Borrowed Securities [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Current Carrying Value	$ 170	$ 134

XML

Commitments Contingencies and Guarantees (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Maximum Capital Lease Obligations As Offset Against Industrial Bonds	$ 150
Federal Home Loan Bank, Advances, Branch of FHLB Bank, Amount of Advances	1,300	$ 1,400
Other Notes Payable	$ 900	$ 500

XML

Debt (Schedule of Long-term Debt Instruments) (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jun. 30, 2006
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 3,993,000,000	$ 3,695,000,000
Debt Issuance Cost	32,000,000	28,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount			$ 850,000,000
Long-term debt	3,961,000,000	3,667,000,000
Senior Notes Due 2023 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	400,000,000	400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	4.70%
Senior Notes Due 2026 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 400,000,000	400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.95%
Senior Notes Due 2029 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 599,000,000	599,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 600,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.90%
Subordinated Debentures Due 2042 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 0	400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	6.20%
Subordinated Debentures Due 2056 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 400,000,000	400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	5.75%
Junior Subordinated Debentures Due 2065 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 319,000,000	319,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	4.82%
Notes Payable to Banks [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 77,000,000	80,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 100,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	4.09%
Senior Notes Due 2030
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 598,000,000	597,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 600,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.15%
Surplus Note Due 2051
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 500,000,000	500,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 500,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	4.00%
Subordinated Debentures Due 2052
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 700,000,000	$ 0
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 700,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	7.125%

XML

Debt (Repayments of Debt) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Next Twelve Months	$ 403
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Two	3
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Three	4
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Four	404
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Five	4
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal after Year Five	$ 3,179

XML

Debt (Schedule of Line of Credit Facilities) (Details) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 928
Syndicated Credit Facility $850 Million [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		850
Long-term Line of Credit	[1]	$ 1	$ 21
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description		Senior unsecured long-term debt rating
Credit Facility 100 Million [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 100
Long-term Line of Credit	[1]	$ 97	51
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description		Fixed
Foreign Line of Credit [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	[2]	$ 3
Long-term Line of Credit	[1],[2]	$ 3	80
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description	[2]	Fixed
Syndicated Credit Facility $500 Million [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 500
Long-term Line of Credit	[1]	$ 346	376
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description		Debt rating and utilization %
Credit Facility 100 Million (2024)
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 100
Long-term Line of Credit	[1]	$ 30	40
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description		Fixed
Credit Facility 125 Million
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 125
Long-term Line of Credit	[1]	$ 103	108
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description		Fixed
Credit Facility 100 Million (2025)
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 100
Long-term Line of Credit	[1]	$ 70	$ 70
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate Description		Fixed

[1] Represents issued but undrawn letters of credit. There was no cash borrowed for the periods presented.

[2] Foreign currency denominated facility, amounts presented are in U.S. dollars.

XML

Debt (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Jun. 30, 2006

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Issuance Cost

$ 32,000,000

$ 28,000,000

Undrawn Outstanding Letters Of Credit In Favor Of Third Parties

128,000,000

53,000,000

Undrawn Outstanding Letters Of Credit Between Subsidiaries

1,462,000,000

$ 1,440,000,000

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 850,000,000

Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity

$ 928,000,000

Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate

4.71%

4.42%

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 3,993,000,000

$ 3,695,000,000

Long-term debt

3,961,000,000

3,667,000,000

Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Four

404,000,000

Line of Credit Facility, Commitment Fee Amount

11,000,000

11,000,000

$ 10,000,000

Proceeds from Debt, Net of Issuance Costs

690,000,000

Debt Related Commitment Fees and Debt Issuance Costs

10,000,000

Debt Instrument, Repurchase Amount

$ 151,000,000

Debt

DEBT

Long-Term Debt

The Company’s long-term debt consists of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

	2022		2021
$400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023	$	400	$	400
$400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026	400		400
$600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029	599		599
$600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030	598		597
$100 million 4.09% Promissory Note due 2039	77		80
$400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042	—		400
$500 million 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051	500		500
$700 million 7.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2052	700		—
$400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056	400		400
$400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065	319		319
Sub-total	3,993		3,695
Unamortized issuance costs	(32)		(28)
Long-term Debt	$	3,961	$	3,667

RGA has entered into an interest rate swap on its Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures that effectively fixes the interest rate on these securities at 4.82% until December 2037.

On September 15, 2022, RGA announced a cash tender offer for any and all of its outstanding 6.20% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2042 (the “2042 Debentures”) at a price of $25.20 for each $25 principal amount. The tender offer expired on September 22, 2022, and a total of $151 million or approximately 38%, of the aggregate principal amount of the 2042 Debentures were tendered. The Company redeemed the remaining debentures in accordance with the indenture governing the 2042 Debentures on December 15, 2022.

On September 23, 2022, RGA issued 7.125% fixed-rate reset subordinated debentures due October 15, 2052, with a face amount of $700 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $690 million and a portion was used to pay for the tender offer and redemption of the 2042 Debentures. The remaining proceeds will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $10 million.

On December 13, 2021, RGA Reinsurance, a subsidiary of RGA issued to unaffiliated financial institutions 4.00% Surplus Notes due 2051 (the “Surplus Notes”). The proceeds of the Surplus Notes was $500 million. RGA Reinsurance will use the proceeds of the Surplus Notes for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $6 million.

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-default covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event that results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $3,993 million and $3,695 million, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the average interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 4.71% and 4.42%, respectively.

The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds. Future principal payments due on long-term debt, excluding discounts, as of December 31, 2022, were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Calendar Year
	2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter
Long-term debt	$	403	$	3	$	4	$	404	$	4	$	3,179

Credit and Committed Facilities

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were approximately $128 million and $53 million, respectively, of undrawn outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, the Company utilizes letters of credit primarily to secure reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions such as the U.S. and the UK. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $1,462 million and $1,440 million, respectively, in undrawn letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, primarily backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company. The banks providing letters of credit to the Company are included on the NAIC list of approved banks.

The Company maintains seven committed credit facilities, a syndicated revolving credit facility and six letter of credit facilities. The committed credit facilities have a combined capacity of $928 million while the syndicated revolving credit facility is for $850 million and the remaining letter of credit facilities have a capacity of $1,250 million. The Company may borrow cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies under its syndicated revolving credit facility. The following table provides additional information on the Company’s existing committed credit facilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):

				Amount Utilized(1) December 31,
Current Capacity			Maturity Date	2022		2021		Basis of Fees
$	850		August 2023	$	1	$	21	Senior unsecured long-term debt rating
500			November 2023	346		376		Debt rating and utilization %
3		(2)	December 2023	3		80		Fixed
100			February 2024	97		51		Fixed
125			March 2024	103		108		Fixed
100			August 2024	30		40		Fixed
100			May 2025	70		70		Fixed

(1)Represents issued but undrawn letters of credit. There was no cash borrowed for the periods presented.

(2)Foreign currency denominated facility, amounts presented are in U.S. dollars.

Fees associated with the Company’s other letters of credit are not fixed for periods in excess of one year and are based on the Company’s ratings and the general availability of these instruments in the marketplace. Total fees expensed associated with the Company’s letters of credit were $11 million, $11 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 25.20

Debt Instrument Redemption Principal Amount

$ 25

Debt Instrument, Redemption Price, Percentage of Principal Amount Redeemed

38.00%

Senior Notes Due 2026 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

3.95%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 400,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 400,000,000

400,000,000

Subordinated Debentures Due 2056 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

5.75%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 400,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 400,000,000

400,000,000

Junior Subordinated Debentures Due 2065 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

4.82%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 400,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 319,000,000

319,000,000

Subordinated Debentures Due 2042 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

6.20%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 400,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 0

400,000,000

Senior Notes Due 2023 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

4.70%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 400,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 400,000,000

400,000,000

Notes Payable to Banks [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

4.09%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 100,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 77,000,000

80,000,000

Senior Notes Due 2029 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

3.90%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 600,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 599,000,000

599,000,000

Senior Notes Due 2030

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

3.15%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 600,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 598,000,000

597,000,000

Surplus Note Due 2051

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage

4.00%

Debt Instrument, Face Amount

$ 500,000,000

Long-term Debt, Gross

$ 500,000,000

500,000,000

Debt Instrument, Offering Date

Dec. 13, 2021

Debt Related Commitment Fees and Debt Issuance Costs

$ 6,000,000

Syndicated Credit Facility $850 Million [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity

850,000,000

Long-term Line of Credit

^[1]

1,000,000

$ 21,000,000

Revolving Credit Facility

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity

$ 1,250,000,000

[1] Represents issued but undrawn letters of credit. There was no cash borrowed for the periods presented.

XML

Debt (Senior Note Offering) (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2006
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 850,000,000
Proceeds from Debt, Net of Issuance Costs	$ 690,000,000
Debt Related Commitment Fees and Debt Issuance Costs	$ 10,000,000
Senior Notes Due 2029 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	3.90%
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 600,000,000
Subordinated Debentures Due 2052
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Offering Date	Sep. 23, 2022
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	7.125%
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 700,000,000

XML

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes (List of Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Collateralized Financings	$ 0	$ 180
Debt Issuance Cost	(32)	(28)
Timerberlake Financial [Member]
Collateralized Financings	0	181
Secured Debt [Member]
Debt Issuance Cost	$ 0	$ (1)

XML

Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2006
Collateral Finance Facility [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount				$ 850,000,000
Direct investment in subsidiary				$ 113,000,000
Assets Held-in-trust	$ 0	$ 465,000,000
Amount Held In Debt Service Coverage Account	0	39,000,000
Collateral Financing Expense	7,000,000	12,000,000	$ 17,000,000
Debt Issuance Cost	32,000,000	28,000,000
Timerberlake Financial [Member]
Collateral Finance Facility [Line Items]
Collateral Financing Expense	$ 2,000,000	$ 1,000,000	$ 3,000,000

XML

Segment Information (Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 16,258	$ 16,658	$ 14,596
Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	8,729	8,690	7,780
Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	1,570	1,549	1,352
EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	2,453	2,443	2,104
Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	3,299	3,195	3,115
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	207	781	245
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	7,629	7,198	6,560
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	1,465	1,448	1,260
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	1,830	1,827	1,633
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	2,823	2,778	2,806
Insurance, Other [Member] | Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	1,100	1,492	1,220
Insurance, Other [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	105	101	92
Insurance, Other [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	623	616	471
Insurance, Other [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Revenue Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 476	$ 417	$ 309

XML

Segment Information (Reconciliation of Income before Income Taxes from Segments to Consolidated) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	$ 831	$ 691	$ 553
Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	467	(25)	(3)
Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	118	143	155
EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	206	64	285
Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	276	88	233
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	(236)	421	(117)
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	268	(540)	(298)
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	86	128	134
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	10	(239)	27
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	294	(10)	174
Insurance, Other [Member] | Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	199	515	295
Insurance, Other [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	32	15	21
Insurance, Other [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	196	303	258
Insurance, Other [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	$ (18)	$ 98	$ 59

XML

Segment Information (Reconciliation of Interest Expense from Segments to Consolidated) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest expense	$ 184	$ 127	$ 170
Corporate Segment [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest expense	$ 184	$ 127	$ 170

XML

Segment Information (Reconciliation of Depreciation and Amortization from Segment to Consolidated) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	$ (454)	$ (680)	$ (589)
Americas [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(203)	(440)	(381)
Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(22)	(21)	(24)
EMEA [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(61)	(67)	(47)
Asia Pacific [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(150)	(130)	(114)
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(18)	(22)	(23)
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Americas [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(314)	(360)	(291)
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(22)	(21)	(24)
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(60)	(66)	(46)
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(82)	(87)	(94)
Insurance, Other [Member] | Americas [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(111)	(80)	(90)
Insurance, Other [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	0	0	0
Insurance, Other [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	(1)	(1)	(1)
Insurance, Other [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization [Abstract]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	$ (68)	$ (43)	$ (20)

XML

Segment Information (Reconciliation of Assets from Segment to Consolidated) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	$ 84,706	$ 92,175
Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	45,795	49,600
Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	4,964	5,109
EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	9,721	11,835
Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	20,138	17,726
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	4,088	7,905
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	20,567	20,572
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	4,912	5,091
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	4,723	4,670
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	9,510	10,048
Insurance, Other [Member] | Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	25,228	29,028
Insurance, Other [Member] | Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	52	18
Insurance, Other [Member] | EMEA [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	4,998	7,165
Insurance, Other [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Segment Reporting, Asset Reconciling Item [Line Items]
Total assets	$ 10,628	$ 7,678

XML

Policy Claims and Benefits (Claims Development) (Details) - Life Insurance Product Line [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2013
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net		$ 1,236
Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	1,620
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net, Not Separately Presented	[1]	79
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	2,048
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	507
Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	3,982
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net, Not Separately Presented	[1]	108
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	4,603
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	729
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2013 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	306	$ 300	$ 294	$ 285	$ 273	$ 253	$ 228	$ 202	$ 139	$ 48
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	323	319	318	319	317	303	291	293	302	282
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		4
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2013 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	311	309	305	302	297	292	286	277	249	114
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	336	336	335	337	336	336	337	339	333	$ 349
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		0
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2014 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	255	251	244	234	221	199	171	131	33
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	275	276	277	277	275	262	257	290	267
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		4
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2014 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	378	374	368	364	356	349	337	305	129
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	401	401	399	399	396	397	396	411	$ 408
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		0
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2015 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	240	235	226	214	196	162	115	47
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	258	258	259	258	258	242	249	269
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		6
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2015 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	446	441	437	431	422	407	361	146
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	464	463	463	462	462	465	461	$ 460
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		0
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2016 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	180	172	161	148	129	94	37
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	210	209	212	213	206	199	220
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		5
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2016 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	472	467	460	451	437	393	185
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	499	498	497	497	501	500	$ 501
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		0
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2017 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	160	147	132	111	84	34
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	196	198	210	207	208	205
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		3
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2017 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	474	468	462	448	403	190
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	504	503	504	509	514	$ 485
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		0
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2018 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	191	171	142	103	31
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	239	245	256	262	245
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		9
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Accident Year 2018 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	489	479	465	415	183
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	520	517	524	538	$ 538
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		1
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2019 [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	174	136	99	37
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	251	260	253	245
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		19
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2019 [Member] | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	428	418	372	180
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	453	456	473	$ 491
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		2
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2020 | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	80	53	22
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	142	141	145
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		23
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2020 | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	388	356	159
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	415	426	$ 469
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		5
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2021 | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	23	8
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	61	67
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		12
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2021 | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	414	177
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	492	509
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		27
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2022 | Asia Pacific [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	11
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	93
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		57
Short-Duration Insurance Contract, Accident Year 2022 | Americas [Member]
Claims Development [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]		$ 182
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	519
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims Liability, Net		$ 227

[1] 2013 – 2021 unaudited.

XML

Policy Claims and Benefits Policy Claims and Benefits (Schedule of Historical Claims Duration) (Details) - Life Insurance Product Line [Member]	Dec. 31, 2022
Americas [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year One	35.70%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Two	44.10%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Three	9.00%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Four	2.70%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Five	1.70%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Six	1.40%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Seven	1.10%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Eight	1.30%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Nine	1.10%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Ten	0.80%
Asia Pacific [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year One	14.80%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Two	27.10%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Three	16.60%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Four	11.10%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Five	7.60%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Six	5.40%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Seven	3.70%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Eight	2.50%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Nine	2.00%
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration, Year Ten	1.70%

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Policy Claims and Benefits (Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Reinsurance Recoverable for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments		$ 439	$ 556	$ 641	$ 564
Short-duration Insurance Contract, Discounted Liability, Discount		80
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense, Other Reconciling Item		2,492
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense, Aggregate Reconciling Items		5,152
Liability for Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense		7,644	$ 8,053	$ 7,556	$ 6,786
Canada Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense, Other Reconciling Item		309
EMEA [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense, Other Reconciling Item		768
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense, Other Reconciling Item		259
Life Insurance Product Line [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net		1,236
Reinsurance Recoverable for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments		10
Short-duration Insurance Contract, Discounted Liability, Discount for Reinsurance		(97)
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Accumulated Unallocated Claim Adjustment Expense		7
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Asia Pacific [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	507
Life Insurance Product Line [Member] | Americas [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Line Items]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net	[1]	$ 729

[1] 2013 – 2021 unaudited.

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Policy Claims and Benefits Policy Claims and Benefits (Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Roll Forward]
Liability for Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense Beginning Balance	$ 8,053	$ 7,556	$ 6,786
Reinsurance Recoverable for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments, Beginning Balance	(556)	(641)	(564)
Liability For Unpaid Claims And Claims Adjustment Expense Net Of Recoverable, Beginning Balance	7,497	6,915	6,222
Current Year Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense	11,018	13,181	11,195
Prior Year Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense	(143)	(377)	(123)
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Incurred Claims	10,875	12,804	11,318
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Claims Paid, Current Year	(4,282)	(6,284)	(5,617)
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Claims Paid, Prior Years	(6,634)	(5,810)	(5,204)
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Claims Paid	(10,916)	(12,094)	(10,821)
Interest On Liability For Policy And Contract Claims	34	31	36
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss)	(285)	159	(160)
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense Other	(251)	(128)	(196)
Liability For Unpaid Claims And Claims Adjustment Expense Net Of Recoverable, Ending Balance	7,205	7,497	6,915
Reinsurance Recoverable for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments, Ending Balance	439	556	641
Liability for Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Ending Balance	$ 7,644	$ 8,053	$ 7,556

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Equity Equity (Common Stock Changes in Number of Shares Issued, Held in Treasury and Oustanding) (Details) - shares		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares, Issued		85,310,598	85,310,598
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues				(6,172,840)
Common Stock Issuable [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares, Issued		85,310,598	85,310,598	85,310,598	79,137,758
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		0		(6,172,840)
Stock Based Compensation Shares	[1]	0	0	0
Treasury Stock, Shares, Acquired			0	0
Common Stock Held In Treasury [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares, Issued		18,634,390	18,139,868	17,353,697	16,481,656
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		(599,254)		0
Stock Based Compensation Shares	[1]	(104,732)	(65,866)	(202,372)
Treasury Stock, Shares, Acquired			(852,037)	(1,074,413)
Common Stock Outstanding [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares, Issued		66,676,208	67,170,730	67,956,901	62,656,102
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		(599,254)		(6,172,840)
Stock Based Compensation Shares	[1]	(104,732)	(65,866)	(202,372)
Treasury Stock, Shares, Acquired			(852,037)	(1,074,413)

[1] Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s stock-based compensation programs.

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Equity (Share Repurchase Program) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Treasury Stock, Value, Acquired, Cost Method	$ 81	$ 99	$ 163
Share Repurchase Program [Member]
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Treasury Stock, Shares, Acquired	599,254,000	852,037,000
Treasury Stock, Value, Acquired, Cost Method	$ 75	$ 96
Treasury Stock Acquired, Average Cost Per Share	$ 125.15	$ 112.64
2019 Share Repurchase Program
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Stock Repurchase Program, Number of Shares Authorized to be Repurchased	219,116
Payments for Repurchase of Common Stock	$ 25
2022 Share Repurchase Program
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Stock Repurchase Program, Number of Shares Authorized to be Repurchased	380,138
Payments for Repurchase of Common Stock	$ 50

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Equity (Components of Other Comprehensive Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent [Abstract]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax		$ (205)	$ 85	$ 43
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, Tax		(8)	(24)	3
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, Net of Tax		(213)	61	46
Other Comprehensive Income Foreign Currency Transaction And Translation Gain Loss Arising During Period Foreign Currency Swap, Before Reclassification and Tax		64	(2)	(29)
Other Comprehensive Income Foreign Currency Transaction And Translation Gain Loss Arising During Period Foreign Currency Swap Tax		(13)	1	6
Other Comprehensive Income Foreign Currency Transaction And Translation Gain Loss Arising During Period Foreign Currency Swap Net Of Tax		51	(1)	(23)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, before Tax		(141)	83	14
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Tax		(21)	(23)	9
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(162)	60	23
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, before Tax	[1]	(11,821)	(2,093)	2,812
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, Tax	[1]	2,536	471	(614)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, after Tax	[1]	(9,285)	(1,622)	2,198
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Transfers from Held-to-maturity to Available-for-Sale Securities, before Tax	[1]	(218)	226	(8)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Transfers from Held-to-maturity to Available-for-Sale Securities, Tax	[1]	41	(49)	(1)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Transfers from Held-to-maturity to Available-for-Sale Securities, Net of Tax	[1]	(177)	177	(9)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Securities, Available-for-sale, Adjustment, before Reclassification Adjustments and Tax	[1]	(11,603)	(2,319)	2,820
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Available-for-sale Securities, before Reclassification Adjustments, Tax	[1]	2,495	520	(613)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Securities, Available-for-sale, Adjustment, after Tax	[1]	(9,108)	(1,799)	2,207
Other than Temporary Impairment Loss, Investments, Portion in Other Comprehensive Loss, before Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent, Available-for-sale Securities		0	0	(8)
Other than Temporary Impairment Losses, Investments, Portion in Other Comprehensive Loss, Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent, Available-for-sale Securities		0	0	2
Change in other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturity securities		0	0	(6)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax		(3)	2	(1)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Tax		1	0	0
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, after Tax		(2)	2	(1)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax		33	27	(2)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Tax		(8)	(7)	1
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, after Tax		25	20	(1)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax		30	29	(3)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Tax		(7)	(7)	1
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments		23	22	(2)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), before Tax		(11,714)	(2,207)	2,823
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax		2,467	490	(601)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		$ (9,247)	$ (1,717)	$ 2,222

[1] Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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Equity (Components of Net Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation of Balances Carried at Fair Value) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021		Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Comprehensive Income Net Of Tax [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		$ (52,901)	[1]	$ (60,749)	[2]
Other invested assets		(1,140)		(1,074)
Deferred policy acquisition costs		3,974		3,690		$ 3,616	$ 3,512
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss Change In Component During Period		(11,603)		(2,319)		2,812
Change In Net Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation [Member]
Comprehensive Income Net Of Tax [Line Items]
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		(11,632)		(2,299)		(2,837)
Other invested assets	[3]	(186)		(64)		(29)
Effect On Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation [Member]
Comprehensive Income Net Of Tax [Line Items]
Deferred policy acquisition costs		$ 215		$ 44		$ 54

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

[3] Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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Equity (Balance of and Changes in Each Component of AOCI) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss Net Of Tax [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of year		$ 3,642	$ 5,359	$ 3,137
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		(12,158)	(2,039)	2,859
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax		444	(168)	(36)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax		2,467	490	(601)
Balance, end of year		(5,605)	3,642	5,359
Accumulated Translation Adjustment [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss Net Of Tax [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of year		(9)	(69)	(92)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		(141)	83	14
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax		0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax		(21)	(23)	9
Balance, end of year		(171)	(9)	(69)
Accumulated Net Unrealized Investment Gain (Loss) [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss Net Of Tax [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of year	[1]	3,701	5,500	3,299
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax	[1]	(12,045)	(2,144)	2,854
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax	[1]	(442)	175	42
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax	[1]	2,495	520	(611)
Balance, end of year	[1]	(5,407)	3,701	5,500
Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss Net Of Tax [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of year		(50)	(72)	(70)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		28	22	(9)
Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Current Period, Net of Tax		(2)	(7)	(6)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax		(7)	(7)	1
Balance, end of year		(27)	(50)	(72)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss Net Of Tax [Roll Forward]
Stockholders' Equity, Other		$ 0	$ 0	$ (12)

[1] Includes cash flow hedges of $(205), $(22) and $(49) as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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Equity (Schedule of Reclassifications out of AOCI) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Net investment income		$ 3,161	$ 3,138	$ 2,575
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost, Amortization Expense, Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)		(171)	(33)	26
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax		3	(2)	1
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax		(33)	(27)	2
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest		831	691	553
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)		(204)	(74)	(138)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		623	617	$ 415
Amortization Of Unrealized Pension And Postretirement Benefits [Member]
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Defined Benefit Plan, Prior Service Cost (Credit), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	[1]	2	(1)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Defined Benefit Plan, Gain (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, before Tax	[1]	(4)	(8)
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest		(2)	(7)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)		0	1
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		(2)	(6)
Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation Of Investments [Member]
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Other investment related gains (losses), net		(218)	226
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost, Amortization Expense, Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)	[2]	(215)	(44)
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest		(442)	175
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)		335	(38)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		(107)	137
Amounts Reclassified From AOCI [Member]
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		(109)	131
Interest Rate Options [Member] | Unrealized Gains Losses On Available For Sale Securities [Member] | Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation Of Investments [Member]
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	[3]	(1)	(7)
Currency Swap [Member] | Unrealized Gains Losses On Available For Sale Securities [Member] | Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation Of Investments [Member]
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	[3]	(8)	0
Forward Contracts [Member] | Unrealized Gains Losses On Available For Sale Securities [Member] | Unrealized Appreciation Depreciation Of Investments [Member]
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	[3]	$ 0	$ 0

[1] See Note 10 for information on employee benefit plans.

[2] See Note 8 for information on deferred policy acquisition costs.

[3] See Note 5 for information on cash flow hedges.

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Equity (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Equity [Abstract]
Stock Repurchase Program, Authorized Amount	$ 400.0		$ 400.0
Treasury Stock, Value, Acquired, Cost Method	81.0	$ 99.0	163.0
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	$ 0.0	0.0	$ 481.0
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues			6,172,840
Shares Issued, Price Per Share			$ 81.00
Common stock par value	$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Common Stock Issued Underwriter Option			925,926
Common Stock Price Per Share Underwriter Option			$ 81.00
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 90.0	0.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 4.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Noncontrolling Interest, Dividend Requirements of Preferred Stock	In 2022, Papara Financing LLC (“Papara”), a subsidiary of RGA Reinsurance, issued nonconvertible preferred interests to an unaffiliated third party. Papara holds investments in mortgage loans. The membership interests in Papara consist of (1) common interests, which are held by RGA Reinsurance and (2) preferred interests. The preferred interests total $90 million and pay an initial preferred distribution at an annual rate of 2.375% plus three month LIBOR. The applicable rate of interest is reset every five years. Distributions are paid quarterly, if declared by Papara. RGA can call the Papara preferred interests at the issue price beginning five years from the issuance date or upon the receipt of proceeds from the sale of the underlying assets. The holders of the Papara preferred interests have the option to require redemption upon the occurrence of certain contingent events, such as the failure of Papara to pay the preferred distribution for two or more periods or to meet certain other requirements, including a minimum credit rating. If notice is given upon such an event, all other holders of equal or more subordinate classes of membership interests in Papara are entitled to receive the same form of consideration payable to the holders of the preferred interests, resulting in a deemed liquidation for accounting purposes.

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Equity Based Compensation (Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 106.53		$ 129.01	$ 117.85
Options, Outstanding, Intrinsic Value	$ 68.7
Options, Exercisable, Intrinsic Value	$ 57.8
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Outstanding, Number, Beginning Balance	340,405
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	78,687
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	0
Forfeited	(1,511)
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance	244,980	[1]	340,405
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 106.53
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Other Increases (Decreases) in Period	(172,601)
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Outstanding, Number, Beginning Balance	379,888
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	219,553
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	(21,552)
Forfeited	(11,454)
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance	566,435	[1]	379,888
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Other Increases (Decreases) in Period	0
Stock Options [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Outstanding, Number, Beginning Balance	2,222,714
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	258,327
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	(251,305)
Forfeited	(8,449)
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance	2,221,287		2,222,714
Options exercisable	1,818,128
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning of Period	$ 107.39
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	106.53
Exercised / Lapsed	64.79
Forfeited	124.29
Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, End of Period	112.05		$ 107.39
Options exercisable	$ 111.35

[1] Amount outstanding at December 31, 2022, includes the amount of shares to be issued under RSUs expected to vest and number of shares to be issued under performance continent awards at target performance. The amount of shares do not reflect potential increases or decreases that may result from the performance factor results except for the 2020 – 2022 grants which vested as of December 31, 2022.

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Equity Based Compensation (Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans by Exercise Price Range) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding | shares	2,221,287
Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	5 years 3 months 18 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 112.05
Options Exercisable | shares	1,818,128
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$ 111.35
$50.00 - $59.99 [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding | shares	145,026
Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	9 months 18 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 70.87
Options Exercisable | shares	145,026
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$ 70.87
Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	50.00
Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit	$ 89.99
$60.00 - $69.99 [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding | shares	688,154
Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	2 years 9 months 18 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 92.56
Options Exercisable | shares	688,154
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$ 92.56
Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	90.00
Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit	$ 99.99
$70.00 - $79.99 [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding | shares	1,045,417
Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	7 years 4 months 24 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 118.87
Options Exercisable | shares	642,258
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$ 121.18
Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	100.00
Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit	$ 139.99
$90.00 plus [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding | shares	342,690
Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	5 years 8 months 12 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 147.80
Options Exercisable | shares	342,690
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$ 147.80
Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	$ 140.00

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Equity Based Compensation (Weighted Average Assumptions) (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Dividend Rate	2.74%	2.17%	2.37%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate	2.41%	1.04%	0.69%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate	36.00%	34.50%	18.80%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Term	6 years 3 months 18 days	6 years 3 months 18 days	7 years
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 106.53	$ 129.01	$ 117.85
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 30.55	$ 34.93	$ 15.14

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Equity Based Compensation (Summary of Performance Contingent Unit Activity) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 shares
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Other Increases (Decreases) in Period	(172,601)
Outstanding, Number, Beginning Balance	340,405
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	78,687
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Forfeitures in Period	1,511
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance	244,980	[1]
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Other Increases (Decreases) in Period	0
Outstanding, Number, Beginning Balance	379,888
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	219,553
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	21,552
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Forfeitures in Period	11,454
Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance	566,435	[1]

[1] Amount outstanding at December 31, 2022, includes the amount of shares to be issued under RSUs expected to vest and number of shares to be issued under performance continent awards at target performance. The amount of shares do not reflect potential increases or decreases that may result from the performance factor results except for the 2020 – 2022 grants which vested as of December 31, 2022.

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Equity Based Compensation (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Options, Exercises in Period, Total Intrinsic Value	$ 16.0	$ 8.0	$ 15.0
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	9 months 18 days
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 20.0
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expense	$ 45.0	$ 55.0	$ (12.0)
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 106.53	$ 129.01	$ 117.85
Stock Options [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	251,305
Expiration Period	10 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	258,327
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 106.53
Flexible Stock Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number Of Shares Available For Grant	16,460,077
Flexible Stock Plan For Directors [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number Of Shares Available For Grant	462,500
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	78,687
Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 106.53
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	21,552
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures	219,553

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Summary of Investments Other Than Investments in Related Parties (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	$ 77,283
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	70,480	[1]
Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	59,663
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	52,901
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	52,901	[1]
US Treasury and Government [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	1,690
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	1,482
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	1,482	[1]
US States and Political Subdivisions Debt Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	1,282
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	1,119
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	1,119	[1]
Foreign Government Debt [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	10,515	[2]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	9,889	[2]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	9,889	[1],[2]
Public Utility, Bonds [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	4,788
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	4,032
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	4,032	[1]
Asset-backed Securities [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	7,213
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	6,442
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	6,442	[1]
All Other Corporate Bonds [Member] | Fixed Maturities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	34,175
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	29,937
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	29,937	[1]
Equity Securities [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	175
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Fair Value	134
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	134	[1]
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	6,590
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	6,590	[1]
Policy Loans [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	1,231
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	1,231	[1]
Funds Withheld At Interest [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	6,003
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	6,003	[1]
Short-term Investments [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	154
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	154	[1]
Other Invested Assets [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Cost	1,140
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties, Amount	$ 1,140	[1]

[1] Fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value.

[2] Includes fixed maturities directly issued by foreign governments, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises.

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Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021		Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2006
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		$ 52,901,000,000	[1]	$ 60,749,000,000	[2]
Short-term investments		154,000,000		87,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents		2,927,000,000		2,948,000,000		$ 3,408,000,000		$ 1,449,000,000
Other assets		1,220,000,000		1,008,000,000
Total assets		84,706,000,000		92,175,000,000
Liabilities and Equity
Other liabilities		2,655,000,000		2,663,000,000
Total stockholders equity		4,145,000,000		13,014,000,000		14,352,000,000	$ 11,601,000,000
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		84,706,000,000		92,175,000,000
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Total investment related gains (losses), net		(506,000,000)		560,000,000		(33,000,000)
Provision for income taxes		204,000,000		74,000,000		138,000,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		623,000,000		617,000,000		415,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		(9,247,000,000)		(1,717,000,000)		2,222,000,000
Total comprehensive income (loss)		(8,624,000,000)		(1,100,000,000)		2,637,000,000
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt Issuance Cost		(32,000,000)		(28,000,000)
Long-term Debt, Gross		3,993,000,000		3,695,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount									$ 850,000,000
Cash flows from operating activities
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		623,000,000		617,000,000		415,000,000
Other, net		(217,000,000)		(17,000,000)		(48,000,000)
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,343,000,000		4,182,000,000		3,322,000,000
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		10,558,000,000		12,142,000,000		6,514,000,000
Payments to Acquire Businesses, Net of Cash Acquired		0		(156,000,000)		0
Payments for (Proceeds from) Short-term Investments		(80,000,000)		371,000,000		(155,000,000)
Payments for (Proceeds from) Other Investing Activities		(140,000,000)		547,000,000		(162,000,000)
Net cash used in investing activities		(5,688,000,000)		(4,628,000,000)		(2,680,000,000)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends to stockholders		(205,000,000)		(194,000,000)		(182,000,000)
Purchases of treasury stock		(81,000,000)		(99,000,000)		(163,000,000)
Exercise of stock options, net		0		0		1,000,000
Maturities of Senior Debt		403,000,000		403,000,000		3,000,000
Proceeds from affiliated long-term debt issuance		(700,000,000)		(500,000,000)		(598,000,000)
Payments Of Debt Issuance Costs		(10,000,000)		(6,000,000)		(5,000,000)
Net cash used in financing activities		(4,436,000,000)		(20,000,000)		(1,254,000,000)
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(21,000,000)		(460,000,000)		1,959,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		2,948,000,000		3,408,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period		2,927,000,000		2,948,000,000		3,408,000,000
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid		163,000,000		160,000,000		166,000,000
Income taxes paid, net of refunds		129,000,000		368,000,000		108,000,000
Cash Acquired from Acquisition		53,000,000
Long-term debt		3,961,000,000		3,667,000,000
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock		0		0		481,000,000
Parent Company [Member]
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		598,000,000		523,000,000
Short-term investments		7,000,000		7,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents		298,000,000		92,000,000		494,000,000	$ 10,000,000
Investments In Subsidiary		7,082,000,000		15,737,000,000
Loans and Leases Receivable, Related Parties		1,060,000,000		1,020,000,000
Other assets		386,000,000		382,000,000
Total assets		9,431,000,000		17,761,000,000
Liabilities and Equity
Long-term debt - affiliated	[3]	600,000,000		600,000,000
Other liabilities		1,218,000,000		975,000,000
Total stockholders equity		4,145,000,000		13,014,000,000
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		9,431,000,000		17,761,000,000
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Interest and Dividend Income, Operating	[4]	325,000,000		399,000,000		472,000,000
Total investment related gains (losses), net		2,000,000		5,000,000		14,000,000
Operating Expenses		(53,000,000)		(66,000,000)		(59,000,000)
Interest and Debt Expense		(183,000,000)		(152,000,000)		(202,000,000)
Income (loss) before income tax and undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		91,000,000		186,000,000		225,000,000
Provision for income taxes		(22,000,000)		(21,000,000)		(21,000,000)
Net income (loss) before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		113,000,000		207,000,000		246,000,000
Equity In Undistributed Earnings Of Subsidiaries		510,000,000		410,000,000		169,000,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		623,000,000		617,000,000		415,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		19,000,000		14,000,000		(29,000,000)
Total comprehensive income (loss)		642,000,000		631,000,000		386,000,000
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt Issuance Cost		(28,000,000)		(23,000,000)
Proceeds from Dividends Received		188,000,000		270,000,000
Long-term Debt, Gross		3,496,000,000		3,195,000,000
Long-term Debt		600,000,000		600,000,000
Cash flows from operating activities
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent		623,000,000		617,000,000		415,000,000
Equity Net Earnings Subsidiaries		(510,000,000)		(410,000,000)		(169,000,000)
Other, net		316,000,000		(227,000,000)		(170,000,000)
Net cash provided by operating activities		429,000,000		(20,000,000)		76,000,000
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		177,000,000		268,000,000		358,000,000
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale		(315,000,000)		(150,000,000)		(400,000,000)
Purchases Of Subsidiary Debt Securities		(40,000,000)		(10,000,000)		0
Payments for (Proceeds from) Short-term Investments		0		165,000,000		(165,000,000)
Payments for (Proceeds from) Other Investing Activities		(1,000,000)		(1,000,000)		(26,000,000)
Capital Contributions To Subsidiaries		(53,000,000)		(43,000,000)		(78,000,000)
Net cash used in investing activities		(232,000,000)		229,000,000		(311,000,000)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends to stockholders		(205,000,000)		(194,000,000)		(182,000,000)
Purchases of treasury stock		(81,000,000)		(99,000,000)		(163,000,000)
Exercise of stock options, net		0		0		1,000,000
Net Change In Cash Collateral For Loaned Securities		5,000,000		(19,000,000)		(11,000,000)
Maturities of Senior Debt		(400,000,000)		(399,000,000)		0
Repayments of Long-term Debt		0		(500,000,000)		0
Proceeds from Issuance of Senior Long-term Debt		700,000,000		0		598,000,000
Proceeds from affiliated long-term debt issuance		0		(600,000,000)		0
Payments Of Debt Issuance Costs		(10,000,000)		0		(5,000,000)
Net cash used in financing activities		(9,000,000)		(611,000,000)		(719,000,000)
Change in cash and cash equivalents		206,000,000		(402,000,000)		484,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		92,000,000		494,000,000		10,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period		298,000,000		92,000,000		494,000,000
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid		156,000,000		173,000,000		187,000,000
Income taxes paid, net of refunds		0		323,000,000		23,000,000
Long-term debt	[5]	3,468,000,000		3,172,000,000
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock		0		0		$ 481,000,000
Senior Notes Due 2023 [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		400,000,000		400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		4.70%
Senior Notes Due 2023 [Member] | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 400,000,000		400,000,000
Senior Notes Due 2026 [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		400,000,000		400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		3.95%
Senior Notes Due 2026 [Member] | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 400,000,000		400,000,000
Senior Notes Due 2029 [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		599,000,000		599,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 600,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		3.90%
Senior Notes Due 2029 [Member] | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 599,000,000		599,000,000
Subordinated Debentures Due 2042 [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		0		400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		6.20%
Subordinated Debentures Due 2042 [Member] | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 0		400,000,000
Subordinated Debentures Due 2056 [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		400,000,000		400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		5.75%
Subordinated Debentures Due 2056 [Member] | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 400,000,000		400,000,000
Junior Subordinated Debentures Due 2065 [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		319,000,000		319,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 400,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		4.82%
Junior Subordinated Debentures Due 2065 [Member] | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 399,000,000		399,000,000
Senior Notes Due 2030
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		598,000,000		597,000,000
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 600,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		3.15%
Senior Notes Due 2030 | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 598,000,000		597,000,000
Subordinated Debentures Due 2052
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		700,000,000		0
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 700,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage		7.125%
Subordinated Debentures Due 2052 | Parent Company [Member]
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term Debt, Gross		$ 700,000,000		$ 0

[1] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $683 million

[2] Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $581 million.

[3] Long-term debt includes $600 million of affiliated subordinated debt in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The affiliated subordinated debt was issued to various operating subsidiaries.

[4] Interest/dividend income includes $188 million and $270 million of cash dividends received from consolidated subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[5] Long-term debt – unaffiliated consists of the following: 20222021 $400 million 4.70% Senior Notes due 2023 $400 $400  $400 million 3.95% Senior Notes due 2026 400 400  $600 million 3.90% Senior Notes due 2029 599 599  $600 million 3.15% Senior Notes due 2030 598 597  $400 million 6.20% Subordinated Debentures due 2042 — 400 $700 million 7.12% Subordinated Debentures due 2052700 —  $400 million 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056 400 400  $400 million Variable Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2065 399 399 Subtotal3,496 3,195 Unamortized debt issuance costs(28)(23)Total$3,468 $3,172 

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Supplementary Insurance Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		$ 3,974	$ 3,690
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		65,792	62,159
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		6,571	6,993
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		13,078	12,513	$ 11,694
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		3,161	3,138	2,575
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		12,728	13,476	11,779
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	454	532	383
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	2,245	1,959	1,881
US Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		2,000	1,926
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		13,122	12,757
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		2,495	2,806
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		6,590	6,244	5,838
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		965	930	714
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		6,335	6,790	5,979
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	220	269	200
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	806	679	679
US Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		387	190
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		24,662	25,107
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		34	24
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		66	55	53
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		1,078	1,089	999
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		666	731	764
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	51	101	52
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	184	145	109
Canada Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		171	192
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		3,600	3,668
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		341	330
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		1,219	1,194	1,052
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		238	248	207
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		1,158	1,096	909
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	14	13	16
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	207	211	201
Canada Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		0	0
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		2	16
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		6	5
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		95	90	83
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		1	0	1
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		68	79	68
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	0	0	0
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	5	7	3
EMEA Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		231	253
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		1,358	1,366
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		1,631	1,612
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		1,736	1,738	1,555
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		89	88	72
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		1,573	1,829	1,389
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	44	48	31
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	203	189	186
EMEA Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		0	0
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		5,306	5,999
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		104	89
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		486	350	252
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		148	205	193
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		368	258	163
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	0	0	0
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	59	55	50
Asia Pacific Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		1,039	1,052
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		3,933	3,792
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		1,933	2,116
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		2,650	2,624	2,681
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		142	136	107
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		2,152	2,445	2,293
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	57	60	65
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	321	283	274
Asia Pacific Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		141	74
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		12,218	8,202
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		24	6
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		236	218	180
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		272	138	85
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		376	244	206
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	68	41	19
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	50	34	25
Corporate And Other Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost		5	3
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Loss, Claim and Loss Expense		1,591	1,252
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Policy Claim and Benefit Payable		3	5
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Premium Revenue		0	0	0
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Net Investment Income		228	304	197
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Benefit, Claim, Loss and Settlement Expenses		32	4	8
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost	[1]	0	0	0
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information, Other Operating Expense	[2]	$ 410	$ 356	$ 354

[1] Includes the effect from investment related gains and losses.

[2] Includes policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses, excluding amortization of DAC. Also includes other operating expenses, interest expense, and collateral finance and securitization expense.

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Supplemental Schedule of Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums, Life Insurance in Force	$ 1,027.0	$ 1,117.0	$ 1,990.0
Ceded Premiums, Life Insurance in Force	151,569.0	166,842.0	184,625.0
Assumed Premiums, Life Insurance in Force	3,400,735.0	3,467,054.0	3,480,692.0
Premiums, Net, Life Insurance in Force	$ 3,250,193.0	$ 3,301,329.0	$ 3,298,057.0
Life Insurance in Force Premiums, Percentage Assumed to Net	104.60%	105.00%	105.50%
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 26.0	$ 33.0	$ 58.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	771.0	868.0	947.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	13,823.0	13,348.0	12,583.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 13,078.0	$ 12,513.0	$ 11,694.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	105.70%	106.70%	107.60%
US Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 25.0	$ 26.0	$ 23.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	421.0	472.0	585.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	6,986.0	6,690.0	6,399.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 6,590.0	$ 6,244.0	$ 5,837.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	106.00%	107.10%	109.60%
US Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 1.0	$ 2.0	$ 3.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	65.0	53.0	50.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 66.0	$ 55.0	$ 53.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	98.50%	96.40%	94.30%
Canada Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 0.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	64.0	50.0	54.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	1,283.0	1,244.0	1,106.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 1,219.0	$ 1,194.0	$ 1,052.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	105.30%	104.20%	105.10%
Canada Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 0.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	95.0	90.0	83.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 95.0	$ 90.0	$ 83.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
EMEA Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 0.0	$ 5.0	$ 32.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	32.0	32.0	24.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	1,768.0	1,765.0	1,548.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 1,736.0	$ 1,738.0	$ 1,556.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	101.80%	101.60%	99.50%
EMEA Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 0.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	137.0	202.0	178.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	623.0	552.0	430.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 486.0	$ 350.0	$ 252.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	128.20%	157.70%	170.60%
Asia Pacific Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 0.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	117.0	112.0	106.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	2,767.0	2,736.0	2,787.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 2,650.0	$ 2,624.0	$ 2,681.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	104.40%	104.30%	104.00%
Asia Pacific Non-Traditional Segment Reporting Information [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Line Items]
Direct Premiums Earned	$ 0.0	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Amount Ceded to Other Companies	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assumed Premiums Earned	236.0	218.0	180.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Net Amount	$ 236.0	$ 218.0	$ 180.0
Reinsurance Premiums for Insurance Companies, by Product Segment, Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

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Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021		Dec. 31, 2020
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Adoption of New Accounting Standard Current Expected Credit Losses	$ 0		$ 0		$ 14
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Beginning Balance	218		251		236
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Charged to Cost and Expense	(6)		(18)		(4)
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Charged to Other Accounts	(9)		(15)		(19)
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Deduction	0		0		0
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Ending Balance	221		218		251
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Allowance, Loan and Lease Loss, Real Estate [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Beginning Balance	35	[1]	64	[1]	12
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Charged to Cost and Expense	(16)		0	[1]	(38)
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Charged to Other Accounts	0		0	[1]	(14)
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Deduction	0		29	[1]	0
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Ending Balance	51		35	[1]	64	[1]
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Allowance, Loss on Finance Receivable
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Beginning Balance	31		20		0
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Charged to Cost and Expense	(42)		(27)		(41)
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Charged to Other Accounts	0		0		0
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Deduction	36		16		21
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Ending Balance	$ 37		$ 31		$ 20

[1] Upon adoption of Financial Instruments – Credits Losses on January 1, 2020, the Company increased the valuation allowance for mortgage loans by $14 million. The increase was reflected as a decrease to opening retained earnings, net of income taxes.