Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Apr. 30, 2019

6. Income Taxes

Effective Tax Rate

We compute our provision for or benefit from income taxes by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to income or loss from recurring operations and adding the effects of any discrete income tax items specific to the period. Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended April 30, 2018 have been restated to reflect the full retrospective application of ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” See Note 1, “Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Accounting Standards Recently Adopted,” for more information.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017 Tax Act) was enacted on December 22, 2017 and reduced the U.S. statutory federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The effective date of the tax rate change was January 1, 2018. The change resulted in a blended lower U.S. statutory federal rate of 26.9% for fiscal 2018. In fiscal 2019, we fully benefit from the enacted lower tax rate of 21%.

We recorded a provisional benefit of $37 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 related to the re-measurement of certain deferred tax balances. During the three months ended April 30, 2018, we recorded a provisional charge of $10 million related to the re-measurement of certain deferred tax balances, resulting in a net tax benefit of $27 million for the nine months ended April 30, 2018. In the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we completed our accounting for the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act, and there have been no material adjustments during the fiscal 2019 period.

For the three and nine months ended April 30, 2019, we recognized excess tax benefits on share-based compensation of $20 million and $69 million, respectively, in our provision for income taxes. For the three and nine months ended April 30, 2018, we recognized excess tax benefits on share-based compensation of $8 million and $41 million, respectively, in our provision for income taxes.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended April 30, 2019 were approximately 23% and 21%, respectively. Excluding discrete tax items, primarily related to share-based compensation tax benefits mentioned above, our effective tax rate for both periods was 23% and did not differ significantly from the federal statutory rate of 21%. The tax expense related to state income taxes and nondeductible share-based compensation was partially offset by the tax benefit we received from the federal research and experimentation credit.

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended April 30, 2018 was approximately 26% and did not differ significantly from the federal statutory rate of 26.9%. Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended April 30, 2018 was 22%. Excluding discrete tax items, primarily related to the re-measurement of certain deferred tax balances and the share-based compensation tax benefits mentioned above, our effective tax rate for that period was 27% and did not differ significantly from the federal statutory rate of 26.9%. The tax benefit we received from the domestic production activities deduction and the federal research and experimentation credit was partially offset by the tax expense related to state income taxes and nondeductible share-based compensation.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits and Other Considerations

The total amount of our unrecognized tax benefits at July 31, 2018 was $90 million. Net of related deferred tax assets, unrecognized tax benefits were $57 million at that date. If we were to recognize these net benefits, our income tax expense would reflect a favorable net impact of $57 million. There were no material changes to these amounts during the nine months ended April 30, 2019. We do not believe that it is reasonably possible that there will be a significant increase or decrease in our unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months.