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Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jan. 31, 2017

The authoritative guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. When determining fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability and assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. In addition, we consider and use all valuation methods that are appropriate in estimating the fair value of an asset or liability.

The authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that is based on the extent and level of judgment used to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities. In general, the authoritative guidance requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. An asset or liability’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of its fair value. The three levels of input defined by the authoritative guidance are as follows:


•	Level 1 uses unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2 uses inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable through correlation with market data. These include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and inputs to valuation models or other pricing methodologies that do not require significant judgment because the inputs used in the model, such as

interest rates and volatility, can be corroborated by readily observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.


•	Level 3 uses one or more unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the determination of fair value. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those whose fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar valuation techniques and significant management judgment or estimation.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis at the dates indicated, classified in accordance with the fair value hierarchy described above.



	January 31, 2017								July 31, 2016
(In millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Fair Value
Assets:
Cash equivalents, primarily money market funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	416	$	—	$	—	$	416
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Municipal bonds	—		94		—		94		—		186		—		186
Corporate notes	—		349		—		349		—		420		—		420
U.S. agency securities	—		2		—		2		—		36		—		36
Municipal auction rate securities	—		—		15		15		—		—		15		15
Total available-for-sale securities	—		445		15		460		—		642		15		657
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	—	$	445	$	15	$	460	$	416	$	642	$	15	$	1,073
Liabilities:
Senior notes (1)	$	—	$	503	$	—	$	503	$	—	$	515	$	—	$	515

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(1)	Carrying value on our balance sheets at January 31, 2017 was $500 million and at July 31, 2016 was $500 million. See Note 5, “Current Liabilities – Short-Term Debt,” for more information.

The following table summarizes our cash equivalents and available-for-sale debt securities by balance sheet classification and level in the fair value hierarchy at the dates indicated.



	January 31, 2017								July 31, 2016
(In millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Fair Value
Cash equivalents:
In cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	312	$	—	$	—	$	312
In funds held for customers	—		—		—		—		104		—		—		104
Total cash equivalents	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	416	$	—	$	—	$	416
Available-for-sale securities:
In investments	$	—	$	245	$	—	$	245	$	—	$	442	$	—	$	442
In funds held for customers	—		200		—		200		—		200		—		200
In long-term investments	—		—		15		15		—		—		15		15
Total available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	445	$	15	$	460	$	—	$	642	$	15	$	657

We value our Level 1 assets, consisting primarily of money market funds, using quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments. Financial assets whose fair values we measure on a recurring basis using Level 2 inputs consist of municipal bonds, corporate notes, and U.S. agency securities. We measure the fair values of these assets with the help of a pricing service

that either provides quoted market prices in active markets for identical or similar securities or uses observable inputs for their pricing without applying significant adjustments. Our fair value processes include controls that are designed to ensure that we record appropriate fair values for our Level 2 investments. These controls include comparison to pricing provided by a secondary pricing service or investment manager, validation of pricing sources and models, review of key model inputs, analysis of period-over-period price fluctuations, and independent recalculation of prices where appropriate.

Financial liabilities whose fair values we measure using Level 2 inputs consist of senior unsecured notes. See Note 5, “Current Liabilities – Short-Term Debt,” for more information. We measure the fair value of our senior notes based on their trading prices and the interest rates we could obtain for other borrowings with similar terms.

Financial assets whose fair values we measure using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs consist of municipal auction rate securities that are no longer liquid. We estimate the fair values of the auction rate securities using a discounted cash flow model. We continue to classify them as long-term investments based on the maturities of the underlying securities at that date. We do not intend to sell our municipal auction rate securities. In addition, it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell them before recovery at par, which may be at maturity.

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended January 31, 2017.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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