INCOME TAXES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income taxes attributable to continuing operations consist of the following (amounts in millions):


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Current income tax expense/(benefit):
Federal	$	12.2	$	20.3	$	41.6
State and local	7.0		5.2		10.6
	19.2		25.5		52.2
Deferred income tax expense/(benefit):
Federal	20.4		35.9		(22.5)
State and local	2.9		8.7		(4.1)
	23.3		44.6		(26.6)
Income tax expense	$	42.5	$	70.1	$	25.6

Total income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was allocated as follows (amounts in millions):


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Income from continuing operations	$	42.5	$	70.1	$	25.6
Interest expense	(0.7)		0.1		0.2
Goodwill	(2.7)		3.1		—
Tax expense recorded to additional paid-in-capital	1.5		—		—
Total	$	40.6	$	73.3	$	25.8

Schedule of Sources of Tax Effects

A reconciliation of significant differences between the reported amount of income tax expense and the expected amount of income tax expense that would result from applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to income before income taxes is as follows:


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Income tax expense at U.S. federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit (1)	5.6		5.0		2.4
Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation (1)	0.3		(2.1)		(12.7)
Non-deductible executive compensation	0.8		1.2		2.1
Unrecognized tax benefits (2)	(1.7)		—		—
Other items, net (3)	0.5		(0.1)		(0.6)
Income tax expense	26.5	%	25.0	%	12.2	%

(1)On August 10, 2020, Paul B. Kusserow, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Amedisys, exercised 500,000 stock options previously awarded to him under our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. We recognize compensation expense for stock option awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation: Stock Compensation; however, the income tax deduction related to stock options is not recognized until the stock option exercise date. As a result, for awards that are expected to result in a tax deduction, a deferred tax asset is created as the entity recognizes compensation expense for U.S. GAAP purposes. If the tax deduction exceeds the cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense for the award, the tax benefit associated with any excess deduction is recognized as an income tax benefit in the statement of operations, resulting in a reduction of the effective tax rate. Mr. Kusserow's stock option exercise produced a $92.1 million tax deduction in excess of U.S. GAAP compensation expense, resulting in a $19.4 million federal income tax benefit and a $4.6 million state and local income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020.

(2)For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $2.7 million of federal uncertain tax positions due to a lapse of the statute of limitations.

(3)Includes various items such as non-deductible expenses, non-taxable income, tax credits, valuation allowance, uncertain tax positions and return-to-accrual adjustments.

Schedule of Net Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consist of the following components (amounts in millions):


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued payroll & employee benefits	$	14.1	$	13.2
Workers’ compensation	10.6		10.5
Share-based compensation	5.7		6.2
Legal & compliance matters	4.7		6.2
Lease liability	27.8		27.3
Deferred social security taxes (1)	—		6.9
Net operating loss carryforwards	11.6		13.6
Tax credit carryforwards	2.9		2.5
Other assets	0.2		0.5
Gross deferred tax assets	77.6		86.9
Less: valuation allowance	(5.2)		(3.3)
Net deferred tax assets	72.4		83.6
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	(6.6)		(8.1)
Amortization of intangible assets	(48.5)		(32.3)
Deferred revenue	—		(4.5)
Investment in partnerships	(10.0)		(10.8)
Right-of-use asset	(27.0)		(26.7)
Other liabilities	(0.7)		(0.9)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(92.8)		(83.3)
Deferred income taxes	$	(20.4)	$	0.3

(1)The CARES Act provided for the deferral of the employer share of social security tax (6.2%), effective for payments due after the enactment date through December 31, 2020. Fifty percent of the deferred payroll taxes were due on December 31, 2021 with the remaining amounts due on December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a remaining balance of deferred social security taxes of $27 million, reflected within our consolidated balance sheets, which was paid in December 2022. For income tax purposes, the deferred social security taxes are deductible when paid, leaving no remaining deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2022.

Schedule of Uncertain Tax Positions

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (amounts in millions):


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Balance at beginning of period	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.7
Additions for tax positions related to current year	—		—		—
Additions for tax positions related to prior year	—		—		—
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years	—		—		—
Lapse of statute of limitations	(2.7)		—		—
Settlements	—		—		—
Balance at end of period	$	—	$	2.7	$	2.7