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Postretirement benefits (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Schedule of Net Funded Status [Table Text Block]
Obligations and funded status
The funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans as well as the amounts recognized in the Consolidated balance sheets and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:
Pension Benefit PlansOther Postretirement
Benefit Plans
2022202120222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Benefit obligation, beginning of year$3,732 $1,122 $3,967 $1,199 $62 $86 
   Service cost— 4 — 4 1 1 
   Interest cost85 23 70 19 1 1 
   Actuarial loss (gain)(890)(391)(161)(47)(4)(10)
   Benefits paid(146)(28)(133)(33)(16)(15)
   Curtailments— — — — — — 
   Settlements— — (11)— — — 
   Foreign currency revaluation and other — (33)— (20)(1)(1)
Benefit obligation, end of year$2,781 $697 $3,732 $1,122 $43 $62 
Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year$4,151 $1,318 $3,739 $1,284 $119 $120 
   Actual return on plan assets(692)(285)543 83 (2)(1)
   Employer contributions3 8 13 8 1 15 
   Benefits paid(146)(28)(133)(33)(37)(15)
   Settlements— — (11)— — — 
   Foreign currency revaluation and other— (75)— (24)— — 
Plan assets at fair value, end of year$3,316 $938 $4,151 $1,318 $81 $119 
Funded status at end of year$535 $241 $419 $196 $38 $57 
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated balance sheets:
Assets$601 $290 $492 $214 $56 $77 
Liabilities(66)(49)(73)(18)(18)(20)
Total$535 $241 $419 $196 $38 $57 
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive
income (loss), pre-tax, not yet recognized in net periodic cost (benefit):
Net actuarial loss (gain)$(290)$7 $(375)$73 $(12)$(10)
Prior service cost (benefit)— 8 — 9 (4)(5)
Total$(290)$15 $(375)$82 $(16)$(15)
Schedule of Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]
The funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans as well as the amounts recognized in the Consolidated balance sheets and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:
Pension Benefit PlansOther Postretirement
Benefit Plans
2022202120222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Benefit obligation, beginning of year$3,732 $1,122 $3,967 $1,199 $62 $86 
   Service cost— 4 — 4 1 1 
   Interest cost85 23 70 19 1 1 
   Actuarial loss (gain)(890)(391)(161)(47)(4)(10)
   Benefits paid(146)(28)(133)(33)(16)(15)
   Curtailments— — — — — — 
   Settlements— — (11)— — — 
   Foreign currency revaluation and other — (33)— (20)(1)(1)
Benefit obligation, end of year$2,781 $697 $3,732 $1,122 $43 $62 
Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year$4,151 $1,318 $3,739 $1,284 $119 $120 
   Actual return on plan assets(692)(285)543 83 (2)(1)
   Employer contributions3 8 13 8 1 15 
   Benefits paid(146)(28)(133)(33)(37)(15)
   Settlements— — (11)— — — 
   Foreign currency revaluation and other— (75)— (24)— — 
Plan assets at fair value, end of year$3,316 $938 $4,151 $1,318 $81 $119 
Funded status at end of year$535 $241 $419 $196 $38 $57 
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated balance sheets:
Assets$601 $290 $492 $214 $56 $77 
Liabilities(66)(49)(73)(18)(18)(20)
Total$535 $241 $419 $196 $38 $57 
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive
income (loss), pre-tax, not yet recognized in net periodic cost (benefit):
Net actuarial loss (gain)$(290)$7 $(375)$73 $(12)$(10)
Prior service cost (benefit)— 8 — 9 (4)(5)
Total$(290)$15 $(375)$82 $(16)$(15)
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan with Projected Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]
The following table provides information on pension plans where the benefit obligation is in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
20222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation$66 $87 $73 $418 
Fair value of plan assets— 38 — 400 
Net funded status$(66)$(49)$(73)$(18)
Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated benefit obligation$66 $61 $73 $380 
Fair value of plan assets$— $30 $— $367 
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan with Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]
The following table provides information on pension plans where the benefit obligation is in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
20222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation$66 $87 $73 $418 
Fair value of plan assets— 38 — 400 
Net funded status$(66)$(49)$(73)$(18)
Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated benefit obligation$66 $61 $73 $380 
Fair value of plan assets$— $30 $— $367 
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions [Table Text Block]
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligation were as follows:
Pension Benefit Plans
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
December 31, 2022
Discount rate5.22 %5.27 %5.83 %
Rate of compensation increase (1)
N/A3.98 %N/A
Interest crediting rate4.32 %
December 31, 2021
Discount rate2.75 %2.23 %2.06 %
Rate of compensation increase (1)
N/A3.63 %N/A
Interest crediting rate4.10 %
Schedule of Net Benefit Costs [Table Text Block]
The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs (benefits) reflected in Net income and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:
Pension Benefit PlansOther Postretirement
Benefit Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Year Ended December 31202220212020202220212020202220212020
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Costs reflected in Net income, pre-tax:
Service cost$— $— $— $4 $4 $4 $1 $1 $1 
Non-service cost (benefit):
Interest cost85 70 99 23 19 22 1 1 2 
Expected return on plan assets(283)(255)(224)(43)(44)(41)(1)(1)(5)
Amortization of net actuarial loss— — — — 4 2 — — — 
Amortization of prior service cost— — — — — — — (26)(83)
Curtailments— — — — — (1)— — — 
Settlements— 3 3 — — — — — — 
Total non-service cost (benefit)(198)(182)(122)(20)(21)(18)— (26)(86)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)$(198)$(182)$(122)$(16)$(17)$(14)$1 $(25)$(85)
Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)
Net actuarial loss (gain)$85 $(450)$102 $(67)$(86)$56 $(1)$(5)$(2)
Prior service cost (benefit)— — — — — — — — — 
Amortization of net actuarial loss— — — — (4)(2)— — — 
Amortization of prior service cost— — — — — (1)— 26 83 
Curtailments— — — — — (1)— — — 
Settlements— (3)(3)— — — — — — 
Total decrease (increase) in other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax$85 $(453)$99 $(67)$(90)$52 $(1)$21 $81 

The line items in which the service cost and non-service cost (benefit) components of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) are included in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:
Pension Benefit PlansOther Postretirement Benefit Plans
Year Ended December 31202220212020202220212020
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Service cost:
Losses and loss expenses$— $— $— $— $— $— 
Administrative expenses4 4 4 1 1 1 
Total service cost4 4 4 1 1 1 
Non-service cost (benefit):
Losses and loss expenses(20)(18)(12)— (3)(9)
Administrative expenses(198)(185)(128)— (23)(77)
Total non-service cost (benefit)(218)(203)(140)— (26)(86)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)$(214)$(199)$(136)$1 $(25)$(85)
Schedule of assumptions used, net periodic benefit costs [Table Text Block]
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs were as follows:
Pension Benefit Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansOther Postretirement Benefit Plans
Year Ended December 31
2022
Discount rate in effect for determining service costN/A7.23 %3.22 %
Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost2.34 %2.13 %1.89 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/A3.63 %N/A
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets7.00 %3.44 %1.00 %
Interest crediting rate4.10 %N/AN/A
2021
Discount rate in effect for determining service costN/A5.58 %2.53 %
Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost1.81 %1.57 %1.23 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/A3.24 %N/A
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets7.00 %3.37 %1.00 %
Interest crediting rate4.10 %N/AN/A
2020
Discount rate in effect for determining service costN/A6.04 %3.00 %
Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost2.85 %2.24 %2.64 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/A3.26 %N/A
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets7.00 %3.83 %3.00 %
Interest crediting rate4.10 %N/AN/A
Schedule of Health Care Cost Trend Rates [Table Text Block]
The weighted-average healthcare cost trend rate assumptions used to measure the expected cost of healthcare benefits were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
202220212020202220212020
Healthcare cost trend rate5.72 %5.59 %5.96 %5.28 %5.26 %5.04 %
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)4.00 %4.50 %4.50 %4.04 %4.00 %4.00 %
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate204620382038204020402040
Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets [Table Text Block]
The following tables present the fair values of the pension plan assets, by valuation hierarchy. For additional information on how we classify these assets within the valuation hierarchy, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
December 31, 2022Pension Benefit Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. Plans:
Short-term investments$42 $— $— $42 
U.S. Treasury / Agency431 110 — 541 
Non-U.S. and corporate bonds— 627 — 627 
Municipal— 5 — 5 
Equity securities1,321 — — 1,321 
Investment derivative instruments4 — — 4 
Total U.S. Plan assets (1)
$1,798 $742 $— $2,540 
Non-U.S. Plans:
Short-term investments$10 $— $— $10 
Non-U.S. and corporate bonds— 454 — 454 
Equity securities107 146 4 257 
Total Non-U.S. Plan assets (1)
$117 $600 $4 $721 
(1)Excluded from the table above are $538 million and $201 million of other investments related to the U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, limited partnerships of $233 million and $16 million in U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, measured using NAV as a practical expedient, and $5 million in cash and accrued income related to the U.S. Plans.

December 31, 2021Pension Benefit Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. Plans:
Short-term investments$33 $— $— $33 
U.S. Treasury / Agency380 92 — 472 
Non-U.S. and corporate bonds— 923 — 923 
Municipal— 4 — 4 
Equity securities1,871 — 1 1,872 
Investment derivative instruments3 — — 3 
Total U.S. Plan assets (1)
$2,287 $1,019 $1 $3,307 
Non-U.S. Plans:
Short-term investments$5 $— $— $5 
Non-U.S. and corporate bonds— 679 — 679 
Equity securities153 291 — 444 
Total Non-U.S. Plan assets (1)
$158 $970 $— $1,128 
(1)Excluded from the table above are $542 million and $175 million of other investments related to the U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, limited partnerships of $175 million and $15 million in U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, measured using NAV as a practical expedient, and $127 million in cash and accrued income related to the U.S. Plans.
Schedule of expected future benefit payments
At December 31, 2022, our estimated expected future benefit payments are as follows:
Pension Benefit PlansOther Postretirement Benefit Plans
For the years ending December 31U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2023$186 $40 $14 
2024173 32 10 
2025178 34 6 
2026180 34 1 
2027186 36 1 
2028-2032967 216 5