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Goodwill, Other intangible assets, and Value of business acquired
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Text Block] Goodwill, Other intangible assets, and Value of business acquired
Goodwill
The following table presents a roll-forward of Goodwill by segment:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)North America Commercial P&C InsuranceNorth America Personal P&C InsuranceNorth America Agricultural InsuranceOverseas General InsuranceGlobal ReinsuranceLife Insurance Chubb Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2020$6,972 $2,240 $134 $4,836 $371 $847 $15,400 
Foreign exchange revaluation and other— — — (183)— (4)(187)
Balance at December 31, 2021$6,972 $2,240 $134 $4,653 $371 $843 $15,213 
Acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia— — — 90 — 1,160 1,250 
Foreign exchange revaluation and other(27)(10)— (138)— (1)(176)
Balance at December 31, 2022$6,945 $2,230 $134 $4,605 $371 $2,002 $16,287 

Other intangible assets    
Other intangible assets that are subject to amortization principally relate to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and other intangible assets that are not subject to amortization principally relate to trademarks.
December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)20222021
Subject to amortization$2,459 $2,508 
Not subject to amortization2,982 2,947 
Total$5,441 $5,455 
Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles was $285 million, $287 million, and $290 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The following table presents, as of December 31, 2022, the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense of purchased intangibles, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the next five years:
For the Years Ending December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)Total Amortization of purchased intangibles
2023$281 
2024260 
2025242 
2026220 
2027205 
Total$1,208 

VOBA
Value of business acquired (VOBA) represents the fair value of the future profits of in-force long duration contracts, and is amortized in relation to the profit emergence of the underlying contracts, in a manner similar to deferred acquisition costs. The VOBA calculation is based on many factors including mortality, morbidity, persistency, investment yields, expenses, and the discount rate, with the discount rate being the most significant factor.

The following table presents a roll-forward of VOBA:
Year Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)202220212020
Balance, beginning of year$236 $263 $306 
Acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia3,503 — — 
Amortization of VOBA (1)
(164)(22)(27)
Foreign exchange revaluation and other21 (5)(16)
Balance, end of year$3,596 $236 $263 
(1)Recognized in Policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated statements of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia was $145 million pre-tax.

The following table presents, as of December 31, 2022, the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense related to VOBA for the next five years at current foreign currency exchange rates:

For the Years Ending December 31VOBA
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2023$333 
2024299 
2025270 
2026243 
2027219