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Other income and expense
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other (income) expense Other income and expense
Year Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)2021 20202019 
Equity in net income of partially-owned entities (1)
$2,433 $1,019 $617 
Gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets (2)
(8)58 44 
Federal excise and capital taxes(19)(22)(23)
Other(41)(61)(42)
Total$2,365 $994 $596 
(1)     Equity in net income of partially-owned entities includes $233 million, $167 million, and $74 million attributable to our investments in Huatai (Huatai Group, Huatai P&C, and Huatai Life) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
(2)     Related to gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP.

Other income and expense includes equity in net income of partially-owned entities, which includes our share of net income or loss, both underlying operating income and mark-to-market movement, related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) and partially-owned insurance companies. Also included in Other income and expense are gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other income and expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results. Bad debt expense for uncollectible premiums is also included in Other income and expense.