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Share-based compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2014
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Schedule of pre-tax and after-tax share-based compensation expense
The following table presents pre-tax and after-tax share-based compensation expense:
 
Years Ended December 31
 
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2014

 
2013

 
2012

Stock options and shares issued under ESPP:
 
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax
$
28

 
$
24

 
$
22

After-tax (1)
$
19

 
$
18

 
$
17

Restricted stock:
 
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax
$
128

 
$
153

 
$
109

After-tax
$
75

 
$
89

 
$
64


(1) 
Excludes windfall tax benefit for share-based compensation recognized as a direct adjustment to Additional paid-in capital of $28 million, $36 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Schedule of the weighted-average model valuation assumptions
 
Years Ended December 31
 
 
2014

2013

2012

Dividend yield
2.7
%
2.4
%
2.7
%
Expected volatility
25.2
%
27.8
%
29.8
%
Risk-free interest rate
1.7
%
1.0
%
1.1
%
Expected life
5.8 years

5.8 years

5.8 years

Rollforward of the company's stock options
The following table presents a roll-forward of ACE's stock options:
(Intrinsic Value in millions of U.S. dollars)
Number of Options

 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price

 
Weighted-Average Fair Value

 
Total Intrinsic Value

Options outstanding, December 31, 2011
10,579,507

 
$
49.78

 
 
 
 
Granted
1,462,103

 
$
73.36

 
$
15.58

 
 
Exercised
(2,401,869
)
 
$
42.50

 
 
 
$
78

Forfeited
(190,082
)
 
$
61.87

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding, December 31, 2012
9,449,659

 
$
55.03

 
 
 
 
Granted
1,821,063

 
$
85.41

 
$
17.29

 
 
Exercised
(1,658,671
)
 
$
48.17

 
 
 
$
70

Forfeited
(115,195
)
 
$
72.50

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding, December 31, 2013
9,496,856

 
$
61.84

 
 
 
 
Granted
1,782,903

 
$
96.77

 
$
18.00

 
 
Exercised
(1,511,948
)
 
$
54.84

 
 
 
$
73

Forfeited
(143,825
)
 
$
84.52

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding, December 31, 2014
9,623,986

 
$
69.06

 
 
 
$
441

Options exercisable, December 31, 2014
6,313,668

 
$
58.24

 
 
 
$
358

Rollforward of the company's restricted stock
The following table presents a roll-forward of our restricted stock awards. Included in the roll-forward below are 25,339 restricted stock awards, 20,969 restricted stock awards, and 25,669 restricted stock awards that were granted to non-management directors during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively:
 
Number of Restricted Stock

 
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value

Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2011
4,851,490

 
$
52.20

Granted
1,589,178

 
$
73.46

Vested
(1,923,385
)
 
$
52.71

Forfeited
(262,436
)
 
$
58.40

Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2012
4,254,847

 
$
59.53

Granted
1,544,485

 
$
86.07

Vested
(1,951,494
)
 
$
57.44

Forfeited
(139,651
)
 
$
67.72

Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2013
3,708,187

 
$
71.38

Granted
1,669,936

 
$
97.32

Vested
(1,660,903
)
 
$
70.01

Forfeited
(145,012
)
 
$
81.73

Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2014
3,572,208

 
$
83.72