Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has in effect stock incentive plans under which stock-based awards have been granted to certain employees and members of its Board of Directors. Under these existing plans, the Company may grant options to purchase shares of common stock at prices not less than the fair market value of the stock on the grant date, as well as restricted stock awards. Generally, the awards vest within five years from the grant date. Any unexercised options expire after not more than ten years.

During the years ended December 29, 2018, December 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, the Company recognized stock-based compensation, as a component of selling, general, and administrative expense, in its Consolidated Statements of Income of $8.0 million, $7.5 million, and $6.4 million, respectively.

Stock Options

The fair value of each option is estimated as a single award and amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line or accrual basis over its vesting period based on its vesting schedule. The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $9.64, $9.38, and $7.87, respectively.

The Company estimates the fair value of all stock option awards as of the grant date by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The use of this valuation model in the determination of compensation expense involves certain assumptions that are judgmental and/or highly sensitive including the expected life of the option, stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield. Additionally, forfeitures are not estimated at the time of valuation; they are recognized as they occur. The weighted average of key assumptions used in determining the fair value of options granted and a discussion of the methodology used to develop each assumption are as follows:



	2018		2017		2016

Expected term	7.6 years		7.7 years		6.7 years
Expected price volatility	27.2	%	28.9	%	25.6	%
Risk-free interest rate	2.9	%	2.1	%	1.6	%
Dividend yield	1.3	%	1.3	%	1.0	%

Expected term – This is the period of time estimated based on historical experience over which the options granted are expected to remain outstanding. An increase in the expected term will increase compensation expense.

Expected price volatility – This is a measure of the amount by which a price has fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate. The Company uses actual historical changes in the market value of its stock to calculate the volatility assumption. Daily market value changes from the grant date over a past period representative of the expected term of the options are used. An increase in the expected price volatility rate will increase compensation expense.

Risk-free interest rate – This is the U.S. Treasury rate for the week of the grant, having a term representative of the expected term of the options. An increase in the risk-free rate will increase compensation expense.

Dividend yield – This rate is the annual dividends per share as a percentage of the Company’s stock price. An increase in the dividend yield will decrease compensation expense.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.9 million, $10.2 million, and $2.5 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The total fair value of options that vested was $1.0 million, $1.0 million, and $0.3 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

At December 29, 2018, the aggregate intrinsic value of all outstanding options was $2.7 million with a weighted average remaining contractual term of 6.0 years. Of the outstanding options, 562 thousand are currently exercisable with an aggregate intrinsic value of $2.7 million, a weighted average exercise price of $19.87, and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 4.5 years.

The total compensation expense not yet recognized related to unvested options at December 29, 2018 was $2.2 million, with an average expense recognition period of 3.8 years.

Restricted Stock Awards

The fair value of each restricted stock award equals the fair value of the Company’s stock on the grant date and is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line or accrual basis over its vesting period based on its vesting schedule. The weighted average grant-date fair value of awards granted during 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $32.04, $30.97, and $34.04, respectively.

The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding and unvested awards was $21.8 million at December 29, 2018. Total compensation expense for restricted stock awards not yet recognized was $17.5 million with an average expense recognition period of 3.2 years. The total fair value of awards that vested was $3.7 million, $3.5 million, and $4.7 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

The Company generally issues treasury shares when options are exercised or restricted stock awards are granted. A summary of the activity and related information follows:



	Stock Options				Restricted Stock Awards
(Shares in thousands)	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

Outstanding at December 30, 2017	947		$	22.31	781		$	31.83
Granted	142		31.33		276		32.04
Exercised/Released	(57	)	15.10		(124	)	29.95
Forfeited	(18	)	26.78		(3	)	32.60

Outstanding at December 29, 2018	1,014		23.90		930		32.14

Approximately 344 thousand shares were available for future stock incentive awards at December 29, 2018.