10. Related Party Transactions

On November 18, 2016, a member of the board of directors, Scott Tarriff acquired 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock together with a Series A warrant to purchase 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $1.43 and a Series B warrant to purchase 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $1.72 for an aggregate purchase price of $300,000. The shares of stock and warrants were acquired in the Company’s public offering that was consummated on November 18, 2016. The Series A warrant may be exercised until the four year anniversary of the date of its issuance and the Series B warrant expired December 31, 2017.

In August 2015, the Company expanded its relationship with Intrexon and entered into an Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement with Intrexon. In connection with the Channel Agreement, the Company paid Intrexon a technology access fee by the issuance of 937,500 shares of common stock having a value equal to $3 million as of August 7, 2015. In August 2012, the Company entered into an Infectious Disease ECC with Intrexon and issued 3,552,210 shares of common stock as consideration, having a fair value of $7.8 million ($2.20 per share), based on the quoted closing trading price on October 5, 2012. In November 2011, the Company entered into its initial ECC with Intrexon and issued 3,123,558 shares of common stock as consideration, having a fair value of $1.7 million ($0.54 per share), based on the quoted closing trading price on that date. In connection with the November 2011 and August 2012 ECCs, the Company paid Intrexon approximately $2.9 million during 2012, including a prepayment of research and development expenses of $2.5 million for research and development goods and services to be provided in the future which has been recorded on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet in prepaid expenses and other current assets as described in Note 4. In October 2012, the Company consummated its October 2012 Private Placement and entered into a stock purchase agreement with several investors, including NRM VII Holdings I, LLC, an entity affiliated with Intrexon. Randal J. Kirk, directly and through certain affiliates, has voting and dispositive power over a majority of the outstanding capital of Intrexon Corporation, and controls NRM VII Holdings I, LLC. Mr. Kirk disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by Intrexon Corporation and NRM VII Holdings I, LLC, except to the extent of any pecuniary interest therein.

In December 2013, through the Company’s subsidiary, SYN Biomics, Inc., the Company entered into a worldwide exclusive license agreement with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center “CSMC” and acquired the rights to develop products for therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of acute and chronic diseases, including the development of SYN-010 to target IBS-C. The Company licensed from CSMC a portfolio of intellectual property comprised of several U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications for various fields of use, including IBS-C, obesity and diabetes. An investigational team led by Mark Pimentel, M.D. at CSMC discovered that these products may reduce the production of methane gas by certain GI microorganisms. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company paid Cedars-Sinai Medical Center $350,000 for milestone payments related this license agreement. There were no milestone payments made during the years ended December 31, 2017.