N-CSR

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM N-CSR

CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED
MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES

Investment Company Act file number: (811 - 07276 )

Exact name of registrant as specified in charter: Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust

Address of principal executive offices: One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109

Name and address of agent for service:	Beth S. Mazor, Vice President
	One Post Office Square
	Boston, Massachusetts 02109
Copy to:	John W. Gerstmayr, Esq.
	Ropes & Gray LLP
	One International Place
	Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:		(617) 292-1000

Date of fiscal year end: April 30, 2006

Date of reporting period: May 1, 2005 – April 30, 2006

Item 1. Report to Stockholders:

The following is a copy of the report transmitted to stockholders pursuant to Rule 30e-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940:

What makes Putnam different?

In 1830, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Justice Samuel Putnam established The Prudent Man Rule, a legal foundation for responsible money management.

THE PRUDENT MAN RULE

All that can be required of a trustee to invest is that he shall conduct himself faithfully and exercise a sound discretion. He is to observe how men of prudence, discretion, and intelligence manage their own affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent disposition of their funds, considering the probable income, as well as the probable safety of the capital to be invested.

A time-honored tradition in money management

Since 1937, our values have been rooted in a profound sense of responsibility for the money entrusted to us.

A prudent approach to investing

We use a research-driven team approach to seek consistent, dependable, superior investment results over time, although there is no guarantee a fund will meet its objectives.

Funds for every investment goal

We offer a broad range of mutual funds and other financial products so investors and their financial representatives can build diversified portfolios.

A commitment to doing what’s right for investors

We have stringent investor protections and provide a wealth of information about the Putnam funds.

Industry-leading service

We help investors, along with their financial representatives, make informed investment decisions with confidence.

Putnam California

Investment Grade

Municipal Trust

4| 30| 06

Annual Report

Message from the Trustees	2
About the fund	4
Report from the fund managers	7
Performance	13
Your fund’s management	16
Terms and definitions	19
Trustee approval of management contract	20
Other information for shareholders	25
Financial statements	27
Federal tax information	42
About the Trustees	43
Officers	49

Cover photograph: © Richard H. Johnson

Message from the Trustees

Dear Fellow Shareholder

In recent months, we have witnessed the continuing vibrancy of the current economic expansion, now in its fifth year. U.S. businesses have seized opportunities available both at home and abroad to generate some of the most impressive profit margins in history, by some measures. During your fund’s reporting period, common stocks have traded at higher levels to reflect improving corporate profits. However, the gains have not come without concerns in some quarters of the market about the risks facing the economy. These risks include high energy prices, inflation, and a potential pullback in consumer spending, as well as the potential adverse effects of the Federal Reserve’s (the Fed’s) series of interest-rate increases. Concerns about inflation, in particular, have been reflected in falling bond prices and rising bond yields, and worries about consumer spending have clouded the outlook for stocks.

You can be assured that the investment professionals managing your fund are closely monitoring the factors that are influencing the performance of the securities in which your fund invests. Moreover, Putnam Investments’ management team, under the leadership of Chief Executive Officer Ed Haldeman, continues to focus on investment performance and remains committed to putting the interests of shareholders first.

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In the following pages, members of your fund’s management team discuss the fund’s performance and strategies for the fiscal period ended April 30, 2006, and provide their outlook for the months ahead. As always, we thank you for your support of the Putnam funds.

Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust: potential for tax-advantaged high current income

When investing in tax-exempt bonds, opportunities come in all shapes and sizes. This is especially true with Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust. This fund explores the vast California municipal bond market to deliver to investors the potential for high current income and tax advantages.

Municipal bonds are typically issued by municipalities to raise funds for building and maintaining public facilities. They are backed by either the issuing state, city, or town, or by revenues collected from usage fees. As a result, they have varying degrees of credit risk — that is, the risk that the issuer will not be able to repay the bond.

A municipal bond’s greatest benefit is that its income is generally exempt from federal income tax, and from state tax for residents of the state in which the bond is issued. In California, this tax exemption is an especially powerful advantage because the state’s maximum income tax rate is among the highest in the United States. And the sheer size of the California municipal bond market —it offers more tax-exempt issues than any other state’s market — provides a wide array of investment opportunities.

The fund seeks to capitalize on the opportunities available in California by investing in bonds across a range of market sectors, with a focus on investment-grade bonds (those rated Baa or higher in quality). In addition, the fund uses leverage — that is, it invests with funds raised by issuing preferred shares — in an effort to take greater advantage of investment opportunities.

The goal of the management team’s research and active management is to stay a step ahead of the industry and pinpoint opportunities to adjust the fund’s holdings, either by acquiring more of a particular bond or selling it, for the benefit of the fund and its shareholders.

Municipal bonds may finance a range of projects in your community and thus play a key role in its development.

The fund concentrates its investments by region, and involves more risk than a fund that invests more broadly. Capital gains, if any, are taxable for federal and, in most cases, state purposes. For some investors, investment income may be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax. Please consult with your tax advisor for more information. Mutual funds that invest in bonds are subject to certain risks including interest rate risk, credit risk, and inflation risk. As interest rates rise, the prices of bonds fall. Long-term bonds are more exposed to interest rate risk than short-term bonds. Unlike bonds, bond funds have ongoing fees and expenses. The fund’s shares trade on a stock exchange at market prices, which may be lower than the fund’s net asset value. The fund uses leverage, which involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value.

How do closed-end funds differ from open-end funds?

More assets at work While open-end funds must maintain a cash position to meet redemptions, closed-end funds have no such requirement and can keep more of their assets invested in the market.

Traded like stocks Closed-end fund shares are traded on stock exchanges, and their market prices fluctuate in response to supply and demand, among other factors.

Market price vs. net asset value

Like an open-end fund’s net asset value (NAV) per share, the NAV of a closed-end fund share equals the current value of the fund’s assets, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding. However, when buying or selling closed-end fund shares, the price you pay or receive is the market price. Market price reflects current market supply and demand and may be higher or lower than the NAV.

Strategies for higher income Closed-end funds have greater flexibility to use strategies such as “leverage” — for example, issuing preferred shares to raise capital, then seeking to invest it at higher rates to enhance return for common shareholders.

Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust is a leveraged fund that seeks to provide as high a level of current income free from federal income tax and California personal income taxes as Putnam Management believes is consistent with the preservation of capital. It may be suitable for investors seeking tax-free income through high-quality investments primarily issued in California, provided they are willing to accept the risks associated with the use of leverage.

Highlights

* For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2006, Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust
returned 2.70% at net asset value (NAV) and 3.59% at market price.

* The fund’s benchmark, the Lehman Municipal Bond Index, returned 2.15% .

* The average return for the fund’s Lipper category, California Municipal Debt Funds (closed-end),
was 3.85% .

* The fund’s monthly dividend was reduced during the period. See page 11 for details.

* Additional fund performance, comparative performance, and Lipper data can be found in the
performance section beginning on page 13.

Performance

It is important to note that a fund’s performance at market price may differ from its results at NAV. Although market price performance generally reflects investment results, it may also be influenced by several other factors, including changes in investor perceptions of the fund or its investment advisor, market conditions, fluctuations in supply and demand for the fund’s shares, and changes in fund distributions.

Total return for periods ended 4/30/06

Since the fund's inception (11/27/92), average annual return is 6.83% at NAV and 5.37% at market price.
	Average annual return		Cumulative return
	NAV	Market price	NAV	Market price
10 years	6.27%	5.16%	83.76%	65.33%
5 years	6.16	4.84	34.84	26.68
3 years	5.46	5.00	17.28	15.75
1 year	2.70	3.59	2.70	3.59

Data is historical. Past performance does not guarantee future results. More recent returns may be less or more than those shown. Investment return, net asset value, and market price will fluctuate, and you may have a gain or a loss when you sell your shares. Performance assumes reinvestment of distributions and does not account for taxes.

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Report from the fund managers

The year in review

Our emphasis on high-yielding tobacco settlement bonds and appreciation from several individual holdings helped your fund outperform its benchmark during the year, based on its results at NAV. The fund’s use of leverage, which amplifies its performance, was also a factor. However, the fund’s higher overall credit quality caused it to lag the average for its Lipper category, as lower-quality bonds outperformed. In particular, the fund’s maturity profile worked against us, as the fund owned fewer long-term bonds and yields on long-term bonds rose less than we had expected. Nonetheless, given current market conditions, we believe it is prudent to keep the fund’s sensitivity to changing interest rates moderate and its portfolio quality high.

Market overview

Continuing indications of solid economic growth, and the desire to curb the potential inflation that frequently accompanies such growth, prompted the Fed to increase the federal funds rate eight times during the fund’s fiscal year, lifting this benchmark rate for overnight loans between banks from 2.75% to 4.75% . Bond yields rose across the maturity spectrum. Short-term rates rose faster than long-term rates, leading to a convergence of shorter- and longer-term rates. As rates converged, the yield curve — a graphical representation of yields for bonds of comparable quality plotted from the shortest to the longest maturity — flattened.

During the period, tax-exempt bonds generally outperformed comparable Treasury bonds, as prices of tax-exempt bonds declined less than Treasury prices across all maturities. Municipal bonds typically perform better than Treasuries when interest rates are rising. However, the degree to which they outperformed Treasuries during the early months of 2006 was greater than expected.

The strong economy and rising corporate earnings contributed to the strong performance of lower-rated bonds. Among uninsured bonds in general and especially bonds rated Baa and below, yield spreads tightened,

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driven by strong interest among buyers in search of higher yields. Based on favorable legal rulings, tobacco settlement bonds outperformed. Likewise, airline-related industrial development bonds (IDBs) performed exceptionally well over the period. Callable bonds benefited from investor perception that bonds are less likely to be called in a rising-rate environment.

Strategy overview

Given our expectation for rising interest rates, we maintained a short (defensive) portfolio duration relative to the fund’s peer group, a strategy that contributed positively to results for the period as rates rose. Duration is a measure of a fund’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Having a shorter-duration portfolio may help protect principal when interest rates rise, but it can reduce appreciation potential when rates fall.

The fund’s yield curve positioning, or the maturity profile of its holdings, detracted from performance during the period. In order to keep the fund’s duration short, we limited exposure to longer-maturity bonds, favoring intermediate-maturity securities instead. However, as the yield curve flattened and the yield differences between shorter-and longer-term bonds converged, bonds with longer maturities outperformed their shorter-maturity counterparts.

The fund’s underweight position in the lowest-rated bonds, compared to other funds in its peer group, detracted from

Market sector performance

These indexes provide an overview of performance in different market sectors for the 12 months ended 4/30/06.

Bonds
Lehman Municipal Bond Index (tax-exempt bonds)	2.15%
Lehman Aggregate Bond Index (broad bond market)	0.71%
Lehman Government Bond Index (U.S. Treasury and agency securities)	0.25%
JP Morgan Global High Yield Index (global high-yield corporate bonds)	8.88%
Equities
S&P 500 Index (broad stock market)	15.42%
Russell 1000 Index (large-company stocks)	16.71%
Russell 2000 Index (small-company stocks)	33.47%

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results as securities in this area of the market rallied.

We added to the fund’s callable bond holdings during the period. Despite this action, however, the fund remained underweight in callable bonds relative to its benchmark. This positioning detracted from results as these bonds generally outperformed over the period.

Your fund’s holdings

Your fund’s emphasis on tobacco settlement bonds was a positive during the fiscal year. While tobacco settlement bonds generally carry investment-grade ratings, they are secured by the income stream from tobacco companies’ settlement obligations to the states and generally offer higher yields than bonds of comparable quality. An improving litigation environment has led to higher prices for these bonds and the fund benefited as a result. Furthermore, we think tobacco settlement bonds provide valuable di-versification, since their performance is not as closely tied to the direction of economic growth as are other, more economically sensitive holdings.

One of the fund’s best-performing individual holdings was one issued for California’s Foothill Eastern Corridor, a 37-mile toll road in Southern California built in 1995. The fund has owned this bond for about 10 years. Stable toll revenues and an attractive yield continue to attract investors.

Comparison of the fund’s maturity and duration

This chart compares changes in the fund’s average effective maturity (a weighted average of the holdings’ maturities) and its average effective duration (a measure of its sensitivity to interest-rate changes).

Average effective duration and average effective maturity take into account put and call features, where applicable, and reflect prepayments for mortgage-backed securities. Duration is usually shorter than maturity because it reflects interest payments on a bond prior to its maturity.

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Pre-refunded bonds contributed to results during the year. Pre-refunding occurs when an issuer refinances an older, higher-coupon bond by issuing new bonds at current, lower interest rates. The proceeds are then invested in a secure investment — usually U.S. Treasury securities — that matures at the older bond’s first call date, effectively raising the bond’s perceived rating and shortening its maturity. One of the fund’s pre-refunded holdings was a bond issued for Chabot-Las Positas, California Community College District. It was pre-refunded very recently, in April 2006. Previously scheduled to mature in August 2025, the bond has a new effective maturity date in August 2014.

Credit spreads — the difference in yield between lower- and higher-rated bonds — continued a narrowing trend that started early in 2003. As yield-hungry investors reached downward in credit quality and outward along the maturity spectrum, they have been bidding up the price of higher-yielding securities, making them more costly and further narrowing spreads. Late in the period, airline-related IDBs rebounded, as passenger traffic continued a protracted recovery and ticket prices rose. Since this fund cannot invest in bonds rated below investment grade (though it may continue to hold securities that fall below investment grade status), and most airline-related bonds fall into this

Credit quality overview

Credit qualities shown as a percentage of portfolio value as of 4/30/06. A bond rated Baa or higher is considered investment grade. The chart reflects Moody’s ratings; percentages may include bonds not rated by Moody’s but considered by Putnam Management to be of comparable quality. Ratings will vary over time.

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category, it did not participate in the rally. However, the strengthening economy also improved the financial health of many issuers and the price of their bonds rose to reflect this. The net effect of narrowing in credit spreads was negative for your fund. In our opinion, the yield advantage currently available from lower-quality bonds is generally not great enough to justify risks involved.

Please note that the holdings discussed in this report may not have been held by the fund for the entire period. Portfolio composition is subject to review in accordance with the fund’s investment strategy and may vary in the future.

Of special interest

Fund’s dividend reduced

Several older holdings were sold or were called during the fiscal year, requiring us to reinvest assets at current, lower interest rates. Furthermore, given the narrowing of the yield spread between higher- and lower-rated municipal bonds, the opportunities for finding relatively high-yielding investments have become more limited, especially in light of our commitment to focusing on sound, creditworthy investments. To reflect the reduction in earnings, the dividend was reduced in June 2005 from $0.0586 to $0.055 per share, and again in December 2005 from $0.055 to $0.0519.

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The outlook for your fund

The following commentary reflects anticipated developments that could affect your fund over the next six months, as well as your management team’s plans for responding to them.

We believe that the Fed’s tightening cycle is nearing an end but that rates will continue to rise over the near term. We currently plan to maintain the fund’s defensive duration because we believe that the municipal bond market may be susceptible to weaker returns in the coming months. One reason for this belief is the market’s unusually strong performance versus taxable equivalents in the early months of 2006.

We believe that the extended rally among lower-rated, higher-yielding bonds is in its final stages. Therefore, we remain cautious with respect to securities at the lower end of the credit spectrum. We continue to have a positive view of defensive sectors such as single-family housing bonds, which have performed well in recent months. In addition, we remain positive on callable bonds. Our view on tobacco settlement bonds remains positive as we believe that they represent good investment opportunities relative to the inherent risks associated with the sector.

As always, we will continue to search for the most attractive opportunities among tax-exempt securities, and work to balance the pursuit of current income with prudent risk management.

The views expressed in this report are exclusively those of Putnam Management. They are not meant as investment advice.

This fund concentrates its investments by region and involves more risk than a fund that invests more broadly. Capital gains, if any, are taxable for federal and, in most cases, state purposes. For some investors, investment income may be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax. Mutual funds that invest in bonds are subject to certain risks, including interest-rate risk, credit risk, and inflation risk. As interest rates rise, the prices of bonds fall. Long-term bonds are more exposed to interest-rate risk than short-term bonds. Unlike bonds, bond funds have ongoing fees and expenses. The fund uses leverage, which involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value. The fund’s shares trade on a stock exchange at market prices, which may be higher or lower than the fund’s net asset value.

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Your fund’s performance

This section shows your fund’s performance for periods ended April 30, 2006, the end of its fiscal year. In accordance with regulatory requirements for mutual funds, we also include performance for the most recent calendar quarter-end. Performance should always be considered in light of a fund’s investment strategy. Data represents past performance. Past performance does not guarantee future results. More recent returns may be less or more than those shown. Investment return, net asset value, and market price will fluctuate, and you may have a gain or a loss when you sell your shares.

Fund performance

Total return for periods ended 4/30/06

				Lipper California
				Municipal
			Lehman	Debt Funds
		Market	Municipal	(closed-end)
	NAV	price	Bond Index	category average*
Annual average
Life of fund
(since 11/27/92)	6.83%	5.37%	6.08%	6.54%
10 years	83.76	65.33	77.30	89.76
Annual average	6.27	5.16	5.89	6.60
5 years	34.84	26.68	30.07	40.97
Annual average	6.16	4.84	5.40	7.08
3 years	17.28	15.75	12.04	20.95
Annual average	5.46	5.00	3.86	6.52
1 year	2.70	3.59	2.15	3.85

Performance assumes reinvestment of distributions and does not account for taxes.

Index and Lipper results should be compared to fund performance at net asset value. Lipper calculations for reinvested dividends may differ from actual performance.

* Over the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year periods ended 4/30/06, there were 25, 25, 16, and 13 funds, respectively, in this Lipper category.

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Fund price and distribution information

For the 12-month period ended 4/30/06

Distributions — common shares
Number	12
Income1	$0.6481
Capital gains2
Long-term	0.1460
Short-term	—
Total	$0.7941
	Series A
Distributions — preferred shares	(320 shares)
Income1	$1,176.39
Capital gains2	178.14
Total	$1,354.53
Share value:	NAV	Market price
4/30/05	$15.26	$13.45
4/30/06	14.78	13.14
Current yield (end of period)
Current dividend rate3	4.21%	4.74%
Taxable equivalent4	7.22	8.13

1 For some investors, investment income may be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax. Income from federally exempt funds may be subject to state and local taxes.

2 Capital gains, if any, are taxable for federal and, in most cases, state purposes.

3 Most recent distribution, excluding capital gains, annualized and divided by NAV or market price at end of period.

4 Assumes maximum 41.70% federal and state combined tax rate for 2006. Results for investors subject to lower tax rates would not be as advantageous.

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Fund performance for most recent calendar quarter
Total return for periods ended 3/31/06
	NAV	Market price
Annual average
Life of fund (since 11/27/92)	6.89%	5.49%
10 years	83.40	65.22
Annual average	6.25	5.15
5 years	32.55	27.01
Annual average	5.80	4.90
3 years	18.79	19.28
Annual average	5.91	6.05
1 year	5.44	5.68

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Your fund’s management

Your fund is managed by the members of the Putnam Tax Exempt Fixed-Income Team. David Hamlin is the Portfolio Leader, and Paul Drury, Susan McCormack, and James St. John are Portfolio Members of your fund. The Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members coordinate the team’s management of the fund.

For a complete listing of the members of the Putnam Tax Exempt Fixed-Income Team, including those who are not Portfolio Leaders or Portfolio Members of your fund, visit Putnam’s Individual Investor Web site at www.putnam.com.

Fund ownership by the Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members

The table below shows how much the fund’s current Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members have invested in the fund (in dollar ranges). Information shown is as of April 30, 2006, and April 30, 2005.

			$1 –	$10,001 –	$50,001 –	$100,001 –	$500,001 –	$1,000,001
	Year	$0	$10,000	$50,000	$100,000	$500,000	$1,000,000	and over
David Hamlin	2006	*
Portfolio Leader	2005	*
Paul Drury	2006	*
Portfolio Member	2005	*
Susan McCormack	2006	*
Portfolio Member	2005	*
James St. John	2006	*
Portfolio Member	2005	*

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Fund manager compensation

The total 2005 fund manager compensation that is attributable to your fund is approximately $40,000. This amount includes a portion of 2005 compensation paid by Putnam Management to the fund managers listed in this section for their portfolio management responsibilities, calculated based on the fund assets they manage taken as a percentage of the total assets they manage. The compensation amount also includes a portion of the 2005 compensation paid to the Chief Investment Officer of the team and the Group Chief Investment Officer of the fund’s broader investment category for their oversight responsibilities, calculated based on the fund assets they oversee taken as a percentage of the total assets they oversee. This amount does not include compensation of other personnel involved in research, trading, administration, systems, compliance, or fund operations; nor does it include non-compensation costs. These percentages are determined as of the fund’s fiscal period-end. For personnel who joined Putnam Management during or after 2005, the calculation reflects annualized 2005 compensation or an estimate of 2006 compensation, as applicable.

Other Putnam funds managed by the Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members

David Hamlin is the Portfolio Leader and Paul Drury, Susan McCormack, and James St. John are Portfolio Members for Putnam’s tax-exempt funds for the following states: Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The same group also manages Putnam AMT-Free Insured Municipal Fund, Putnam High Yield Municipal Trust, Putnam Investment Grade Municipal Trust, Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust, Putnam Municipal Bond Fund, Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust, Putnam New York Investment Grade Municipal Trust, Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Tax-Free Health Care Fund, and Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund.

David Hamlin, Paul Drury, Susan McCormack, and James St. John may also manage other accounts and variable trust funds advised by Putnam Management or an affiliate.

Changes in your fund’s Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members

Your fund’s Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members did not change during the year ended April 30, 2006.

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Fund ownership by Putnam’s Executive Board

The table below shows how much the members of Putnam’s Executive Board have invested in the fund (in dollar ranges). Information shown is as of April 30, 2006, and April 30, 2005.

			$1 –	$10,001 –	$50,001–	$100,001
	Year	$0	$10,000	$50,000	$100,000	and over
Philippe Bibi	2006	*
Chief Technology Officer	2005	*
Joshua Brooks	2006	*
Deputy Head of Investments	2005	*
William Connolly	2006	*
Head of Retail Management	N/A
Kevin Cronin	2006	*
Head of Investments	2005	*
Charles Haldeman, Jr.	2006		*
President and CEO	2005		*
Amrit Kanwal	2006	*
Chief Financial Officer	2005	*
Steven Krichmar	2006	*
Chief of Operations	2005	*
Francis McNamara, III	2006	*
General Counsel	2005	*
Richard Robie, III	2006	*
Chief Administrative Officer	2005	*
Edward Shadek	2006	*
Deputy Head of Investments	2005	*
Sandra Whiston	2006	*
Head of Institutional Management	N/A

N/A indicates the individual was not a member of Putnam's Executive Board as of 4/30/05.

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Terms and definitions

Important terms

Total return shows how the value of the fund’s shares changed over time, assuming you held the shares through the entire period and reinvested all distributions in the fund.

Net asset value (NAV) is the value of all your fund’s assets, minus any liabilities and the net assets allocated to any outstanding preferred shares, divided by the number of outstanding common shares.

Market price is the current trading price of one share of the fund. Market prices are set by transactions between buyers and sellers on exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange.

Comparative indexes

JP Morgan Global High Yield Index is an unmanaged index of global high-yield fixed-income securities.

Lehman Aggregate Bond Index is an unmanaged index of U.S. investment-grade fixed-income securities.

Lehman Government Bond Index is an unmanaged index of U.S. Treasury and agency securities.

Lehman Municipal Bond Index is an unmanaged index of long-term fixed-rate investment-grade tax-exempt bonds.

Russell 1000 Index is an unmanaged index of the 1,000 largest companies in the Russell 3000 Index.

Russell 2000 Index is an unmanaged index of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000 Index.

S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged index of common stock performance.

Indexes assume reinvestment of all distributions and do not account for fees. Securities and performance of a fund and an index will differ. You cannot invest directly in an index.

Lipper is a third-party industry-ranking entity that ranks mutual funds. Its rankings do not reflect sales charges. Lipper rankings are based on total return at net asset value relative to other funds that have similar current investment styles or objectives as determined by Lipper. Lipper may change a fund’s category assignment at its discretion. Lipper category averages reflect performance trends for funds within a category.

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Trustee approval of
management contract

General conclusions

The Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds oversees the management of each fund and, as required by law, determines annually whether to approve the continuance of your fund’s management contract with Putnam Management. In this regard, the Board of Trustees, with the assistance of its Contract Committee consisting solely of Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended) of the Putnam funds (the “Independent Trustees”), requests and evaluates all information it deems reasonably necessary under the circumstances. Over the course of several months beginning in March and ending in June 2005, the Contract Committee met five times to consider the information provided by Putnam Management and other information developed with the assistance of the Board’s independent counsel and independent staff. The Contract Committee reviewed and discussed key aspects of this information with all of the Independent Trustees. Upon completion of this review, the Contract Committee recommended and the Independent Trustees approved the continuance of your fund’s management contract, effective July 1, 2005.

This approval was based on the following conclusions:

*	That the fee schedule currently in effect for your fund, subject to certain changes noted
	below, represents reasonable compensation in light of the nature and quality of the services
	being provided to the fund, the fees paid by competitive funds and the costs incurred by
	Putnam Management in providing such services, and
*	That such fee schedule represents an appropriate sharing between fund shareholders and
	Putnam Management of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the fund
	at current asset levels.

These conclusions were based on a comprehensive consideration of all information provided to the Trustees and were not the result of any single factor. Some of the factors that figured particularly in the Trustees’ deliberations and how the Trustees considered these factors are described below, although individual Trustees may have evaluated the information presented differently, giving different weights to various factors. It is also important to recognize that the fee arrangements for your fund and the other Putnam funds are the result of many years of review and discussion between the Independent Trustees and Putnam Management, that certain aspects of such arrangements may receive greater scrutiny in some years than others, and that the Trustees’ conclusions may be based, in part, on their consideration of these same arrangements in prior years.

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Model fee schedules and categories; total expenses

The Trustees’ review of the management fees and total expenses of the Putnam funds focused on three major themes:

*	Consistency. The Trustees, working in cooperation with Putnam Management, have developed
	and implemented a series of model fee schedules for the Putnam funds designed to ensure that
	each fund’s management fee is consistent with the fees for similar funds in the Putnam family of
	funds and compares favorably with fees paid by competitive funds sponsored by other invest-
	ment advisors. Under this approach, each Putnam fund is assigned to one of several fee
	categories based on a combination of factors, including competitive fees and perceived difficulty
	of management, and a common fee schedule is implemented for all funds in a given fee cate-
	gory. The Trustees reviewed the model fee schedules then in effect for the Putnam funds,
	including fee levels and breakpoints, and the assignment of each fund to a particular fee category
	under this structure. (“Breakpoints” refer to reductions in fee rates that apply to additional
	assets once specified asset levels are reached.)
	Since their inception, Putnam’s closed-end funds have generally had management fees that
	are higher than those of Putnam’s open-end funds pursuing comparable investment strategies.
	These differences currently range from five to 20 basis points. The Trustees have reexamined
	this matter and recommended that these differences be conformed to a uniform five basis
	points. At a meeting on January 13, 2006, the Trustees approved an amended management
	contract for your fund to memorialize the arrangements agreed to in June 2005. Under the
	new fee schedule, the fund pays a quarterly fee to Putnam Management at the lower of the
	following rates:

(a)	0.55% of the fund’s average net assets
	(including assets attributable to both common and preferred shares)
	or
(b)	0.65% of the first $500 million of the fund’s average net assets
	(including assets attributable to both common and preferred shares);
	0.55% of the next $500 million;
	0.50% of the next $500 million;
	0.45% of the next $5 billion;
	0.425% of the next $5 billion;
	0.405% of the next $5 billion;
	0.39% of the next $5 billion; and
	0.38% thereafter.

Based on net assets as of June 2005, the new fee schedule for your fund will result in lower management fees paid by common shareholders. The Trustees approved the new fee schedules for the funds effective as of January 1, 2006, in order to provide Putnam Management an opportunity to accommodate the impact on revenues in its budget process for the coming year.

21

* Competitiveness. The Trustees also reviewed comparative fee and expense information for competitive funds, which indicated that, in a custom peer group of competitive funds selected by Lipper Inc., your fund ranked in the 43rd percentile in management fees and in the 71st percentile in total expenses as of December 31, 2004 (the first percentile being the least expensive funds and the 100th percentile being the most expensive funds). The Trustees expressed their intention to monitor this information closely to ensure that fees and expenses of the Putnam funds continue to meet evolving competitive standards.

* Economies of scale. The Trustees concluded that the fee schedule currently in effect for your fund, which as of January 1, 2006, reflects the changes noted above, represents an appropriate sharing of economies of scale at current asset levels. The Trustees examined the existing breakpoint structure of the Putnam funds’ management fees in light of competitive industry practices. The Trustees considered various possible modifications to the Putnam funds’ current breakpoint structure, but ultimately concluded that the current breakpoint structure continues to serve the interests of fund shareholders. Accordingly, the Trustees continue to believe that the fee schedules currently in effect for the funds, taking into account the changes noted above, represent an appropriate sharing of economies of scale at current asset levels.

In connection with their review of the management fees and total expenses of the Putnam funds, the Trustees also reviewed the costs of the services to be provided and profits to be realized by Putnam Management and its affiliates from the relationship with the funds. This information included trends in revenues, expenses and profitability of Putnam Management and its affiliates relating to the investment management and distribution services provided to the funds. In this regard, the Trustees also reviewed an analysis of Putnam Management’s revenues, expenses and profitability with respect to the funds’ management contracts, allocated on a fund-by-fund basis.

Investment performance

The quality of the investment process provided by Putnam Management represented a major factor in the Trustees’ evaluation of the quality of services provided by Putnam Management under your fund’s management contract. The Trustees were assisted in their review of the funds’ investment process and performance by the work of the Investment Oversight Committees of the Trustees, which meet on a regular monthly basis with the funds’ portfolio teams throughout the year. The Trustees concluded that Putnam Management generally provides a high-quality investment process — as measured by the experience and skills of the individuals assigned to the management of fund portfolios, the resources made available to such personnel, and in general the ability of Putnam Management to attract and retain high-quality personnel — but also recognize that this does not guarantee favorable investment results for every fund in every time period. The Trustees considered the investment performance of each fund over multiple time periods and considered information comparing the fund’s performance with various benchmarks and with the performance of competitive funds. The Trustees noted the satisfactory investment performance of many Putnam funds. They also noted the disappointing investment performance of certain funds in recent years

22

and continued to discuss with senior management of Putnam Management the factors contributing to such underperformance and actions being taken to improve performance. The Trustees recognized that, in recent years, Putnam Management has made significant changes in its investment personnel and processes and in the fund product line to address areas of underperformance. The Trustees indicated their intention to continue to monitor performance trends to assess the effectiveness of these changes and to evaluate whether additional remedial changes are warranted.

In the case of your fund, the Trustees considered that your fund’s common share cumulative total return performance at net asset value was in the following percentiles of its Lipper Inc. peer group (Lipper California Municipal Debt Funds (closed-end)) (compared using tax-adjusted performance to recognize the different federal income tax treatment for capital gains distributions and exempt-interest distributions) for the one-, three- and five-year periods ended December 31, 2004 (the first percentile being the best-performing funds and the 100th percentile being the worst-performing funds):

One-year period	Three-year period	Five-year period
83rd	80th	75th

(Because of the passage of time, these performance results may differ from the performance results for more recent periods shown elsewhere in this report. Over the one-, three-, and five-year periods ended December 31, 2004, there were 30, 24, and 19 funds, respectively, in your fund’s Lipper peer group.* Past performance is no guarantee of future performance.) The Trustees noted the disappointing performance for your fund for the one-, three- and five-year periods ended December 31, 2004. In this regard, the Trustees considered that the fund generally uses less investment leverage than the other closed-end funds in its Lipper peer group. Because investment leverage has the potential to increase a fund’s yield under some market conditions, the fund’s lower use of leverage may at times cause its performance to trail the performance of its peer group.

As a general matter, the Trustees believe that cooperative efforts between the Trustees and Putnam Management represent the most effective way to address investment performance problems. The Trustees believe that investors in the Putnam funds have, in effect, placed their trust in the Putnam organization, under the oversight of the funds’ Trustees, to make appropriate decisions regarding the management of the funds. Based on the responsiveness of Putnam Management in the recent past to Trustee concerns about investment performance, the Trustees believe that it is preferable to seek change within Putnam Management to address performance shortcomings. In the Trustees’ view, the alternative of terminating a management contract and engaging a new investment advisor for an underperforming fund would entail significant disruptions and would not provide any greater assurance of improved investment performance.

* The percentile rankings for your fund’s common share annualized total return performance in the Lipper California Municipal Debt Funds (closed-end) category for the one-, five-, and ten-year periods ended March 31, 2006, were 82%, 83%, and 79%, respectively. Over the one-, five-, and ten-year periods ended March 31, 2006, the fund ranked 22nd out of 26, 14th out of 16, and 11th out of 13 funds, respectively. Note that this more recent information was not available when the Trustees approved the continuance of your fund’s management contract.

23

Brokerage and soft-dollar allocations; other benefits

The Trustees considered various potential benefits that Putnam Management may receive in connection with the services it provides under the management contract with your fund. These include principally benefits related to brokerage and soft-dollar allocations, whereby a portion of the commissions paid by a fund for brokerage is earmarked to pay for research services that may be utilized by a fund’s investment advisor, subject to the obligation to seek best execution. The Trustees believe that soft-dollar credits and other potential benefits associated with the allocation of fund brokerage, which pertains mainly to funds investing in equity securities, represent assets of the funds that should be used for the benefit of fund shareholders. This area has been marked by significant change in recent years. In July 2003, acting upon the Contract Committee’s recommendation, the Trustees directed that allocations of brokerage to reward firms that sell fund shares be discontinued no later than December 31, 2003. In addition, commencing in 2004, the allocation of brokerage commissions by Putnam Management to acquire research services from third-party service providers has been significantly reduced, and continues at a modest level only to acquire research that is customarily not available for cash. The Trustees will continue to monitor the allocation of the funds’ brokerage to ensure that the principle of “best price and execution” remains paramount in the portfolio trading process.

The Trustees’ annual review of your fund’s management contract also included the review of your fund’s custodian and investor servicing agreements, which provide benefits to Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, an affiliate of Putnam Management.

Comparison of retail and institutional fee schedules

The information examined by the Trustees as part of their annual contract review has included for many years information regarding fees charged by Putnam Management and its affiliates to institutional clients such as defined benefit pension plans, college endowments, etc. This information included comparison of such fees with fees charged to the funds, as well as a detailed assessment of the differences in the services provided to these two types of clients. The Trustees observed, in this regard, that the differences in fee rates between institutional clients and the mutual funds are by no means uniform when examined by individual asset sectors, suggesting that differences in the pricing of investment management services to these types of clients reflect to a substantial degree historical competitive forces operating in separate market places. The Trustees considered the fact that fee rates across all asset sectors are higher on average for mutual funds than for institutional clients, as well as the differences between the services that Putnam Management provides to the Putnam funds and those that it provides to institutional clients of the firm, but have not relied on such comparisons to any significant extent in concluding that the management fees paid by your fund are reasonable.

24

Other information
for shareholders

Important notice regarding share repurchase program

In October 2005, the Trustees of your fund authorized Putnam Investments to implement a repurchase program on behalf of your fund, which would allow your fund to repurchase up to 5% of its outstanding shares over the 12 months ending October 6, 2006. In March 2006, the Trustees approved an increase in this repurchase program to allow the fund to repurchase a total of up to 10% of its outstanding shares over the same period.

Putnam’s policy on confidentiality

In order to conduct business with our shareholders, we must obtain certain personal information such as account holders’ addresses, telephone numbers, Social Security numbers, and the names of their financial advisors. We use this information to assign an account number and to help us maintain accurate records of transactions and account balances. It is our policy to protect the confidentiality of your information, whether or not you currently own shares of our funds, and in particular, not to sell information about you or your accounts to outside marketing firms. We have safeguards in place designed to prevent unauthorized access to our computer systems and procedures to protect personal information from unauthorized use. Under certain circumstances, we share this information with outside vendors who provide services to us, such as mailing and proxy solicitation. In those cases, the service providers enter into confidentiality agreements with us, and we provide only the information necessary to process transactions and perform other services related to your account. We may also share this information with our Putnam affiliates to service your account or provide you with information about other Putnam products or services. It is also our policy to share account information with your financial advisor, if you’ve listed one on your Putnam account. If you would like clarification about our confidentiality policies or have any questions or concerns, please don’t hesitate to contact us at 1-800-225-1581, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., or Saturdays from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Proxy voting

Putnam is committed to managing our mutual funds in the best interests of our shareholders. The Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures, as well as information regarding how your fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30, 2005, are available on the Putnam Individual Investor Web site, www.putnam.com/individual, and on the SEC’s Web site, www.sec.gov. If you have questions about finding forms on the SEC’s Web site, you may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may also obtain the Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures at no charge by calling Putnam’s Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-1581.

25

Fund portfolio holdings

The fund will file a complete schedule of its portfolio holdings with the SEC for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year on Form N-Q. Shareholders may obtain the fund’s Forms N-Q on the SEC’s Web site at www.sec.gov. In addition, the fund’s Forms N-Q may be reviewed and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information about the SEC’s Web site or the operation of the Public Reference Room.

26

Financial statements

A guide to financial statements

These sections of the report, as well as the accompanying Notes, preceded by the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, constitute the fund’s financial statements.

The fund’s portfolio lists all the fund’s investments and their values as of the last day of the reporting period. Holdings are organized by asset type and industry sector, country, or state to show areas of concentration and diversification.

Statement of assets and liabilities shows how the fund’s net assets and share price are determined. All investment and noninvestment assets are added together. Any unpaid expenses and other liabilities are subtracted from this total. The result is divided by the number of shares to determine the net asset value per share, which is calculated separately for each class of shares. (For funds with preferred shares, the amount subtracted from total assets includes the liquidation preference of preferred shares.)

Statement of operations shows the fund’s net investment gain or loss. This is done by first adding up all the fund’s earnings — from dividends and interest income — and subtracting its operating expenses to determine net investment income (or loss). Then, any net gain or loss the fund realized on the sales of its holdings — as well as any unrealized gains or losses over the period — is added to or subtracted from the net investment result to determine the fund’s net gain or loss for the fiscal year.

Statement of changes in net assets shows how the fund’s net assets were affected by the fund’s net investment gain or loss, by distributions to shareholders, and by changes in the number of the fund’s shares. It lists distributions and their sources (net investment income or realized capital gains) over the current reporting period and the most recent fiscal year-end. The distributions listed here may not match the sources listed in the Statement of operations because the distributions are determined on a tax basis and may be paid in a different period from the one in which they were earned.

Financial highlights provide an overview of the fund’s investment results, per-share distributions, expense ratios, net investment income ratios, and portfolio turnover in one summary table, reflecting the five most recent reporting periods. In a semiannual report, the highlight table also includes the current reporting period.

27

Report of Independent Registered
Public Accounting Firm

To the Trustees and Shareholders of
Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust:

In our opinion, the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the fund’s portfolio, and the related statements of operations and of changes in net assets and the financial highlights present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust (the “fund”) at April 30, 2006, and the results of its operations, the changes in its net assets and the financial highlights for each of the periods indicated, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements and financial highlights (hereafter referred to as “financial statements”) are the responsibility of the fund’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits, which included confirmation of investments owned at April 30, 2006, by correspondence with the custodian and brokers, provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
June 9, 2006

28

The fund’s portfolio 4/30/06

Key to abbreviations
AMBAC AMBAC Indemnity Corporation	FSA Financial Security Assurance
COP Certificate of Participation	G.O. Bonds General Obligation Bonds
FGIC Financial Guaranty Insurance Company	MBIA MBIA Insurance Company
MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (120.4%)*
	Rating **		Principal amount		Value
California (120.0%)
ABAG Fin. Auth. COP
(American Baptist Homes), Ser. A, 6.2s, 10/1/27	BB+	$	500,000	$	507,155
(Odd Fellows Home), 6s, 8/15/24	A		1,000,000		1,036,510
Alhambra, Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds (Election
of 2004), Ser. A, FGIC, 5s, 8/1/25	Aaa		1,880,000		1,958,998
Anaheim, Pub. Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds (Distr. Syst.),
MBIA, 5 1/4s, 10/1/22	Aaa		1,530,000		1,633,841
Beverly Hills, Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 2002), Ser. B, 5s, 8/1/20	Aa2		1,325,000		1,386,811
CA Rev. Bonds (Stanford Hosp. & Clinics), Ser. A,
5s, 11/15/23	A2		500,000		511,005
CA Edl. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds (Lutheran U.), Ser. C,
4 1/2s, 10/1/19	Baa1		750,000		722,198
CA Hlth. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds
(Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr.), Ser. A, 6 1/4s, 12/1/34
(Prerefunded)	A3		750,000		820,358
(Sutter Hlth.), Ser. A, MBIA, 5 3/8s, 8/15/30 #	Aaa		1,600,000		1,655,680
CA Hlth. Fac. Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds (Cedars Sinai
Med. Ctr.), 5s, 11/15/15	A3		100,000		104,868
CA Hsg. Fin. Agcy. Rev. Bonds
(Multi-Fam. Hsg. III), Ser. B, MBIA, 5 1/2s, 8/1/39	Aaa		1,665,000		1,695,703
(Home Mtge.), Ser. C, FGIC, 3.7s, 2/1/13	Aaa		1,000,000		988,190
CA Poll. Control Fin. Auth. Solid Waste Disp. Rev.
Bonds (Waste Management, Inc.), Ser. A-2,
5.4s, 4/1/25	BBB		240,000		248,558
CA State G.O. Bonds
5 3/4s, 12/1/29 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		1,320,000		1,426,511
5 3/4s, 12/1/29	A2		680,000		730,361
5 1/4s, 12/1/23	A2		1,000,000		1,053,750
5 1/8s, 4/1/23	A2		250,000		260,293
5s, 5/1/24	A2		2,000,000		2,062,840
Ser. 2, 5s, 9/1/23	A2		500,000		517,640
CA State Dept. of Wtr. Resources Rev. Bonds
(Center Valley), Ser. J-2, 7s, 12/1/12	Aa2		4,000,000		4,695,440
Ser. A, AMBAC, 5 1/2s, 5/1/16 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		1,000,000		1,099,480
CA State U. Syst. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A, AMBAC,
5s, 11/1/33	Aaa		2,290,000		2,339,624

29

MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (120.4%)* continued
	Rating **		Principal amount		Value
California continued
CA Statewide Cmnty. Dev. Auth. COP (The Internext
Group), 5 3/8s, 4/1/30	BBB	$	950,000	$	946,780
CA Statewide Cmnty. Dev. Auth. Multi-Fam. Rev.
Bonds (Hsg. Equity Res.), Ser. B, 5.2s, 12/1/29	A-		850,000		867,077
CA Statewide Cmnty. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds
(Huntington Memorial Hosp.), 5s, 7/1/21	A+		455,000		473,632
(Thomas Jefferson School of Law), Ser. B,
4 7/8s, 10/1/31	BBB-		470,000		459,331
CA Statewide Cmntys. Dev. Auth. Apt. Mandatory Put
Bonds (Irvine Apt. Cmntys.), Ser. A-3, 5.1s, 5/17/10	Baa2		700,000		719,747
CA Tobacco Securitization Agcy. Rev. Bonds (Gold
Cnty. Funding Corp.), 5 3/4s, 6/1/27	Baa3		985,000		1,022,745
Capistrano, Unified School Dist. Cmnty. Fac. Special
Tax Bonds (Ladera), Ser. 98-2, 5 3/4s, 9/1/29
(Prerefunded)	BBB/P		1,000,000		1,081,610
Central CA Joint Pwr. Hlth. Fin. Auth. COP
(Cmnty. Hosp. of Central CA)
6s, 2/1/30	Baa2		200,000		206,874
6s, 2/1/20	Baa2		500,000		521,865
Cerritos, Cmnty. College Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 2004), Ser. A, MBIA
5s, 8/1/24 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		1,620,000		1,746,862
5s, 8/1/24	Aaa		125,000		129,955
Chabot-Las Positas, Cmnty. College Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 2004), Ser. A, MBIA, 5s, 8/1/25
(Prerefunded)	Aaa		1,945,000		2,088,813
Chula Vista Rev. Bonds (San Diego Gas), Ser. B,
5s, 12/1/27	A1		225,000		229,354
Commerce, Redev. Agcy. Rev. Bonds (Project 1),
zero %, 8/1/21	BBB		1,500,000		604,530
Delano, COP (Delano Regl. Med. Ctr.), 5.6s, 1/1/26	BBB-		500,000		503,440
Desert, Cmnty. College Dist. G.O. Bonds, Ser. A,
MBIA, 5s, 8/1/26 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		2,000,000		2,147,880
Duarte, COP, Ser. A, 5 1/4s, 4/1/31	Baa1		750,000		759,998
Folsom Cordova, Unified School Dist. No. 2
G.O. Bonds (Election of 2002), Ser. B, FSA,
5s, 10/1/28	Aaa		1,275,000		1,318,274
Foothill/Eastern Corridor Agcy. Rev. Bonds (CA Toll
Roads), 5 3/4s, 1/15/40	Baa3		1,200,000		1,217,916
Golden State Tobacco Securitization Corp.
Rev. Bonds
Ser. A-3, 7 7/8s, 6/1/42	BBB		300,000		357,168
Ser. 03-A1, 6 3/4s, 6/1/39	BBB		1,000,000		1,113,900
Ser. 03 A-1, 6 1/4s, 6/1/33	BBB		1,030,000		1,120,609
Ser. B, 5 5/8s, 6/1/38 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		1,500,000		1,649,880
Jurupa, Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds (Election
of 2001), FGIC, 5s, 8/1/25	Aaa		1,920,000		1,985,856
Los Angeles, Sanitation Equip. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,
AMBAC, 5s, 2/1/24	Aaa		1,130,000		1,168,770

30

MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (120.4%)* continued
	Rating **		Principal amount		Value
California continued
Los Angeles, Wtr. & Pwr. Rev. Bonds (Pwr. Syst.),
Ser. B, FSA, 5 1/8s, 7/1/20	Aaa	$	2,000,000	$	2,104,440
Placentia, Redev. Auth. Tax Alloc. Rev. Bonds,
Ser. B, 5 3/4s, 8/1/32	BBB+		500,000		524,370
Rancho Mirage, JT Powers Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds
(Eisenhower Med. Ctr.), 5 7/8s, 7/1/26	A3		500,000		535,905
Sacramento, City Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election 1999), Ser. D, FSA, 5s, 7/1/28	Aaa		2,000,000		2,059,280
San Diego, Assn. of Bay Area Governments Fin. Auth.
For Nonprofit Corps. Rev. Bonds (San Diego Hosp.),
Ser. A, 6 1/8s, 8/15/20	Baa1		100,000		107,545
San Jose Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds (Civic Ctr.), Ser. B,
AMBAC, 5s, 6/1/27	Aaa		2,000,000		2,038,740
San Jose, Redev. Agcy. Tax Alloc. (Merged Area
Redev.), FGIC, 5s, 8/1/27	Aaa		1,270,000		1,301,699
San Juan, Basin Auth. Rev. Bonds (Ground Wtr.
Recvy.), AMBAC, 5s, 12/1/34	Aaa		1,000,000		1,018,470
San Juan, Basin Auth. Lease Rev. Bonds (Ground Wtr.
Recvy.), AMBAC, 5s, 12/1/22	Aaa		1,000,000		1,032,180
San Ramon Valley, Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 2002), FSA, 5s, 8/1/24	Aaa		1,425,000		1,481,487
Santa Barbara, Elementary School Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 1998), Ser. B, FSA, 5s, 8/1/29	Aaa		1,000,000		1,032,660
Santa Maria, Joint Unified High School Dist. G.O.
Bonds, Ser. A, FSA, 5 1/4s, 8/1/25 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		1,500,000		1,620,330
Southern CA Wtr. Wks., Metro Wtr. Dist. Rev. Bonds,
Ser. B, MBIA, 4 3/4s, 7/1/21 (Prerefunded)	Aaa		15,000		15,029
State Center, Cmnty. College Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 2002), Ser. A, MBIA, 5 1/4s, 8/1/25	Aaa		1,125,000		1,195,245
Tobacco Securitization Auth. of Southern CA Rev.
Bonds, Ser. B, 6s, 6/1/43	Ba1		500,000		516,385
Torrance, Memorial Med. Ctr. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,
6s, 6/1/22	A1		500,000		548,890
Tustin, Unified School Dist. Special Tax (Cmnty. Fac.
Dist. No. 97-1), FSA, 5s, 9/1/32	Aaa		1,000,000		1,018,930
U. of CA Rev. Bonds, Ser. A, AMBAC,
5 1/8s, 5/15/18	Aaa		1,000,000		1,055,190
Vacaville, Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds (Election
of 2001), MBIA, 5s, 8/1/30	Aaa		1,000,000		1,035,110
Vallejo, COP (Marine World Foundation), 7s, 2/1/17	BBB-/P		800,000		829,760
Victor, Elementary School Dist. COP (School
Construction Refinancing), MBIA, 6.45s, 5/1/18	Aaa		3,345,000		3,944,591
West Contra Costa Unified School Dist. G.O. Bonds
(Election of 2002), Ser. C, FGIC, 5s, 8/1/29	Aaa		2,170,000		2,240,872
WM S. Hart, Unified High School Dist. G.O. Bonds,
Ser. A, MBIA, 5s, 9/1/23	Aaa		1,000,000		1,037,178
					80,192,966

31

MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (120.4%)* continued
	Rating **	Principal amount			Value
Puerto Rico (0.4%)
PR Muni. Fin. Agcy. G.O. Bonds, Ser. A,
5s, 8/1/10	Baa2	$	250,000	$	259,160
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Total investments (cost $76,816,755)				$	80,452,126

* Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $66,797,738.

** The Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s ratings indicated are believed to be the most recent ratings available at April 30, 2006 for the securities listed. Ratings are generally ascribed to securities at the time of issuance. While the agencies may from time to time revise such ratings, they undertake no obligation to do so, and the ratings do not necessarily represent what the agencies would ascribe to these securities at April 30, 2006. Securities rated by Putnam are indicated by “/P” . Ratings are not covered by the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

# A portion of this security was pledged and segregated with the custodian to cover margin requirements for futures contracts at April 30, 2006.

At April 30, 2006, liquid assets totaling $2,956,187 have been designated as collateral for open futures contracts.

The rates shown on Mandatory Put Bonds are the current interest rates at April 30, 2006.

The dates shown on Mandatory Put Bonds are the next mandatory put dates.

The fund had the following industry group concentrations greater than 10% at April 30, 2006 (as a percentage of net assets):
	Water & sewer	13.3%
	Healthcare	12.3
The fund had the following insurance concentrations greater than 10% at April 30, 2006 (as a percentage of net assets):
	MBIA	27.4%
	FSA	15.9
	AMBAC	14.6
	FGIC	12.7

FUTURES CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 4/30/06
	Number of		Expiration	Unrealized
	contracts	Value	date	depreciation
U.S. Treasury Note 10 yr (Long)	28	$2,956,188	Jun-06	$(39,483)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

32

Statement of assets and liabilities 4/30/06
ASSETS
Investment in securities, at value (Note 1):
Unaffiliated issuers (identified cost $76,816,755)	$80,452,126
Cash	1,183,812
Interest and other receivables	1,307,591
Receivable for securities sold	774,127
Receivable for variation margin (Note 1)	104,813
Total assets	83,822,469
LIABILITIES
Distributions payable to shareholders	234,817
Accrued preferred shares distribution payable (Note 1)	16,066
Payable for securities purchased	518,193
Payable for shares of the fund repurchased	45,325
Payable for compensation of Manager (Note 2)	112,165
Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	32,317
Payable for administrative services (Note 2)	2,489
Other accrued expenses	63,359
Total liabilities	1,024,731
Series A remarketed preferred shares: (320 shares authorized
and outstanding at $50,000 per share) (Note 4)	16,000,000
Net assets applicable to common shares outstanding	$66,797,738
REPRESENTED BY
Paid-in capital — common shares (Unlimited shares authorized) (Note 1)	$62,930,550
Undistributed net investment income (Note 1)	60,768
Accumulated net realized gain on investments (Note 1)	210,532
Net unrealized appreciation of investments	3,595,888
Total — Representing net assets applicable to common shares outstanding	$66,797,738
COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
Net asset value per common share
($66,797,738 divided by 4,518,749 shares)	$14.78

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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Statement of operations Year ended 4/30/06
INTEREST INCOME	$ 4,078,539
EXPENSES
Compensation of Manager (Note 2)	531,472
Investor servicing fees (Note 2)	34,777
Custodian fees (Note 2)	41,090
Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	21,252
Administrative services (Note 2)	18,212
Auditing	79,735
Preferred share remarketing agent fees	40,618
Other	102,226
Total expenses	869,382
Expense reduction (Note 2)	(37,808)
Net expenses	831,574
Net investment income	3,246,965
Net realized gain on investments (Notes 1 and 3)	525,013
Net realized loss on futures contracts (Note 1)	(1,381)
Net increase from payments by affiliates (Note 2)	14,070
Net unrealized depreciation of investments and futures contracts during the year	(2,025,728)
Net loss on investments	(1,488,026)
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations	$ 1,758,939
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SERIES A REMARKETED PREFERRED SHAREHOLDERS: (NOTE 1)
From tax exempt income	(376,444)
From net realized long-term gains	(57,005)
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations
(applicable to common shareholders)	$ 1,325,490

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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Statement of changes in net assets
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN NET ASSETS
	Year ended	Year ended
	4/30/06	4/30/05
Operations:
Net investment income	$ 3,246,965	$ 3,396,008
Net realized gain on investments	537,702	2,339,400
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of investments	(2,025,728)	1,472,123
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations	1,758,939	7,207,531
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SERIES A REMARKETED PREFERRED SHAREHOLDERS: (NOTE 1)
From tax exempt income	(376,444)	(237,960)
From ordinary income	—	(693)
From net realized long-term gains on investments	(57,005)	—
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations
(applicable to common shareholders)	1,325,490	6,968,878
DISTRIBUTIONS TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS: (NOTE 1)
From tax exempt income	(2,971,458)	(3,380,275)
From ordinary income	—	(15,662)
From net realized long-term gain on investments	(670,314)	—
Decrease from shares repurchased (Note 5)	(1,172,918)	—
Total increase (decrease) in net assets	(3,489,200)	3,572,941
NET ASSETS
Beginning of year	70,286,938	66,713,997
End of year (including undistributed net investment
income of $60,768 and $175,039, respectively)	$66,797,738	$70,286,938
NUMBER OF FUND SHARES
Common shares outstanding at beginning of year	4,607,092	4,607,092
Shares repurchased (Note 5)	(88,343)	—
Common shares outstanding at end of year	4,518,749	4,607,092
Remarketed preferred shares outstanding
at beginning and end of year	320	320

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

PER-SHARE OPERATING PERFORMANCE
			Year ended
	4/30/06	4/30/05	4/30/04	4/30/03	4/30/02
Net asset value, beginning of period
(common shares)	$15.26	$14.48	$14.92	$14.74	$14.69
Investment operations:
Net investment income (a)	.71	.74	.80	.84	.95
Net realized and unrealized
gain (loss) on investments	(.33)	.83	(.47)	.28	.02
Total from investment operations	.38	1.57	.33	1.12	.97
Distributions to preferred shareholders:
From net investment income	(.08)	(.05)	(.03)	(.04)	(.06)
From net realized gain
on investments	(.01)	—	—	(.01)	—(e)
Total from investment operations
(applicable to common shares)	.29	1.52	.30	1.07	.91
Distributions to common shareholders:
From net investment income	(.65)	(.74)	(.74)	(.82)	(.83)
From net realized
gain on investments	(.15)	—	—	(.07)	(.03)
Total distributions	(.80)	(.74)	(.74)	(.89)	(.86)
Increase from shares repurchased	.03	—	—	—	—
Net asset value, end of period
(common shares)	$14.78	$15.26	$14.48	$14.92	$14.74
Market price, end of period
(common shares)	$13.14	$13.45	$12.82	$13.44	$13.82
Total return at market price
(common shares) (%)(b)	3.59	10.85	0.81	3.73	5.51
RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Net assets, end of period
(common shares) (in thousands)	$66,798	$70,287	$66,714	$68,715	$67,887
Ratio of expenses to
average net assets (%)(c,d)	1.25	1.21	1.16	1.20	1.20
Ratio of net investment income
to average net assets (%)(c)	4.13	4.60	5.11	5.41	5.97
Portfolio turnover rate (%)	11.57	49.71	20.89	22.00	11.82

(a) Per share net investment income has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

(b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment.

(c) Ratio reflects net assets available to common shares only; net investment income ratio also reflects reduction for dividend payments to preferred shareholders.

(d) Includes amounts paid through expense offset arrangements (Note 2).

(e) Distributions amounted to less than $0.01 per share.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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Notes to financial statements 4/30/06

Note 1: Significant accounting policies

Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust (the “fund”) is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. The fund’s investment objective is to seek as high a level of current income exempt from federal income tax and California personal income tax, as Putnam Investment Management, LLC, (“Putnam Management”), the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam, LLC believes to be consistent with preservation of capital. The fund intends to achieve its objective by investing in investment grade municipal securities selected by Putnam Management. The fund may be affected by economic and political developments in the state of California.

In the normal course of business, the fund enters into contracts that may include agreements to indemnify another party under given circumstances. The fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be, but have not yet been, made against the fund. However, the fund expects the risk of material loss to be remote.

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The preparation of financial statements is in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

A) Security valuation Tax-exempt bonds and notes are generally valued on the basis of valuations provided by an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees. Such services use information with respect to transactions in bonds, quotations from bond dealers, market transactions in comparable securities and various relationships between securities in determining value. Other investments are valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees.

B) Security transactions and related investment income Security transactions are recorded on the trade date (date the order to buy or sell is executed). Gains or losses on securities sold are determined on the identified cost basis.

Interest income is recorded on the accrual basis. All premiums/discounts are amortized/accreted on a yield-to-maturity basis. The premium in excess of the call price, if any, is amortized to the call date; thereafter, any remaining premium is amortized to maturity.

C) Futures and options contracts The fund may use futures and options contracts to hedge against changes in the values of securities the fund owns or expects to purchase, or for other investment purposes. The fund may also write options on swaps or securities it owns or in which it may invest to increase its current returns.

The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of futures and options contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments, if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. Risks may exceed amounts recognized on the statement of assets and liabilities. When the contract is closed, the fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed. Realized gains and losses on purchased options are included in realized gains and losses on investment securities. If a written call option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as an addition to sales proceeds. If a written put option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as a reduction to the cost of investments.

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Futures contracts are valued at the quoted daily settlement prices established by the exchange on which they trade. The fund and the broker agree to exchange an amount of cash equal to the daily fluctuation in the value of the futures contract. Such receipts or payments are known as “variation margin.” Exchange traded options are valued at the last sale price or, if no sales are reported, the last bid price for purchased options and the last ask price for written options. Options traded over-the-counter are valued using prices supplied by dealers. Futures and written option contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

D) Federal taxes It is the policy of the fund to distribute all of its income within the prescribed time and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”) applicable to regulated investment companies. It is also the intention of the fund to distribute an amount sufficient to avoid imposition of any excise tax under Section 4982 of the Code, as amended. Therefore, no provision has been made for federal taxes on income, capital gains or unrealized appreciation on securities held nor for excise tax on income and capital gains.

E) Distributions to shareholders Distributions to common and preferred shareholders from net investment income are recorded by the fund on the ex-dividend date. Distributions from capital gains, if any, are recorded on the ex-dividend date and paid at least annually. Dividends on remarketed preferred shares become payable when, as and if declared by the Trustees. Each dividend period for the remar-keted preferred shares is generally a 28-day period. The applicable dividend rate for the remarketed preferred shares on April 30, 2006 was 3.65% . The amount and character of income and gains to be distributed are determined in accordance with income tax regulations, which may differ from generally accepted accounting principles. These differences include temporary and permanent differences of dividends payable and unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts. Reclassifications are made to the fund’s capital accounts to reflect income and gains available for distribution (or available capital loss carryovers) under income tax regulations. For the year ended April 30, 2006, the fund reclassified $13,334 to decrease undistributed net investment income with an increase to accumulated net realized gains of $13,334.

The tax basis components of distributable earnings and the federal tax cost as of period end April 30, 2006 were as follows:

Unrealized appreciation	$ 3,817,404
Unrealized depreciation	(182,033)
	———————
Net unrealized appreciation	3,635,371
Undistributed tax-exempt income	294,374
Undistributed ordinary income	6,562
Undistributed short-term gain	20,841
Undistributed long-term gain	150,208
Cost for federal income
tax purposes	$76,816,755

F) Determination of net asset value Net asset value of the common shares is determined by dividing the value of all assets of the fund, less all liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding remarketed preferred shares, by the total number of common shares outstanding as of period end.

Note 2: Management fee, administrative
services and other transactions

Putnam Management is paid for management and investment advisory services quarterly based on the average net assets of the fund. Such fee is based on the lesser of (i) an annual rate of 0.55% of the average weekly net assets of the fund attributable to common and preferred shares outstanding or (ii) the following annual rates expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average weekly net assets attributable to common and preferred shares outstanding: 0.65% of the first $500 million and 0.55% of the next $500 million, with additional breakpoints at higher asset levels.

Prior to January 1, 2006, the fund’s management fee was based on the annual rate of 0.65% of the

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average weekly net assets attributable to common and preferred shares outstanding.

If dividends payable on remarketed preferred shares during any dividend payment period plus any expenses attributable to remarketed preferred shares for that period exceed the fund’s gross income attributable to the proceeds of the remarketed preferred shares during that period, then the fee payable to Putnam Management for that period will be reduced by the amount of the excess (but not more than the effective management fee rate under the contract multiplied by the liquidation preference of the remarketed preferred shares outstanding during the period).

During the year ended April 30, 2006, Putnam Management voluntarily reimbursed the fund $14,070 for net realized losses incurred from the sale of investment securities that violated the fund’s investment restrictions. The effect of the losses incurred and the reimbursal by Putnam Management of such losses had no effect on total return.

The fund reimburses Putnam Management an allocated amount for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their staff who provide administrative services to the fund. The aggregate amount of all such reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

Custodial functions for the fund’s assets are provided by Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company (“PFTC”), a subsidiary of Putnam, LLC. PFTC receives fees for custody services based on the fund’s asset level, the number of its security holdings and transaction volumes. Putnam Investor Services, a division of PFTC, provides investor servicing agent functions to the fund. Putnam Investor Services is paid a monthly fee for investor servicing at an annual rate of 0.05% of the fund’s average net assets. During the year ended April 30, 2006, the fund incurred $75,867 for these services.

The fund has entered into an arrangement with PFTC whereby credits realized as a result of uninvested cash balances are used to reduce a portion of the fund’s expenses. For the year ended April 30, 2006, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $37,808 under these arrangements.

Each independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual Trustee fee, of which $255, as a quarterly retainer, has been allocated to the fund, and an additional fee for each Trustees meeting attended. Trustees receive additional fees for attendance at certain committee meetings, industry seminars and for certain compliance-related matters. Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. George Putnam, III, who is not an independent Trustee, also receives the foregoing fees for his services as Trustee.

The fund has adopted a Trustee Fee Deferral Plan (the “Deferral Plan”) which allows the Trustees to defer the receipt of all or a portion of Trustees fees payable on or after July 1, 1995. The deferred fees remain invested in certain Putnam funds until distribution in accordance with the Deferral Plan.

The fund has adopted an unfunded noncontribu-tory defined benefit pension plan (the “Pension Plan”) covering all Trustees of the fund who have served as a Trustee for at least five years and were first elected prior to 2004. Benefits under the Pension Plan are equal to 50% of the Trustee’s average annual attendance and retainer fees for the three years ended December 31, 2005. Pension expense for the fund is included in Trustee compensation and expenses in the statement of operations. Accrued pension liability is included in Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses in the statement of assets and liabilities. The Trustees have terminated the Pension Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected after 2003.

Note 3: Purchases and sales of securities

During the year ended April 30, 2006, cost of purchases and proceeds from sales of investment securities other than short-term investments aggregated $9,704,261 and $12,195,410, respectively. There were no purchases or sales of U.S. government securities.

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Note 4: Preferred shares

The Series A shares are redeemable at the option of the fund on any dividend payment date at a redemption price of $50,000 per share, plus an amount equal to any dividends accumulated on a daily basis but unpaid through the redemption date (whether or not such dividends have been declared) and, in certain circumstances, a call premium.

It is anticipated that dividends paid to holders of remarketed preferred shares will be considered tax-exempt dividends under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. To the extent that the fund earns taxable income and capital gains by the conclusion of a fiscal year, it may be required to apportion to the holders of the remarketed preferred shares throughout that year additional dividends as necessary to result in an after-tax equivalent to the applicable dividend rate for the period.

Under the Investment Company Act of 1940, the fund is required to maintain asset coverage of at least 200% with respect to the remarketed preferred shares as of the last business day of each month in which any such shares are outstanding. Additionally, the fund is required to meet more stringent asset coverage requirements under terms of the remarketed preferred shares and restrictions imposed by the shares’ rating agencies. Should these requirements not be met, or should dividends accrued on the remarketed preferred shares not be paid, the fund may be restricted in its ability to declare dividends to common shareholders or may be required to redeem certain of the remarketed preferred shares. At April 30, 2006, no such restrictions have been placed on the fund.

Note 5: Share repurchase program

In October 2005, the Trustees of your fund authorized Putnam Investments to implement a repurchase program on behalf of your fund, which would allow your fund to repurchase up to 5% of its outstanding shares over the 12 months ending October 6, 2006. In March 2006, the Trustees approved an increase in this repurchase program to allow the fund to repurchase a total of up to 10% of its outstanding shares over the same period. Repurchases will only be made when the fund’s shares are trading at less than net asset value and in accordance with procedures approved by the fund’s Trustees.

For the year ended April 30, 2006, the fund repurchased 88,343 common shares for an aggregate purchase price of $1,172,918, which reflects a weighted-average discount from net asset value per share of 11.5% .

Note 6: Regulatory matters and litigation

Putnam Management has entered into agreements with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Massachusetts Securities Division settling charges connected with excessive short-term trading by Putnam employees and, in the case of the charges brought by the Massachusetts Securities Division, by participants in some Putnam-administered 401(k) plans. Pursuant to these settlement agreements, Putnam Management will pay a total of $193.5 million in penalties and restitution, with $153.5 million being paid to certain open-end funds and their shareholders. The amount will be allocated to shareholders and funds pursuant to a plan developed by an independent consultant, and will be paid following approval of the plan by the SEC and the Massachusetts Securities Division.

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s and Massachusetts Securities Division’s allegations and related matters also serve as the general basis for numerous lawsuits, including purported class action lawsuits filed against Putnam Management and certain related parties, including certain Putnam funds. Putnam Management will bear any costs incurred by Putnam funds in connection with these lawsuits. Putnam Management believes that the likelihood that the pending private

40

lawsuits and purported class action lawsuits will have a material adverse financial impact on the fund is remote, and the pending actions are not likely to materially affect its ability to provide investment management services to its clients, including the Putnam funds.

Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management are named as defendants in a civil suit in which the plaintiffs allege that the management and distribution fees paid by certain Putnam funds were excessive and seek recovery under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management have contested the plaintiffs’ claims and the matter is currently pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Based on currently available information, Putnam Management believes that this action is without merit and that it is unlikely to have a material effect on Putnam Management’s and Putnam Retail Management’s ability to provide services to their clients, including the fund.

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Federal tax information
(Unaudited)

The fund has designated 100% of dividends paid from net investment income during the fiscal year as tax exempt for Federal income tax purposes.

Pursuant to Section 852 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, the Fund hereby designates $490,712 as long term capital gain, for its taxable year ended April 30, 2006.

The Form 1099 you receive in January 2007 will show the tax status of all distributions paid to your account in calendar 2006.

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About the Trustees

Jameson A. Baxter (Born 1943), Trustee since 1994, Vice Chairman since 2005

Ms. Baxter is the President of Baxter Associates, Inc., a private investment firm that she founded in 1986.

Ms. Baxter serves as a Director of ASHTA Chemicals, Inc., Banta Corporation (a printing and digital imaging firm), Ryerson Tull, Inc. (a steel service corporation), the Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Advocate Health Care and BoardSource, formerly the National Center for Nonprofit Boards. She is Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees, Mount Holyoke College, having served as Chairman for five years and as a board member for thirteen years. Until 2002, Ms. Baxter was a Director of Intermatic Corporation (a manufacturer of energy control products).

Ms. Baxter has held various positions in investment banking and corporate finance, including Vice President and Principal of the Regency Group, and Vice President of and Consultant to First Boston Corporation. She is a graduate of Mount Holyoke College.

Charles B. Curtis (Born 1940), Trustee since 2001

Mr. Curtis is President and Chief Operating Officer of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (a private foundation dealing with national security issues) and serves as Senior Advisor to the United Nations Foundation.

Mr. Curtis is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trustee Advisory Council of the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University. Until 2003, Mr. Curtis was a member of the Electric Power Research Institute Advisory Council and the University of Chicago Board of Governors for Argonne National Laboratory. Prior to 2002, Mr. Curtis was a Member of the Board of Directors of the Gas Technology Institute and the Board of Directors of the Environment and Natural Resources Program Steering Committee, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Until 2001, Mr. Curtis was a member of the Department of Defense Policy Board and Director of EG&G Technical Services, Inc. (a fossil energy research and development support company).

From August 1997 to December 1999, Mr. Curtis was a Partner at Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., a Washington, D.C. law firm. Prior to May 1997, Mr. Curtis was Deputy Secretary of Energy and Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy. He served as Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission from 1977 to 1981 and has held positions on the staff of the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the SEC.

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Myra R. Drucker (Born 1948), Trustee since 2004

Ms. Drucker is a Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees of Sarah Lawrence College, Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Commonfund (a not-for-profit firm specializing in asset management for educational endowments and foundations) and a member of the Investment Committee of the Kresge Foundation (a charitable trust).

Ms. Drucker is an ex-officio member of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Pension Managers Advisory Committee, having served as Chair for seven years and a member of the Executive Committee of the Committee on Investment of Employee Benefit Assets. She is Chair of the Advisory Board of Hamilton Lane Advisors (an investment management firm) and a member of the Advisory Board of RCM (an investment management firm). Until August 31, 2004, Ms. Drucker was Managing Director and a member of the Board of Directors of General Motors Asset Management and Chief Investment Officer of General Motors Trust Bank. Ms. Drucker also served as a member of the NYSE Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee and the NYSE/NASD IPO Advisory Committee.

Prior to joining General Motors Asset Management in 2001, Ms. Drucker held various executive positions in the investment management industry. Ms. Drucker served as Chief Investment Officer of Xerox Corporation (a technology and service company in the document industry), where she was responsible for the investment of the company’s pension assets. Ms. Drucker was also Staff Vice President and Director of Trust Investments for International Paper (a paper, paper distribution, packaging and forest products company) and previously served as Manager of Trust Investments for Xerox Corporation. Ms. Drucker received a B.A. degree in Literature and Psychology from Sarah Lawrence College and pursued graduate studies in economics, statistics and portfolio theory at Temple University.

John A. Hill (Born 1942), Trustee since 1985 and Chairman since 2000

Mr. Hill is Vice Chairman of First Reserve Corporation, a private equity buyout firm that specializes in energy investments in the diversified worldwide energy industry.

Mr. Hill is a Director of Devon Energy Corporation, TransMontaigne Oil Company and various private companies controlled by First Reserve Corporation, as well as Chairman of TH Lee, Putnam Investment Trust (a closed-end investment company advised by an affiliate of Putnam Management). He is also a Trustee of Sarah Lawrence College. Until 2005, he was a Director of Continuum Health Partners of New York.

Prior to acquiring First Reserve Corporation in 1983, Mr. Hill held executive positions in investment banking and investment management with several firms and with the federal government, including Deputy Associate Director of the Office of Management and Budget and Deputy

44

Director of the Federal Energy Administration. He is active in various business associations, including the Economic Club of New York, and lectures on energy issues in the United States and Europe. Mr. Hill holds a B.A. degree in Economics from Southern Methodist University and pursued graduate studies there as a Woodrow Wilson Fellow.

Paul L. Joskow (Born 1947), Trustee since 1997

Dr. Joskow is the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics and Management, and Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Dr. Joskow serves as a Director of National Grid plc (a UK-based holding company with interests in electric and gas transmission and distribution and telecommunications infrastructure) and TransCanada Corporation (an energy company focused on natural gas transmission and power services). He also serves on the Board of Overseers of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Prior to February 2005, he served on the board of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (a non-profit research institution) and has been President of the Yale University Council since 1993. Prior to February 2002, he was a Director of State Farm Indemnity Company (an automobile insurance company), and, prior to March 2000, he was a Director of New England Electric System (a public utility holding company).

Dr. Joskow has published five books and numerous articles on topics in industrial organization, government regulation of industry, and competition policy. He is active in industry restructuring, environmental, energy, competition and privatization policies — serving as an advisor to governments and corporations worldwide. Dr. Joskow holds a Ph.D. and M. Phil from Yale University and a B.A. from Cornell University.

Elizabeth T. Kennan (Born 1938), Trustee since 1992

Dr. Kennan is a Partner of Cambus-Kenneth Farm (thoroughbred horse and cattle breeding). She is President Emeritus of Mount Holyoke College.

Dr. Kennan served as Chairman and is now Lead Director of Northeast Utilities. Until 2005, she was a Director of Talbots, Inc. She has served as Director on a number of other boards, including Bell Atlantic, Chastain Real Estate, Shawmut Bank, Berkshire Life Insurance and Kentucky Home Life Insurance. She is a Trustee of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, of Centre College and of Midway College in Midway, Kentucky. Until 2006, she was a member of The Trustees of Reservations. Dr. Kennan has served on the oversight committee of the Folger Shakespeare Library, as President of Five Colleges Incorporated, as a Trustee of Notre Dame University and is active in various educational and civic associations.

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As a member of the faculty of Catholic University for twelve years, until 1978, Dr. Kennan directed the post-doctoral program in Patristic and Medieval Studies, taught history and published numerous articles. Dr. Kennan holds a Ph.D. from the University of Washington in Seattle, an M.S. from St. Hilda’s College at Oxford University and an A.B. from Mount Holyoke College. She holds several honorary doctorates.

John H. Mullin, III (Born 1941), Trustee since 1997

Mr. Mullin is the Chairman and CEO of Ridgeway Farm (a limited liability company engaged in timber and farming).

Mr. Mullin serves as a Director of The Liberty Corporation (a broadcasting company), Progress Energy, Inc. (a utility company, formerly known as Carolina Power & Light) and Sonoco Products, Inc. (a packaging company). Mr. Mullin is Trustee Emeritus of The National Humanities Center and Washington & Lee University, where he served as Chairman of the Investment Committee. Prior to May 2001, he was a Director of Graphic Packaging International Corp. Prior to February 2004, he was a Director of Alex Brown Realty, Inc.

Mr. Mullin is also a past Director of Adolph Coors Company; ACX Technologies, Inc.; Crystal Brands, Inc.; Dillon, Read & Co., Inc.; Fisher-Price, Inc.; and The Ryland Group, Inc. Mr. Mullin is a graduate of Washington & Lee University and The Wharton Graduate School, University of Pennsylvania.

Robert E. Patterson (Born 1945), Trustee since 1984

Mr. Patterson is Senior Partner of Cabot Properties, L.P. and Chairman of Cabot Properties, Inc. (a private equity firm investing in commercial real estate).

Mr. Patterson serves as Chairman Emeritus and Trustee of the Joslin Diabetes Center and as a Director of Brandywine Trust Group, LLC. Prior to June 2003, he was a Trustee of Sea Education Association. Prior to December 2001, he was President and Trustee of Cabot Industrial Trust (a publicly traded real estate investment trust). Prior to February 1998, he was Executive Vice President and Director of Acquisitions of Cabot Partners Limited Partnership (a registered investment adviser involved in institutional real estate investments). Prior to 1990, he served as Executive Vice President of Cabot, Cabot & Forbes Realty Advisors, Inc. (the predecessor company of Cabot Partners).

Mr. Patterson practiced law and held various positions in state government and was the founding Executive Director of the Massachusetts Industrial Finance Agency. Mr. Patterson is a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School.

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W. Thomas Stephens (Born 1942), Trustee since 1997

Mr. Stephens is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Boise Cascade, L.L.C. (a paper, forest products and timberland assets company).

Until 2005, Mr. Stephens was a director of TransCanadaPipelines, Ltd. Until 2004, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Xcel Energy Incorporated (a public utility company), Qwest Communications, and Norske Canada, Inc. (a paper manufacturer). Until 2003, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Mail-Well, Inc. (a diversified printing company). He served as Chairman of Mail-Well until 2001 and as CEO of MacMillan-Bloedel, Ltd. (a forest products company) until 1999.

Prior to 1996, Mr. Stephens was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Johns Manville Corporation. He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Arkansas.

Richard B. Worley (Born 1945), Trustee since 2004

Mr. Worley is Managing Partner of Permit Capital LLC, an investment management firm.

Mr. Worley serves on the Executive Committee of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, is a Trustee of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (a philanthropic organization devoted to health care issues) and is a Director of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (a historical preservation organization).

Mr. Worley also serves on the investment committees of Mount Holyoke College and World Wildlife Fund (a wildlife conservation organization). Prior to joining Permit Capital LLC in 2002, Mr. Worley served as Chief Strategic Officer of Morgan Stanley Investment Management. He previously served as President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Investment Management and as a Managing Director of Morgan Stanley, a financial services firm. Mr. Worley also was the Chairman of Miller Anderson & Sherrerd, an investment management firm.

Mr. Worley holds a B.S. degree from University of Tennessee and pursued graduate studies in economics at the University of Texas.

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Charles E. Haldeman, Jr.* (Born 1948), Trustee since 2004

Mr. Haldeman is President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam, LLC (“Putnam Investments”). He is a member of Putnam Investments’ Executive Board of Directors and Advisory Council. Prior to November 2003, Mr. Haldeman served as Co-Head of Putnam Investments’ Investment Division.

Prior to joining Putnam Investments in 2002, Mr. Haldeman held executive positions in the investment management industry. He previously served as Chief Executive Officer of Delaware Investments and President & Chief Operating Officer of United Asset Management. Mr. Haldeman was also a partner and director of Cooke & Bieler, Inc. (an investment management firm).

Mr. Haldeman currently serves on the Board of Governors of the Investment Company Institute and as a Trustee of Dartmouth College, and he is a member of the Partners HealthCare Systems Investment Committee. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College, Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School. Mr. Haldeman is also a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charterholder.

George Putnam, III* (Born 1951), Trustee since 1984 and President since 2000

Mr. Putnam is President of New Generation Research, Inc. (a publisher of financial advisory and other research services), and of New Generation Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment advisor to private funds). Mr. Putnam founded the New Generation companies in 1986.

Mr. Putnam is a Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC (a registered investment adviser). He is a Trustee of St. Mark’s School and Shore Country Day School, and until 2002 was a Trustee of the Sea Education Association.

Mr. Putnam previously worked as an attorney with the law firm of Dechert LLP (formerly known as Dechert Price & Rhoads) in Philadelphia. He is a graduate of Harvard College, Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School.

The address of each Trustee is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.

As of April 30, 2006, there were 108 Putnam Funds. All Trustees serve as Trustees of all Putnam funds. Each Trustee serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement at age 72, death, or removal.

* Trustees who are or may be deemed to be “interested persons” (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund, Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management, or Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., the parent company of Putnam, LLC and its affiliated companies. Messrs. Haldeman and Putnam, III are deemed “interested persons” by virtue of their positions as officers of the fund, Putnam Management or Putnam Retail Management and as shareholders of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Mr. Putnam, III is the President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds. Mr. Haldeman is President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

48

Officers

In addition to George Putnam, III, the other officers of the fund are shown below:

Charles E. Porter (Born 1938)
Executive Vice President, Associate Treasurer
and Principal Executive Officer
Since 1989

Jonathan S. Horwitz (Born 1955)
Senior Vice President and Treasurer
Since 2004

Prior to 2004, Managing Director,
Putnam Investments

Steven D. Krichmar (Born 1958)
Vice President and Principal Financial Officer
Since 2002

Senior Managing Director, Putnam
Investments. Prior to July 2001, Partner,
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Michael T. Healy (Born 1958)
Assistant Treasurer and Principal
Accounting Officer
Since 2000

Managing Director, Putnam Investments

Daniel T. Gallagher (Born 1962)
Senior Vice President, Staff Counsel
and Compliance Liaison
Since 2004

Prior to 2004, Associate, Ropes & Gray LLP;
prior to 2000, Law Clerk, Massachusetts
Supreme Judicial Court

Beth S. Mazor (Born 1958)
Vice President
Since 2002

Managing Director, Putnam Investments

James P. Pappas (Born 1953)
Vice President
Since 2004

Managing Director, Putnam Investments
and Putnam Management. During 2002,
Chief Operating Officer, Atalanta/Sosnoff
Management Corporation; prior to 2001,
President and Chief Executive Officer,
UAM Investment Services, Inc.

Richard S. Robie, III (Born 1960)
Vice President
Since 2004

Senior Managing Director, Putnam
Investments, Putnam Management
and Putnam Retail Management. Prior
to 2003, Senior Vice President, United
Asset Management Corporation

Francis J. McNamara, III (Born 1955)
Vice President and Chief Legal Officer
Since 2004

Senior Managing Director, Putnam
Investments, Putnam Management
and Putnam Retail Management. Prior
to 2004, General Counsel, State Street
Research & Management Company

Charles A. Ruys de Perez (Born 1957)
Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer
Since 2004

Managing Director, Putnam Investments

Mark C. Trenchard (Born 1962)
Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer
Since 2002

Managing Director, Putnam Investments

Judith Cohen (Born 1945)
Vice President, Clerk and Assistant Treasurer
Since 1993

Wanda M. McManus (Born 1947)
Vice President, Senior Associate Treasurer
and Assistant Clerk
Since 2005

Nancy E. Florek (Born 1957)
Vice President, Assistant Clerk,
Assistant Treasurer and Proxy Manager
Since 2005

The address of each Officer is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.

49

The Putnam
family of funds

The following is a complete list of Putnam’s open-end mutual funds. Investors should carefully consider the investment objective, risks, charges, and expenses of a fund before investing. For a prospectus containing this and other information for any Putnam fund or product, call your financial advisor at 1-800-225-1581 and ask for a prospectus. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing.

Growth funds	Value funds
Discovery Growth Fund	Classic Equity Fund
Growth Opportunities Fund	Convertible Income-Growth Trust
Health Sciences Trust	Equity Income Fund
International New Opportunities Fund*	The George Putnam Fund of Boston
New Opportunities Fund	The Putnam Fund for Growth
OTC & Emerging Growth Fund	and Income
Small Cap Growth Fund	International Growth and Income Fund*
Vista Fund	Mid Cap Value Fund
Voyager Fund	New Value Fund
	Small Cap Value Fund†
Blend funds	Income funds
Capital Appreciation Fund	American Government Income Fund
Capital Opportunities Fund	Diversified Income Trust
Europe Equity Fund*	Floating Rate Income Fund
Global Equity Fund*	Global Income Trust*
Global Natural Resources Fund*	High Yield Advantage Fund*†
International Capital	High Yield Trust*
Opportunities Fund*	Income Fund
International Equity Fund*	Limited Duration Government
Investors Fund	Income Fund‡
Research Fund	Money Market Fund§
Tax Smart Equity Fund®	U.S. Government Income Trust
Utilities Growth and Income Fund

* A 1% redemption fee on total assets redeemed or exchanged between 6 and 90 days of purchase may be imposed for all share classes of these funds.

† Closed to new investors.

‡ Formerly Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund.

§ An investment in a money market fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although the fund seeks to preserve your investment at $1.00 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in the fund.

50

Tax-free income funds	Putnam RetirementReady® Funds
AMT-Free Insured Municipal Fund**	Putnam RetirementReady Funds — ten
Tax Exempt Income Fund	investment portfolios that offer diversifica-
Tax Exempt Money Market Fund§	tion among stocks, bonds, and money
Tax-Free High Yield Fund	market instruments and adjust to become
	more conservative over time based on a
State tax-free income funds:	target date for withdrawing assets.
Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York,	The ten funds:
Ohio, and Pennsylvania	Putnam RetirementReady 2050 Fund
	Putnam RetirementReady 2045 Fund
Asset allocation funds	Putnam RetirementReady 2040 Fund
Income Strategies Fund	Putnam RetirementReady 2035 Fund
Putnam Asset Allocation Funds — three	Putnam RetirementReady 2030 Fund
investment portfolios that spread your	Putnam RetirementReady 2025 Fund
money across a variety of stocks, bonds,	Putnam RetirementReady 2020 Fund
and money market investments.	Putnam RetirementReady 2015 Fund
	Putnam RetirementReady 2010 Fund
The three portfolios:	Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund
Asset Allocation: Balanced Portfolio
Asset Allocation: Conservative Portfolio
Asset Allocation: Growth Portfolio

** Formerly Putnam Tax-Free Insured Fund.

With the exception of money market funds, a 2% redemption fee may be applied to shares exchanged or sold within 5 days of purchase.

Check your account balances and the most recent month-end performance at www.putnam.com.

51

Fund information

About Putnam Investments

Founded over 65 years ago, Putnam Investments was built around the concept that a balance between risk and reward is the hallmark of a well-rounded financial program. We manage over 100 mutual funds in growth, value, blend, fixed income, and international.

Investment Manager	Robert E. Patterson	James P. Pappas
Putnam Investment	George Putnam, III	Vice President
Management, LLC	W. Thomas Stephens
One Post Office Square	Richard B. Worley	Richard S. Robie, III
Boston, MA 02109		Vice President
	Officers
Marketing Services	George Putnam, III	Francis J. McNamara, III
Putnam Retail Management	President	Vice President and
One Post Office Square		Chief Legal Officer
Boston, MA 02109	Charles E. Porter
	Executive Vice President,	Charles A. Ruys de Perez
Custodian	Associate Treasurer and	Vice President and
Putnam Fiduciary	Principal Executive Officer	Chief Compliance Officer
Trust Company
	Jonathan S. Horwitz	Mark C. Trenchard
Legal Counsel	Senior Vice President	Vice President and
Ropes & Gray LLP	and Treasurer	BSA Compliance Officer
Independent Registered	Steven D. Krichmar	Judith Cohen
Public Accounting Firm	Vice President and	Vice President, Clerk and
Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP	Principal Financial Officer	Assistant Treasurer
Trustees	Michael T. Healy	Wanda M. McManus
John A. Hill, Chairman	Assistant Treasurer and	Vice President, Senior Associate
Jameson Adkins Baxter,	Principal Accounting Officer	Treasurer and Assistant Clerk
Vice Chairman
Charles B. Curtis	Daniel T. Gallagher	Nancy T. Florek
Myra R. Drucker	Senior Vice President,	Vice President, Assistant Clerk,
Charles E. Haldeman, Jr.	Staff Counsel and	Assistant Treasurer
Paul L. Joskow	Compliance Liaison	and Proxy Manager
Elizabeth T. Kennan
John H. Mullin, III	Beth S. Mazor
	Vice President

Call 1-800-225-1581 weekdays between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, or visit our Web site (www.putnam.com) anytime for up-to-date information about the fund’s NAV.

52

Item 2. Code of Ethics:

(a) The Fund’s principal executive, financial and accounting officers are employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the Fund's investment manager. As such they are subject to a comprehensive Code of Ethics adopted and administered by Putnam Investments which is designed to protect the interests of the firm and its clients. The Fund has adopted a Code of Ethics which incorporates the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments with respect to all of its officers and Trustees who are employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC. For this reason, the Fund has not adopted a separate code of ethics governing its principal executive, financial and accounting officers.

(c) In July 2005, Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the Fund's investment manager, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, the Fund's principal underwriter, and Putnam Investments Limited, the sub-manager for a portion of the assets of certain funds as determined by Putnam Management from time to time, adopted several amendments to their Code of Ethics. Insofar as such Code of Ethics applies to the Fund's principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, the amendments provided for an exception to the standard 90-day holding period (one year, in the case of employees deemed to be “access persons” under the Code) for shares of Putnam mutual funds in the case of redemptions from an employee’s account in a college savings plan qualified under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code. Under this exception, an employee may, without penalty under the Code, make “qualified redemptions” of shares from such an account less than 90 days (or one year, as applicable) after purchase. “Qualified redemptions” include redemptions for higher education purposes for the account beneficiary and redemptions made upon death or disability. The July 2005 amendments also provide that an employee may, for purposes of the rule limiting the number of trades per calendar quarter in an employee’s personal account to a maximum of 10, count all trades of the same security in the same direction (all buys or all sells) over a period of five consecutive business days as a single trade.

The July 2005 amendments were incorporated into a restated Code of Ethics dated December 2005 (filed as an exhibit hereto).

Item 3. Audit Committee Financial Expert:

The Funds' Audit and Compliance Committee is comprised solely of Trustees who are "independent" (as such term has been defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in regulations implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (the "Regulations")). The Trustees believe that each of the members of the Audit and Compliance Committee also possess a combination of knowledge and experience with respect to financial accounting matters, as well as other attributes, that qualify them for service on the Committee. In addition, the Trustees have determined that all members of the Funds' Audit and Compliance Committee meet the financial literacy requirements of the New York Stock Exchange's rules and that Mr. Patterson, Mr. Stephens and Mr. Hill qualify as "audit committee financial experts" (as such term has been defined by the Regulations) based on their review of their pertinent experience and education. Certain other Trustees, although not on the Audit and Compliance Committee, would also qualify as "audit committee financial experts." The SEC has stated that the designation or identification of a person as an audit committee financial expert pursuant to this Item 3 of Form N-CSR does not impose on such person any duties, obligations or liability that are greater than the duties, obligations and liability imposed on such person as a member of the Audit and Compliance Committee and the Board of Trustees in the absence of such designation or identification.

Item 4. Principal Accountant Fees and Services:

The following table presents fees billed in each of the last two fiscal years for services rendered to the fund by the fund’s independent auditor:

Fiscal	Audit	Audit-	Tax	All Other
year	Fees	Related	Fees	Fees
ended		Fees
April 30, 2006	$46,594	$28,050	$5,086	$5
April 30, 2005	$38,142	$26,478	$5,101	$ -

For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2006 and April 30, 2005, the fund’s independent auditor billed aggregate non-audit fees in the amounts of $291,414 and $216,283 respectively, to the fund, Putnam Management and any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with Putnam Management that provides ongoing services to the fund.

Audit Fees represent fees billed for the fund’s last two fiscal years.

Audit-Related Fees represent fees billed in the fund’s last two fiscal years for services traditionally performed by the fund’s auditor, including accounting consultation for proposed transactions or concerning financial accounting and reporting standards and other audit or attest services not required by statute or regulation.

Tax Fees represent fees billed in the fund’s last two fiscal years for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice services. Tax planning and tax advice services include assistance with tax audits, employee benefit plans and requests for rulings or technical advice from taxing authorities.

All Other Fees represent fees billed for services relating to an analysis of recordkeeping fees.

Pre-Approval Policies of the Audit and Compliance Committee. The Audit and Compliance Committee of the Putnam funds has determined that, as a matter of policy, all work performed for the funds by the funds’ independent auditors will be pre-approved by the Committee itself and thus will generally not be subject to pre-approval procedures.

The Audit and Compliance Committee also has adopted a policy to pre-approve the engagement by Putnam Management and certain of its affiliates of the funds’ independent auditors, even in circumstances where pre-approval is not required by applicable law. Any such requests by Putnam Management or certain of its affiliates are typically submitted in writing to the Committee and explain, among other things, the nature of the proposed engagement, the estimated fees, and why this work should be performed by that particular audit firm as opposed to another one.

The following table presents fees billed by the fund’s independent auditor for services required to be approved pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.

Fiscal	Audit-		All	Total
year	Related	Tax	Other	Non-Audit
ended	Fees	Fees	Fees	Fees
April 30,
2006	$ -	$ 98,160	$ -	$ -
April
30, 2005	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -

Item 5. Audit Committee of Listed Registrants

(a) The fund has a separately-designated Audit and Compliance Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The

Audit and Compliance Committee of the fund's Board of Trustees is composed of the following persons:

Robert E. Patterson (Chairperson)
W. Thomas Stephens
John A. Hill

(b) Not applicable

Item 6. Schedule of Investments:

The registrant’s schedule of investments in unaffiliated issuers is included in the report to shareholders in Item 1 above.

Item 7. Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures For Closed-End Management
Investment Companies:

Proxy voting guidelines of the Putnam funds

The proxy voting guidelines below summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and give a general indication of how fund portfolio securities will be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The funds’ proxy voting service is instructed to vote all proxies relating to fund portfolio securities in accordance with these guidelines, except as otherwise instructed by the Proxy Coordinator, a member of the Office of the Trustees who is appointed to assist in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies.

The proxy voting guidelines are just that – guidelines. The guidelines are not exhaustive and do not include all potential voting issues. Because proxy issues and the circumstances of individual companies are so varied, there may be instances when the funds may not vote in strict adherence to these guidelines. For example, the proxy voting service is expected to bring to the Proxy Coordinator’s attention proxy questions that are company-specific and of a non-routine nature and that, even if covered by the guidelines, may be more appropriately handled on a case-by-case basis.

Similarly, Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as part of their ongoing review and analysis of all fund portfolio holdings, are responsible for monitoring significant corporate developments, including proxy proposals submitted to shareholders, and notifying the Proxy Coordinator of circumstances where the interests of fund shareholders may warrant a vote contrary to these guidelines. In such instances, the investment professionals will submit a written recommendation to the Proxy Coordinator and the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items pursuant to the funds’ “Proxy Voting Procedures.” The Proxy Coordinator, in consultation with the funds’ Senior Vice President, Executive Vice President, and/or the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, as appropriate, will determine how the funds’ proxies will be voted. When indicated, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee may consult with other members of the Committee or the full Board of Trustees.

The following guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals that have been put forth by management and approved and recommended by a company’s board of directors. Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders for inclusion in proxy statements. Part III addresses unique considerations pertaining to non-U.S. issuers.

The Putnam funds will disclose their proxy votes in accordance with the timetable established by SEC rules (i.e., not later than August 31 of each year for the most recent 12-month period ended June 30).

I. BOARD-APPROVED PROPOSALS

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself (sometimes referred to as “management proposals”), which have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies and of the funds’ intent to hold corporate boards accountable for their actions in promoting shareholder interests, the funds’ proxies generally will be voted for the decisions reached by majority independent boards of directors, except as otherwise indicated in these guidelines. Accordingly, the funds’ proxies will be voted for board-approved proposals, except as follows:

Matters relating to the Board of Directors

Uncontested Election of Directors

The funds’ proxies will be voted for the election of a company’s nominees for the board of directors, except as follows:

* The funds will withhold votes for the entire board of directors if

• the board does not have a majority of independent directors,

•the board has not established independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees,

•the board has more than 19 members or fewer than five members, absent special circumstances,

•the board has not acted to implement a policy requested in a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares of the company cast at its previous two annual meetings, or

•the board has adopted or renewed a shareholder rights plan (commonly referred to as a “poison pill”) without shareholder approval during the current or prior calendar year.

* The funds will on a case-by-case basis withhold votes from the entire board of directors where the board has approved compensation arrangements for one or more company executives that the funds determine are unreasonably excessive relative to the company’s performance.

* The funds will withhold votes for any nominee for director who:

•is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation from the company other than for service as a director (e.g., investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees),

•attends less than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for the absences (e.g., illness, personal emergency, etc.),

•as a director of a public company (Company A), is employed as a senior executive of another public company (Company B) if a director of Company B serves as a senior executive of Company A (commonly referred to as an “interlocking directorate”), or

•serves on more than five unaffiliated public company boards (for the purpose of this guideline, boards of affiliated registered investment companies will count as one board).

Commentary:

Board independence: Unless otherwise indicated, for the purposes of determining whether a board has a majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees, an “independent director” is a director who (1) meets all requirements to serve as an independent director of a company under the final NYSE Corporate Governance Rules (e.g., no material business relationships with the company and no present or recent employment relationship with the company (including employment of an immediate family member as an executive officer)), and (2) has not accepted directly or indirectly any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the company other than in his or her capacity as a member of the board of directors or any board committee. The funds’ Trustees believe that the receipt of any amount of compensation for services other than service as a director raises significant independence issues.

Board size: The funds’ Trustees believe that the size of the board of directors can have a direct impact on the ability of the board to govern effectively. Boards that have too many members can be unwieldy and ultimately inhibit their ability to oversee management performance. Boards that have too few members can stifle innovation and lead to excessive influence by management.

Time commitment: Being a director of a company requires a significant time commitment to adequately prepare for and attend the company’s board and committee meetings. Directors must be able to commit the time and attention necessary to perform their fiduciary duties in proper fashion, particularly in times of crisis. The funds’ Trustees are concerned about over-committed directors. In some cases, directors may serve on too many boards to make a meaningful contribution. This may be particularly true for senior executives of public companies (or other directors with substantially full-time employment) who serve on more than a few outside boards. The funds may withhold votes from such directors on a case-by-case basis where it appears that they may be unable to discharge their duties properly because of excessive commitments.

Interlocking directorships: The funds’ Trustees believe that interlocking directorships are inconsistent with the degree of independence required for outside directors of public companies.

Corporate governance practices: Board independence depends not only on its members’ individual relationships, but also on the board’s overall attitude toward management. Independent boards are committed to good corporate governance practices and, by providing objective independent judgment, enhancing shareholder value. The funds may withhold votes on a case-by-case basis from some or all directors who, through their lack of independence, have failed to observe good corporate governance practices or, through specific corporate action, have demonstrated a disregard for the interest of shareholders. Such instances may include cases where a board of directors has approved compensation arrangements for one or more members of management that, in the judgment of the funds’ Trustees, are excessive by reasonable corporate standards relative to the company’s record of performance.

Contested Elections of Directors

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

Classified Boards

* The funds will vote against proposals to classify a board, absent special circumstances indicating that shareholder interests would be better served by this structure.

Commentary: Under a typical classified board structure, the directors are divided into three classes, with each class serving a three-year term. The classified board structure results in directors serving staggered terms, with usually only a third of the directors up for re-election at any given annual meeting. The funds’ Trustees generally believe that it is appropriate for directors to stand for election each year, but recognize that, in special circumstances, shareholder interests may be better served under a classified board structure.

Other Board-Related Proposals

The funds will generally vote for board-approved proposals that have been approved by a majority independent board, and on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals where the board fails to meet the guidelines’ basic independence standards (i.e., majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees).

Executive Compensation

The funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

* Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of 1.67% or less (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

* The funds will vote against stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67% (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

* The funds will vote against any stock option or restricted stock plan where the company's actual grants of stock options and restricted stock under all equity-based compensation plans during the prior three (3) fiscal years have resulted in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67% .

* The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit the replacing or repricing of underwater options (and against any proposal to authorize such replacement or repricing of underwater options).

* The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

* Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 85% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: Companies should have compensation programs that are reasonable and that align shareholder and management interests over the longer term. Further, disclosure of compensation programs should provide absolute transparency to shareholders regarding the sources and amounts of, and the factors influencing, executive compensation. Appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders with the interests of management. The funds may vote against executive compensation proposals on a case-by-case basis where compensation is excessive by reasonable corporate standards, or where a company fails to provide transparent disclosure of

executive compensation. In voting on a proposal relating to executive compensation, the funds will consider whether the proposal has been approved by an independent compensation committee of the board.

Capitalization

Many proxy proposals involve changes in a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of additional stock, the issuance of stock, the repurchase of outstanding stock, or the approval of a stock split. The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flow, financing needs, and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of the company. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization, except that where the funds are not otherwise withholding votes from the entire board of directors:

* The funds will vote for proposals relating to the authorization and issuance of additional common stock (except where such proposals relate to a specific transaction).

* The funds will vote for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

* The funds will vote for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs.

Commentary: A company may decide to authorize additional shares of common stock for reasons relating to executive compensation or for routine business purposes. For the most part, these decisions are best left to the board of directors and senior management. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis, however, on other proposals to change a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of common stock with special voting rights, the authorization or issuance of common stock in connection with a specific transaction (e.g., an acquisition, merger or reorganization), or the authorization or issuance of preferred stock. Actions such as these involve a number of considerations that may affect a shareholder’s investment and that warrant a case-by-case determination.

Acquisitions, Mergers, Reincorporations, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

Shareholders may be confronted with a number of different types of transactions, including acquisitions, mergers, reorganizations involving business combinations, liquidations, and the sale of all or substantially all of a company’s assets, which may require their consent. Voting on such proposals involves considerations unique to each transaction. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals to effect these types of transactions, except as follows:

* The funds will vote for mergers and reorganizations involving business combinations designed solely to reincorporate a company in Delaware.

Commentary: A company may reincorporate into another state through a merger or reorganization by setting up a “shell” company in a different state and then merging the company into the new company. While reincorporation into states with extensive and established corporate laws – notably Delaware – provides companies and shareholders with a more well-defined legal framework, shareholders must carefully consider the reasons for a reincorporation into another jurisdiction, including especially an offshore jurisdiction.

Anti-Takeover Measures

Some proxy proposals involve efforts by management to make it more difficult for an outside party to take control of the company without the approval of the company’s board of directors.

These include the adoption of a shareholder rights plan, requiring supermajority voting on particular issues, the adoption of fair price provisions, the issuance of blank check preferred stock, and the creation of a separate class of stock with disparate voting rights. Such proposals may adversely affect shareholder rights, lead to management entrenchment, or create conflicts of interest. As a result, the funds will vote against board-approved proposals to adopt such anti-takeover measures, except as follows:

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans; and

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees recognize that poison pills and fair price provisions may enhance shareholder value under certain circumstances. As a result, the funds will consider proposals to approve such matters on a case-by-case basis.

Other Business Matters

Many proxies involve approval of routine business matters, such as changing a company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors, and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting. For the most part, these routine matters do not materially affect shareholder interests and are best left to the board of directors and senior management of the company. The funds will vote for board-approved proposals approving such matters, except as follows:

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws (except for charter amendments necessary or to effect stock splits to change a company’s name or to authorize additional shares of common stock).

* The funds will vote against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other business matters where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: Charter and bylaw amendments and the transaction of other unidentified, substantive business at a shareholder meeting may directly affect shareholder rights and have a significant impact on shareholder value. As a result, the funds do not view such items as routine business matters. Putnam Management’s investment professionals and the funds’ proxy voting service may also bring to the Proxy Coordinator’s attention company-specific items that they believe to be non-routine and warranting special consideration. Under these circumstances, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis.

II. SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of the company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. The funds generally will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

* The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to declassify a board, absent special circumstances which would indicate that shareholder interests are better served by a classified board structure.

* The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

* The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that are consistent with the funds’ proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: In light of the substantial reforms in corporate governance that are currently underway, the funds’ Trustees believe that effective corporate reforms should be promoted by holding boards of directors – and in particular their independent directors – accountable for their actions, rather than imposing additional legal restrictions on board governance through piecemeal proposals. Generally speaking, shareholder proposals relating to business operations are often motivated primarily by political or social concerns, rather than the interests of shareholders as investors in an economic enterprise. As stated above, the funds’ Trustees believe that boards of directors and management are responsible for ensuring that their businesses are operating in accordance with high legal and ethical standards and should be held accountable for resulting corporate behavior. Accordingly, the funds will generally support the recommendations of boards that meet the basic independence and governance standards established in these guidelines. Where boards fail to meet these standards, the funds will generally evaluate shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis.

III. VOTING SHARES OF NON-U.S. ISSUERS

Many of the Putnam funds invest on a global basis, and, as a result, they may be required to vote shares held in non-U.S. issuers – i.e., issuers that are incorporated under the laws of foreign jurisdictions and that are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market. Because non-U.S. issuers are incorporated under the laws of countries and jurisdictions outside the U.S., protection for shareholders may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws governing non-U.S. issuers may, in some cases, provide substantially less protection for shareholders. As a result, the foregoing guidelines, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for non-U.S. issuers.

In many non-U.S. markets, shareholders who vote proxies of a non-U.S. issuer are not able to trade in that company’s stock on or around the shareholder meeting date. This practice is known as “share blocking.” In countries where share blocking is practiced, the funds will vote proxies only with direction from Putnam Management’s investment professionals.

In addition, some non-U.S. markets require that a company’s shares be re-registered out of the name of the local custodian or nominee into the name of the shareholder for the meeting. This practice is known as “share re-registration.” As a result, shareholders, including the funds, are not able to trade in that company’s stock until the shares are re-registered back in the name of the local custodian or nominee. In countries where share re-registration is practiced, the funds will generally not vote proxies.

The funds will vote proxies of non-U.S. issuers in accordance with the foregoing guidelineswhere applicable, except as follows:

Uncontested Election of Directors

Japan

* For companies that have established a U.S.-style corporate structure, the funds will withhold votes for the entire board of directors if

• the board does not have a majority of outside directors,

•the board has not established nominating and compensation committees composed of a majority of outside directors, or

•the board has not established an audit committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

* The funds will withhold votes for the appointment of members of a company’s board of statutory auditors if a majority of the members of the board of statutory auditors is not independent.

Commentary:

Board structure: Recent amendments to the Japanese Commercial Code give companies the option to adopt a U.S.-style corporate structure (i.e., a board of directors and audit, nominating, and compensation committees). The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of incorporation to adopt the U.S.-style corporate structure.

Definition of outside director and independent director: Corporate governance principles in Japan focus on the distinction between outside directors and independent directors. Under these principles, an outside director is a director who is not and has never been a director, executive, or employee of the company or its parent company, subsidiaries or affiliates. An outside director is “independent” if that person can make decisions completely independent from the managers of the company, its parent, subsidiaries, or affiliates and does not have a material relationship with the company (i.e., major client, trading partner, or other business relationship; familial relationship with current director or executive; etc.). The guidelines have incorporated these definitions in applying the board independence standards above.

Korea

* The funds will withhold votes for the entire board of directors if

•the board does not have a majority of outside directors,

•the board has not established a nominating committee composed of at least a majority of outside directors, or

•the board has not established an audit committee composed of at least three members and in which at least two-thirds of its members are outside directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guideline, an “outside director” is a director that is independent from the management or controlling shareholders of the company, and holds no interests that might impair performing his or her duties impartially from the company, management or controlling shareholder. In determining whether a director is an outside director, the funds will also apply the standards included in Article 415-2(2) of the Korean Commercial Code (i.e., no employment relationship with the company for a period of two years before serving on the committee, no director or employment relationship with the company’s largest shareholder, etc.) and may consider other business relationships that would affect the independence of an outside director.

United Kingdom

* The funds will withhold votes for the entire board of directors if

•the board does not have at least a majority of independent non-executive directors,

• the board has not established nomination committees composed of a majority of independent non-executive directors, or

•the board has not established compensation and audit committees composed of (1) at least three directors (in the case of smaller companies, two directors) and (2) solely of independent non-executive directors.

* The funds will withhold votes for any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation from the company other than for service as a director (e.g., investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees).

Commentary:

Application of guidelines: Although the U.K.’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance (“Combined Code”) has adopted the “comply and explain” approach to corporate governance, the funds’ Trustees believe that the guidelines discussed above with respect to board independence standards are integral to the protection of investors in U.K. companies. As a result, these guidelines will be applied in a prescriptive manner.

Definition of independence: For the purposes of these guidelines, a non-executive director shall be considered independent if the director meets the independence standards in section A.3.1 of the Combined Code (i.e., no material business or employment relationships with the company, no remuneration from the company for non-board services, no close family ties with senior employees or directors of the company, etc.), except that the funds do not view service on the board for more than nine years as affecting a director’s independence.

Smaller companies: A smaller company is one that is below the FTSE 350 throughout the year immediately prior to the reporting year.

Canada

In January 2004, Canadian securities regulators issued proposed policies that would impose new corporate governance requirements on Canadian public companies. The recommended practices contained in these new corporate governance requirements mirror corporate governance reforms that have been adopted by the NYSE and other U.S. national securities exchanges and stock markets. As a result, the funds will vote on matters relating to the board of directors of Canadian issuers in accordance with the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers.

Commentary: Like the U.K.’s Combined Code, the proposed policies on corporate governance issued by Canadian securities regulators embody the “comply and explain” approach to corporate governance. Because the funds’ Trustees believe that the board independence standards contained in the proxy voting guidelines are integral to the protection of investors in Canadian companies, these standards will be applied in a prescriptive manner.

Other Matters

* The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of a company’s directors to be independent of management.

* The funds will vote for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit, and compensation committees.

* The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

* The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to (1) the issuance of common stock in excess of 20% of the company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or (2) the issuance of common stock in excess of 100% of the company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders have preemptive rights.

As adopted January 13, 2006

Proxy Voting Procedures of the Putnam Funds

The proxy voting procedures below explain the role of the funds’ Trustees, the proxy voting service and the Proxy Coordinator, as well as how the process will work when a proxy question needs to be handled on a case-by-case basis, or when there may be a conflict of interest.

The role of the funds’ Trustees

The Trustees of the Putnam funds exercise control of the voting of proxies through their Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which is composed entirely of independent Trustees. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee oversees the proxy voting process and participates, as needed, in the resolution of issues that need to be handled on a case-by-case basis. The Committee annually reviews and recommends, for Trustee approval, guidelines governing the funds’ proxy votes, including how the funds vote on specific proposals and which matters are to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Trustees are assisted in this process by their independent administrative staff (“Office of the Trustees”), independent legal counsel, and an independent proxy voting service. The Trustees also receive assistance from Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”), the funds’ investment advisor, on matters involving investment judgments. In all cases, the ultimate decision on voting proxies rests with the Trustees, acting as fiduciaries on behalf of the shareholders of the funds.

The role of the proxy voting service

The funds have engaged an independent proxy voting service to assist in the voting of proxies. The proxy voting service is responsible for coordinating with the funds’ custodians to ensure that all proxy materials received by the custodians relating to the funds’ portfolio securities are processed in a timely fashion. To the extent applicable, the proxy voting service votes all proxies in accordance with the proxy voting guidelines established by the Trustees. The proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Coordinator (described below) for instructions under circumstances where: (1) the application of the proxy voting guidelines is unclear; (2) a particular proxy question is not covered by the guidelines; or (3) the guidelines call for specific instructions on a case-by-case basis. The proxy voting service is also requested to call to the Proxy Coordinator’s attention specific proxy questions that, while governed by a guideline, appear to involve unusual or controversial issues. The funds also utilize research services relating to proxy questions provided by the proxy voting service and by other firms.

The role of the Proxy Coordinator

Each year, a member of the Office of the Trustees is appointed Proxy Coordinator to assist in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Coordinator will deal directly with the proxy voting service and, in the case of proxy questions referred by the proxy voting service, will solicit voting recommendations and instructions from the Office of the Trustees, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, and Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as appropriate. The Proxy Coordinator is responsible for ensuring that these questions and referrals are responded to in a timely fashion and for transmitting appropriate voting instructions to the proxy voting service.

Voting procedures for referral items

As discussed above, the proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Coordinator under certain circumstances. When the application of the proxy voting guidelines is unclear or a particular proxy question is not covered by the guidelines (and does not involve investment considerations), the Proxy Coordinator will assist in interpreting the guidelines and, as appropriate, consult with one of more senior staff members of the Office of the Trustees and the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee on how the funds’ shares will be voted.

For proxy questions that require a case-by-case analysis pursuant to the guidelines or that are not covered by the guidelines but involve investment considerations, the Proxy Coordinator will refer such questions, through a written request, to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation. Such referrals will be made in cooperation with the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing such referral items. In connection with each such referral item, the Legal and Compliance Department will conduct a conflicts of interest review, as described below under “Conflicts of Interest,” and provide a conflicts of interest report (the “Conflicts Report”) to the Proxy Coordinator describing the results of such review. After receiving a referral item from the Proxy Coordinator, Putnam Management’s investment professionals will provide a written recommendation to the Proxy Coordinator and the person or persons designated by the Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. Such recommendation will set forth (1) how the proxies should be voted; (2) the basis and rationale for such recommendation; and (3) any contacts the investment professionals have had with respect to the referral item with non-investment personnel of Putnam Management or with outside parties (except for routine communications from proxy solicitors). The Proxy Coordinator will then review the investment professionals’ recommendation and the Conflicts Report with one of more senior staff members of the Office of the Trustees in determining how to vote the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Coordinator will maintain a record of all proxy questions that have been referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the voting recommendation, and the Conflicts Report.

In some situations, the Proxy Coordinator and/or one of more senior staff members of the Office of the Trustees may determine that a particular proxy question raises policy issues requiring consultation with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, who, in turn, may decide to bring the particular proxy question to the Committee or the full Board of Trustees for consideration.

Conflicts of interest

Occasions may arise where a person or organization involved in the proxy voting process may have a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest may exist, for example, if Putnam Management has a business relationship with (or is actively soliciting business from) either the company soliciting the proxy or a third party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote or that is actively lobbying for a particular outcome of a proxy vote. Any individual with knowledge of a personal conflict of interest (e.g., familial relationship with company management) relating to a particular referral item shall disclose that conflict to the Proxy Coordinator and the Legal and Compliance

Department and otherwise remove himself or herself from the proxy voting process. The Legal and Compliance Department will review each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals to determine if a conflict of interest exists and will provide the Proxy Coordinator with a Conflicts Report for each referral item that (1) describes any conflict of interest; (2) discusses the procedures used to address such conflict of interest; and (3) discloses any contacts from parties outside Putnam Management (other than routine communications from proxy solicitors) with respect to the referral item not otherwise reported in an investment professional’s recommendation. The Conflicts Report will also include written confirmation that any recommendation from an investment professional provided under circumstances where a conflict of interest exists was made solely on the investment merits and without regard to any other consideration.

As adopted March 11, 2005

Item 8. Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Management Investment Companies

(a)(1) Investment management teams. Putnam Management’s and Putnam Investments Limited’s (for funds having Putnam Investments Limited as sub-manager) investment professionals are organized into investment management teams, with a particular team dedicated to a specific asset class. The members of the team or teams identified in the shareholder report included in Item 1 of this report manage the fund’s investments. The names of all team members can be found at www.putnam.com.

The team members identified as the fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) coordinate team efforts related to the fund and are primarily responsible for the day-today management of the fund’s portfolio. In addition to these individuals, each team also includes other investment professionals, whose analysis, recommendations and research inform investment decisions made for the fund.

Portfolio Leader	Joined
	Fund	Employer	Positions Over Past Five Years
David Hamlin	2002	Putnam	Team Leader, Tax Exempt Team
		Management	Previously, Director, Tax Exempt,
		1998 – Present	Investment Grade
Portfolio Members	Joined
	Fund	Employer	Positions Over Past Five Years
Paul Drury	2002	Putnam	Tax Exempt Specialist
		Management	Previously, Portfolio Manager; Senior
		1989 – Present	Trader
Susan McCormack	2002	Putnam	Tax Exempt Specialist
		Management	Previously, Portfolio Manager
		1994 – Present
James St. John	2003	Putnam	Portfolio Construction Specialist
		Management	Previously, Quantitative Analyst
		1998 – Present

(a)(2) Other Accounts Managed by the Fund’s Portfolio Managers.

The following table shows the number and approximate assets of other investment accounts (or portions of investment accounts) that the fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) managed as of the fund’s most recent fiscal year-end. The other accounts may include accounts for which the individual was not designated as a portfolio member. Unless noted, none of the other accounts pays a fee based on the account’s performance.

					Other accounts (including
					separate accounts, managed
			Other accounts that pool		account programs and
Portfolio Leader or	Other SEC-registered open-end		assets from more than one		single-sponsor defined
Member	and closed-end funds		client		contribution plan offerings)
	Number	Assets	Number	Assets	Number	Assets
	of		of		of
	accounts		accounts		accounts
David Hamlin	27	$9,893,000,000	3	$900,000	3	$492,400,000
Paul Drury	27	$9,893,000,000	3	$900,000	3	$492,400,000
Susan McCormack	27	$9,893,000,000	3	$900,000	3	$492,500,000
Jim St. John	27	$9,893,000,000	3	$900,000	3	$492,400,000

Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts. Like other investment professionals with multiple clients, the fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) may face certain potential conflicts of interest in connection with managing both the fund and the other accounts listed under “Other Accounts Managed by the Fund’s Portfolio Managers” at the same time. The paragraphs below describe some of these potential conflicts, which Putnam Management believes are faced by investment professionals at most major financial firms. As described below, Putnam Management and the Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures that attempt to address certain of these potential conflicts.

The management of accounts with different advisory fee rates and/or fee structures, including accounts that pay advisory fees based on account performance (“performance fee accounts”), may raise potential conflicts of interest by creating an incentive to favor higher-fee accounts. These potential conflicts may include, among others:

• The most attractive investments could be allocated to higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts.

• The trading of higher-fee accounts could be favored as to timing and/or execution price. For example, higher-fee accounts could be permitted to sell securities earlier than other accounts when a prompt sale is desirable or to buy securities at an earlier and more opportune time.

• The trading of other accounts could be used to benefit higher-fee accounts (front- running).

• The investment management team could focus their time and efforts primarily on higher-fee accounts due to a personal stake in compensation.

Putnam Management attempts to address these potential conflicts of interest relating to higher-fee accounts through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, under Putnam Management’s policies:

• Performance fee accounts must be included in all standard trading and allocation procedures with all other accounts.

• All accounts must be allocated to a specific category of account and trade in parallel with allocations of similar accounts based on the procedures generally applicable to all accounts in those groups (e.g., based on relative risk budgets of accounts).

• All trading must be effected through Putnam’s trading desks and normal queues and procedures must be followed (i.e., no special treatment is permitted for performance fee accounts or higher-fee accounts based on account fee structure).

• Front running is strictly prohibited.

• The fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) may not be guaranteed or specifically allocated any portion of a performance fee.

As part of these policies, Putnam Management has also implemented trade oversight and review procedures in order to monitor whether particular accounts (including higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts) are being favored over time.

Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when the Portfolio Leader(s) or Portfolio Member(s) have personal investments in other accounts that may create an incentive to favor those accounts. As a general matter and subject to limited exceptions, Putnam Management’s investment professionals do not have the opportunity to invest in client accounts, other than the Putnam funds. However, in the ordinary course of business, Putnam Management or related persons may from time to time establish “pilot” or “incubator” funds for the purpose of testing proposed investment strategies and products prior to offering them to clients. These pilot accounts may be in the form of registered investment companies, private funds such as partnerships or separate accounts established by Putnam Management or an affiliate. Putnam Management or an affiliate supplies the funding for these accounts. Putnam employees, including the fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s), may also invest in certain pilot accounts. Putnam Management, and to the extent applicable, the Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) will benefit from the favorable investment performance of those funds and accounts. Pilot funds and accounts may, and frequently do, invest in the same securities as the client accounts. Putnam Management’s policy is to treat pilot accounts in the same manner as client accounts for purposes of trading allocation – neither favoring nor disfavoring them except as is legally required. For example, pilot accounts are normally included in Putnam Management’s daily block trades to the same extent as client accounts (except that pilot accounts do not participate in initial public offerings).

A potential conflict of interest may arise when the fund and other accounts purchase or sell the same securities. On occasions when the Portfolio Leader(s) or Portfolio Member(s) consider the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interests of the fund as well as other accounts, Putnam Management’s trading desk may, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased in order to obtain the best execution and lower brokerage commissions, if any. Aggregation of trades may create the potential for unfairness to the fund or another account if one account is favored over another in allocating the securities purchased or sold – for example, by allocating a disproportionate amount of a security that is likely to increase in value to a favored account. Putnam Management’s trade allocation policies generally provide that each day’s transactions in securities that are purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the fund) in a manner which in Putnam Management’s opinion is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account. Certain exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of Putnam Management’s trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts.

“Cross trades,” in which one Putnam account sells a particular security to another account (potentially saving transaction costs for both accounts), may also pose a potential conflict of interest. Cross trades may be seen to involve a potential conflict of interest if, for example, one account is permitted to sell a security to another account at a higher price than an independent third party would pay. Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted compliance procedures that provide that any transactions between the fund and another Putnam-advised account are to be made at an independent current market price, as required by law.

Another potential conflict of interest may arise based on the different investment objectives and strategies of the fund and other accounts. For example, another account may have a shorter-term investment horizon or different investment objectives, policies or restrictions than the fund. Depending on another account’s objectives or other factors, the Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) may give advice and make decisions that may differ from advice given, or the timing or nature of decisions made, with respect to the fund. In addition, investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular account involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain accounts even though it could have been bought or sold for other accounts at the same time. More rarely, a particular security may be bought for one or more accounts managed by the Portfolio Leader(s) or Portfolio Member(s) when one or more other accounts are selling the security (including short sales). There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more accounts may have an adverse effect on other accounts. As noted above, Putnam Management has implemented trade oversight and review procedures to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over time.

The fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s) may also face other potential conflicts of interest in managing the fund, and the description above is not a complete

description of every conflict that could be deemed to exist in managing both the fund and other accounts.

(a)(3) Compensation of investment professionals. Putnam Management believes that its investment management teams should be compensated primarily based on their success in helping investors achieve their goals. The portion of Putnam Investments’ total incentive compensation pool that is available to Putnam Management’s Investment Division is based primarily on its delivery, across all of the portfolios it manages, of consistent, dependable and superior performance over time. The peer group for the fund, which is identified in the shareholder report included in Item 1, is its broad investment category as determined by Lipper Inc. The portion of the incentive compensation pool available to each investment management team varies based primarily on its delivery, across all of the portfolios it manages, of consistent, dependable and superior performance over time on (i) for tax-exempt funds, a tax-adjusted basis to recognize the different federal income tax treatment for capital gains distributions and exempt-interest distributions a before-tax basis or (ii) for taxable funds, on a before-tax basis.

Consistent performance means being above median over one year.

· Dependable performance means not being in the 4th quartile of the peer group over one, three or five years.

· Superior performance (which is the largest component of Putnam Management’s incentive compensation program) means being in the top third of the peer group over three and five years.

In determining an investment management team’s portion of the incentive compensation pool and allocating that portion to individual team members, Putnam Management retains discretion to reward or penalize teams or individuals, including the fund’s Portfolio Leader(s) and Portfolio Member(s), as it deems appropriate, based on other factors. The size of the overall incentive compensation pool each year is determined by Putnam Management’s parent company, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., and depends in large part on Putnam’s profitability for the year, which is influenced by assets under management. Incentive compensation is generally paid as cash bonuses, but a portion of incentive compensation may instead be paid as grants of restricted stock, options or other forms of compensation, based on the factors described above. In addition to incentive compensation, investment team members receive annual salaries that are typically based on seniority and experience. Incentive compensation generally represents at least 70% of the total compensation paid to investment team members.

(a)(4) Fund ownership. The following table shows the dollar ranges of shares of the fund owned by the professionals listed above at the end of the fund’s last two fiscal years, including investments by their immediate family members and amounts invested through retirement and deferred compensation plans.

			$1 –	$10,001 –	$50,001 –	$100,001 –	$500,001 –	$1,000,001
	Year	$0	$10,000	$50,000	$100,000	$500,000	$1,000,000	and over
David Hamlin	2006	•
Portfolio Leader	2005	•
Paul Drury	2006	•
Portfolio Member	2005	•
Susan McCormack	2006	•
Portfolio Member	2005	•
James St. John	2006	•
Portfolio Member	2005	•

(b) Not applicable

Item 9. Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed-End Management Investment Companies and
Affiliated Purchasers:

Registrant Purchase of Equity Securities

				Maximum
			Total Number	Number (or
			of Shares	Approximate
			Purchased	Dollar Value )
			as Part	of Shares
			of Publicly	that May Yet Be
	Total Number	Average	Announced	Purchased
	of Shares	Price Paid	Plans or	under the Plans
Period	Purchased	per Share	Programs	or Programs *
October 7-
October
31,2005	3,127	$13.40	3,127	457,582
November 1 -
November 30,
2005	6,022	$13.28	6,022	451,560
December 1 -
December 31,
2005	23,035	$13.02	23,035	428,525
January 1 -
January 31,
2006	23,035	$13.30	23,035	405,490
February 1 -
February 28,
2006	7,472	$13.45	7,472	398,018
March 1 -
March 31, 2006	15,588	$13.47	15,588	382,430
April 1 - April
30, 2006	10,064	$13.34	10,064	372,366

The Board of Trustees announced a repurchase plan on October 7, 2005 for which 230,355 shares were approved for repurchase by the fund. The repurchase plan was approved through October 6, 2006. On March 10, 2006, the Trustees announced that the repurchase program was increased to allow repurchases of up to a total of 460,709 shares over the original term of the program

*Information is based on the total number of shares eligible for repurchase under the program, as amended on March 10, 2006.

Item 10. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders:

Not applicable

Item 11. Controls and Procedures:

(a) The registrant's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of this report, that the design and operation of such procedures are generally effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the registrant in this report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms.

(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting: Not applicable

Item 12. Exhibits:

(a)(1) The Code of Ethics of The Putnam Funds, which incorporates the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments, is filed herewith.

(a)(2) Separate certifications for the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the registrant as required by Rule 30a-2(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are filed herewith.

(b) The certifications required by Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust

By (Signature and Title):

/s/Michael T. Healy
Michael T. Healy
Principal Accounting Officer

Date: June 28, 2006

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

By (Signature and Title):

/s/Charles E. Porter
Charles E. Porter
Principal Executive Officer

Date: June 28, 2006

By (Signature and Title):

/s/Steven D. Krichmar
Steven D. Krichmar
Principal Financial Officer

Date: June 28, 2006

EX-99.CERT

Certifications

I, Charles E. Porter, a Principal Executive Officer of the funds listed on Attachment A, certify that:

1. I have reviewed each report on Form N-CSR of the funds listed on Attachment A:

2. Based on my knowledge, each report does not contain any untrue statements of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by each report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included ineach report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in each report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which each report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of each report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed to each registrant's auditors and the audit committee of each registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect each registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in each registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: June 23, 2006

/s/ Charles E. Porter
_______________________
Charles E. Porter
Principal Executive Officer

Certifications

I, Steven D. Krichmar, the Principal Financial Officer of the funds listed on Attachment A, certify that:

1. I have reviewed each report on Form N-CSR of the funds listed on Attachment A:

2. Based on my knowledge, each report does not contain any untrue statements of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by each report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in each report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in each report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which each report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of each report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed to each registrant's auditors and the audit committee of each registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect each registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in each registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: June 23, 2006

/s/ Steven D. Krichmar
_______________________
Steven D. Krichmar
Principal Financial Officer

Attachment A
N-CSR
Period (s) ended April 30, 2006

052	Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust
582	Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust
183	Putnam Municipal Bond Fund
2OV	Putnam Mid Cap Value Fund
002	The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income
2II	Putnam Capital Opportunities Fund
840	Putnam Utilities Growth & Income Fund
004	Putnam Income Fund
041	Putnam Global Income Trust
005	Putnam Global Equity Fund
008	Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust
184	Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust
185	Putnam New York Investment Grade Municipal Trust
2MI	Putnam Tax Smart Equity Fund

EX-99.906 CERT

Section 906 Certifications

I, Charles E. Porter, a Principal Executive Officer of the Funds listed on Attachment A, certify that, to my knowledge:

1. The form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended April 30, 2006 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended April 30, 2006 fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Funds listed on Attachment A.

Date: June 23, 2006

/s/ Charles E. Porter
______________________
Charles E. Porter
Principal Executive Officer

Section 906 Certifications

I, Steven D. Krichmar, a Principal Financial Officer of the Funds listed on Attachment A, certify that, to my knowledge:

1. The form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended April 30, 2006 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended April 30, 2006 fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Funds listed on Attachment A.

Date: June 23, 2006

/s/ Steven D. Krichmar
______________________
Steven D. Krichmar
Principal Financial Officer

Attachment A
N-CSR
Period (s) ended April 30, 2006

052	Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust
582	Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust
183	Putnam Municipal Bond Fund
2OV	Putnam Mid Cap Value Fund
002	The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income
2II	Putnam Capital Opportunities Fund
840	Putnam Utilities Growth & Income Fund
004	Putnam Income Fund
041	Putnam Global Income Trust
005	Putnam Global Equity Fund
008	Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust
184	Putnam California Investment Grade Municipal Trust
185	Putnam New York Investment Grade Municipal Trust
2MI	Putnam Tax Smart Equity Fund

EX-99.CODE ETH

Putnam Investments

Code of Ethics
December 2005

One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
1-617-292-1000

www.putnam.com

December, 2005

Dear Putnam Employee,

Putnam’s Code of Ethics is an essential component of the “fiduciary mindset” and of our commitment to the maintenance of the highest professional standards. Taking care of other people’s money is a serious responsibility, and we need to ensure that our clients’ interests come first. Firms with a strong fiduciary culture are attractive to clients who are looking for superior money management, and Putnam’s Code is designed to ensure that Putnam preserves that trust.

The rules reflected in the Code are good business practices and were not created simply to meet regulatory standards. If, from time to time, the rules seem burdensome, I ask you to put yourself in the place of our shareholders and clients, who have entrusted us to manage their assets so that they may pursue the goals of saving for retirement or funding their children’s education.

We have also provided a guide to use as quick reference to some of the Code’s key provisions.

If you have any questions or concerns at any time, however, I encourage you to contact one of the members of our Code of Ethics staff in the Legal and Compliance Department.

Ed Haldeman
President and Chief Executive Officer

Table of Contents
Code of Ethics Overview			iii
PUTNAM’S CODE OF ETHICS			vi
DEFINITIONS			vii
SECTION I -- Personal Securities Rules for All Employees			1
Rule	1:	Requirements to Pre-clear	1
Rule	1:	Short-Selling Prohibition	5
Rule	2:	Initial Public Offerings Prohibition	5
Rule	3:	Private Placement Pre-approval Requirements	6
Rule	4:	Trading with Material Non-public Information	6
Rule	5:	No Personal Trading with Client Portfolios	6
Rule	6:	Holding of Putnam Mutual Fund Shares	7
Rule	7:	Putnam Mutual Fund Employee Restrictions	8
Rule	8:	Special Orders	10
Rule	9:	Excessive Trading	10
Rule	1:	Naked Options	10
Rule	1:	Involuntary Transactions	11
Rule	2:	Special Exemptions	11
SECTION II -- Additional Special Rules for Personal Securities Transactions of Access Persons			12
and Certain Investment Professionals
Rule	1:	90-Day Short-Term Rule	12
Rule	2:	7-Day Rule	12
Rule	3:	Blackout Rule	13
Rule	4:	Contra-Trading Rule	14
Rule	5:	No Personal Benefit	15
SECTION III -- General Rules for All Employees			16
Rule	1:	Compliance with All Laws, Regulations, and Policies	16
Rule	2:	Conflicts of Interest	16
Rule	3:	Gifts and Entertainment Policy	16
Rule	4:	Anti-bribery/Kickback Policy	18
Rule	5:	Political Activities, Contributions, Solicitations, and Lobbying Policy	19
Rule	6:	Confidentiality of Putnam Business Information	20
Rule	7:	Roles at Other Entities (Outside Business Affiliations)	20
Rule	8:	Role as Trustee or Fiduciary Outside of Putnam Investments	21
Rule	9:	Investment Clubs	21
Rule	10: Business Negotiations for Putnam Investments		22
Rule	11: Accurate Records		22
Rule	12: Family Members’ Conflict Policy		22
Rule 13: Affiliated Entities			23
Rule	14: Computer System/Network Policies		24
Rule	15: CFA Institute Code of Ethics		24
Rule	16: Privacy Policy		24
Rule	17: Anti-money Laundering Policy		25
Rule	18: Record Retention		25
SECTION IV -- Special Rules for Officers and Employees of Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)			26
SECTION V -- Reporting Requirements			28
Rule	1:	Broker Confirmations and Statements	28
Rule	2:	Access Person – Quarterly Transaction Report	29
Rule	3:	Access Person - Initial/Annual Holdings Report	29
Rule	4:	Certifications	29
Rule	5:	Roles at Other Entities	29
Rule	6:	Reporting of Irregular Activity	30
Rule	7:	Ombudsman	30
SECTION VI -- Education Requirements			31

Rule 1: Distribution of Code	31
Rule 2: Annual Training Requirement	31
SECTION VII -- Compliance and Appeal Procedures	32
SECTION VIII -- Sanctions	34
APPENDIX A: Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement	35
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS: Insider Trading	36
APPENDIX A -- SECTION I: Rules Concerning Inside Information	37
Rule 1: Inside Information	37
Rule 2: Material Non-public Information	37
Rule 3: Reporting of Material Non-public Information	37
APPENDIX A -- SECTION II: Overview of Insider Trading	39
APPENDIX B: Policy Statement Regarding Employee Trades in Shares of Putnam Closed-End	43
Funds
APPENDIX C: Contra-Trading Rule Clearance Form	44
APPENDIX D: CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct	45*
APPENDIX E: Report of Entertainment Form	49
APPENDIX F -- Inducement Policy for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) Employees	50
APPENDIX G -- Record of Inducement for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)Employees	52

Code of Ethics Overview

This overview of Putnam’s Code of Ethics is not intended to substitute for a careful reading of the complete document. As a condition of continued employment, every Putnam employee is required to read, understand, and comply with all of the provisions of the Code of Ethics. Additionally, employees are expected to comply with the policies and procedures contained within the Putnam Employee Handbook, which is available online on www.ibenefitcenter.com.

It is the personal responsibility of every Putnam employee to avoid any conduct that could create a conflict, or even the appearance of a conflict, with our fund shareholders or other clients, or do anything that could damage or erode the trust our clients place in Putnam and its employees. This is the spirit of the Code of Ethics. In accepting employment at Putnam, every employee accepts the absolute obligation to comply with the letter and the spirit of the Code of Ethics. Failure to comply with the spirit of the Code of Ethics is just as much a violation of the Code as failure to comply with the written rules of the Code.

The rules of the Code cover activities, including personal securities transactions, of Putnam employees, certain family members of employees, and entities (such as corporations, trusts, or partnerships) that employees may be deemed to control or influence.

Sanctions will be imposed for violations of the Code of Ethics. Sanctions may include monetary fines, bans on personal trading, reductions in salary increases or bonuses, disgorgement of trading profits, suspension of employment, and termination of employment. The proceeds resulting from monetary sanctions will be given to a charity chosen by the Code of Ethics Officer.

Insider trading

Putnam employees are forbidden to buy or sell any security while either Putnam or the employee is in possession of material, non-public information (inside information) concerning the security or the issuer. A violation of Putnam’s insider trading policies may result in criminal and civil penalties, including imprisonment, disgorgement of profits, and substantial fines. An employee aware of or in possession of inside information must report it immediately to the Code of Ethics Officer. (See Appendix A: Overview of Insider Trading).

Conflicts of interest

The Code of Ethics imposes limits on activities of Putnam employees where the activity may conflict with the interests of Putnam or its clients. These include limits on the receipt and solicitation of gifts and on service as a fiduciary for a person or entity outside of Putnam. For example, Putnam employees generally may not accept gifts over $100 in total value in a calendar year from any entity or any supplier of goods or services to Putnam. In addition, a Putnam employee may not serve as a director of any corporation or other entity without prior approval of the Code of Ethics Officer.

Confidentiality

Information about Putnam clients and Putnam investment activity and research is proprietary and confidential and may not be disclosed or used by any Putnam employee outside Putnam without a valid business purpose.

iii

Putnam mutual funds

All employees and certain family members are subject to a minimum 90-day holding period for shares in Putnam’s open-end mutual funds. This restriction does not apply to Putnam’s money market funds. Except in limited circumstances, all employees must hold Putnam open-end fund shares in accounts at Putnam.

Portfolio managers and others with access to investment information (“Access Persons”) are subject to a minimum one-year holding period for holding Putnam open-end fund shares.

Personal securities trading

Putnam employees may not buy or sell any security for their own account without clearing the proposed transaction in advance. Clearance is facilitated through the Personal Trading Assistant (PTA), the online pre-clearance system for equity securities, and directly with the Code of Ethics Administrator for fixed-income securities and transactions in Putnam closed-end funds. Certain securities are exempted from this pre-clearance requirement (e.g., shares of open-end (not closed-end) mutual funds).

Putnam employees may not buy any securities in an initial public offering or in a private placement, except in limited circumstances when prior written authorization is obtained.

Clearance must be obtained in advance, between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (ET) on the day of the trade. A clearance is valid only for the day it is obtained. Putnam employees are strongly discouraged from engaging in excessive trading for their personal accounts. Employees are prohibited from making more than 10 trades in individual securities each calendar quarter.

Short selling

Putnam employees are prohibited from short selling any security, whether or not it is held in a Putnam client portfolio, although short selling against broad market indexes and “against the box” are permitted. Note, however, that short selling “against the box” or otherwise hedging an investment in shares of Marsh & McLennan (MMC) stock is prohibited.

Confirmations of trading and periodic account statements

All Putnam employees must have their brokers send copies of confirmations and statements of personal securities transactions to the Code of Ethics Administrator. This also applies to members of the immediate family who share the same household as the employee or for whom the employee has investment discretion. Employees must contact the Code of Ethics Administrator to (a) obtain an authorization [407] letter, (b) provide instructions to the broker in establishing a personal brokerage account, and (c) enter a broker account profile into PTA.

Quarterly and annual reporting

Each calendar quarter, Access Persons must report all their securities transactions to the Code of Ethics Officer within 15 days after the end of the quarter. All Access Persons must disclose all personal securities holdings (even those to which pre-clearance may not apply)

iv

upon commencement of employment, quarterly, and thereafter on an annual basis. You will be notified if these requirements apply to you.

Personal securities transactions by Access Persons and certain investment professionals

The Code imposes several special restrictions on personal securities transactions by Access Persons and certain investment professionals, which are summarized as follows. (Refer to Section II for details):

• 90-Day Short-Term Rule. No Access Person shall purchase and then sell at a profit, or sell and then repurchase at a lower price, any security or related derivative security within 90 calendar days regardless of tax lot election.

• 7-Day Rule. Before a portfolio manager places an order to buy a security for any portfolio he manages, he must sell from his personal account any such security or related derivative security purchased within the preceding seven calendar days, and disgorge any profit from the sale.

• Blackout Rule. No portfolio manager may sell any security or related derivative security for her personal account until seven calendar days after the most recent purchase of that security or related derivative security for any portfolio she manages. No portfolio manager may buy any security or related derivative security for his personal account until seven calendar days after the most recent sale of that security or related derivative security by any portfolio he manages.

Analysts are also subject to the 7-Day and Blackout Rules in connection with a recommendation to buy/outperform or sell/underperform a security.

• Contra-Trading Rule. No portfolio manager may sell out of her personal account any security or related derivative security that is held in any portfolio she manages unless she has received the written approval of an appropriate CIO and the Code of Ethics Officer.

• No portfolio manager may cause a Putnam client to take action for the manager’s personal benefit.

v

PUTNAM’S CODE OF ETHICS

Putnam Investments is required by law to adopt a Code of Ethics. The purposes of the law are to ensure that companies and their employees comply with all applicable laws and to prevent abuses in the investment advisory business that can arise when conflicts of interest exist between the employees of an investment advisor and its clients. By adopting and enforcing a Code of Ethics, we strengthen the trust and confidence reposed in us by demonstrating that at Putnam, client interests come first.

The Code that follows represents a balancing of important interests. On the one hand, as a registered investment advisor, Putnam owes a duty of undivided loyalty to its clients, and must avoid even the appearance of a conflict that might be perceived as abusing the trust they have placed in Putnam. On the other hand, Putnam does not want to prevent conscientious professionals from investing for their own account where conflicts do not exist or that are immaterial to investment decisions affecting Putnam clients.

When conflicting interests cannot be reconciled, the Code makes clear that, first and foremost, Putnam employees owe a fiduciary duty to Putnam clients. In most cases, this means that the affected employee will be required to forego conflicting personal securities transactions. In some cases, personal investments will be permitted, but only in a manner, which, because of the circumstances and applicable controls, cannot reasonably be perceived as adversely affecting Putnam client portfolios or taking unfair advantage of the relationship Putnam employees have to Putnam clients.

The Code contains specific rules prohibiting defined types of conflicts. Because every potential conflict cannot be anticipated the Code also contains general provisions prohibiting conflict situations. In view of these general provisions, it is critical that any individual who is in doubt about the applicability of the Code in a given situation seeks a determination from the Code of Ethics Officer about the propriety of the conduct in advance. The procedures for obtaining such a determination are described in Section VII of the Code.

It is critical that the Code be strictly observed. Not only will adherence to the Code ensure that Putnam renders the best possible service to its clients, it will help to ensure that no individual is liable for violations of law.

It should be emphasized that adherence to this policy is a fundamental condition of employment at Putnam. Every employee is expected to adhere to the requirements of this Code of Ethics despite any inconvenience that may be involved. Any employee failing to do so may be subject to disciplinary action, including financial penalties and termination of employment, as determined by the Code of Ethics Officer, the Code of Ethics Oversight Committee, or the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

vi

DEFINITIONS

The words below are defined specifically for the purpose of Putnam’s Code of Ethics.

Access Persons Each employee will be informed if he or she is considered an Access Person. The Code of Ethics Officer maintains a list of all Access Persons, categorized as follows:

• All employees of Putnam’s Investment Division

• All employees of Global Operations Services

• All employees who have access to My Putnam (unless access is limited to the Wall Street Journal via Factiva)

• All members of Putnam’s Executive Board

• Senior Managing Directors and Managing Directors of the Transfer Agency

• Senior Managing Directors and Managing Directors of Enterprise Services

• Senior Managing Directors and Managing Directors of Putnam Retail Management (PRM) and Putnam Global Institutional Management (PGIM)

• All directors, officers, employees of a registered investment advisor affiliate, i.e., Putnam Investment Management, LLC, (PIM), The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), or Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)

• Employees who have certain systems access and who have access to non-public information about any client’s purchase or sale of securities or to information regarding recommendations with respect to such purchases or sales

• Employees who have access to non-public information regarding the portfolio holdings of any Putnam-advised or sub-advised mutual fund

• Others as defined by the Legal and Compliance Department

Code of Ethics Administrator The individual designated by the Code of Ethics Officer to assume responsibility for day-to-day, nondiscretionary administration of this Code. The current Code of Ethics Administrator is Laura Rose, who can be reached at extension 11104.

Code of Ethics Officer The Putnam officer who has been assigned the responsibility of enforcing and interpreting this Code. The Code of Ethics Officer shall be the Chief Compliance Officer or such other person as is designated by the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments. If the Code of Ethics Officer is unavailable, the Deputy Code of Ethics Officer shall act in his stead. The Code of Ethics Officer is Tony Ruys de Perez. The Deputy Code of Ethics Officer is Kathleen Griffin.

Code of Ethics Oversight Committee Has oversight responsibility for administering the Code of Ethics. Members include the Code of Ethics Officer and other members of Putnam’s senior management approved by the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam.

Immediate family Spouse, partner, minor children, or other relatives living in the same household as the Putnam employee.

Narrow-based derivative A future, swap, option, or similar derivative instrument whose return is determined by reference to fewer than 25 underlying issuers. Single stock futures and exchange traded funds based on less than 25 issuers are included.

vii

Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) The Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) is an internet application designed for employees to manage personal trading activities, such as pre-clearance, reporting, and certifications, in accordance with regulatory requirements and Putnam’s Code of Ethics.

Policy statements The Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement is attached to the Code as Appendix A and the Policy Statement Regarding Employee Trades in Shares of Putnam Closed-End Funds is attached to the Code as Appendix B.

Private placement Any offering of a security not offered to the public and not requiring registration with the relevant securities authorities.

Purchase or sale of a security Any acquisition or transfer of any interest in the security for direct or indirect consideration; this includes the writing of an option. This definition includes any transfer of a security by an employee as a gift to an individual or a charity.

Putnam Any or all of Putnam, LLC and its subsidiaries, any one of which shall be a Putnam company.

Putnam client Any of the Putnam mutual funds, or any advisor, trust, or other client for whom Putnam manages money.

Putnam employee (or employee) Any employee of Putnam.

Restricted list The list established in accordance with Rule 1 of Section I.A.

Security The following instruments are defined as “securities” and require pre-clearance:

• Any type or class of equity or debt security

• Any rights relating to a security, such as warrants and convertible securities

• Closed-end funds

• Any narrow-based derivative

Pre-clearance and reporting is not required (unless otherwise noted) for:

• Currencies, Treasuries (T-bills), and direct and indirect obligations of the U.S. government and its agencies

• Direct and indirect obligations of any member country in the Organization for Economic CoOperation and Development (OECD), commercial paper, certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, bankers’ acceptances, and other money market instruments

viii

NOTE:

Excluded from pre-clearance but not from reporting requirements are: Exchange-traded index funds (ETFs) containing a portfolio of securities of 25 or more issuers (e.g., SPDRs, WEBs, QQQs, iShares, HLDRs), commodities, and any option on a broad-based market index or an exchange-traded futures contract or option.

Transaction for a personal account (or personal securities transaction)Securities transactions: (a) for the personal account of any employee; (b) for the account of a member of the immediate family of any employee; (c) for the account of a partnership in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a general partner or a partner with investment discretion; (d) for the account of a trust in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a trustee with investment discretion; (e) for the account of a closely held corporation in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member holds shares and for which he has investment discretion; and (f ) for any account other than a Putnam client account, which receives investment advice of any sort from the employee or immediate family member, or as to which the employee or immediate family member has investment discretion.

Rule of construction regarding time periods Unless the context indicates otherwise, time periods used in the Code of Ethics shall be measured inclusively, i.e., beginning on the date from which the measurement is made.

EXCEPTIONS

Unless the context indicates otherwise, there will be no exceptions to the rules.

ix

SECTION I -- Personal Securities Rules for All Employees

A. Pre-clearance

Rule 1: Requirements to Pre-clear

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell for his personal account any security without prior clearance obtained through procedures set forth by the Code of Ethics Officer. Equity securities are pre-cleared through the Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) pre-clearance system (under the @Putnam tab of www.ibenefitcenter.com). Fixed-income securities must be pre-cleared by calling the Code of Ethics Administrator. There are special rules for trading in Putnam closed-end funds (see Appendix B). Subject to the limited exceptions below, no clearance will be granted for securities appearing on the Restricted List. Securities will be placed on the Restricted List in the following circumstances:

(a) When orders to purchase or sell such security have been entered for any Putnam client or the security is being actively considered for purchase for any Putnam client, unless the security is a non-convertible investment-grade (rated at least BBB by S&P or Baa by Moody’s) fixed-income investment;

(b) When such a security is a voting security of a corporation in the banking, savings and loan, communications, or gaming (i.e., casinos) industries, if holdings of Putnam clients in that corporation exceed 7% (for public utilities, the threshold is 4%);

(c) When, in the judgment of the Code of Ethics Officer, other circumstances warrant restricting personal transactions of Putnam employees in a particular security;

(d) When required under the Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions. (See Appendix A)

Pre-clearance of Marsh & McLennan (MMC) securities All employee trading in MMC securities must be pre-cleared in the Code of Ethics system. MMC securities include stock, options, and any other securities such as debt. Trades in the MMC Employee Stock Purchase Plan and in all Putnam and MMC employee benefit and bonus plans, i.e., reallocating, rebalancing, or exchanging in and out of the 401(k)/Profit/Bonus Plan, etc., are included in this requirement.

Pre-clearance of MMC is required when, for example, you:

• Sell MMC out of the Stock Purchase Plan

• Exchange MMC shares into or out of your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Bonus Plan

• Reallocate your Putnam fund choices, which results in a buy or sell of MMC from your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Bonus Plan

• Trade in MMC securities in other accounts held outside Putnam

 Pre-clearance is not required when you:

• Increase/decrease the amount of money that is automatically deducted (systematic plan) from your paycheck and used to purchase MMC shares in your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Stock Purchase Plan

• Maintain standing instructions to have money deducted (automatic payroll deductions) and want to increase or decrease the percentage allocated, or instruct to reduce it to “0” in your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Stock Purchase Plan

• Apply for a loan and/or make withdrawals of the stock from your 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan

1

COMMENTS

All transactions of MMC require pre-clearance in PTA before you contact your broker to trade shares in an outside brokerage account or before contacting Smith Barney to sell shares out of your Stock Purchase Plan. Also, if MMC is one of your choices in the 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan, all exchanges in/out must be cleared. Even though clearance is not required for Putnam mutual funds, if you do not wish to include MMC shares when rebalancing any of your fund choices, which will result in an automatic exchange of your MMC shares, you must remember to exclude MMC shares prior to submitting your changes. If you are investing online, check the box to exclude MMC; or if you are investing by telephone with a Putnam representative, ask to exclude MMC before rebalancing the funds.

Additional MMC-related policies:

• MMC securities may from time to time be restricted due to the federal laws that govern trading on inside information. All transactions are prohibited during this period.

• Members of the Executive Board of Directors and members of the Chief Financial Officer’s senior staff may not trade in MMC securities during the calendar quarter-end prior to the public announcement of MMC’s earnings.

• Transactions in MMC securities are not subject to the 90-Day Short-Term Rule (applicable to Access Persons only) or to the holding periods that apply to Putnam mutual funds.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Maintenance of Restricted List. The Restricted List shall be maintained by the Code of Ethics Administrator.

B. Pre-clearance. An employee wishing to trade any equity securities for his personal account shall first obtain clearance through the Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) system. The system may be accessed online either at www.ibenefitcenter.com by clicking on “Employee Essentials” under the @Putnam tab and selecting “Clear personal trade,” or at iworkplace. Employees may pre-clear securities between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. ET. Requests to make personal securities transactions may not be made using the system or presented to the Code of Ethics Administrator before 9:00 a.m. or after 4:00 p.m. ET.

Pre-clearance must be made by calling the Code of Ethics Administrator for fixed-income (municipal and corporate bonds, including non-convertible investment-grade bonds (rated BBB by S&P or Baa by Moody’s) and Putnam closed-end funds.

The PTA system will inform the employee whether the security may be traded and whether trading in the security is subject to the “Large Cap” limitation or the “Considered List – Limited Sale Exception.” The response of the pre-clearance system as to whether a security appears on the Restricted List and, if so, whether it is eligible for the exceptions set forth after this Rule shall be final, unless the employee appeals to the Code of Ethics Officer, using the procedure described in Section VII, regarding the request to trade a particular security.

A clearance is only valid for trading on the day it is obtained. Trades in securities listed on Asian or European stock exchanges, however, may be executed within one business day after pre-clearance is obtained.

2

If a security is not on the Restricted List, other classes of securities of the same issuer (e.g., preferred or convertible preferred stock) may be on the Restricted List. It is the employee’s responsibility to identify with particularity the class of securities for which permission is being sought for a personal investment.

If the PTA system does not recognize a security, or if an employee is unable to use the system or has any questions with respect to the system or pre-clearance, the employee may consult the Code of Ethics Administrator. The Code of Ethics Administrator shall not have authority to answer any questions about a security other than whether trading is permitted. The response of the Code of Ethics Administrator as to whether a security appears on the Restricted List and, if so, whether it is eligible for any applicable exceptions set forth after this Rule shall be final, unless the employee appeals to the Code of Ethics Officer, using the procedure described in Section VII, regarding the request to trade a particular security.

EXCEPTIONS

A. Large Cap Exemption. If a security appearing on the Restricted List is an equity security for which the issuer has a market capitalization (defined as outstanding shares multiplied by current price per share) of over $5 billion, then upon clearance approval, the Putnam employee may not trade more than 1,000 shares of the security for the day.

B. Considered List – Limited Sale Rule. As the Putnam list of considered securities is broad and inclusive, employees will be permitted to make limited sales but not purchases of securities held in their accounts if trading is blocked solely by the Considered List of securities.

C. Pre-clearing Transactions Effected by Share Subscription. Trades of securities made by subscription rather than on an exchange are limited to issuers having a market capitalization of $5 billion or more and are subject to the 1,000 share limit. The following are procedures to comply with Rule 1 when effecting a purchase or sale of shares by subscription:

• The Putnam employee must pre-clear the trade on the day he or she submits a subscription to the issuer rather than on the actual day of the trade since the actual day of the trade typically will not be known to the employee who submits the subscription. The employee must contact the Code of Ethics Administrator at the time of pre-clearance and will be told whether the purchase is permitted (in the case of a corporation having a market capitalization of $5 billion or more) or not permitted (in the case of a smaller capitalization issuer).

• The subscription for any purchase or sale of shares must be reported on the Access Person’s quarterly personal securities transaction report, noting the trade was accomplished by subscription.

• Because no brokers are involved in the transaction, the confirmation requirement will be waived for these transactions, although the Putnam employee must provide the Legal and Compliance Department with any transaction summaries or statements sent by the issuer.

D. Trades in Approved Discretionary Brokerage Accounts. A transaction does not need to be pre-cleared if it takes place in an account that the Code of Ethics Officer has approved in writing as exempt from the pre-clearance requirement. In the sole discretion of the Code of Ethics Officer, accounts that will be considered for exclusion from the pre-clearance requirement are only those for which an employee’s securities broker or investment advisor has complete discretion (a discretionary account) and the following conditions are met:

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(i) the employee certifies annually in writing that the employee has no influence over the transactions in the discretionary account and is not aware of the transactions in the discretionary account prior to their execution; (ii) the compliance department of the employee’s broker or investment advisor certifies annually in writing that the employee has no influence over the transactions in the discretionary account and is not aware of the transactions in the discretionary account prior to their execution; and (iii) each calendar quarter, the broker or investment advisor sends Putnam’s Code of Ethics Administrator copies of each quarterly statement for the discretionary account. Employees wishing to seek such an exemption must send a written request to the Code of Ethics Administrator.

COMMENTS

• Pre-clearance. Subpart (a) of Rule 1 is designed to avoid the conflict of interest that might occur when an employee trades for his personal account a security that currently is being traded or is likely to be traded for a Putnam client. Such conflicts arise, for example, when the trades of an employee might have an impact on the price or availability of a particular security, or when the trades of the client might have an impact on price to the benefit of the employee. Thus, exceptions involve situations where the trade of a Putnam employee is unlikely to have an impact on the market.

• Regulatory Limits. Owing to a variety of federal statutes and regulations in the banking, savings and loan, communications, and gaming industries, it is critical that accounts of Putnam clients do not hold more than 10% of the voting securities (5% for public utilities) of any issuer in those industries. Subpart (b) of this rule limits employees’ personal trades to sales of shares in these areas because of the risk that the personal holdings of Putnam employees may be aggregated with Putnam holdings. Putnam’s so-called 7% rule will allow the regulatory limits to be observed.

• Options. For the purposes of this Code, options are treated like the underlying security. Thus, an employee may not purchase, sell, or “write” option contracts for a security that is on the Restricted List. The automatic exercise of an options contract (the purchase or writing of which was previously pre-cleared) does not have to be pre-cleared. Note, however, that the purchase or sale of securities obtained through the exercise of options must be pre-cleared.

• Involuntary Transactions. Involuntary personal securities transactions are exempted from the Code. Special attention should be paid to this exemption. (See Section I.D.)

• Tender Offers. This Rule does not prohibit an employee from tendering securities from his personal account in response to any and all tender offers, even if Putnam clients are also tendering securities. If tendering a security in response to a “partial tender offer”, an employee must pre-clear the trade on the day she submits instructions to her broker, and she will be prohibited from trading if Putnam clients are also tendering the same security.

• Gifts of Securities. Pre-clearance is required for securities donated as a gift to a charitable organization or to an individual. Employees are required to provide a gift transfer certificate of the transaction (if produced) to the Code of Ethics Administrator along with an account statement reflecting the gift transaction. Receipt of a securities gift should be reported on the Access Person’s Annual Holdings Report. Employees who receive a securities gift must report the gift to the Code of Ethics Administrator to make the necessary adjustments in PTA.

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B. Prohibited Transactions

Rule 1: Short-Selling Prohibition

Putnam employees are prohibited from short selling any security, whether or not the security is held in a Putnam client portfolio. Employees are prohibited from hedging investments made in securities of MMC.

EXCEPTION

Short selling against broad market indexes (such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ index, and the S&P 100 and 500 indexes) and short selling against the box are permitted (except that short selling shares of MMC against the box is not permitted).

Rule 2: Initial Public Offerings Prohibition

No Putnam employee shall purchase any security for her personal account in an initial public offering.

EXCEPTION

Pre-existing Status Exception. A Putnam employee shall not be barred by this Rule or by Rule 1(a) of Section I.A. from purchasing securities for her personal account in connection with an initial public offering of securities by a bank or insurance company when the employee’s status as a policyholder or depositor entitles her to purchase securities on terms more favorable than those available to the general public, in connection with the bank’s conversion from mutual or cooperative form to stock form, or the insurance company’s conversion from mutual to stock form, provided that the employee has had the status entitling her to purchase on favorable terms for at least two years. This exception is only available with respect to the value of bank deposits or insurance policies that an employee owns before the announcement of the initial public offering. This exception does not apply, however, if the security appears on the Restricted List in the circumstances set forth in subparts (b), (c), or (d) of Section I.A., Rule 1.

COMMENTS

• The purpose of this Rule is twofold. First, it is designed to prevent a conflict of interest between Putnam employees and Putnam clients who might be in competition for the same securities in a limited public offering. Second, the Rule is designed to prevent Putnam employees from being subject to undue influence as a result of receiving favors in the form of special allocations of securities in a public offering from broker-dealers who seek to do business with Putnam.

• Purchases of securities in the immediate after-market of an initial public offering are not prohibited, provided they do not constitute violations of other provisions of the Code of Ethics. For example, participation in the immediate after-market as a result of a special allocation from an underwriting group would be prohibited by Section III, Rule 3, concerning gifts and other favors.

• Public offerings subsequent to initial public offerings are not deemed to create the same potential for competition between Putnam employees and Putnam clients because of the pre-existence of a market for the securities.

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Rule 3: Private Placement Pre-approval Requirements

No Putnam employee shall purchase any security for his personal account in a limited private offering or private placement without prior approval of the Code of Ethics Officer. Privately placed limited partnerships are specifically included in this Rule.

COMMENTS

• The purpose of this Rule is to prevent a Putnam employee from investing in securities for his own account pursuant to a limited private offering that could compete with or disadvantage Putnam clients, and to eliminate any incentives Putnam employees might have to favor those who can affect access to limited offerings.

• Exemptions to the prohibition will generally not be granted where the proposed investment relates directly or indirectly to investments by a Putnam client, or where individuals involved in the offering (including the issuers, broker, underwriter, placement agent, promoter, fellow investors, and affiliates of the foregoing) have any prior or existing business relationship with Putnam or a Putnam employee, or where the Putnam employee believes that such individuals may expect to have a future business relationship with Putnam or a Putnam employee.

• An exemption may be granted, subject to reviewing all the facts and circumstances, for investments in:

(a) Pooled investment funds, including hedge funds, subject to the condition that an employee investing in a pooled investment fund would have no involvement in the activities or decision-making process of the fund except for financial reports made in the ordinary course of the fund’s business, and subject to the condition that the hedge fund does not invest significantly in registered investment companies.

(b) Private placements where the investment cannot relate, or be expected to relate, directly or indirectly to Putnam or investments by a Putnam client.

• Employees who apply for an exemption will be expected to disclose to the Code of Ethics Officer in writing all facts and relationships relating to the proposed investment.

• Applications to invest in private placements will be reviewed by the Code of Ethics Oversight Committee. This review will take into account, among other factors, the considerations described in the preceding comments.

Rule 4: Trading with Material Non-public Information

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell any security for her personal account or for any Putnam client account while in possession of material, non-public information concerning the security or the issuer. Please read Appendix A, Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions.

Rule 5: No Personal Trading with Client Portfolios

No Putnam employee shall purchase from or sell to a Putnam client any securities or other property for his personal account, nor engage in any personal transaction to which a Putnam client is known to be a party, or in which the transaction may have a significant relationship to any action taken by a Putnam client.

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IMPLEMENTATION

It is the responsibility of every Putnam employee to make inquiry prior to any personal transaction in order to satisfy himself that the requirements of this Rule have been met.

COMMENT

This rule is required by federal law. It does not prohibit a Putnam employee from purchasing any shares of an open-end Putnam fund. The policy with respect to employee trading in Putnam closed-end funds is attached as Appendix B.

Rule 6: Holding of Putnam Mutual Fund Shares

Putnam employees may not hold shares of Putnam open-end U.S. mutual funds other than through accounts maintained at Putnam. Employees placing purchase orders in shares of Putnam open-end funds must place such orders through Putnam and not through an outside broker or other intermediary. Employees redeeming or exchanging shares of Putnam open-end funds must place those orders through Putnam and not through an outside broker or other intermediary. For transfer instructions, contact a Putnam Preferred Client Services (PCS) representative at 1-800-634-1590.

REMINDER

For purposes of this Rule, “employee” includes:

• -Members of the immediate family of a Putnam employee who share the same household as the employee or for whom the Putnam employee has investment discretion (family member);

• -Any trust in which a Putnam employee or family member is a trustee with investment discretion and in which such Putnam employee or any family members are collectively beneficiaries;

• Any closely held entity (such as a partnership, limited liability company, or corporation) in which a Putnam employee and his or her family members hold a controlling interest and with respect to which they have investment discretion; and

• Any account (including any retirement, pension, deferred compensation, or similar account) in which a Putnam employee or family member has a substantial economic interest and over which the Putnam employee or family member exercises investment discretion.

COMMENTS

These requirements also apply to:

• Self-directed IRA accounts holding Putnam fund shares;

• Variable insurance accounts which invest in Putnam Variable Trusts such as the Putnam/Hartford Capital Manager Programs. Employees must designate Putnam Retail Management as the broker of record for all such accounts and disclose these holdings in the PTA system.

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NOTE:

Employees are required to seek permission from the Code of Ethics Officer to hold Putnam funds in variable trusts outside of Putnam.

EXCEPTION

Retirement, pension, deferred compensation, and similar accounts that cannot be legally transferred to Putnam are not subject to the requirement. For example, a spouse of a Putnam employee may have a 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan with her employer that invests in Putnam funds. Any employee who continues to hold shares in open-end Putnam funds outside of Putnam must notify the Code of Ethics Officer in writing of the account information, provide the reason why the account cannot be transferred to Putnam, and arrange for a quarterly statement of transaction in such account to be sent to the Code of Ethics Administrator.

Rule 7: Putnam Mutual Fund Employee Restrictions

(a) Employees defined in Rule 6 may not, within a 90-calendar day period, make a purchase followed by a sale or a sale followed by a purchase of shares of the same open-end Putnam mutual fund, even if the transactions occur in different accounts.

(b) Employees who are Access Persons may not, within a one-year period, make a purchase followed by a sale or a sale followed by a purchase of shares of the same open-end Putnam mutual fund or of shares of any U.S. registered mutual fund to which Putnam acts as advisor or sub-advisor, even if the transactions occur in different accounts.

(c) All employees are required to link their immediate family members’ accounts holding Putnam mutual funds to comply with the disclosure requirements. These accounts are also subject to the 90-day and one-year rules. To link these accounts, log on to www.ibenefitcenter.com, click on @Putnam, and select Employee Essentials/Linked Mutual Fund Accounts. You are required to confirm the information and will be prompted to add any accounts that you or your family members have that should be linked or delinked based on the definitions outlined.

COMMENTS

This restriction applies across all accounts maintained by an employee as follows:

• An employee who buys shares of an open-end Putnam mutual fund may not sell any shares of the same mutual fund until 90 calendar days have passed, or one year for Access Persons.

Example: If an employee buys shares of a Putnam fund on Day 1 for a retail account and then sells (by exchange) shares of the same fund for his or her 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan accounts on Day 85, the employee has violated the rule.

Similarly, an employee who sells shares of an open-end Putnam mutual fund may not buy any shares of the same mutual fund until 90 calendar days have passed, or one year for Access Persons.

• The purpose of these blackout period restrictions is to prevent any market timing or the appearance of any market timing activity.

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• This Rule applies to transactions by a Putnam employee in any type of account including retail, IRA, variable annuity, 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan, and any deferred compensation accounts.

• The minimum sanction for an initial violation of the blackout period will be disgorgement of any profit made on the transaction. Additional sanctions may apply, including termination of employment.

EXCEPTIONS

A. This restriction does not apply to Putnam’s money market funds and Putnam Stable Value Fund.

B. 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan Contributions and Payroll Deductions: The 90-day or one year restriction is not triggered by the initial allocation of regular employee or employer contributions or forfeitures to an employee’s account under the terms of Putnam employee benefit plans or a Putnam payroll-deduction direct-investment program; later exchanges of these contributions will be subject to either the 90-day or one-year blackout period.

C. Systematic Programs: This restriction does not apply with respect to shares sold or acquired as a result of participation in a systematic program for contributions, withdrawals, or exchanges, provided that an election to participate in any such program and the participation dates of the program may not be changed more often than quarterly after the program is elected by the employee. Access Persons may elect a quarterly or semiannual rebalancing program although it may only be changed on an annual basis.

D. Employee Benefit Plan Withdrawals and Distributions: This restriction does not apply with respect to shares sold for withdrawals, loans, or distributions under the terms of Putnam employee benefit plans.

E. Dividends, Distributions, Mergers, and Share Class Conversions: This restriction does not apply with respect to the acquisition of shares as a result of reinvestment of dividends, distributions, mergers, conversions of share classes, or other similar actions. Subsequent transactions with respect to the shares will be covered.

F. College Savings Program: Redemptions from an employee’s college savings 529 plan to pay for qualified educational expenses for the beneficiary of the account (and redemptions due to death or disability) are exempt from the 90-day and one-year restrictions applicable to Putnam mutual funds. Qualified redemptions include:

• Tuition

• School fees

• Books

• Supplies and equipment required for enrollment

• Room and board

• Death

• Disability

G. Special Situations: In special situations, Putnam’s Code of Ethics Oversight Committee may grant exceptions to the blackout periods as a result of death, disability, or special circumstances (such as personal hardship), all as determined from time to time by the Committee. Employees can request an exception by submitting a written request to the Code of Ethics Officer.

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Rule 8: Special Orders

Good Until Canceled (GTC) Orders and Limit Orders are prohibited.

Any order not executed on the day of pre-clearance must be resubmitted for pre-clearance before being executed on a subsequent day. “Good until canceled” or “limit” orders are prohibited because of the potential failure to pre-clear.

EXCEPTION

Same-day limit orders are permitted.

Rule 9: Excessive Trading

Putnam employees are strongly discouraged from engaging in excessive trading for their personal accounts. Employees are prohibited from making more than 10 trades in individual securities in any given quarter.

EXCEPTION

For the purpose of calculating the number of trades in any quarter, trading the same security in the same direction (buy or sell) over a period of five business days will be counted as one transaction.

All other rules under the Code of Ethics will continue to be applied.

COMMENTS

Although a Putnam employee’s excessive trading may not itself constitute a conflict of interest with Putnam clients, Putnam believes that its clients’ confidence in Putnam will be enhanced and that the likelihood of Putnam achieving better investment skills results for its clients over the long term will be increased if Putnam employees rely on their investment skills, as opposed to their trading skills in transactions for their own account. Moreover, excessive trading by a Putnam employee for his or her own account diverts an employee’s attention from the responsibility of servicing Putnam clients, and increases the possibilities for transactions that are in actual or apparent conflict with Putnam client transactions. Short-term trading is strongly discouraged, and employees are encouraged to take a long-term view.

C. Discouraged Transactions

Rule 1: Naked Options

Putnam employees are strongly discouraged from engaging in writing (selling) naked options for their personal accounts.

Naked option transactions are particularly dangerous, because a Putnam employee may be prevented by the restrictions in this Code of Ethics from covering the naked option at the appropriate time. All employees should keep in mind the limitations on their personal securities trading imposed by this Code when contemplating such an investment strategy. Engaging in naked options transactions on the basis of material, non-public information is prohibited. (See Appendix A, Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions.)

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D. Exempted Transactions

Rule 1: Involuntary Transactions

Transactions that are involuntary on the part of a Putnam employee are exempt from the prohibitions set forth in Sections I.A., I.B., and I.C.

COMMENTS

This exemption is based on categories of conduct that the Securities and Exchange Commission does not consider “abusive.”

• Examples of involuntary personal securities transactions include:

(a) Sales out of the brokerage account of a Putnam employee as a result of a bona fide margin call, provided that withdrawal of collateral by the Putnam employee within the ten days previous to the margin call was not a contributing factor to the margin call;

(b) Purchases arising out of an automatic dividend reinvestment program of an issuer of a publicly traded security.

• Transactions by a trust in which the Putnam employee (or a member of his immediate family) holds a beneficial interest, but for which the employee has no direct or indirect influence or control with respect to the selection of investments, are involuntary transactions. In addition, these transactions do not fall within the definition of “personal securities transactions.” (See Definitions.)

• A good-faith belief on the part of the employee that a transaction was involuntary will not be a defense to a violation of the Code of Ethics. In the event of confusion as to whether a particular transaction is involuntary, the burden is on the employee to seek a prior written determination of the applicability of this exemption. The procedures for obtaining such a determination appear in Section VII. D.

Rule 2: Special Exemptions

Transactions that have been determined, in writing by the Code of Ethics Officer before the transaction occurs, to be no more than remotely harmful to Putnam clients because the transaction would be very unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, or because the transaction is clearly not related economically to the securities to be purchased, sold, or held by a Putnam client, are exempt from the prohibitions set forth in Sections I.A., I.B., and I.C.

IMPLEMENTATION

An employee may seek an ad hoc exemption under this Rule by following the procedures in Section VII.D.

COMMENTS

• This exemption is also based upon categories of conduct that the Securities and Exchange Commission does not consider “abusive.”

• The burden is on the employee to seek a prior written determination that the proposed transaction meets the standards for an ad hoc exemption set forth in this Rule.

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SECTION II -- Additional Special Rules for Personal Securities Transactions of Access Persons and Certain Investment Professionals

Access Persons include all investment professionals and other employees as defined on page vii.

Rule 1: 90-Day Short-Term Rule

Access Persons may not sell a security at a profit within 90 days of purchase or buy a security at a price below which he or she sold it within the past 90 days.

EXCEPTION

None, unless prior written approval from the Code of Ethics Officer is obtained. Exceptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis when no abuse is involved and the equities of the situation support an exemption. For example, although an Access Person may buy a stock as a long-term investment, that stock may have to be sold involuntarily due to unforeseen activity such as a merger.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. The 90-Day Short-Term Rule applies to all Access Persons, as defined in the Definitions section of the Code.

B. Calculation of whether there has been a profit is based upon the market prices of the securities. The calculation includes commissions and other sales charges.

C. As an example, an Access Person would not be permitted to sell a security at $12 that he purchased within the prior 90 days for $10. Similarly, an Access Person would not be permitted to purchase a security at $10 that she had sold within the prior 90 days for $12.

COMMENTS

• The prohibition against short-term trading profits by Access Persons is designed to minimize the possibility that they will capitalize inappropriately on the market impact of trades involving a client portfolio about which they might possibly have information.

• Although Chief Investment Officers, portfolio managers, and analysts may sell securities at a profit within 90 days of purchase in order to comply with the requirements of the 7-Day Rule applicable to them (described below), the profit will have to be disgorged to charity under the terms of the 7-Day Rule.

Certain Investment Professionals

Rule 2: 7-Day Rule

(a) Before a portfolio manager (including a Chief Investment Officer with respect to an account he manages) places an order to buy a security for any Putnam client portfolio that he manages, he must sell that security or related derivative security if he has purchased it in his personal account within the preceding seven calendar days.

(b) Analysts: Before an analyst makes a purchase or an outperform recommendation for a security (including designation of a security for inclusion in the portfolio of Putnam Research Fund), he must sell that security or related derivative security if he has purchased it in his personal account within the preceding seven calendar days.

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COMMENTS

• This Rule applies to portfolio managers (including Chief Investment Officers with respect to accounts they manage) in connection with any purchase, no matter how small, in any client account managed by that portfolio manager or CIO (even so-called “clone accounts”). In particular, it should be noted that the requirements of this Rule also apply with respect to purchases in client accounts, including “clone accounts,” resulting from “cash flows.” To comply with the requirements of this Rule, it is the responsibility of each portfolio manager or CIO to be aware of the placement of all orders for purchases of a security by client accounts that he or she manages for seven days following the purchase of that security for his or her personal account.

• An investment professional who must sell securities to be in compliance with the 7-Day Rule must absorb any loss and disgorge to charity any profit resulting from the sale. The recipient charity will be chosen by the Code of Ethics Officer.

• This Rule is designed to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest between an investment professional and a Putnam client. A greater burden is placed on these professionals given their positions in the organization. Transactions executed for the employee’s personal account must be conducted in a manner consistent with the Code of Ethics and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or perceived conflict of interest or any abuse of the employee’s position of trust and responsibility.

• “Portfolio manager” is used in this Section as a functional label, and is intended to cover any employee with authority to authorize a trade on behalf of a Putnam client, whether or not such employee bears the title “portfolio manager.” “Analyst” is also used in this Section as a functional label, and is intended to cover any employee who is not a portfolio manager but who may make recommendations regarding investments for Putnam clients.

Rule 3: Blackout Rule

(a) Portfolio Managers: No portfolio manager (including Chief Investment Officers with respect to accounts they manage) shall: (i) sell any security or related derivative security for her personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since the most recent purchase of that security or related derivative security by any Putnam client portfolio she manages or co-manages; or (ii) purchase any security or related derivative security for her personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since the most recent sale of that security or related derivative security from any Putnam client portfolio that she manages or co-manages.

(b) Analysts: No analyst shall: (i) sell any security or related derivative security for his personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since his most recent buy or outperform recommendation for that security or related derivative security (including designation of a security for inclusion in the portfolio of Putnam Research Fund); or (ii) purchase any security or related derivative security for his personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since his most recent sell or underperform recommendation for that security or related derivative security (including the removal of a security from the portfolio of Putnam Research Fund).

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COMMENTS

• This Rule applies to portfolio managers (including Chief Investment Officers with respect to accounts they manage) in connection with any purchase, no matter how small, in any client account managed by that portfolio manager or CIO (even clone accounts). In particular, it should be noted that the requirements of this rule also apply with respect to transactions in client accounts, including clone accounts, resulting from cash flows. In order to comply with the requirements of this Rule, it is the responsibility of each portfolio manager and CIO to be aware of all transactions in a security by client accounts that he or she manages that took place within the seven days preceding a transaction in that security for his or her personal account.

• This Rule is designed to prevent a Putnam portfolio manager or analyst from engaging in personal investment conduct that appears to be counter to the investment strategy she is pursuing or recommending on behalf of a Putnam client.

Rule 4: Contra-Trading Rule

(a) Portfolio Managers: No portfolio manager shall, without prior clearance and written approval, sell out of his personal account securities or related derivative securities held in any Putnam client portfolio that he manages or co-manages.

(b) Chief Investment Officers: No Chief Investment Officer shall, without prior clearance and written approval, sell out of his personal account securities or related derivative securities held in any Putnam client portfolio managed in his investment group.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Individuals Authorized to Give Approval. Prior to engaging in any such sale, a portfolio manager shall seek written approval of the proposed sale. In the case of a portfolio manager, prior written approval of the proposed sale shall be obtained from a Chief Investment Officer to whom he reports or, in his absence, another Chief Investment Officer. In the case of a Chief Investment Officer, prior written approval of the proposed sale shall be obtained from another Chief Investment Officer. In addition to the foregoing, prior written approval must also be obtained from the Code of Ethics Officer.

B. Contents of Written Approval. In every instance, the written approval form attached as Appendix C (or such other form as the Code of Ethics Officer shall designate) shall be used. The written approval should be signed by the Chief Investment Officer giving approval and dated when such approval was given, and shall state, briefly, the reasons why the trade was allowed and why the investment conduct pursued by the portfolio manager or Chief Investment Officer was deemed inappropriate for the Putnam client account controlled by the individual seeking to engage in the transaction for his personal account. Such written approval shall be sent by the Chief Investment Officer approving the transaction to the Code of Ethics Officer, for her approval, within 24 hours or as promptly as circumstances permit. Approvals obtained after a transaction has been completed, or while it is in process, will not satisfy the requirements of this Rule.

COMMENT

This Rule, like Rule 3 of this section, is designed to prevent a Putnam portfolio manager from engaging in personal investment conduct that appears to be counter to the investment strategy that he is pursuing on behalf of a Putnam client.

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Rule 5: No Personal Benefit

No portfolio manager shall cause, and no analyst shall recommend, a Putnam client to take action for the portfolio manager’s or analyst’s own personal benefit.

COMMENTS

• A portfolio manager who trades in, or an analyst who recommends, particular securities for a Putnam client account in order to support the price of securities in his personal account, or who “front runs” a Putnam client order is in violation of this Rule. Portfolio managers and analysts should be aware that this Rule is not limited to personal transactions in securities (as that word is defined in the Definitions section). Thus, a portfolio manager or analyst who front runs a Putnam client purchase or sale of obligations of the U.S. government is in violation of this Rule. U.S. government obligations are excluded from the definition of security.

• This Rule is not limited to instances when a portfolio manager or analyst has malicious intent. It also prohibits conduct that creates an appearance of impropriety. Portfolio managers and analysts who have questions about whether proposed conduct creates an appearance of impropriety should seek a prior written determination from the Code of Ethics Officer, using the procedures described in Section VII.C.

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SECTION III -- General Rules for All Employees

Rule 1: Compliance with All Laws, Regulations, and Policies

All employees must comply with applicable laws and regulations as well as company policies. This includes tax, anti-trust, political contribution, and international boycott laws. In addition, no employee at Putnam may engage in fraudulent conduct of any kind.

COMMENTS

• Putnam may report to the appropriate legal authorities conduct by Putnam employees that violates this Rule.

• It should also be noted that the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it a criminal offense to make a payment or offer of payment to any non-U.S. governmental official, political party, or candidate to induce that person to affect any governmental act or decision, or to assist Putnam’s obtaining or retaining business.

Rule 2: Conflicts of Interest

No Putnam employee shall conduct herself in a manner that is contrary to the interests of, or in competition with, Putnam or a Putnam client, or that creates an actual or apparent conflict of interest with a Putnam client.

COMMENTS

• This Rule is designed to recognize the fundamental principle that Putnam employees owe their chief duty and loyalty to Putnam and Putnam clients.

• It is expected that a Putnam employee who becomes aware of an investment opportunity that she believes is suitable for a Putnam client whom she services will present it to the appropriate portfolio manager prior to taking advantage of the opportunity herself.

Rule 3: Gifts and Entertainment Policy

No Putnam employee shall accept anything of material value from any broker-dealer, financial institution, corporation, or other entity; any existing or prospective supplier of goods or services with a business relationship to Putnam; or any company or other entity whose securities are held in or are being considered as investments for the Putnam funds, or any other client account. Included are gifts, favors, preferential treatment, special arrangements, or access to special events.

COMMENTS

This Rule is intended to permit the acceptance of only proper types of customary and limited business amenities.

A Putnam employee may not, under any circumstances, accept anything that could create the appearance of a conflict of interest. For example, acceptance of any consideration is prohibited if it would create the appearance of a reward or inducement for conducting Putnam business either with the person providing the gift or his employer.

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IMPLEMENTATION

A. Gifts. An employee may not accept gifts with an aggregate value of more than $100 in any year from any one source, i.e., entity or firm. Any Putnam employee who is offered or receives an item exceeding $100 in value must report the details to the Code of Ethics Officer and surrender or return the gift. Any entertainment event provided to an employee where the host is not in attendance is treated as a gift and is subject to the $100 per year per source limit.

B. Entertainment. Putnam’s rules are designed to permit reasonable, ordinary business entertainment, but prohibit any events that may be perceived as extravagant or that involve lavish expenditures.

1. Occasional lunches, dinners, cocktail parties, or comparable gatherings conducted for business purposes are permitted.

For example, occasional attendance at group functions sponsored by sell-side firms is permitted where the function relates to investments or other business activity. Occasional attendance at these functions is not required to be counted against the limits described in section (B)(2) below.

2. Other entertainment events, such as sporting events, theater, movies, concerts, or other forms of entertainment conducted for business purposes, are permitted only under the following conditions:

(i)The host must be present for the event.

(ii)The location of the event must be in the metropolitan area in which the office of the employee is located.

(iii)Spouses or other family members of the employee may not attend the entertainment event or any meals before or after the entertainment event.

(iv)The value of the entertainment event provided to the employee may not exceed $150, not including the value of any meals that may be provided to the employee before or after the event.

Acceptance of entertainment events that have a market value materially exceeding the face value of the entertainment, which includes, for example, attendance at sporting event playoff games, is prohibited. This prohibition applies even if the face value of tickets to the events is $150 or less or if the Putnam employee offers to pay for the tickets. If there is any ambiguity about whether to accept an entertainment event in these circumstances, please consult the Code of Ethics Officer.

(v)The employee may not accept entertainment events under this provision in section (B)(2) more than six times a year and not more than two times in any year from any single source.

(vi)The Code of Ethics Officer may grant exceptions to these rules. For example, it may be appropriate for an employee attending a legitimate conference in a location away from the office to attend a business entertainment event in that location. All exceptions must be approved in advance by written request to the Code of Ethics Officer.

3. Any employee attending any entertainment event under the provision in sections (B)(1) or (B)(2) above must file a Report of Entertainment Form (attached as Appendix E) with the Code of Ethics Officer within 10 business days following the date of the entertainment event. Failure to file the notice is a violation of the Code of Ethics.

Planned absences, i.e., vacations, leaves (other than certain medical leaves), or business trips are not valid excuses for providing late reports. Failure to meet the deadline violates the Code’s rules and sanctions may be imposed.

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4. Meals and entertainment that are part of the regular program at an investment conference (i.e., open to all participants) are not subject to the limits of section (B)(2) above.

C. The following items are prohibited:

1. Any entertainment event attendance that would reflect badly on Putnam as a firm of the highest fiduciary and ethical standards. For example, events involving adult entertainment or gambling must be avoided.

2. Entertainment involving travel away from the metropolitan area in which the employee is located. Even if an exception is granted as discussed in section (B)(2)(vi) above, payment by a third party of the cost of transportation to a location outside the employee’s metropolitan area, lodging while in another location, and any meals not specifically approved by the Code of Ethics officer are prohibited.

3. Personal loans to a Putnam employee on terms more favorable than those generally available for comparable credit standing and collateral.

4. Preferential brokerage or underwriting commissions or spreads or allocations of shares or interests in an investment for the personal account of a Putnam employee.

5. Cash or cash equivalents.

D. As with any of the provisions of the Code of Ethics, a sincere belief by the employee that he was acting in accordance with the requirements of this Rule will not satisfy his obligations under the Rule. Therefore, an employee who is in doubt concerning the propriety of any gift or favor should seek a prior written determination from the Code of Ethics Officer, as provided in Section VII.C.

E. No Putnam employee may solicit any gift or entertainment from any person, even if the gift or entertainment, if unsolicited, would be permitted.

F. The Rule does not prohibit employees on business travel from using local transportation and arrangements customarily supplied by brokers or similar entities. For example, it is customary for brokers in developing markets to make local transportation arrangements. These arrangements are permitted so long as the expense of lodging and air travel are paid by Putnam.

G. Putnam Retail Management (PRM) employees are subject to additional NASD rules on gifts and entertainment which can be found in the PRM compliance manual.

Rule 4: Anti-bribery/Kickback Policy

No Putnam employee shall pay, offer, or commit to pay any amount of consideration which might be, or appear to be, a bribe or kickback in connection with Putnam’s business.

COMMENT

Although the Rule does not specifically address political contributions (described in Rule 5), Putnam employees should be aware that it is against corporate policy to use company assets to fund political contributions of any sort, even where such contributions may be legal. No Putnam employee should offer or agree to make any political contributions (including political dinners and similar fundraisers) on behalf of Putnam, and no employee will be reimbursed by Putnam for such contributions made by the employee personally.

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Rule 5: Political Activities, Contributions, Solicitations, and Lobbying Policy

A. Corporate Contributions and Solicitations. Political activities of corporations such as Putnam are highly regulated, and corporate political contributions are largely prohibited. Accordingly, no contributions may be made with Putnam corporate funds to any political party or campaign, whether directly or by reimbursement of such a contribution, unless pre-approved by the Code of Ethics Officer. Employee contributions to any pending or proposed client of Putnam, regardless of whether the employee will seek reimbursement from Putnam for such contributions, must be pre-approved by the Code of Ethics Officer. Donations of Putnam property and of employee time when working for Putnam are prohibited. No Putnam employee may make any solicitation for, or endorsement of, any campaign or candidate using Putnam letterhead, referencing Putnam, or while on Putnam business.

B. Employee Personal Political Contributions. Employees are free to engage in political activities as long as they do not use Putnam assets, or state or imply that Putnam is involved in a campaign. Employees are subject to three restrictions as follows:

1. - -Some states and localities have laws that prohibit employees from making political contributions to candidates for state and local office if their employer has an investment management contract with, or is seeking one from, the state or locality. Accordingly, Putnam employees must pre-clear with the Code of Ethics Officer any contributions to candidates for any of the following offices:

• The office of State Treasurer of Connecticut or Vermont

• State or local offices in California, New Jersey, or Ohio

• Any local office in the city of Houston, Texas

2. - -Contributions to state and local officials with whom Putnam has a business relationship or from whom is seeking a business relationship must be pre-cleared with the Code of Ethics Officer.

3. - -Certain employees at PRM involved in the CollegeAdvantage program are restricted from making contributions to candidates for offices in Ohio under the rules of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. These employees are separately identified and informed by Putnam’s Compliance Department of applicable requirements.

C. Government Official. Employees must obtain pre-approval from the Code of Ethics Officer prior to providing any gift (including meals, entertainment, transportation, or lodging) to any government official or employee.

D. Lobbying. Federal and state law imposes limits and registration requirements on efforts by individuals and companies to influence the passage of legislation or to obtain business from governments. Accordingly, Putnam employees should not engage in any lobbying activities without approval from Putnam’s Director of Government Relations. Lobbying does not include solicitation of investment management business through the ordinary course of business, such as responding to a Request For Proposal (RFP).

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COMMENTS

• Putnam has established a political action committee (PAC) that contributes to worthy candidates for political office. Any request received by a Putnam employee for a political contribution must be directed to Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department.

• This Rule prohibits solicitation on personal letterhead by Putnam employees except as approved by the Code of Ethics Officer.

• Certain officers and employees of Putnam Retail Management (PRM) and other employees involved in Putnam’s College Advantage Section 529 Plan with Ohio Tuition Trust Authority are subject to special rules on political contributions. For questions on these requirements, please call the Code of Ethics Officer.

Rule 6: Confidentiality of Putnam Business Information

No unauthorized disclosure may be made by any employee or former employee of any trade secrets or proprietary information of Putnam or of any confidential information. No information regarding any Putnam client portfolio, actual or proposed securities trading activities of any Putnam client, or Putnam research shall be disclosed outside the Putnam organization unless doing so has a valid business purpose and is in accord with relevant procedures established by Putnam relating to such disclosures.

COMMENT

All information about Putnam and Putnam clients is strictly confidential. Putnam research information should not be disclosed without proper approval and never for personal gain.

Rule 7: Roles at Other Entities (Outside Business Affiliations)

No Putnam employee shall serve as employee, officer, director, trustee, or general partner of a corporation or entity other than Putnam, without prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer. Requests for a role at a publicly traded company are especially disfavored and are closely reviewed. Permission will be granted only in extenuating circumstances.

COMMENTS

If the request is approved, the employee must enter his profile in the Personal Trading Assistant under Disclosures – Outside Business Affiliations.

NASD-licensed employees under PRM also have an obligation to disclose outside business affiliations, new or terminated, with Putnam’s Licensing and Registration Department.

EXCEPTION

Charitable or Non-profit Exception. Putnam employees may serve as an officer, director, or trustee of a charitable or not-for-profit institution, provided that the employee abides by the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements with respect to any investment activity for which she has any discretion or input as officer, director, or trustee. The pre-clearance and reporting requirements of the Code of Ethics do not apply to the trading activities of such charitable or not-for-profit institutions for which an employee serves as an officer, director, or trustee unless the employee is responsible for day-today portfolio management of the account.

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COMMENTS

• This Rule is designed to ensure that Putnam cannot be deemed an affiliate of any issuer of securities by virtue of service by one of its officers or employees as director or trustee.

• Positions with public companies are especially problematic and will normally not be approved.

• Certain charitable or not-for-profit institutions have assets (such as endowment funds or employee benefit plans) which require prudent investment. To the extent that a Putnam employee (because of her position as officer, director, or trustee of an outside entity) is charged with responsibility to invest such assets prudently, she may not be able to discharge that duty while simultaneously abiding by the spirit of the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements. Employees are cautioned that they should not accept service as an officer, director, or trustee of an outside charitable or not-for-profit entity where such investment responsibility is involved, without seriously considering their ability to discharge their fiduciary duties with respect to such investments.

Rule 8: Role as Trustee or Fiduciary Outside of Putnam Investments

No Putnam employee shall serve as a trustee, an executor, a custodian, or any other fiduciary, or as an investment advisor or counselor for any account outside Putnam.

EXCEPTIONS

A. Charitable or Religious Exception. Putnam employees may serve as a fiduciary with respect to a religious or charitable trust or foundation, so long as the employee abides by the spirit of the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements with respect to any investment activity over which he has any discretion or input. The pre-clearance and reporting requirements of the Code of Ethics do not apply to the trading activities of such a religious or charitable trust or foundation unless the employee is responsible for day-to-day portfolio management of the account.

B. Family Trust or Estate Exception. Putnam employees may serve as a fiduciary with respect to a family trust or estate, as long as the employee abides by all of the Rules of the Code of Ethics with respect to any investment activity over which he has any discretion.

COMMENT

The roles permissible under this Rule may carry with them the obligation to invest assets prudently. Once again, Putnam employees are cautioned that they may not be able to fulfill their duties in that respect while abiding by the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements.

Rule 9: Investment Clubs

No Putnam employee may be a member of any investment club.

COMMENT

This Rule guards against the danger that a Putnam employee may be in violation of the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements by virtue of his personal securities transactions in or through an entity that is not bound by the restrictions imposed by this Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements. Please note that this restriction also applies to the spouse of a Putnam employee and any relatives of a Putnam employee living in the same household as the employee, as their transactions are covered by the Code of Ethics (see page viii).

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Rule 10: Business Negotiations for Putnam Investments

No Putnam employee may become involved in a personal capacity in consultations or negotiations for corporate financing, acquisitions, or other transactions for outside companies (whether or not held by any Putnam client), nor negotiate nor accept a fee in connection with these activities without obtaining the prior written permission of the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

Rule 11: Accurate Records

No employee may create, alter, or destroy (or participate in the creation, alteration, or destruction of) any record that is intended to mislead anyone or to conceal anything that is, or is reasonably believed to be, improper. In addition, all employees responsible for the preparation, filing, or distribution of any regulatory filings or public communications must ensure that such filings or communications are timely, complete, fair, accurate, and understandable.

COMMENTS

• In many cases, this is not only a matter of company policy and ethical behavior but also required by law. Our books and records must accurately reflect the transactions represented and their true nature. For example, records must be accurate as to the recipient of all payments; expense items, including personal expense reports, must accurately reflect the true nature of the expense. No unrecorded fund or asset shall be established or maintained for any reason.

• All financial books and records must be prepared and maintained in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and Putnam’s existing accounting controls, to the extent applicable.

Rule 12: Family Members’ Conflict Policy

No employee or member of an employee’s immediate family shall have any direct or indirect personal financial interests in companies that do business with Putnam, unless such interest is disclosed and approved by the Code of Ethics Officer. Investment holdings in public companies that are not material to the employee are excluded from this prohibition. The Code also provides more detailed supplemental rules to address potential conflicts of interests that may arise if members of employees’ families are closely involved in doing business with Putnam.

Corporate Purchase of Goods and Services -- Putnam will not acquire goods and services from any firm in which a member of an employee’s immediate family serves as the sales representative in a senior management capacity or has an ownership interest with the supplier firm (excluding normal investment holdings in public companies) without permission from the Director of Procurement and the Code of Ethics Officer. Any employee who is aware of a proposal to purchase goods and services from a firm at which a member of the employee’s immediate family meets one of the previously mentioned conditions must notify the Director of Procurement and the Code of Ethics Officer.

Portfolio Trading -- Putnam will not allocate any trades for a portfolio to any firm that employs a member of an employee’s immediate family as a sales representative to Putnam (in a primary, secondary, or backup role). Any Putnam employee who is aware that an immediate family member serves as a broker-dealer’s sales representative to Putnam should inform the Code of Ethics Officer.

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Definition of Immediate Family -- “Immediate family” of an employee means (1) spouse or partner of the employee, (2) any child, sibling, or parent of an employee and any person married to a child, sibling, or parent of an employee, and (3) any other person who lives in the same household as the employee.

Rule 13: Affiliated Entities

Non-Putnam affiliates (NPAs), listed below in the last comment, provide investment advisory services. No employee shall:

(a) Directly or indirectly seek to influence the purchase, retention or disposition of, or exercise of voting consent, approval, or similar rights with respect to any portfolio security in any account or fund advised by the NPA and not by Putnam;

(b) Transmit any information regarding the purchase, retention or disposition of, or exercise of voting, consent, approval, or similar rights with respect to any portfolio security held in a Putnam or NPA client account to any personnel of the NPA;

(c) Transmit any trade secrets, proprietary information, or confidential information of Putnam to the NPA unless doing so has a valid business purpose and is in accord with any relevant procedures established by Putnam relating to such disclosures;

(d) Use confidential information or trade secrets of the NPA for the benefit of the employee, Putnam, or any other NPA; or

(e) Breach any duty of loyalty to the NPA derived from the employee’s service as a director or officer of the NPA.

COMMENTS

• Sections (a) and (b) of the Rule are designed to help ensure that the portfolio holdings of Putnam clients and clients of the NPA need not be aggregated for purposes of determining beneficial ownership under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act or applicable regulatory or contractual investment restrictions that incorporate such definition of beneficial ownership. Persons who serve as directors or officers of both Putnam and an NPA should take care to avoid even inadvertent violations of Section (b). Section (a) does not prohibit a Putnam employee who serves as a director or officer of the NPA from seeking to influence the modification or termination of a particular investment product or strategy in a manner that is not directed at any specific securities. Sections (a) and (b) do not apply when a Putnam affiliate serves as an advisor or sub-advisor to the NPA or one of its products, in which case normal Putnam aggregation rules apply.

• As a separate entity, any NPA may have trade secrets or confidential information that it would not choose to share with Putnam. This choice must be respected.

• When Putnam employees serve as directors or officers of an NPA, they are subject to common law duties of loyalty to the NPA, despite their Putnam employment. In general, this means that when performing their duties as NPA directors or officers, they must act in the best interest of the NPA and its shareholders. Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department will assist any Putnam employee who is a director or officer of an NPA and has questions about the scope of his or her responsibilities to the NPA.

• Entities that are currently non-Putnam affiliates within the scope of this Rule are: Nissay Asset Management Co., Ltd., L.P., Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P., Ampega Asset Management, GmbH, and PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

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Rule 14: Computer System/Network Policies

No employee shall use computers, the Internet, e-mail, instant messaging, phones, fax machines and/or the mail service in a manner that is inconsistent with their use as set forth in Putnam’s Employee Handbook. No employee shall introduce a computer virus or computer code that may result in damage to Putnam’s information or computer systems.

COMMENT

Putnam’s policy statements relating to these matters are contained in the Computer System and Network Responsibilities section of the Employment Issues category within the Employee Handbook. The online Employee Handbook is located on www.ibenefitcenter.com.

Rule 15: CFA Institute Code of Ethics

All employees must follow and abide by the spirit of the Code of Ethics and the Standards of Professional Conduct of the CFA Institute. The text of the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct are set forth in Appendix D.

Rule 16: Privacy Policy

Except as provided below, no employee may disclose to any outside organization or person any non-public personal information about any individual who is a current or former shareholder of any Putnam retail or institutional fund, or current or former client of a Putnam company. All employees shall follow the security procedures as established from time to time by a Putnam company to protect the confidentiality of all shareholder and client account information.

Except as Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department may expressly authorize, no employee shall collect any non-public personal information about a prospective or current shareholder of a Putnam fund or prospective or current client of a Putnam company, other than through an account application (or corresponding information provided by the shareholder’s financial representative) or in connection with executing shareholder or client transactions, nor shall any information be collected other than the following: name, address, telephone number, Social Security number, and investment, broker, and transaction information.

EXCEPTIONS

A. Putnam Employees. Non-public personal information may be disclosed to a Putnam employee in connection with processing transactions or maintaining accounts for shareholders of a Putnam fund and clients of a Putnam company, to the extent that access to such information is necessary to the performance of that employee’s job functions.

B. Shareholder Consent Exception. Non-public personal information about a shareholder’s or client’s account may be provided to a non-Putnam organization at the specific request of the shareholder or client or with the shareholder’s or client’s prior written consent.

C. Broker or Advisor Exception. Non-public personal information about a shareholder’s or client’s account may be provided to the shareholder’s or client’s broker of record.

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D. Third-Party Service Provider Exception. Non-public personal information may be disclosed to a service provider that is not affiliated with a Putnam fund or Putnam company only when such disclosure is necessary for the service provider to perform the specific services contracted for, and only (a) if the service provider executes Putnam’s standard confidentiality agreement, or (b) pursuant to an agreement containing a confidentiality provision that has been approved by the Legal and Compliance Department. Examples of such service providers include proxy solicitors and proxy vote tabulators, mail services, and providers of other administrative services, and Information Services Division consultants who have access to non-public personal information.

COMMENTS

• Non-public personal information is any information that personally identifies a shareholder of a Putnam fund or client of a Putnam company and is not derived from publicly available sources. This privacy policy applies to shareholders or clients who are individuals, not institutions. However, as a general matter, all information that we receive about a shareholder of a Putnam fund or client of a Putnam company shall be treated as confidential. No employee may sell or otherwise provide shareholder or client lists or any other information relating to a shareholder or client to any marketing organization.

• All Putnam employees with access to shareholder or client account information must be trained in and follow Putnam’s security procedures designed to safeguard that information from unauthorized use. For example, a telephone representative must be trained in and follow Putnam’s security procedures to verify the identity of a caller requesting account information.

• Any questions regarding this privacy policy should be directed to Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department. A violation of this policy will be subject to the sanctions imposed for violations of Putnam’s Code of Ethics.

• Employees must report any violation of this policy or any possible breach of the confidentiality of client information, whether intentional or accidental, to the managing director in charge of the employee’s business unit. Managing directors who are notified of such a violation or possible breach must immediately report it in writing to Putnam’s Chief Compliance Officer and, in the event of a breach of computerized data, Putnam’s Chief Technology Officer.

Rule 17: Anti-money Laundering Policy

No employee may engage in any money laundering activity or facilitate any money laundering activity through the use of any Putnam account or client account. Any situations giving rise to a suspicion that attempted money laundering may be occurring in any account must be reported immediately to the managing director in charge of the employee’s business unit. Managing directors who are notified of such a suspicion of money laundering activity must immediately report it in writing to Putnam’s Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

Rule 18: Record Retention

All employees must comply with the record retention requirements applicable to the business unit. Employees should check with their managers or the Chief Administrative Officer of their division to determine what record retention requirements apply to their business unit.

The Code of Ethics incorporates any relevant requirements of the U.K. regulator, and the Financial Services Authority (FSA), and will be amended from time to time to reflect any U.K. regulatory changes as required.

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SECTION IV -- Special Rules for Officers and Employees of Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)

Rule 1

In situations subject to Section I.A., Rule 1 (Restricted List Personal Securities Transactions), Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) employees must obtain clearance via the PTA online system.

EXCEPTION

Government securities and other related bonds issued by member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development are not subject to pre-clearance rules.

IMPLEMENTATION

The position of the London Code of Ethics Administrator is held by the PIL Compliance Officer. All requests for clearances must be made through the PTA online system. Pre-clearance for trades of fixed-income securities must be made by calling the Boston Administrator.

Putnam’s Code of Ethics Administrator in Boston (the Boston Administrator) has also been designated the Deputy London Administrator of PIL and has been delegated the right to approve or disapprove personal securities transactions in accordance with the requirements of Section I.A. Therefore, approval from the Code of Ethics Administrator for PIL employees to make personal securities investments constitutes approval under the Code of Ethics.

Both the Boston and London Administrators may record clearances in PTA for inspection by senior management and regulators.

Rule 2

No PIL employee may trade with any broker-dealer unless that broker-dealer has sent a letter to the PIL Compliance Officer agreeing to deliver copies of trade confirmations and statements to PIL. No PIL employee may enter into any margin or any other special dealing arrangement with any broker-dealer without the prior written consent of the PIL Compliance Officer.

IMPLEMENTATION

PIL employees will be notified separately of this requirement once a year by the PIL Compliance Officer, and are required to provide an annual certification of compliance with the Rule.

All PIL employees must inform the PIL Compliance Officer of the names of all brokers-dealers with whom they trade prior to trading. The PIL Compliance Officer will send a letter to the broker(s) in question requesting them to agree to deliver copies of confirms to PIL. PIL employees may trade with a broker only when the PIL Compliance Officer has received the signed agreement from that broker.

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Rule 3

For purposes of the Code of Ethics, including Putnam’s Policy Statement on Insider Trading Prohibitions, PIL employees must also comply with Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 on insider dealing.

IMPLEMENTATION

To ensure compliance with U.K. insider dealing legislation, PIL employees must observe the relevant procedures set forth in PIL’s Compliance Manual, a copy of which is sent to each PIL employee, and must sign an annual certification as to compliance.

Rule 4: Inducement Policy for All PIL Employees

See Appendix F: Inducement Policy for PIL Employees, and Appendix G: Record of Inducement for PIL Employees.

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SECTION V -- Reporting Requirements

Reporting of Personal Securities Transactions

Rule 1: Broker Confirmations and Statements

Each Putnam employee shall ensure that copies of all confirmations for securities transactions for personal brokerage accounts, and brokerage account statements are sent to the Putnam Compliance Department Code of Ethics Administrator. (For the purpose of this Rule, securities shall also include ETFs, futures, and other derivatives on broad-based market indexes excluded from the pre-clearance requirement.) Statements and confirmations are required for Putnam funds not held at Putnam or in a Putnam retirement plan, as well as for U.S. mutual funds sub-advised by Putnam.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Putnam employees should contact the Code of Ethics Administrator for a 407 letter instructing the broker to mail copies of confirmations and statements to Putnam. It is the employees’ responsibility to follow up with the broker on a reasonable basis to ensure that instructions are being followed.

B. Upon hire, Putnam employees are required to establish their broker profiles in PTA.

C. Specific procedures apply to employees of PIL. Employees of PIL should contact the London Code of Ethics Administrator.

D. Failure of a broker-dealer to comply with the instructions of a Putnam employee to send confirmations shall be a violation by the Putnam employee of this Rule. Similarly, failure by an employee to report the existence of a personal account and, if the account is opened after joining Putnam, failure to obtain proper authorization to establish the account shall be a violation of this Rule.

E. Statements and confirmations must also be sent for members of an employee’s immediate family, including statements from a family member’s 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan at another employer.

F. Employees are not required to provide broker confirmations and statements for MMC transactions in Putnam’s 401(k)/Profit Sharing and Stock Purchase Plan accounts.

COMMENTS

• Transactions for personal accounts is defined broadly to include more than transactions in accounts under an employee’s own name. (See Definitions.)

• Statements and confirmations are required for all personal securities transactions, whether or not exempted or excepted by this Code.

• To the extent that a Putnam employee has investment authority over securities transactions of a family trust or estate, confirmations of those transactions must also be made, unless the employee has received a prior written exception from the Code of Ethics Officer.

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Rule 2: Access Person – Quarterly Transaction Report

Every Access Person shall file a quarterly report within fifteen calendar days of the end of each quarter, recording all purchases and sales of securities for personal accounts as defined in the Definitions section. (For the purpose of this Rule, “securities” shall include exchange-traded funds (ETFs), futures, and any option on a security or securities index, including broad-based market indexes excluded from the pre-clearance requirement, and shall also include transactions in Putnam open-end funds if the account for the Putnam funds is not held at Putnam or in a Putnam retirement plan and for transactions in U.S. mutual funds sub-advised by Putnam.)

IMPLEMENTATION

It is mandatory that all Access Persons file a quarterly transaction report in the PTA online system. The form shall contain a representation that employees have complied fully with all provisions of the Code of Ethics.

The date for each transaction required to be disclosed in the quarterly report is the trade date for the transaction, not the settlement date.

Planned absences, i.e., vacations, leaves (other than certain medical leaves), or business trips, are not valid excuses for providing late reports. Failure to meet the deadline violates the Code’s rules and sanctions may be imposed.

COMMENT

If the requirement to file a quarterly report applies to you and you fail to report within the required 15-day period, monetary fines or harsher sanctions will be imposed. It is the responsibility of the employee to request an early report if he has knowledge of a planned absence, i.e., vacation, business trip, or leave.

Rule 3: Access Person - Initial/Annual Holdings Report

Access Persons must disclose their personal securities holdings in the Code of Ethics monitoring system, PTA, upon commencement of employment (within ten days of hire) and thereafter on an annual basis. These SEC requirements are mandatory and designed to facilitate the monitoring of personal securities transactions. Putnam’s Code of Ethics Administrator provides Access Persons with instructions regarding their submissions and certifications of these reports in PTA.

Non-Access Persons must disclose their brokerage accounts upon 30 days of hire.

Rule 4: Certifications

All employees are required to submit a certification in PTA annually attesting to compliance with all of the conditions of the Code of Ethics.

Rule 5: Roles at Other Entities

Upon approval of an outside business affiliation by the Code of Ethics Officer, employees must complete the Outside Business Affiliation profile in the Disclosure section of PTA.

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Rule 6: Reporting of Irregular Activity

If a Putnam employee suspects that fraudulent, illegal, or other irregular activity (including violations of the Code of Ethics) might be occurring at Putnam, the activity should be reported immediately to the managing director in charge of that employee’s business unit. Managing directors who are notified of any such activity must immediately report it in writing to Putnam’s Chief Financial Officer and Putnam’s Chief Compliance Officer.

An employee who does not feel comfortable reporting this activity to the managing director may instead contact the Chief Compliance Officer, the Putnam or MMC Ethics hotlines, or the Ombudsman.

Contact information for these hotlines is located on the PTA home page and on the Chief Compliance Officer’s intranet site.

Rule 7: Ombudsman

Putnam has established the office of the corporate ombudsman as a resource to help employees address legal or ethical issues in the workplace and to allow employees to voice concerns or seek clarity on issues. The Ombudsman provides a confidential, independent, and impartial source to employees to discuss potential violations of law or of company standards without fear of retribution, and serves as a neutral party with no vested interest in a particular outcome. The Ombudsman is available on an anonymous basis by calling 1-866-ombuds7 (866-662-8377) or by calling 1-617-760-8246.

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SECTION VI -- Education Requirements

Every Putnam employee has an obligation to fully understand the rules and requirements of the Code of Ethics.

Rule 1: Distribution of Code

A copy of the Code of Ethics will be distributed to every Putnam employee at least annually. All Access Persons will be required to certify annually that they have read, understood, and will comply with the provisions of the Code of Ethics, including the Code’s Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions.

Rule 2: Annual Training Requirement

Every employee will be required to complete training on Putnam’s Code of Ethics on an annual basis.

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SECTION VII -- Compliance and Appeal Procedures

A. Restricted List

The Code of Ethics Administrator will maintain the Restricted List. No employee may engage in a personal securities transaction without prior clearance on any day, even if the employee believes that the trade will be subject to an exception.

B. Consultation of Restricted List

It is the responsibility of each employee to pre-clear through the pre-clearance system, or consult with the Code of Ethics Administrator, prior to engaging in a personal securities transaction, to determine if the security he proposes to trade is on the Restricted List and, if so, whether it is subject to the large-cap exception. The pre-clearance system and the Code of Ethics Administrator will be able to tell the employee whether a security is on the Restricted List. No other information about the Restricted List is available through the pre-clearance system.

C. Request for Determination

An employee who has a question concerning the applicability of the Code of Ethics to a particular situation shall request a determination from the Code of Ethics Officer before engaging in the conduct or personal securities transaction about which he has a question.

If the question pertains to a personal securities transaction, the request shall state for whose account the transaction is proposed, the relationship of that account to the employee, the security proposed to be traded, the proposed price and quantity, the entity with whom the transaction will take place (if known), and any other information or circumstances of the trade that could have a bearing on the Code of Ethics Officer’s determination. If the question pertains to other conduct, the request for determination shall give sufficient information about the proposed conduct to assist the Code of Ethics Officer in ascertaining the applicability of the Code. In every instance, the Code of Ethics Officer may request additional information, and may decline to render a determination if the information provided is insufficient.

The Code of Ethics Officer shall make every effort to render a determination promptly.

No perceived ambiguity in the Code of Ethics shall excuse any violation. Any person who believes the Code to be ambiguous in a particular situation should request a determination from the Code of Ethics Officer.

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D. Request for Ad Hoc Exemption

Any employee who wishes to obtain an ad hoc exemption under Section I.D., Rule 2, should request from the Code of Ethics Officer an exemption in writing in advance of the conduct or transaction sought to be exempted. In the case of a personal securities transaction, the request for an ad hoc exemption shall give the same information about the transaction required in a request for determination under Section VII.C., and should state why the proposed personal securities transaction would be unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, or is unrelated economically to securities to be purchased, sold, or held by any Putnam client. In the case of other conduct, the request shall give information sufficient for the Code of Ethics Officer to ascertain whether the conduct raises questions of propriety or conflict of interest, real or apparent.

The Code of Ethics Officer shall make reasonable efforts to promptly render a written determination concerning the request for an ad hoc exemption.

E. Appeal to Code of Ethics Officer with Respect to Restricted List

If an employee ascertains that a security that he wishes to trade for his personal account appears on the Restricted List, and thus the transaction is prohibited, he may appeal the prohibition to the Code of Ethics Officer by submitting a written memorandum containing the same information as would be required in a request for a determination. The Code of Ethics Officer shall make every effort to respond to the appeal promptly.

F. Information Concerning Identity of Compliance Personnel

The names of Code of Ethics personnel are available by contacting the Legal and Compliance Department and will be published on Putnam’s intranet site.

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SECTION VIII -- Sanctions

Sanction Guidelines

The Code of Ethics Oversight Committee is responsible for setting sanctions policies for violating the Code. The Committee has adopted the following minimum monetary sanctions for violations of the Code. These sanctions apply even if the exception results from inadvertence rather than intentional misbehavior. The Code of Ethics Officer is authorized to impose the minimum sanction on employees without further Committee action. However, the sanctions noted below are only minimums and the Committee reserves the right to impose additional sanctions such as higher monetary sanctions, trading bans, suspension, or termination of employment as it determines to be appropriate.

A. The minimum sanction for a violation of the following Rules is disgorgement of any profits or payment of avoided losses and the following payments:

Section I.A., Rule 1 (Pre-clearance and Restricted List)Section I.B., Rule 1 (Short selling)Section I.B., Rule 2 (IPOs)Section I.B., Rule 3 (Private Placements)Section I.B., Rule 4 (Trading with Inside Information)Section I.B., Rules 6-8 (Holding and Trading of Putnam Funds)Section II, Rule 2 (7-Day Rule)Section II, Rule 3 (Blackout Rule)Section II, Rule 4 (Contra-Trading Rule)Section II, Rule 5 (Trading for Personal Benefit)

Officer Level	SMD/MD	SVP/VP	AVP/non-officer
1st violation	$ 500	$250	$ 50
2nd	$1,000	$500	$100
3rd	Minimum monetary sanction as above with ban on all new personal
	individual investments.

B. The minimum sanction for violations of all other Rules in the Code is as follows:

Officer Level	SMD/MD	SVP/VP	AVP/non-officer
1st violation	$100	$ 50	$25
Subsequent	$200	$100	$50

The reference period for determining whether a violation is initial or subsequent will be five years.

NOTE

The Committee’s belief that an employee has violated the Code of Ethics intentionally will result in more severe sanctions than outlined in the guidelines above. The Code of Ethics Oversight Committee retains the right to increase or decrease the sanctions for a particular violation in light of the circumstances.

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APPENDIX A: Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement

Putnam has always forbidden trading by its employees on material non-public information (inside information). Tough federal laws make it important for Putnam to state that prohibition in the strongest possible terms, and to establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures to prevent the use of material non-public information.

Unlawful trading while in possession of inside information can be a crime. Federal law provides that an individual convicted of trading on inside information may go to jail for a period of time. There is also significant monetary liability for an inside trader; the Securities and Exchange Commission can seek a court order requiring a violator to pay back profits, as well as penalties substantially greater than those profits. In addition private plaintiffs can seek recovery for harm suffered by them. The inside trader is not the only subject to liability. In certain cases, controlling persons of inside traders, including supervisors of inside traders or Putnam itself, can be liable for large penalties.

Section A. of this Policy Statement contains rules concerning inside information. Section B. contains a discussion of what constitutes unlawful insider trading.

Neither material, non-public information nor unlawful insider trading is easy to define. Section B. of this Policy Statement gives a general overview of the law in this area. However, the legal issues are complex and must be resolved by the Code of Ethics Officer. If an employee has any doubt as to whether she has received material, non-public information, she must consult with the Code of Ethics Officer prior to using that information in connection with the purchase or sale of a security for his own account or the account of any Putnam client, or communicating the information to others. A simple rule of thumb is if you think the information is not available to the public at large, don’t disclose it to others and don’t trade securities to which the inside information relates.

An employee aware of, or in possession of, inside information must report it immediately to the Code of Ethics Officer. If an employee has failed to consult the Code of Ethics Officer, Putnam will not excuse employee misuse of inside information on the grounds that the employee claims to have been confused about this Policy Statement or the nature of the information in his possession.

If Putnam determines, in its sole discretion, that an employee has failed to abide by this Policy Statement, or has engaged in conduct that raises a significant question concerning insider trading, he will be subject to disciplinary action, including termination of employment.

There are no exceptions to this policy statement and no one is exempt.

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APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS: Insider Trading

Code of Ethics Administrator

The individual designated by the Code of Ethics Officer to assume responsibility for day-to-day, non-discretionary administration of this Policy Statement. The Code of Ethics Administrator is Laura Rose.

Code of Ethics Officer

The Putnam officer who has been assigned the responsibility of enforcing and interpreting this Code. The Code of Ethics Officer shall be the Chief Compliance Officer or such other person as is designated by the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments. If the Code of Ethics Officer is unavailable, the Deputy Code of Ethics Officer shall act in his stead. The Code of Ethics Officer is Tony Ruys de Perez. The Deputy Code of Ethics Officer is Kathleen Griffin.

Immediate family Spouse, partner, minor children, or other relatives living in the same household as the Putnam employee.

Purchase or sale of a security Any acquisition or transfer of any interest in the security for direct or indirect consideration, including the writing of an option.

Putnam Any or all of Putnam Investments Trust, and its subsidiaries, any one of which shall be a Putnam company.

Putnam client Any client of the Putnam mutual funds, or any advisory, trust, or other client for whom Putnam manages money.

Putnam employee (or employee) Any employee of Putnam.

Security Anything defined as a security under federal law. The term includes any type of equity or debt security, any interest in a business trust or partnership, and any rights relating to a security, such as put and call options, warrants, convertible securities, and securities indexes. (Note: The definition of security in this Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement varies significantly from that in the Code of Ethics. For example, the definition in this Policy Statement specifically includes all securities of any type.)

Transaction for a personal account (or personal securities transaction)

Securities transactions: (a) for the personal account of any employee; (b) for the account of a member of the immediate family of any employee; (c) for the account of a partnership in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a partner with investment discretion; (d) for the account of a trust in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a trustee with investment discretion; (e) for the account of a closely held corporation in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member holds shares and for which he has investment discretion; and (f ) for any account other than a Putnam client account that receives investment advice of any sort from the employee or immediate family member, or as to which the employee or immediate family member has investment discretion. Officers and employees of PIL must also consult the relevant procedures on compliance with U.K. insider dealing legislation set forth in PIL’s Compliance Manual (See Rule 3 of Section IV of the Code of Ethics).

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APPENDIX A -- SECTION I: Rules Concerning Inside Information

Rule 1: Inside Information

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell any security listed on the Inside Information List (the Red List) either for his personal account or for a Putnam client.

IMPLEMENTATION

When an employee contacts the Code of Ethics Administrator seeking clearance for a personal securities transaction, the Code of Ethics Administrator’s response as to whether a security appears on the Restricted List will include securities on the Red List.

COMMENT

This Rule is designed to prohibit any employee from trading a security while Putnam may have inside information concerning that security or the issuer. Every trade, whether for a personal account or for a Putnam client, is subject to this rule.

Rule 2: Material Non-public Information

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell any security, either for a personal account or for the account of a Putnam client, while in possession of material, non-public information concerning that security or the issuer, without the prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer.

IMPLEMENTATION

In order to obtain prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer, a Putnam employee should follow the reporting steps prescribed in Rule 3.

COMMENTS

• Rule 1 concerns the conduct of an employee when Putnam possesses material, non-public information. Rule 2 concerns the conduct of an employee who herself possesses material, non-public information about a security that is not yet on the Red List.

• If an employee has any question as to whether information she possesses is material and/or non-public information, she must contact the Code of Ethics Officer immediately in accordance with Rule 3 prior to purchasing or selling any security related to the information or communicating the information to others. The Code of Ethics Officer shall have the sole authority to determine what constitutes material, non-public information for the purposes of this Policy Statement.

Rule 3: Reporting of Material Non-public Information

Any Putnam employee who believes he is aware of or has received material, non-public information concerning a security or an issuer shall immediately report the information to the Code of Ethics Officer, the Deputy Code of Ethics Officer, or in their absence, a lawyer in the Putnam Legal and Compliance Department and to no one else. After reporting the information, the Putnam employee shall comply strictly with Rule 2 by not trading in the security without the prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer and shall (a) take precautions to ensure the continued confidentiality of the information and (b) refrain from communicating the information in question to any person.

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IMPLEMENTATION

A. In order to make any use of potential material non-public information, including purchasing or selling a security or communicating the information to others, an employee must communicate that information to the Code of Ethics Officer in a way designed to prevent the spread of such information. Once the employee has reported potential material non-public information to the Code of Ethics Officer, the Code of Ethics Officer will evaluate whether information constitutes material non-public information, and whether a duty exists that makes use of such information improper. If the Code of Ethics Officer determines either (a) that the information is not material or is public, or (b) that use of the information is proper, he will issue a written approval to the employee specifically authorizing trading while in possession of the information, if the employee so requests. If the Code of Ethics Officer determines (a) that the information may be nonpublic and material, and (b) that use of such information may be improper, he will place the security that is the subject of such information on the Red List.

B. An employee who reports potential inside information to the Code of Ethics Officer should expect that the Code of Ethics Officer will need significant information, and time to gather such information, to make the evaluation, including information about (a) the manner in which the employee acquired the information, and (b) the identity of individuals to whom the employee has revealed the information, or who have otherwise learned the information. In appropriate situations, the Code of Ethics Officer will normally place the affected security or securities on the Red List pending the completion of his evaluation.

C. If an employee possesses documents, disks, or other materials containing the potential inside information, an employee must take precautions to ensure the confidentiality of the information in question. Those precautions include (a) putting documents containing such information out of the view of a casual observer, and (b) securing files containing such documents or ensuring that computer files reflecting such information are secure from viewing by others.

D. Members of the executive board of directors and members of the Chief Financial Officer’s staff may not trade securities of MMC in the period from the end of each calendar quarter to the date of announcement of MMC’s earnings for such quarter.

COMMENT

While all employees must pre-clear trades of MMC securities and make sure they are not in possession of material inside information about MMC when trading, certain employees who may receive information about Putnam’s earnings are subject to the rules above concerning trading blackout periods.

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APPENDIX A -- SECTION II: Overview of Insider Trading

Introduction

This section of the Policy Statement provides guidelines for employees as to what may constitute inside information. It is possible that in the course of her employment, an employee may receive inside information. No employee should misuse that information, either by trading for her own account or by communicating the information to others.

What constitutes unlawful insider trading?

The basic definition of unlawful insider trading is trading on material non-public information (also called inside information) by an individual who has a duty not to take advantage of the information. The following sections help explain the definition.

What is material information?

Trading on inside information is not a basis for liability unless the information is material. Information is material if a reasonable person would attach importance to the information in determining his course of action with respect to a security. Information that is reasonably likely to affect the price of a company’s securities is material, but effect on price is not the sole criterion for determining materiality. Information that employees should consider material includes, but is not limited to, dividend changes, earnings estimates, changes in previously released earnings estimates, reorganization, recapitalization, asset sales, plans to commence a tender offer, merger or acquisition proposals or agreements, major litigation, liquidity problems, significant contracts, and extraordinary management developments.

Material information does not have to relate to a company’s business. For example, a court considered as material certain information about the contents of a forthcoming newspaper column that was expected to affect the market price of a security. In that case, a reporter for the Wall Street Journal was found criminally liable for disclosing to others the dates that reports on various companies would appear in the Journal’s “Heard on the Street” column and whether those reports would be favorable or not.

What is non-public information?

Information is non-public until it has been effectively communicated to, and sufficient opportunity has existed for it to be absorbed by, the marketplace. One must be able to point to some fact to show that the information is generally public. For example, information found in a report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or appearing in Dow Jones, Reuters, the Wall Street Journal, or other publications of general circulation would be considered public.

Who has a duty not to “take advantage” of inside information?

Unlawful insider trading occurs only if there is a duty not to take advantage of material non-public information. When there is no such duty, it is permissible to trade while in possession of such information. Questions as to whether a duty exists are complex, fact specific, and must be answered by a lawyer. If you have any doubt, err on the side of caution.

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Insiders and Temporary Insiders Corporate insiders have a duty not to take advantage of inside information. The concept of insider is broad. It includes officers, directors, and employees of a corporation. In addition, a person can be a temporary insider if she enters into a special confidential relationship with a corporation and, as a result, is given access to information concerning the corporation’s affairs. A temporary insider can include, among others, accounting firms, consulting firms, law firms, banks, and the employees of such organizations. Putnam would generally be a temporary insider of a corporation it advises or for which it performs other services, because typically Putnam clients expect Putnam to keep any information disclosed to it confidential.

EXAMPLE

An investment advisor to the pension fund of a large publicly traded corporation, Acme, Inc., learns from an Acme employee that Acme will not be making the minimum required annual contribution to the pension fund because of a serious downturn in Acme’s financial situation. The information conveyed is material and non-public.

COMMENT

Neither the investment advisor, its employees, nor its clients can trade on the basis of that information, because the investment advisor and its employees could be considered temporary insiders of Acme.

Misappropriators Certain people who are not insiders (or temporary insiders) also have a duty not to deceptively take advantage of inside information. Included in this category is an individual who misappropriates (or takes for his own use) material non-public information in violation of a duty owed either to the corporation that is the subject of inside information or some other entity. Such a misappropriator can be held liable if he trades while in possession of that material non-public information.

EXAMPLE

The Chief Investment Officer of Acme, Inc., is aware of Acme’s plans to engage in a hostile takeover of Profit, Inc. The proposed hostile takeover is material and non-public.

COMMENT

The Chief Investment Officer of Acme cannot trade in Profit, Inc.’s stock for his own account. Even though he owes no duty to Profit, Inc., or its shareholders, he owes a duty to Acme not to take advantage of the information about the proposed hostile takeover by using it for his personal benefit.

Tippers and Tippees A person (the tippee) who receives material non-public information from an insider or misappropriator (the tipper) has a duty not to trade while in possession of that information if he knew, or should have known, that the information was provided by the tipper for an improper purpose and in breach of a duty owed by the tipper. In this context, it is an improper purpose for a person to provide such information for personal benefit.

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EXAMPLE

The Chief Executive Officer of Acme, Inc., tells his daughter that negotiations concerning a previously announced acquisition of Acme have been terminated. This news is material and, at the time the father tells his daughter, non-public. The daughter sells her shares of Acme.

COMMENT

The father is a tipper because he has a duty to Acme and its shareholders not to take advantage of the information concerning the breakdown of negotiations, and he has conveyed the information for an improper purpose. The daughter is a tippee and is liable for trading on inside information because she knew, or should have known, that her father was conveying the information to her for his personal benefit, and that her father had a duty not to take advantage of Acme information.

A person can be a tippee even if he did not learn the information directly from the tipper, but learned it from a previous tippee.

EXAMPLE

An employee of a law firm that works on mergers and acquisitions learns at work about impending acquisitions. She tells her friend and her friend’s stockbroker about the upcoming acquisitions on a regular basis. The stockbroker tells the brother of a client on a regular basis, who in turn tells two friends, A and B. A and B buy shares of the companies being acquired before the public announcement of the acquisition, and regularly profit from such purchases. A and B do not know the employee of the law firm. They do not, however, ask about the source of the information.

COMMENT

A and B, although they have never heard of the tipper, are tippees because they did not ask about the source of the information, even though they were experienced investors, and were aware that the “tips” they received from this particular source were accurate.

Who can be liable for insider trading?

The categories of individuals discussed above (insiders, temporary insiders, misappropriators, or tippees) can be liable if they trade while in possession of material non-public information.

In addition, individuals other than those who actually trade on inside information can be liable for trades of others. A tipper can be liable if (a) he provided the information in exchange for a personal benefit in breach of a duty, and (b) the recipient of the information (the tippee) traded while in possession of the information.

Most importantly, a controlling person can be liable if the controlling person knew or recklessly disregarded the fact that the controlled person was likely to engage in misuse of inside information and failed to take appropriate steps to prevent it. Putnam is a controlling person of its employees. In addition, certain supervisors may be controlling persons of those employees they supervise.

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EXAMPLE

A supervisor of an analyst learns that the analyst has, over a long period of time, secretly received material inside information from Acme, Inc.’s Chief Investment Officer. The supervisor learns that the analyst has engaged in a number of trades for his personal account on the basis of the inside information. The supervisor takes no action.

COMMENT

Even if he is not liable to a private plaintiff, the supervisor can be liable to the Securities and Exchange Commission for a civil penalty of up to three times the amount of the analyst’s profit.

Penalties for insider trading

Penalties for misuse of inside information are severe, both for individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers. A person who violates the insider trading laws can be subject to some or all of the types of penalties below, even if he does not personally benefit from the violation. Penalties include:

• Jail sentences, criminal monetary penalties

• Injunctions permanently preventing an individual from working in the securities industry

• Injunctions ordering an individual to disgorge profits obtained from unlawful insider trading

• Civil penalties substantially greater than the profit gained or loss avoided by the trader, even if the individual paying the penalty did not trade or did not benefit personally

• Civil penalties for the employer or other controlling person

• Damages in the amount of actual losses suffered by other participants in the market for the security at issue

Regardless of whether penalties or money damages are sought by others, Putnam will take whatever action it deems appropriate, including dismissal, if Putnam determines, in its sole discretion, that an employee appears to have committed any violation of this Policy Statement, or to have engaged in any conduct which raises significant questions about whether an insider trading violation has occurred.

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APPENDIX B: Policy Statement Regarding Employee Trades in Shares of Putnam Closed-End Funds

Pre-clearance

Any purchase or sale of Putnam closed-end fund shares by a Putnam employee must be pre-cleared with the Code of Ethics Administrator. A list of the closed-end funds can be obtained from the Code of Ethics Administrator. The PTA system is not available for Putnam closed-end fund clearance.

Reporting

As with any purchase or sale of a security, duplicate confirmations of all such purchases and sales must be forwarded to the Code of Ethics Officer by the broker-dealer utilized by an employee. If you are required to file a quarterly report of all personal securities transactions, this report should include all purchases and sales of closed-end fund shares.

Special Rules Applicable to Managing Directors of Putnam Investment Management, LLC and officers of the Putnam Funds.

Please be aware that managing directors of Putnam Investment Management, Inc., the investment manager of the Putnam mutual funds, and officers of the Putnam Funds will not receive clearance to engage in any combination of purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the shares of a given closed-end fund within six months of each other. Therefore, purchases should be made only if you intend to hold the shares more than six months; no sales of fund shares should be made if you intend to purchase additional shares of that same fund within six months.

You are also required to file certain forms with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with purchases and sales of Putnam closed-end funds. Please contact the Code of Ethics Officer Administrator for further information. Please contact the Code of Ethics Officer or Deputy Code of Ethics Officer if there are any questions regarding these matters.

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APPENDIX C: Contra-Trading Rule Clearance Form

To: Code of Ethics Officer

From: _____________________________________________ ____________________________

Date:  __________________________________________ _______________________________

Re: Personal Securities Transaction of_________________ ______________________________

This serves as prior written approval of the personal securities transaction described below:

Name of portfolio manager contemplating personal trade: ________________________________

Security to be traded: ___________________________ _________________________________

Amount to be traded:

_____________________________________________________________________

Fund holding securities:

____________________________________________________________________

Amount held by fund:

_____________________________________________________________________

Reason for personal trade:

__________________________________________________________________

Specific reason sale of securities is inappropriate for fund: ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________

(Please attach additional sheets if necessary.)

CIO approval:                        ____________________ Date:

Legal/compliance approval:    ____________________ Date:

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APPENDIX D: CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct

The CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct (Code and Standards) are fundamental to CFA Institute’s values and essential to achieving its mission to lead the investment profession globally by setting high standards of education, integrity, and professional excellence. High ethical standards are critical to maintaining the public’s trust in financial markets and in the investment profession.

Since their creation in the 1960s, the Code and Standards have promoted the integrity of CFA Institute members and served as a model for measuring the ethics of investment professionals globally, regardless of job function, cultural differences, or local laws and regulations. All CFA Institute members (including holders of the Chartered Financial Analyst® (CFA®) designation) and CFA candidates must abide by the Code and Standards and are encouraged to notify their employer of this responsibility. Violations may result in disciplinary sanctions by CFA Institute. Sanctions can include revocation of membership, candidacy in the CFA Program, and the right to use the CFA designation.

The Code of Ethics

Members of CFA Institute (including Chartered Financial Analyst® (CFA®) charterholders) and candidates for the CFA designation (“Members and Candidates”) must:

• Act with integrity, competence, diligence, and respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets.

• Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own personal interests.

• Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities.

• Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the profession.

• Promote the integrity of, and uphold the rules governing, capital markets.

• Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other investment professionals.

Standards of Professional Conduct

I. PROFESSIONALISM

A. Knowledge of the Law. Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, Members and Candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation. Members and Candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations.

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B. Independence and Objectivity. Members and Candidates must use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in their professional activities. Members and Candidates must not offer, solicit, or accept any gift, benefit, compensation, or consideration that reasonably could be expected to compromise their own or another’s independence and objectivity.

C. Misrepresentation. Members and Candidates must not knowingly make any misrepresentations relating to investment analysis, recommendations, actions, or other professional activities.

D. Misconduct. Members and Candidates must not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, or deceit, or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence.

II. INTEGRITY OF CAPITAL MARKETS

A. Material Non-public Information. Members and Candidates who possess material, non-public information that could affect the value of an investment must not act or cause others to act on the information.

B. Market Manipulation. Members and Candidates must not engage in practices that distort prices or artificially inflate trading volume with the intent to mislead market participants.

III.DUTIES TO CLIENTS

A. Loyalty, Prudence, and Care. Members and Candidates have a duty of loyalty to their clients and must act with reasonable care and exercise prudent judgment. Members and Candidates must act for the benefit of their clients and place their clients’ interests before their employer’s or their own interests. In relationships with clients, Members and Candidates must determine applicable fiduciary duty and must comply with such duty to persons and interests to whom it is owed.

B. Fair Dealing. Members and Candidates must deal fairly and objectively with all clients when providing investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment action, or engaging in other professional activities.

C. Suitability.

1. When Members and Candidates are in an advisory relationship with a client, they must:

a. Make a reasonable inquiry into a client’s or prospective clients’ investment experience, risk and return objectives, and financial constraints prior to making any investment recommendation or taking investment action and must reassess and update this information regularly.

b. Determine that an investment is suitable to the client’s financial situation and consistent with the client’s written objectives, mandates, and constraints before making an investment recommendation or taking investment action.

c. Judge the suitability of investments in the context of the client’s total portfolio.

2. When Members and Candidates are responsible for managing a portfolio to a specific mandate, strategy, or style, they must only make investment recommendations or take investment actions that are consistent with the stated objectives and constraints of the portfolio.

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D. Performance Presentation. When communicating investment performance information, Members or Candidates must make reasonable efforts to ensure that it is fair, accurate, and complete.

E. Preservation of Confidentiality. Members and Candidates must keep information about current, former, and prospective clients confidential unless:

1. The information concerns illegal activities on the part of the client or prospective client.

2. Disclosure is required by law.

3. The client or prospective client permits disclosure of the information.

IV. DUTIES TO EMPLOYERS

A. Loyalty. In matters related to their employment, Members and Candidates must act for the benefit of their employer and not deprive their employer of the advantage of their skills and abilities, divulge confidential information, or otherwise cause harm to their employer.

B. Additional Compensation Arrangements. Members and Candidates must not accept gifts, benefits, compensation, or consideration that competes with, or might reasonably be expected to create a conflict of interest with, their employer’s interest unless they obtain written consent from all parties involved.

C. Responsibilities of Supervisors. Members and Candidates must make reasonable efforts to detect and prevent violations of applicable laws, rules, regulations, and the Code and Standards by anyone subject to their supervision or authority.

V. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND ACTION

A. Diligence and Reasonable Basis. Members and Candidates must:

1. Exercise diligence, independence, and thoroughness in analyzing investments, making investment recommendations, and taking investment actions.

2. Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation, for any investment analysis, recommendation, or action.

B. Communication with Clients and Prospective Clients. Members and Candidates must:

1. Disclose to clients and prospective clients the basic format and general principles of the investment processes used to analyze investments, select securities, and construct portfolios, and must promptly disclose any changes that might materially affect those processes.

2. Use reasonable judgment in identifying which factors are important to their investment analysis, recommendations, or actions and include those factors in communications with clients and prospective clients.

3. Distinguish between fact and opinion in the presentation of investment analysis and recommendations.

C. Record Retention. Members and Candidates must develop and maintain appropriate records to support their investment analysis, recommendations, actions, and other investment-related communications with clients and prospective clients.

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VI. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

A. Disclosure of Conflicts. Members and Candidates must make full and fair disclosure of all matters that could reasonably be expected to impair their independence and objectivity or interfere with respective duties to their clients, prospective clients, and employer. Members and Candidates must ensure that such disclosures are prominent, are delivered in plain language, and communicate the relevant information effectively.

B. Priority of Transactions. Investment transactions for clients and employers must have priority over investment transactions in which a Member or Candidate is the beneficial owner.

C. Referral Fees. Members and Candidates must disclose to their employer, clients, and prospective clients, as appropriate, any compensation, consideration, or benefit received by, or paid to, others for the recommendation of products or services.

VII. RESPONSIBILITIES AS A CFA INSTITUTE MEMBER OR CFA CANDIDATE

A. Conduct as Members and Candidates in the CFA Program. Members and Candidates must not engage in any conduct that compromises the reputation or integrity of the CFA Institute or the CFA designation or the integrity, validity, or security of the CFA examinations.

B. Reference to the CFA Institute, the CFA designation, and the CFA Program. When referring to the CFA Institute, CFA Institute membership, the CFA designation, or candidacy in the CFA Program, Members and Candidates must not misrepresent or exaggerate the meaning or implications of membership in the CFA Institute, holding the CFA designation, or candidacy in the CFA Program.

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APPENDIX E: Report of Entertainment Form

This form must be filed with the Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department and sanctions may apply if received after 10 business days of attending an event. Planned absences, i.e., vacations, leaves (other than certain medical leaves), or business trips are not valid excuses for providing late reports. Failure to meet the deadline violates the Code’s rules and sanctions may be imposed.

Send report to:
Jonathan Ramsey
Compliance Coordinator
COE Mailstop A-16

OR

Attach to an e-mail to:
Jonathan_Ramsey@putnam.com

Name of
employee:_______________________________________________________________________

Name of party providing entertainment:

Firm:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Person:

________________________________________________________________________________

Date of entertainment:

____________________________________________________________________

Describe entertainment provided:

___________________________________________________________
(e.g., name and location of restaurant, sporting, or cultural event)

Value of entertainment (excluding meals): ____________________________________________

Signature: ______________________________________________   Date:
___________________________

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APPENDIX F -- Inducement Policy for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) Employees

Inducements

Putnam Investments Limited has adopted the following procedures to enable it to comply with, and demonstrate compliance with, the requirements in this area:

All gifts, business meals, entertainment, or other inducements received by any employee must be reported on the appropriate forms to the PIL Compliance Officer within ten days of receipt. PIL’s policy limits gifts or business meals to a value of £100 (150 euros or equivalent) and entertainment to a value of £150 (225 euros or equivalent). Gifts, business meals, and entertainment that exceed these limits should be politely declined, explaining that PIL’s internal policies will not permit a breach of these limits.

There may be rare occasions where you are unexpectedly offered a gift or business meal or are entertained where the value exceeds the limits and it would be very discourteous (to a prospect/client) to decline, or difficult to pay part of the bill yourself (such as in a members’ dining club). In these circumstances the gift should be handed in to the PIL Compliance Officer, who will arrange to give it to charity, or the entertainment reported immediately to the PIL Compliance Officer with an explanation of the circumstances.

The policy regarding gifts, business meals, entertainment, or other inducements for giving or receiving is as follows. Where the gift or business meal is below £100 (150 euros or equivalent) or the entertainment is below £150 (225 euros or equivalent) for any individual, no pre-clearance is necessary. Above these levels, pre-clearance is required from the PIL Compliance Officer. If in doubt as to whether limits might be exceeded, please err on the side of caution and seek pre-clearance.

Anything above £25 (40 euros or equivalent) should be reported on the appropriate forms to the PIL Compliance Officer within ten days, who will review these on a monthly basis.

Anything below £25 (40 euros or equivalent), e.g., dealer gifts, a casual drink, or a snack, etc., need not be reported.

Where a working lunch is provided as part of an Analyst’s Day or Management Day, report this event and note the value as £0. This ensures that there is no potential for conflicts of interest and avoids guestimates of the cost.

No more than six entertainment events per year and no more than two events may be accepted from a single source.

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The record will contain details of:

the individuals concerned (from both PIL and the other party);

the nature and circumstances of the inducement;

the date; and

the approximate cost, if offered by PIL, although if it’s an in-house lunch/dinner, a statement to that effect will suffice.

The frequency and nature of any gifts, business meals, entertainment, or other inducement given or received, together with the names of those individuals entertained, is monitored periodically by the PIL Compliance Officer, and that monitoring is evidenced.

Where any deadlines or limits are exceeded, these will be reported to the Code of Ethics Officer on a monthly basis and sanctions may apply.

A template on which to record details of inducements given can be obtained from the PIL Compliance Officer.

Employees are also required to make an annual declaration that either they have reported all inducements given and received, or that they have not given or received any inducements, during the course of the year.

Further detailed guidance on PIL’s Inducement Policy is available in the PIL Compliance Manual.

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APPENDIX G -- Record of Inducement for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)Employees

Director/Employee:

___________________________________________________________________

Inducement Given/Received:

____________________________________________________________
(Indicate which it is):

Nature of Inducement Given/Received:

____________________________________________________

Date of Giving/Receipt:

_________________________________________________________________

Name of Other Party:

__________________________________________________________________

Name(s) of Personnel of Other Party Involved:

______________________________________________

Name(s) of Other Putnam Individuals Involved:

______________________________________________

Approximate Value of Inducement (if Known):

_______________________________________________

Signature of PIL Director/Employee

Giving/Receiving Inducement ________________________________________ Date:
_______________

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INDEX
407 Letter	iv, 28
7-Day Rule	v, 12-13
90-Day Short Term Rule	v, 12
A
Access Persons
definition	vii
reporting requirements for	29
reporting transactions/holdings	29
special rules for personal securities transactions	12-15
Ad hoc exemption	32
Affiliated entities	23
Analysts, special rules	12, 13, 15
Annual Holdings Report	29
Anti-money Laundering Policy	25
Anti-bribery/Kickback Policy	18
Appeals procedures	32-33
B
Blackout rule, trading by portfolio managers,
analysts, and CIOs	v, 13-14
Boycotts	16
anti-trust and other laws	16
Bribes	18
Broker accounts	iv, 28
Confirmations and statements	28
C
CFA Institute Code of Ethics	24, 45-48
Standards of Professional Conduct	45-48
Chief Investment Officer
special rules on trading	12-15
Closed-end funds	iv, 43
Code of Ethics Administrator	vii
Code of Ethics Officer	vii
Deputy Code of Ethics Officer	vii
Code of Ethics Oversight Committee	viii
Commodities	ix
Compliance and appeal procedures	32-33
Computer system policies	24
Confidentiality	iv, 20
Confirmations and broker statements	iv, 28
Conflicts of interest	iii, vi, 16
Considered List – Limited Sales Exemption	3
Contra-trading rule	v, 14
clearance form	44
Corporate/political contributions	19
Corporate purchase of goods and services	22
Currencies	ix
D
Director
prohibited to serve for another entity	20

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Discretionary accounts	3-4
Dividend reinvestment program	9, 11
E
Education requirements	31
Employees
general rules for	16-25
personal political contributions	19
personal securities rules for all	1-11
(see also Access Persons)
Entertainment policies	16-18
Report of Entertainment Form	49
Excessive trading (over 10 traders) prohibited	iv, 10
Exchange traded index funds (ETFs)	ix, 29
F
Family members accounts	8
Family Members’ Conflict Policy	22-23
Fiduciary	21
Fraudulent or irregular activities reporting	30
G
Gifts and Entertainment Policy	iii, 16-18, 49
Gifts donated as a security	4
Goods and services, purchasing	22
Good-until-canceled (GTC) orders	10
H
Holdings of securities
disclosure by Access Persons	29
I
Initial Holdings Report	29
Initial public offerings/IPOs	5
Inside information
material, non-public information	6, 37
reporting material, non-public information	37-38
rules concerning	37-38
Inside Information List (Red List)	37-38
Insider trading
definitions	36
explanations of	39-42
liability for	41-42
penalties for	42
policy statement	35
prohibitions	iii, 35
rules concerning	37-38
sanctions for	34, 42
Investment clubs	21
Involuntary transactions, exemptions	4, 11
Irregular activity reporting	30
K
Kickback Policy	18
L
Large Cap Exemption	3
Limit Orders	10
Linked accounts	8

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Lobbying Policy	19-20
M
Market timing prohibition	8
Marsh & McLennan (MMC) securities	iv, 1-2
Material Information	6, 37, 39-42
N
Naked options	10
Negotiations prohibition	22
Non-public information	iii, 6, 37, 39-42
Non-Putnam affiliates (NPAs)	23
O
Officer, prohibited to serve for another entity	20
Ombudsman	30
Options
defined as securities	4, 36
naked	10
relationship to securities on Restricted or Red Lists	4
Outside business affiliations	20-21
P
Partner, prohibited to serve for another entity	20
Partnerships, covered in personal securities transactions	ix, 36
Personal securities transaction	ix, 36
Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) system	iv, viii, 26, 28-30, 43
Accessing	1, 2
Political activities, contributions, lobbying	19-20
Portfolio managers, special rules on trading	12-15
Portfolio trading	12-15, 22
Pre-clearance	iv, 1-4
sanctions for failure to pre-clear properly	34
Privacy policy	24-25
Private offerings and private placement pre-approval	6
Prohibited transactions	5-10
Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)
special rules	26-27
record of inducement	52
Putnam Mutual Funds restrictions	iv, 7-9
90-day Rule	iv, 8-9
One-year Rule	iv, 8
Q
Quarterly Report of Securities Transactions	v. 29
R
Records
accuracy records policy	22
retention policy	25
Red List	37, 38
Reporting requirements	v, 28-30
Restricted List	viii, 1-5, 26, 32-34, 37
Roles at other entities	20-21
S
Sanctions	34-42
Securities donated	4
Shares by subscription, pre-clearance	3
Short selling	iv
Special rules for Investment Professionals	v, 12-15

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T
Tender offers	4
Trustee, prohibited to serve for another entity	20
Trusts	ix, 36
U
U.S. government obligations	ix
V
Violations reporting	30
W
Warrants	36

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