The following table represents the activity in goodwill net of accumulated goodwill impairment loss (“goodwill, net”) and accumulated goodwill impairment loss by segment for 2023:


	Cryo Tank Solutions		Heat Transfer Systems		Specialty Products		Repair, Service & Leasing		Consolidated
Goodwill, net balance at December 31, 2022	$	79.1	$	430.5	$	304.0	$	178.4	$	992.0
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other	3.3		0.8		—		0.1		4.2
Goodwill acquired during the year (1)	204.2		59.1		304.4		1,517.6		2,085.3
Divestitures (2)	(67.3)		(10.0)		(40.6)		(57.2)		(175.1)
Purchase price adjustment (3)	—		—		0.1		0.3		0.4
Goodwill, net balance at December 31, 2023	$	219.3	$	480.4	$	567.9	$	1,639.2	$	2,906.8

Accumulated goodwill impairment loss at December 31, 2022	$	23.5	$	49.3	$	35.8	$	20.4	$	129.0

Accumulated goodwill impairment loss at December 31, 2023	$	23.5	$	49.3	$	35.8	$	20.4	$	129.0

(3)During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded purchase price adjustment which increased goodwill by $0.1 in our Specialty Products segment related to the 2022 acquisition of Fronti Fabrications, Inc. (“Fronti) and increased goodwill by $0.3 in our Repair, Service & Leasing segment related to the 2022 acquisition of CSC Cryogenic Service Center AB (“CSC”). For further information regarding goodwill acquired and the purchase price adjustments during the period refer to Note 14, “Business Combinations.”

The following table represents the activity in goodwill net of accumulated goodwill impairment loss (“goodwill, net”) and accumulated goodwill impairment loss by segment for 2022 (1):


	Cryo Tank Solutions		Heat Transfer Systems		Specialty Products		Repair, Service & Leasing		Corporate		Consolidated
Goodwill, net balance at December 31, 2021	$	84.9	$	433.6	$	300.9	$	175.2	$	—	$	994.6
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other	(5.8)		(3.1)		(0.3)		0.3		—		(8.9)
Goodwill acquired during the period (1) (2)	—		—		15.4		3.1		—		18.5
Purchase price adjustments (3)	—		—		(12.0)		(0.2)		—		(12.2)
Goodwill, net balance at December 31, 2022	$	79.1	$	430.5	$	304.0	$	178.4	$	—	$	992.0

Accumulated goodwill impairment loss at December 31, 2021	$	23.5	$	49.3	$	35.8	$	20.4	$	—	$	129.0

Accumulated goodwill impairment loss at December 31, 2022	$	23.5	$	49.3	$	35.8	$	20.4	$	—	$	129.0

(1)For further information regarding goodwill acquired and the purchase price adjustments during the period refer to Note 14, “Business Combinations.”

(2)Goodwill acquired during the period was $18.5. Goodwill acquired during the period for the Fronti and AdEdge India acquisitions of $14.3 and $1.1, respectively, was allocated to our Specialty Products segment. Goodwill acquired during the period for our CSC acquisition of $3.1 was allocated to our Repair, Service & Leasing segment.

(3)During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded purchase price adjustments that decreased goodwill by $12.0 in our Specialty Products segment related to the Earthly Labs Inc., L.A. Turbine and AdEdge acquisitions and by $0.2 in our Repair, Service & Leasing segment. For further information regarding goodwill acquired and the purchase price adjustments during the period refer to Note 14 “Business Combinations.”

The following table displays the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for finite-lived intangible assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets (exclusive of goodwill) (1):


		December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships	4 to 18 years	$	1,836.4	$	(185.2)	$	311.5	$	(104.6)
Technology	5 to 18 years	496.7		(78.8)		202.5		(44.8)
Patents, backlog and other	2 to 10 years	138.6		(35.6)		6.8		(2.0)
Trademarks and trade names	5 to 23 years	3.3		(1.9)		2.5		(1.7)
Land use rights	50 years	10.2		(1.9)		10.4		(1.7)
Total finite-lived intangible assets		$	2,485.2	$	(303.4)	$	533.7	$	(154.8)
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trademarks and trade names		$	610.1	$	—	$	156.4	$	—
Total intangible assets		$	3,095.3	$	(303.4)	$	690.1	$	(154.8)

Amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization was $163.4, $41.4 and $38.9 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We estimate amortization expense to be recognized during the next five years as follows:

During the fourth quarter 2021, we were selected by the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) for funding of up to $5.0 to engineer and build our Cryogenic Carbon CaptureTM system for a cement plant. During the project’s duration, the DOE shall reimburse us in cash for approved expenses we incur. This project began on February 1, 2022, and as of December 31, 2023, we have received $0.3 in reimbursed expenses related to these grants.

We received certain government grants related to land use rights for capacity expansion in China (“China Government Grants”). China Government Grants are generally recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and generally recognized into income over the useful life of the associated assets (10 to 50 years).

We also received government grants from certain local jurisdictions within the United States, which are recorded in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets and were not significant for the periods presented.