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Restructuring Activities
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring Activities
Restructuring Activities
We implemented certain cost reduction or avoidance actions, primarily related to departmental restructuring, including headcount reductions resulting in associated severance costs. As described in Note 4 “Segment and Geographic Information,” we executed a strategic realignment of our segment structure, which resulted in severance charges during 2018.
During 2017, we implemented a number of cost reduction or avoidance actions, including headcount reductions and facility closures and relocations primarily relating to the consolidation of certain of our facilities in China and relocation of the corporate headquarters. The E&C Wuxi, China facility consolidation was completed during 2017, and the China facility consolidation in our D&S East segment was substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2017. Our corporate headquarters move from Garfield Heights, Ohio to Ball Ground, Georgia, which was officially effective October 26, 2017, was substantially complete at the end of 2017, and our Garfield Heights lease commitment ended on December 31, 2017. All of these actions were completed in the first half of 2018.
The following table is a summary of the severance and other restructuring costs, which included employee-related costs, facility rent and exit costs, relocation, recruiting, travel and other, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Severance:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of sales
 
$
—

 
$
0.4

 
$
3.3

Selling, general, and administrative expenses
 
3.2

 
3.2

 
5.3

Total severance costs
 
$
3.2

 
$
3.6

 
$
8.6

Other restructuring:
 


 


 


Cost of sales
 
$
0.8

 
$
2.3

 
$
0.2

Selling, general, and administrative expenses
 
0.4

 
5.3

 
0.7

Total other restructuring costs
 
$
1.2

 
$
7.6

 
$
0.9

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total restructuring costs
 
$
4.4

 
$
11.2

 
$
9.5


We currently do not expect any significant severance or restructuring charges in 2019. We are closely monitoring our end markets and order rates and will continue to take appropriate and timely actions as necessary.
The following tables summarize our restructuring activities for the years ended 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
Energy & Chemicals

D&S West

D&S East

Corporate
 
Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
0.2

 
$
1.2

 
$
0.2

 
$
1.1

 
$
2.7

Restructuring charges
0.7

 
—

 
1.4

 
2.3

 
4.4

Cash payments and other
(0.9
)
 
(1.2
)
 
(0.8
)
 
(3.3
)
 
(6.2
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
0.8

 
$
0.1

 
$
0.9

 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Energy & Chemicals
 
D&S West
 
D&S East
 
Corporate
 
Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2016
$
0.1

 
$
3.2

 
$
—

 
$
3.0

 
$
6.3

Restructuring charges
2.4

 
1.1

 
1.7

 
6.0

 
11.2

Cash payments and other
(2.5
)
 
(3.1
)
 
(1.5
)
 
(7.9
)
 
(15.0
)
Acquired restructuring reserve
0.2

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
0.2

Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
0.2

 
$
1.2

 
$
0.2

 
$
1.1

 
$
2.7

 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
Energy & Chemicals
 
D&S West
 
D&S East
 
Corporate
 
Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2015
$
1.1

 
$
0.4

 
$
0.2

 
$
0.9

 
$
2.6

Restructuring charges
1.0

 
3.5

 
0.8

 
4.2

 
9.5

Cash payments and other
(2.0
)
 
(0.7
)
 
(1.0
)
 
(2.1
)
 
(5.8
)
Balance as of December 31, 2016
$
0.1

 
$
3.2

 
$
—

 
$
3.0

 
$
6.3