FORM 6-K

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Report of Foreign Issuer

Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the month of July, 2024

Commission File Number: 001-12518

Banco Santander, S.A.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ciudad Grupo Santander

28660 Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) Spain

(Address of principal executive office)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F:

Form 20-F  ☒            Form 40-F  ☐

BANCO SANTANDER, S.A.

________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 1
Interim consolidated directors’ report	3
Interim unaudited consolidated financial statements	97
Part 2
Supplemental information	158

Part 1. Interim consolidated directors' report and interim unaudited consolidated financial statements

January - June 2024

3	Interim consolidated directors' report
3	Key consolidated data
5	Business model
6	Group financial information
7	Highlights of the period
7	Group performance
12	Income statement
16	Balance sheet
19	Solvency ratios
20	Risk management
24	Financial information by segments
28	Primary segments
39	Secondary segments
43	Responsible banking
45	Corporate governance
46	The Santander share
48	Appendix
49	Financial information
76	Alternative Performance Measures
88	Interim condensed consolidated financial statements
91	Glossary
92	Important information
94	Main risks and uncertainties
95	Other disclosures required by the Bank of Spain
97	Interim condensed consolidated financial statements

This report was approved by the board of directors on 23 July 2024, following a favourable report from the audit committee. Important information regarding this report can be found on pages 92 and 93.

Key consolidated data Business model Group financial information Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share Appendix Index

Key consolidated data

BALANCE SHEET (EUR million)	Jun-24	Mar-24	%	Jun-24	Jun-23	%	Dec-23
Total assets	1,786,261	1,800,006	(0.8)	1,786,261	1,780,493	0.3	1,797,062
Loans and advances to customers	1,065,596	1,049,533	1.5	1,065,596	1,045,044	2.0	1,036,349
Customer deposits	1,037,646	1,044,453	(0.7)	1,037,646	1,013,778	2.4	1,047,169
Total funds	1,309,903	1,315,779	(0.4)	1,309,903	1,255,783	4.3	1,306,942
Total equity	103,648	105,025	(1.3)	103,648	102,044	1.6	104,241
Note: total funds includes customer deposits, mutual funds, pension funds and managed portfolios.

INCOME STATEMENT (EUR million)	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	H1'23	%	2023
Net interest income	11,474	11,983	(4.2)	23,457	20,920	12.1	43,261
Total income	15,670	15,045	4.2	30,715	28,010	9.7	57,423
Net operating income	9,304	8,498	9.5	17,802	15,531	14.6	31,998
Profit before tax	4,925	4,583	7.5	9,508	8,090	17.5	16,459
Profit attributable to the parent	3,207	2,852	12.4	6,059	5,241	15.6	11,076

EPS, PROFITABILITY AND EFFICIENCY (%) 1	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	H1'23	%	2023
EPS (euros)	0.20	0.17	15.4	0.37	0.31	19.2	0.65
RoE	13.4	11.8		12.6	11.5		11.9
RoTE	16.8	14.9		15.9	14.5		15.1
RoA	0.78	0.69		0.74	0.67		0.69
RoRWA	2.18	1.96		2.07	1.88		1.96
Efficiency ratio 2	40.6	42.6		41.6	44.2		44.1

UNDERLYING INCOME STATEMENT 2 (EUR million)	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	H1'23	%	2023
Net interest income	11,474	11,983	(4.2)	23,457	20,920	12.1	43,261
Total income	15,670	15,380	1.9	31,050	28,234	10.0	57,647
Net operating income	9,304	8,833	5.3	18,137	15,755	15.1	32,222
Profit before tax	4,925	4,583	7.5	9,508	8,329	14.2	16,698
Profit attributable to the parent	3,207	2,852	12.4	6,059	5,241	15.6	11,076
Changes in constant euros:
Q2'24 / Q1'24: NII: -3.5%; Total income: +2.6%; Net operating income: +6.3%; Profit before tax: +8.2%; Attributable profit: +13.1%.
H1'24 / H1'23: NII: +11.2%; Total income: +9.3%; Net operating income: +14.3%; Profit before tax: +13.3%; Attributable profit: +14.7%.

Note: for Argentina and any grouping which includes it, the variations in constant euros have been calculated considering the Argentine peso exchange rate on the last working day for each of the periods presented. Additionally, from Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical rate, which differs from official exchange rate, has been used for the Argentine peso as it better reflects the evolution of inflation (we continue to apply the official ARS exchange rate to all prior periods). For further information, see the section 'Alternative performance measures' in the appendix to this report.

January - June 2024 3

Key consolidated data Business model Group financial information Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share Appendix Index

SOLVENCY (%)	Jun-24	Mar-24	Jun-24	Jun-23	Dec-23
Fully-loaded CET1 ratio	12.5	12.3	12.5	12.2	12.3
Fully-loaded total capital ratio	16.4	16.5	16.4	15.9	16.3

CREDIT QUALITY (%)	Q2'24	Q1'24	H1'24	H1'23	2023
Cost of risk 2, 3	1.21	1.20	1.21	1.08	1.18
NPL ratio	3.02	3.10	3.02	3.07	3.14
NPL coverage ratio	66	66	66	68	66

MARKET CAPITALIZATION AND SHARES	Jun-24	Mar-24	%	Jun-24	Jun-23	%	Dec-23
Shares (millions)	15,494	15,826	(2.1)	15,494	16,184	(4.3)	16,184
Share price (euros)	4.331	4.522	(4.2)	4.331	3.385	27.9	3.780
Market capitalization (EUR million)	67,098	71,555	(6.2)	67,098	54,783	22.5	61,168
Tangible book value per share (euros)	4.94	4.86		4.94	4.57		4.76
Price / Tangible book value per share (X)	0.88	0.93		0.88	0.74		0.79

CUSTOMERS (thousands)	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	H1'23	%	2023
Total customers	168,243	165,752	1.5	168,243	163,756	2.7	164,542
Active customers	101,277	100,092	1.2	101,277	99,472	1.8	99,503
Digital customers	57,000	55,305	3.1	57,000	52,517	8.5	54,161

OTHER DATA	Jun-24	Mar-24	%	Jun-24	Jun-23	%	Dec-23
Number of shareholders	3,526,649	3,584,294	(1.6)	3,526,649	3,802,161	(7.2)	3,662,377
Number of employees	209,553	211,141	(0.8)	209,553	212,410	(1.3)	212,764
Number of branches	8,285	8,405	(1.4)	8,285	8,823	(6.1)	8,518

1.	For further information, see the section 'Alternative performance measures' in the appendix to this report.
2.	In addition to financial information prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and derived from our consolidated financial statements, this report contains certain financial measures that constitute alternative performance measures (APMs) as defined in the Guidelines on Alternative Performance Measures issued by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) on 5 October 2015, and other non-IFRS measures, including the figures related to “underlying” results, which do not include factors that are outside the ordinary course of our business, or have been reclassified within the underlying income statement. Further details are provided in the 'Alternative performance measures' section of the appendix to this report. For further details on the APMs and non-IFRS measures used, including their definition or a reconciliation between any applicable management indicators and the financial data presented in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared under IFRS, please see our 2023 Annual Financial Report, published in the CNMV on 19 February 2024, our 20-F report for the year ending 31 December 2023 filed with the SEC in the United States on 21 February 2024 as well as the 'Alternative performance measures' section of the appendix to this report.
3.	Allowances for loan-loss provisions over the last 12 months / Average loans and advances to customers over the last 12 months.

4 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model Group financial information Financial information by segment Responsible banking
Corporate governance
Santander share Appendix Index

    

Our business model

Customer focus
Building a digital bank with branches	→ New operating model to build a digital bank with branches, with a multichannel offer to fulfil all our customers' financial needs.		168 mn	101 mn
			total customers	active customers
Scale
	→ Our global and in-market scale helps us to improve our local banks' profitability, adding value and network benefits. → Our activities are organized under five global businesses: Retail & Commercial Banking (Retail), Digital Consumer Bank (Consumer), Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB), Wealth Management & Insurance (Wealth) and Payments. → Our five global businesses and our presence in Europe, DCB Europe, North America and South America support value creation based on the profitable growth and operational leverage that ONE Santander provides.
Global and in-market scale
Diversification
Business, geographical and balance sheet	→ Well-balanced diversification between businesses and markets with a solid and simple balance sheet that gives us recurrent net operating income with low volatility and more predictable results.

Our corporate culture

The Santander Way remains unchanged to continue to deliver for all our stakeholders

Our purpose To help people and businesses prosper.
Our aim To be the best open financial services platform, by acting responsibly and earning the lasting loyalty of our people, customers, shareholders and communities.
Our how Everything we do should be Simple, Personal and Fair.

January - June 2024 5

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	General background

Group financial information

General background

In H1 2024, Santander operated in an environment characterized by a gentle global economic slowdown, with relatively stable interest rates and a gradual decline in inflation in most regions. Geopolitical tensions, while still present, have not resulted in significant economic impacts. Labour markets withstood the monetary tightening period, with unemployment rates at or close to full employment across most of Santander's footprint.

Country		GDP Change1	Economic performance
	Eurozone	+0.4%	Having stagnated in 2023, the economy has entered a phase of soft recovery driven by external demand. Inflation continued to moderate (+2.5% year-on-year in June), which allowed for a 25 bp interest rate cut in June. The ECB is expected to make further interest rate cuts in the second half of the year, but it will depend on whether inflation continues to approach the ECB's target.
	Spain	+2.5%	In Q1 2024, GDP grew 2.5% year-on-year, supported by strong exports of services, while investment remained below pre-pandemic levels. The labour market remains strong, with the number of people enrolled in social security at record levels. In June, inflation was rose 3.4% year-on-year, while core inflation remained at 3%, due to persistently high inflation in services sector.
	United Kingdom	+0.3%	The economy grew in Q1 2024, ending the technical recession that began in H2 2023. The outlook has also improved, with increased business and consumer confidence and real wage growth. The unemployment rate remained low, although it increased to 4.4% in April. Inflation continues to decline (2.0% year-on-year in June) due to lower food prices. Inflationary pressures on wages and services led the Bank of England to hold the official interest rate at 5.25%.
	Portugal	+1.5%	Growth in Q1 2024 surprised positively due to the contribution from external demand. On the other hand, the contribution from domestic demand decreased, due to the slowdown in investment and private consumption. Labour market data remained strong with employment rising and unemployment at low levels (6.5% in May). After moderating in recent months, inflation rose slightly in June (2.8% year-on-year).
	Poland	+2.0%	In Q1 2024, GDP rose supported by private consumption. Supply constraints in the labour market and resilient labour demand kept the unemployment rate low (4.9% in June), supporting higher wages (+11.4% year-on-year in May). Inflation is within the central bank’s target range (2.6% year-on-year in June). However, core inflation remained high (+3.8% year-on-year in May) and, as such, the central bank decided to hold interest rates at 5.75%.
	United States	+2.9%	Domestic demand grew at a good pace in Q1 2024, but private consumption showed signs of slowdown in Q2 2024. The unemployment rate rose to 4.1% in June. Inflation, which had increased in Q1 2024, has since declined (3.0% year-on-year in June).
	Mexico	+1.6%	After having started the year with slight growth, the economy is now showing signs of weakening, though the labour market remains resilient. Year-on-year inflation rebounded to 5.0% in June. After a first 25 bp interest rate cut in Q1 2024, the central bank held interest rates at 11% in Q2 2024.
	Brazil	+2.5%	The economy recovered dynamism in early 2024, driven by private consumption, investment and a strong labour market. Year-on-year inflation rebounded to 4.2% in June and medium-term expectations rose, moving away from the target. Following the latest interest rate cut in May (-25 bps to 10.5%), the central bank held interest rates in June.
	Chile	+2.3%	After a weak 2023, the economy is recovering with growth in mining, industry and services sectors. Inflation rose slightly to 4.2% year-on-year in June. The central bank continued its process of rapid interest rate cuts, with a 150 bp reduction in Q2 2024 to 5.75%, though it said that interest rate cuts will slow down.
	Argentina	-5.1%	The economy remained weak at the beginning of the year, due to the impact of the fiscal and monetary adjustments and high inflation, although inflation has moderated faster than expected as the year has progressed (down to a monthly average of 5.9% during Q2 2024). The external sector is showing signs of recovery, with increases in exports and trade surpluses, in contrast to the 2023 deficit.

1.Year-on-year changes for Q1'24.

6 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
	Highlights of the period

Highlights of the period

Main figures
	u	In Q2 2024, profit attributable to the parent was EUR 3,207 million, a new record quarter, despite charges totalling EUR 452 million (provisions relating to our CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland and write-downs after discontinuing our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America).
	u	Attributable profit was 12% higher compared to Q1 2024 (+13% in constant euros), mainly driven by the good performance in Retail, Consumer and Wealth, and after having recorded the temporary levy on revenue obtained in Spain in Q1 2024 and the aforementioned charges in Q2 2024.
	u	Attributable profit increased 20% (in both euros and constant euros) compared to Q2 2023, with Retail, Wealth and Consumer growing. No contribution to the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) has been recorded in 2024, as contributions ended in 2023.
	u	In H1 2024, attributable profit was EUR 6,059 million, 16% higher than in the same period of 2023 (+15% in constant euros) boosted by solid revenue growth across all global businesses and regions.
	u	These positive results enabled us to improve the targets we had set for the year in revenue (from mid-single digit growth to high-single digit growth), efficiency (from less than 43% to close to 42%) and profitability (from 16% RoTE to more than 16%), while maintaining our objectives in capital and cost of risk.
	u	Profitability improved year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter. RoTE stood at 15.9% in H1 2024, compared to 14.5% in the same period of 2023. Annualizing the impact of the temporary levy on revenue obtained in Spain, RoTE was 16.3%, boosted by strong revenue growth.
	u	Sustained earnings per share growth in H1 2024, which rose 19% compared to H1 2023 to EUR 36.7 cents, supported by the positive performance in results and the share buybacks in the last 12 months.
	u	Business volumes continued to reflect the impact that the economic and interest rate environment had on customer behaviour and our active and disciplined capital management. Gross loans and advances to customers (excluding reverse repos) increased 2% year-on-year in constant euros, with all businesses growing except Retail, which decreased slightly as higher volumes in South America and Mexico largely offset lower loans in Europe and the US. Customer funds (customer deposits excluding repurchase agreements plus mutual funds) rose 5% year-on-year in constant euros, with deposits growing across all businesses except CIB (lower volumes in Spain and the US), while mutual funds rose double digits.
	u	The benefits from our global scale, margin management and higher customer activity were reflected in year-on-year increases in net interest income (+12% in euros, +11% in constant euros) and net fee income (+6% both in euros and constant euros), resulting in total income growth of 10% in euros (+9% in constant euros).
	u	Structural changes towards a simpler and more integrated model through ONE Transformation are contributing to efficiency gains and profitable growth. The efficiency ratio improved 2.6 pp compared to H1 2023 to 41.6%, driven mainly by Retail and Consumer.
	u	Credit quality remains robust, driven by the strong macroeconomic environment and employment across our footprint. The NPL ratio was 3.02%, improving 5 bps year-on-year. Total loan-loss reserves reached EUR 23,323 million, resulting in a total coverage ratio of 66%.
	u	The Group's cost of risk stood at 1.21% (1.18% in December 2023 and 1.08% in June 2023), in line with our expectations. Retail and Consumer accounted for 85% of Group's net loan-loss provisions. In Retail, the cost of risk remained under control at 1.03%. In Consumer, CoR continued to normalize (to 2.17%) and remained at controlled levels and in line with expectations.
	u	As at end June 2024, the fully-loaded CET1 ratio stood at 12.5%. In the quarter, we generated 52 bps organically, including a 7 bp positive contribution from RWAs, as RWA growth was more than offset by significant risk transfer and asset rotation initiatives. We also recorded a 25 bp charge for shareholder remuneration against profit earned in Q2 2024 in line with our 50% payout target1. Additionally, we recorded charges of -7 bps relating to deductions, mainly intangible assets and held to collect and sell portfolio valuations. There were no significant regulatory charges in the quarter.

1.In line with the current shareholder remuneration policy of approximately 50% of the Group's reported profit (excluding non-cash, non-capital ratios impact items), divided approximately equally between cash dividends and share repurchases. Execution of the shareholder remuneration policy is subject to future corporate and regulatory decisions and approvals.

January - June 2024 7

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
	Highlights of the period

Think Value

	u	The AGM approved a cash dividend of EUR 9.50 cents per share that was paid in May. Including the cash dividend per share paid in November 2023 (EUR 8.10 cents), the total cash dividend per share paid against 2023 results was EUR 17.60 cents, around 50% more than the dividends per share paid against 2022 results.
	u	In addition to this payment, there were two share buyback programmes which have been completed for a total of EUR 2,769 million. Including purchases made under such buyback programmes, the Group has repurchased c.11% of its outstanding shares since we began our buybacks in 2021.
	u	Total shareholder remuneration against 2023 results totalled EUR 5,552 million, 45% higher than the remuneration against 2022 results, distributed approximately equally between cash dividends and share buybacks.
	u	As at end June 2024, TNAV per share was EUR 4.94. Including both cash dividends charged against 2023 results, the TNAV per share + cash dividend per share increased 12% year-on-year.

Think Customer

	u	Our efforts to simplify and improve our product offering and quality of service were reflected in a more than 4 million year-on-year increase in total customers to 168 million, while active customers reached 101 million, up almost 2 million year-on-year.
	u	Transaction volumes per active customer rose 9% year-on-year in H1 2024.
	u	We continue to deliver great customer experience and improve our service quality, ranking in the top 3 in NPS1 in seven of our markets.

Think Global

	Contribution to Group revenue2		Year-on-year changes in constant euros
		u	In Retail, attributable profit was EUR 3,326 million (+35%) driven by double-digit growth in total income and the good performance in costs (due to our transformation efforts) and provisions.
		u	Efficiency improved 4.8 pp to 39.5%, cost of risk remained controlled (1.03%) and RoTE increased to 17.4% (18.1% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy).
		u	In Consumer, net operating income increased 12%, supported by total income growth (+7%) and good cost management, reaching an attributable profit of EUR 1,070 million, (+4%) despite higher LLPs (CHF mortgages, cost of risk normalization, higher volumes and some regulatory impacts).
		u	Efficiency stood at 40.6%, improving 2.7 pp, cost of risk was 2.17% and RoTE stood at 12.8% (13.0% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy).
		u	In CIB, revenue continued to grow, reaching record figures for H1 2024. However, attributable profit (EUR 1,405 million), declined 5%, impacted by costs relating to our transformation investments and lower gains on financial transactions in Brazil.
		u	The efficiency ratio was 43.4%, remaining one the best in the sector. RoTE was 19.0% (19.1% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy).
		u	In Wealth, attributable profit amounted to EUR 818 million (+14%) driven by higher activity and margin management, boosted especially by Private Banking.
		u	Efficiency improved 2.3 pp to 34.4% and RoTE was 79.3% (80.4% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy).
		u	In Payments, attributable profit reached EUR 49 million, impacted by write-downs in PagoNxt related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America. Excluding it, profit would be 30% higher than in H1 2023, due to revenue growth and lower LLPs.
		u	Cost of risk slightly improved 8 bps to 7.03%. In PagoNxt, EBITDA margin was 20.1% (+8.9 pp year-on-year).

1.Net Promoter Score, internal benchmark of individual customers' satisfaction audited by Stiga/Deloitte in H1 2024.

2.As % of total operating areas, excluding the Corporate Centre.

8 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
	Statutory income statement

Grupo Santander results

Grupo Santander. Summarized income statement
EUR million
			Change			Change
	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	H1'23	%
Net interest income	11,474	11,983	(4.2)	23,457	20,920	12.1
Net fee income1	3,237	3,240	(0.1)	6,477	6,103	6.1
Gains or losses on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences2	334	623	(46.4)	957	1,302	(26.5)
Dividend income	400	93	330.1	493	382	29.1
Share of results of entities accounted for using the equity method	180	123	46.3	303	296	2.4
Other operating income/expenses3 (net)	45	(1,017)	—	(972)	(993)	(2.1)
Total income	15,670	15,045	4.2	30,715	28,010	9.7
Operating expenses	(6,366)	(6,547)	(2.8)	(12,913)	(12,479)	3.5
Administrative expenses	(5,538)	(5,719)	(3.2)	(11,257)	(10,873)	3.5
Staff costs	(3,467)	(3,594)	(3.5)	(7,061)	(6,603)	6.9
Other general administrative expenses	(2,071)	(2,125)	(2.5)	(4,196)	(4,270)	(1.7)
Depreciation and amortization	(828)	(828)	0.0	(1,656)	(1,606)	3.1
Provisions or reversal of provisions	(1,129)	(633)	78.4	(1,762)	(1,330)	32.5
Impairment or reversal of impairment of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss (net)	(3,443)	(3,134)	9.9	(6,577)	(6,237)	5.5
Impairment on other assets (net)	(161)	(129)	24.8	(290)	(92)	215.2
Gains or losses on non-financial assets and investments, net	364	2	—	366	277	32.1
Negative goodwill recognized in results	—	—	—	—	—	—
Gains or losses on non-current assets held for sale not classified as discontinued operations	(10)	(21)	(52.4)	(31)	(59)	(47.5)
Profit or loss before tax from continuing operations	4,925	4,583	7.5	9,508	8,090	17.5
Tax expense or income from continuing operations	(1,448)	(1,468)	(1.4)	(2,916)	(2,281)	27.8
Profit from the period from continuing operations	3,477	3,115	11.6	6,592	5,809	13.5
Profit or loss after tax from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Profit for the period	3,477	3,115	11.6	6,592	5,809	13.5
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests	(270)	(263)	2.7	(533)	(568)	(6.2)
Profit attributable to the parent	3,207	2,852	12.4	6,059	5,241	15.6
EPS (euros)	0.20	0.17	15.4	0.37	0.31	19.2
Diluted EPS (euros)	0.20	0.17	15.4	0.37	0.31	19.2
Memorandum items:
Average total assets	1,780,522	1,804,334	(1.3)	1,792,428	1,754,207	2.2
Average stockholders' equity	95,994	96,308	(0.3)	96,151	91,368	5.2

Note: the summarized income statement groups some lines of the consolidated statutory income statement on page 90 as follows:

1.‘Commission income’ and ‘Commission expense’.

2.‘Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net’; ‘Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net’; ‘Gains or losses on non-trading financial assets and liabilities mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss’; ‘Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, net’; ‘Gain or losses from hedge accounting, net’; and ‘Exchange differences, net’.

3.‘Other operating income’; ‘Other operating expenses’; ’Income from insurance and reinsurance contracts’; and ‘Expenses from insurance and reinsurance contracts’.

January - June 2024 9

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	Statutory income statement

Statutory income statement

Results performance compared to H1 2023

In Q2 2024, profit attributable to the parent totalled EUR 3,207 million, reaching a new quarterly record, despite incorporating charges of EUR 452 million net of tax and minority interests: EUR 209 million related to higher provisions for our CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland (in Retail and Consumer), which brings the current ratio of these on-balance sheet assets to provisions to 100%; and EUR 243 million from write-downs in PagoNxt related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany (to focus on our core markets) and Superdigital in Latin America (in line with our strategy to promote the use of our common platforms across the Group to maximize operational leverage and provide the best service, while increasing access to banking services in the mass segment).

Additionally, from Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used for the Argentine peso. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report.

Profit attributable to the parent amounted to EUR 6,059 million in H1 2024, compared to EUR 5,241 million in the same period in 2023, 16% higher year-on-year. This increase is due to the good performance of total income, which grew at a much faster pace than operating expenses, and with provisions growing in line with expectations, driven by the normalization in our Consumer business. SRF contributions ended in 2023 and therefore there is no contribution in 2024.

Total income

Total income amounted to EUR 30,715 million, up 10% year-on-year. By line:

•Net interest income (NII) totalled EUR 23,457 million, 12% higher than in H1 2023 with widespread growth across businesses and regions.

Growth was driven by Retail in Europe, due to good price management, and greater volumes and good margin management in Retail in Brazil and Consumer, benefitting from a lower interest rate environment given the negative sensitivity of its balance sheet. NII was also backed by increased activity in CIB, Wealth and Payments.

Net interest income

EUR million

•Net fee income amounted to EUR 6,477 million, up 6% compared to H1 2023, with solid performance across all our businesses, except Payments which was impacted by a one-time positive fee recorded in Q1 2023.

Net fee income

EUR million

•Gains or losses on financial assets and liabilities and exchange differences declined to EUR 957 million (EUR 1,302 million in H1 2023) affected by lower results in CIB, mainly in Brazil in a weak market.

•Dividend income was EUR 493 million (EUR 382 million in H1 2023).

•Income from companies accounted for by the equity method reached EUR 303 million, compared to EUR 296 million in H1 2023.

•Other operating income recorded a loss of EUR 972 million (compared to a EUR 993 million loss in H1 2023), owing to the negative impact from hyperinflation adjustment in Argentina (EUR 687 million), and the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain (EUR 335 million in Q1 2024 and EUR 224 million in Q1 2023). As mentioned above, no contributions to the SRF were charged in 2024 (EUR 293 million in Q2 2023).

Total income

EUR million

All in all, good performance of total income, supported by year-on-year growth across all our businesses and regions.

10 January - June 2024

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	Statutory income statement

Operating expenses

Operating expenses in H1 2024 amounted to EUR 12,913 million, and rose 3% year-on-year (at a much slower pace than total income), mainly due to the impact of inflation.

Our cost management continued to focus on structurally improving our efficiency and, as a result, we remained among the most efficient banks in the world.

We continued to drive our business transformation plan, ONE Transformation, across our footprint, reflected in greater operational leverage and better business dynamics.

Operating expenses

EUR million

Provisions or reversal of provisions

Provisions (net of provisions reversals) amounted to EUR 1,762 million and included a write-down in PagoNxt related to the discontinuation of our Superdigital platform in Latin America. In H1 2023, this provisions totalled EUR 1,330 million.

Impairment or reversal of impairment of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss (net)

Impairment or reversal of impairment on financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss (net) was EUR 6,577 million (EUR 6,237 million in H1 2023), driven by volumes growth, normalization and regulatory impacts in Consumer. It also includes provisions for our CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland, both in H1 2024 and H1 2023.

Credit quality indicators remained robust, supported by the good performance of the global economy and labour markets across our footprint.

Impairment on other assets (net)

The impairment on other assets (net) was EUR 290 million, including the write-down in PagoNxt related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany. In H1 2023, impairments totalled EUR 92 million.

Gains or losses on non-financial assets and investments (net)

Net gains on non-financial assets and investments were EUR 366 million in H1 2024, including a EUR 352 million capital gain resulting from having closed the joint-venture agreement with Sodexo in Brazil. In H1 2023 net gains were EUR 277 million .

Negative goodwill recognized in results

There was no negative goodwill recorded in H1 2024 or in H1 2023.

Gains or losses on non-current assets held for sale not classified as discontinued operations

This item, which mainly includes impairment of foreclosed assets recorded and the sale of properties acquired upon foreclosure, recorded a EUR 31 million loss in H1 2024 (EUR 59 million loss in H1 2023).

Profit before tax

Profit before tax was EUR 9,508 million in H1 2024, up 18% year-on-year, supported by the solid performance in net interest income and net fee income.

Income tax

Total income tax amounted to EUR 2,916 million compared to EUR 2,281 million in H1 2023.

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to EUR 533 million (EUR 568 million in H1 2023).

Profit attributable to the parent

Profit attributable to the parent rose to EUR 6,059 million in H1 2024, compared to EUR 5,241 million in the same period in 2023, 16% higher year-on-year.

These results do not fully reflect the underlying business performance due to the impact of the aforementioned charges.

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	Underlying income statement

Underlying income statement

→ Record profit in the quarter and first half of the year, with solid revenue growth in all our global businesses and regions. → Efficiency improvement and profitable growth, supported by the operational leverage resulting from ONE Transformation. → Risk indicators were robust, due to good risk management, the economic environment and low unemployment. → Positive 2024 results enabled us to improve our targets for the year in revenue, efficiency and profitability.
Attributable profit		RoTE	RoRWA
EUR 6,059 million	+16% in euros	15.9%	2.07%
	+15% in constant euros	+1.4 pp	+0.2 pp
Note: changes vs. H1 2023.

Results performance compared to H1 2023

The Group presents, both at the total Group level and for each of the business units, the changes in euros registered in the income statement, as well as variations excluding the exchange rate effect (i.e. in constant euros) except for Argentina and any grouping which includes it, understanding that the latter provide a better analysis of the Group’s management. Additionally, from Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used for the Argentine peso. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report.

At the Group level, exchange rates had a positive impact of 0.7 pp in revenue and a negative impact of 0.5 pp in costs.

To better understand the business trends, we reclassified certain items under some headings of the underlying income statement. These items explain the differences between the statutory and underlying income statements and are:

•In H1 2024:

–The impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain totalling EUR 335 million in Q1 2024, which was moved from total income to other gains (losses) and provisions.

–Provisions which strengthen the balance sheet in Brazil of EUR 352 million in Q2 2024 (EUR 174 million net of tax and minority interests).

•In H1 2023:

–The impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain totalling EUR 224 million in Q1 2023, which was moved from total income to other gains (losses) and provisions.

–Provisions which strengthen the balance sheet in Brazil of EUR 235 million, net of tax and minority interests in Q1 2023.

For more details, see the 'Alternative Performance Measures' section in the appendix of this report.

As profit was not affected by results that fell outside the ordinary course of our business, no amount was recorded in the net capital gains and provisions line in H1 2024 or in H1 2023 and so both profit attributable to the parent and underlying profit were the same; EUR 6,059 million in H1 2024 and EUR 5,241 million in H1 2023. This represents a 16% year-on-year increase, a 15% rise in constant euros.

This year-on-year comparison is impacted by a higher charge of the temporary levy and by the EUR 243 million net of tax and minority interests from the write-downs in PagoNxt in Q2 2024 related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America. Additionally, there was no contribution to the SRF in 2024, as contributions ended in 2023.

Summarized underlying income statement
EUR million			Change				Change
	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	H1'23	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	11,474	11,983	(4.2)	(3.5)	23,457	20,920	12.1	11.2
Net fee income	3,237	3,240	(0.1)	0.8	6,477	6,103	6.1	5.8
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	334	623	(46.4)	(46.4)	957	1,302	(26.5)	(25.7)
Other operating income	625	(466)	—	—	159	(91)	—	—
Total income	15,670	15,380	1.9	2.6	31,050	28,234	10.0	9.3
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(6,366)	(6,547)	(2.8)	(2.3)	(12,913)	(12,479)	3.5	3.0
Net operating income	9,304	8,833	5.3	6.3	18,137	15,755	15.1	14.3
Net loan-loss provisions	(3,118)	(3,125)	(0.2)	1.1	(6,243)	(5,771)	8.2	7.6
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(1,261)	(1,125)	12.1	12.8	(2,386)	(1,655)	44.2	42.7
Profit before tax	4,925	4,583	7.5	8.2	9,508	8,329	14.2	13.3
Tax on profit	(1,448)	(1,468)	(1.4)	(0.4)	(2,916)	(2,494)	16.9	15.6
Profit from continuing operations	3,477	3,115	11.6	12.2	6,592	5,835	13.0	12.3
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	3,477	3,115	11.6	12.2	6,592	5,835	13.0	12.3
Non-controlling interests	(270)	(263)	2.7	2.9	(533)	(594)	(10.3)	(9.3)
Net capital gains and provisions	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Profit attributable to the parent	3,207	2,852	12.4	13.1	6,059	5,241	15.6	14.7
Underlying profit attributable to the parent 2	3,207	2,852	12.4	13.1	6,059	5,241	15.6	14.7

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excludes net capital gains and provisions.

12 January - June 2024

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	Underlying income statement

Total income amounted to EUR 31,050 million, a new record, up 10% year-on-year. In constant euros, total income rose 9% year-on-year, as follows:

•Net interest income (NII) was 11% higher than H1 2023 with growth across businesses and regions:

–Strong growth in Retail, (+12%) with increases in all regions, especially in Europe, driven by good liability margin management, and in South America which benefitted from higher volumes and lower deposit costs in Brazil and Chile following interest rate cuts.

–In Consumer, NII rose 7% supported by our active asset repricing actions and volumes growth in Europe, and higher volumes and lower interest rates in Brazil (favouring consumption).

–CIB increased strongly (+22%), backed by solid performance in Global Banking.

–In Wealth, NII rose 13%, driven by good margin management and increased activity in Private Banking in a favourable macroeconomic environment.

–In Payments, NII rose 10% driven by the solid performance in Cards, which is the main NII business in Payments, driven by higher volumes in Mexico and Brazil.

Net interest income
EUR million
	constant euros

•Net fee income grew 6% compared with H1 2023, reaching a new record of EUR 6,477 million with widespread growth across all businesses except Payments, whose year-on-year comparison was impacted by a one-time positive fee from commercial agreements in Brazil in Q1 2023. By business:

–In Retail, net fee income increased 3%, supported by growth across most countries, especially in Brazil, mainly due to insurance and foreign exchange fees.

–In Consumer, net fee income rose 27%, driven by growth in Europe due to increased insurance penetration (particularly in Germany), in Brazil boosted by volumes growth, and in the US in part due to auto fees.

–In CIB, it increased 12%, driven by greater activity in Global Banking, backed by our US Banking Build-Out (BBO) initiatives.

–In Wealth, net fee income rose 15%, mainly due to the good commercial activity in Private Banking and Asset Management.

–In Payments, it declined 7% affected by the impact of the aforementioned one-time positive fee in Q1 2023 in Cards,

while net fee income rose in PagoNxt due to the good performance in Ebury and the increase in Getnet in Chile, Mexico and Europe.

Net fee income
EUR million
	constant euros

•Gains on financial transactions declined 26% driven by CIB (lower gains in Global Markets down from a very strong H1 2023, especially by Brazil in a weak market, partially offset by higher results in Retail.

•Other operating income included a greater negative impact from hyperinflation adjustment in Argentina. In 2024, there is no contribution to the SRF, as contributions ended in 2023.

This positive performance in revenue during H1 2024, enabled us to improve growth expectations for the whole year and upgrade our total income target from mid-single digit growth to high-single digits.

Total income
EUR million
	constant euros

•Administrative expenses and amortizations in H1 2024 totalled EUR 12,913 million, up 3% year-on-year. In real terms, excluding the impact of the average inflation, and in constant euros, they were 1% lower year-on-year.

Our cost management continued to focus on structurally improving our efficiency. As a result, we remained among the most efficient banks in the world with an efficiency of 41.6%, having improved 2.6 pp vs. H1 2023 and better than our target for 2024. This is why we have upgraded our efficiency ratio target from under 43% to close to 42%.

We continued to progress with our business transformation plan, ONE Transformation, reflected in greater operational leverage and better business dynamics. By business and in constant euros:

January - June 2024 13

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	Underlying income statement

–In Retail, costs remained flat, but were down 4% in real terms (i.e excluding inflation), driven by the efforts in transformation (mainly in Spain and the US) and the lower costs in Argentina. The efficiency ratio stood at 39.5%, improving 4.8 pp year-on-year.

–In Consumer, costs were stable year-on-year, in real terms they fell 3% driven by cost discipline in the US, absorbing strategic investments in platforms in leasing (launched in two European markets) and check-out lending. This resulted in a 2.7 pp improvement in the efficiency ratio year-on-year, falling to 40.6%.

–In CIB, they increased by 20%, +16% in real terms, due to our investments in new products and capabilities, as we invest for future growth. The efficiency ratio stood at 43.4%.

–In Wealth, costs rose 5% mainly due to inflation. In real terms, they increased 2% due to investments in key initiatives such as reinforcing our Private Banking teams to respond to higher commercial activity. The efficiency ratio improved 2.3 pp year-on-year to 34.4%.

–In Payments, they were 4% up impacted by inflationary pressures, as they were flat in real terms despite investments in global platforms in both PagoNxt and Cards. The efficiency ratio remained relatively stable year-on-year at 46.9%.

Operating expenses
EUR million
	constant euros

Net operating income in H1 2024 grew 15% year-on-year (14% in constant euros), reaching a new record of EUR 18,137 million.

Net operating income
EUR million
	constant euros

•Net loan-loss provisions in H1 2024 amounted to EUR 6,243 million, up 8%. In constant euros, they also increased 8%, as the good performance in Retail, due to lower levels of provisions in Europe, partially offset the expected increase in Consumer, driven by the normalization of the cost of risk from very low levels, volumes growth and regulatory impacts.

Additionally, we increased the coverage of the CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland. The cost of risk stood at 1.21%, in line with the Group’s target for 2024.

Net loan-loss provisions
EUR million
	constant euros

•Other gains (losses) and provisions had a loss of EUR 2,386 million, versus a EUR 1,655 million loss in H1 2023, mainly affected by write-downs in PagoNxt related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America, as well as by the higher impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain.

•Profit attributable to the parent in H1 2024 was EUR 6,059 million, 16% more than in the same period in 2023 (+15% in constant euros), supported by double-digit net operating income growth, as total income greatly outpaced cost growth.

Profit attributable to the parent
EUR million
	constant euros

RoTE in H1 2024 stood at 15.9% (14.5% in H1 2023), RoRWA at 2.07% (1.88% in H1 2023) and earnings per share stood at EUR 0.37 (EUR 0.31 in H1 2023). Annualizing the impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain, RoTE in H1 2024 would have been 16.3%. Positive H1 2024 results enabled us to improve our profitability target for the year, from a 16% RoTE to more than 16%.

14 January - June 2024

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	Underlying income statement

Underlying results performance compared to Q1 2024

Underlying profit attributable to the parent and profit attributable to the parent were the same both in Q2 2024, at EUR 3,207 million, and in Q1 2024, at EUR 2,852 million, as profit was not affected by results outside the ordinary course of our business.

Quarterly variations in the income statement are impacted by the application of the new theoretical exchange rate for the Argentine peso. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report.

Profit increased 12% compared to Q1 2024. In constant euros, it increased 13%, by line:

Total income rose 3% driven by the positive performance of the main lines:

•Net interest income decreased 4%, largely impacted by Argentina. Excluding Argentina, it rose 2% driven by Retail (mainly Brazil and Chile supported by lower cost of deposits and greater volumes) and the increased activity in CIB.

•Net fee income grew 1% quarter-on-quarter. Excluding Argentina, they rose 3%, backed by the good performances in Retail, Consumer and Payments.

•Gains on financial transactions fell 46% (-42% excluding Argentina), due to the performance in CIB, mainly in Brazil, partially offset by higher results in Retail and the Corporate Centre.

•Operating expenses in Q2 2024 fell 2% quarter-on-quarter. Excluding Argentina, they were flat as cost efficiencies captured in Retail were offset by our investments in CIB.

•Net loan-loss provisions were practically flat, as the significant declines in Consumer in the US and Brazil offset the increase in Retail, due to volumes growth, and higher CHF provisions in Poland (Retail and Consumer).

•Other gains (losses) and provisions had a EUR 1,261 million loss in Q2 2024, which includes the write-downs in PagoNxt related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America, compared to a EUR 1,125 million loss recorded in Q1 2024, which was affected by the impact of the temporary tax on revenue earned in Spain.

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	Balance sheet

Grupo Santander balance sheet

Grupo Santander. Condensed balance sheet
EUR million
			Change
Assets	Jun-24	Jun-23	Absolute	%	Dec-23
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits	156,234	207,546	(51,312)	(24.7)	220,342
Financial assets held for trading	206,874	183,834	23,040	12.5	176,921
Debt securities	71,523	55,823	15,700	28.1	62,124
Equity instruments	16,764	13,349	3,415	25.6	15,057
Loans and advances to customers	19,899	11,051	8,848	80.1	11,634
Loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions	39,760	35,998	3,762	10.5	31,778
Derivatives	58,928	67,613	(8,685)	(12.8)	56,328
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss1	15,335	15,441	(106)	(0.7)	15,683
Loans and advances to customers	6,601	6,782	(181)	(2.7)	7,201
Loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions	444	627	(183)	(29.2)	459
Other (debt securities an equity instruments)	8,290	8,032	258	3.2	8,023
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	82,270	86,756	(4,486)	(5.2)	83,308
Debt securities	71,160	76,010	(4,850)	(6.4)	73,565
Equity instruments	1,842	1,729	113	6.5	1,761
Loans and advances to customers	8,933	8,714	219	2.5	7,669
Loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions	335	303	32	10.6	313
Financial assets measured at amortized cost	1,217,341	1,180,302	37,039	3.1	1,191,403
Debt securities	114,347	91,559	22,788	24.9	103,559
Loans and advances to customers	1,030,163	1,018,497	11,666	1.1	1,009,845
Loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions	72,831	70,246	2,585	3.7	77,999
Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates	8,235	7,679	556	7.2	7,646
Tangible assets	33,709	34,159	(450)	(1.3)	33,882
Intangible assets	19,359	19,528	(169)	(0.9)	19,871
Goodwill	13,668	14,126	(458)	(3.2)	14,017
Other intangible assets	5,691	5,402	289	5.3	5,854
Other assets2	46,904	45,248	1,656	3.7	48,006
Total assets	1,786,261	1,780,493	5,768	0.3	1,797,062
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Financial liabilities held for trading	133,856	134,888	(1,032)	(0.8)	122,270
Customer deposits	23,729	19,921	3,808	19.1	19,837
Debt securities issued	—	—	—	—	—
Deposits by central banks and credit institutions	28,213	30,356	(2,143)	(7.1)	25,670
Derivatives	52,261	62,259	(9,998)	(16.1)	50,589
Other	29,653	22,352	7,301	32.7	26,174
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	34,493	36,220	(1,727)	(4.8)	40,367
Customer deposits	24,809	27,297	(2,488)	(9.1)	32,052
Debt securities issued	6,726	5,684	1,042	18.3	5,371
Deposits by central banks and credit institutions	2,942	3,239	(297)	(9.2)	2,944
Other	16	—	16	—	—
Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost	1,454,896	1,446,882	8,014	0.6	1,468,703
Customer deposits	989,108	966,560	22,548	2.3	995,280
Debt securities issued	305,136	285,869	19,267	6.7	303,208
Deposits by central banks and credit institutions	117,752	149,348	(31,596)	(21.2)	130,028
Other	42,900	45,105	(2,205)	(4.9)	40,187
Liabilities under insurance contracts	17,592	17,584	8	0.0	17,799
Provisions	8,401	8,389	12	0.1	8,441
Other liabilities3	33,375	34,486	(1,111)	(3.2)	35,241
Total liabilities	1,682,613	1,678,449	4,164	0.2	1,692,821
Shareholders' equity	132,836	127,258	5,578	4.4	130,443
Capital stock	7,747	8,092	(345)	(4.3)	8,092
Reserves (including treasury stock)4	119,030	113,925	5,105	4.5	112,573
Profit attributable to the Group	6,059	5,241	818	15.6	11,076
Less: dividends	—	—	—	—	(1,298)
Other comprehensive income	(36,963)	(33,789)	(3,174)	9.4	(35,020)
Minority interests	7,775	8,575	(800)	(9.3)	8,818
Total equity	103,648	102,044	1,604	1.6	104,241
Total liabilities and equity	1,786,261	1,780,493	5,768	0.3	1,797,062

Note: The condensed balance sheet groups some lines of the consolidated balance sheet on pages 88 and 89 as follows:

1.'Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss' and 'Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss'.

2.‘Hedging derivatives’; ‘Changes in the fair value of hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest risk’; 'Assets under reinsurance contracts'; ‘Tax assets’; ‘Other assets’; and 'Non-current assets held for sale’.

3.‘Hedging derivatives’; ‘Changes in the fair value of hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk’; ‘Tax liabilities’; ‘Other liabilities’; and ‘Liabilities associated with non-current assets held for sale‘.

4.‘Share premium’; ‘Equity instruments issued other than capital’; ‘Other equity’; ‘Accumulated retained earnings’; ‘Revaluation reserves’; ‘Other reserves’; and ‘Own shares (-)’.

16 January - June 2024

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	Balance sheet

Balance sheet

Gross loans and advances to customers (excl. reverse repos)			Customer funds (deposits excl. repos + mutual funds)
Lending volumes rose 2% year-on-year. Quarter-on-quarter, lending volumes also increased 2%, with growth across most businesses and regions.			Customer funds grew year-on-year and remained flat quarter-on-quarter, as the decline in corporate deposits was offset by higher mutual funds.
Gross loans and advances to customers (excl. reverse repos)			Customer funds (deposits excl. repos + mutual funds)
1,027		+2% QoQ	1,171		0% QoQ
EUR billion		+2% YoY	EUR billion		+5% YoY
è By segment:			è By product:
Solid growth year-on-year in our Consumer and CIB businesses, with a slight decrease in Retail.			Year-on-year growth in time deposits and mutual funds at the expense of demand deposits.
Retail	Consumer	CIB	Demand	Time	Mutual funds
-1%	+6%	+7%	-1%	+12%	+17%
Note: changes in constant euros.

Loans and advances to customers

Loans and advances to customers stood at EUR 1,065,596 million as at end June 2024, a 2% increase both year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter.

For the purpose of analysing traditional banking loans, the Group uses gross loans and advances to customers excluding reverse repos (EUR 1,027,346 million). Additionally, the comments below do not include the exchange rate impact (i.e in constant euros), except for Argentina and any grouping which includes it. From Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used for the Argentine peso. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report. However, the use of this new exchange rate did not significantly impact quarter-on-quarter balance variations given the small size of Argentina’s balance sheet relative to the total Group.

In Q2 2024, gross loans and advances to customers, excluding reverse repos, rose 2% quarter-on-quarter in constant euros, as follows:

•They increased 1% in Retail, driven by growth in corporates, as individuals and SMEs were stable. By region, they increased in South America (mainly in Brazil), North America (mainly Mexico) and were flat in Europe (good performance in Spain and Poland offset the fall in the UK).

•In Consumer, loans grew 3%, driven by the increases in auto in Europe, the US and Brazil.

Gross loans and advances to customers (excl. reverse repos)

EUR billion

+1	%	1
Jun-24 / Jun-23

1. In constant euros: +2%.

•In CIB, loans grew 5%, with increases in all regions, especially in Spain driven by higher activity levels.

•They increased 1% in Wealth and declined 1% in Payments.

Compared to June 2023, gross loans and advances to customers (excluding reverse repos and in constant euros) grew 2%, as follows:

•In Retail, they dropped 1%, as falls in the UK (in line with our strategy of increasing profitability) and Spain (affected by mortgage prepayments and lower SME lending) was partially offset by growth in Brazil, Poland, Mexico and Chile.

•They rose 6% in Consumer, boosted by the good performance in auto in Europe and Brazil.

•In CIB, they grew 7% boosted by solid growth in the US, on the back of our US BBO initiatives.

•They increased 3% in Wealth and 4% in Payments.

As at end June 2024, gross loans and advances to customers excluding reverse repos maintained a diversified mix among the markets in which the Group operates: Europe (55%), DCB Europe (14%), North America (16%) and South America (15%).

Gross loans and advances to customers (excl. reverse repos)

% operating areas. June 2024

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	Balance sheet

Customer funds

Customer deposits amounted to EUR 1,037,646 million in June 2024, falling 1% quarter-on-quarter and growing 2% year-on-year.

The Group uses customer funds (customer deposits excluding repos, plus mutual funds) for the purpose of analysing traditional retail banking funds, which amounted to EUR 1,171,085 million as at end June 2024. Additionally, the comments below do not include the exchange rate impact (i.e in constant euros), except for Argentina and any grouping which includes it. From Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used for the Argentine peso. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report. However, the use of this new exchange rate did not significantly impact quarter-on-quarter balance variations given the small size of Argentina’s balance sheet relative to the total Group.

In the quarter, customer funds were flat in constant euros, as follows:

•By product, customer deposits excluding repos decreased slightly, offset by mutual funds which grew 3%.

•By primary segment, customer funds grew 3% in Consumer, up 1% in Retail and Wealth. On the other hand, they fell 7% in CIB, mainly driven by strategy changes to reduce excess corporate deposits.

Compared to June 2023, customer funds were up 5% in constant euros:

•By product, deposits excluding repurchase agreements rose 2%, driven by an increase in time deposits (+12%) given the current interest rate environment, with time deposit growth in most markets (except in the US and Argentina), to the detriment of demand deposits, which fell 1%. Mutual funds increased 17%.

•By business, they rose 4% in Retail, backed by strong growth in Brazil, Spain, Mexico and Poland, up 14% in Consumer as part of our strategy to increase deposit funding, while they fell 3% in CIB due to lower volumes in Spain and the US, and increased 10% in Wealth, due to mutual funds.

•By secondary segment, strong growth in Brazil, Spain Mexico, Poland and DCB Europe.

As at June 2024, customer funds maintained a diversified mix among the markets in which the Group operates: Europe (62%), DCB Europe (7%), North America (14%) and South America (17%). The weight of demand deposits as a percentage of total customer funds was 56%, while time deposits accounted for 25% of the total and mutual funds for 19%.

Customer funds

EUR billion

+3	%	1a
+13	%
+1	%
•Total
• Mutual funds
•Deposits exc. repos
Jun-24 / Jun-23

1. In constant euros: +5%.

In addition to capturing customer deposits, the Group, for strategic reasons, maintains a selective policy of issuing securities in the international fixed income markets and strives to adapt the frequency and volume of its market operations to the structural liquidity needs of each unit, as well as to the receptiveness of each market.

In H1 2024, the Group issued:

•Medium- and long-term senior debt placed in the market of EUR 12,053 million and covered bonds amounting to EUR 6,272 million.

•TLAC eligible instruments issued amounted to EUR 11,998 million, of which EUR 8,092 million was senior non-preferred, EUR 2,406 million was subordinated debt and EUR 1,500 million was AT1.

•Maturities of medium- and long-term debt totalled EUR 25,682 million.

The net loan-to-deposit ratio was 103% (103% in June 2023). The ratio of deposits plus medium- and long-term funding to the Group’s loans was 123%, underscoring the comfortable funding structure. The liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) was an estimated 163% in June 2024 (158% in June 2023).

The Group's access to wholesale funding markets and the cost of issuances depends, in part, on the ratings of the rating agencies.

Rating agencies
	Long term	Short term	Outlook
Fitch Ratings	A-(Senior A)	F2 (Senior F1)	Stable
Moody's	A2	P-1	Positive
Standard & Poor's	A+	A-1	Stable
DBRS	A (High)	R-1 (Middle)	Stable

Moody's confirmed its A2 long-term and P-1 short-term ratings in April of this year, and also improved its outlook from stable to positive following the same movement in the rating of the Kingdom of Spain, remaining two notches above sovereign. In April, Standard & Poor's (S&P) rated our additional tier 1 debt as BBB- (investment grade), a new rating for this instrument.

In terms of outlooks, DBRS and Fitch maintained their stable outlooks, above the sovereign's, while S&P also maintained its outlook but in line with the sovereign.

Sometimes the methodology applied by the agencies limits a bank's rating to the sovereign rating of the country where it is headquartered. Banco Santander, S.A. is still rated above the sovereign debt rating of the Kingdom of Spain by Moody’s, DBRS and S&P and at the same level by Fitch, which demonstrates our financial strength and diversification.

Customer funds

% operating areas. June 2024

18 January - June 2024

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	Solvency ratios

Solvency ratios

Executive summary

Fully-loaded capital ratio	Fully-loaded CET1 ratio
The fully-loaded CET1 ratio remained above 12% at the end of June, in line with the Group's objective.	We continued to generate capital organically in the quarter, backed by profit growth.
Fully-loaded CET1 performance (%)	Organic generation	+52 bps
	Accrual for shareholder remuneration1	-25 bps
	TNAV per share
	TNAV per share was EUR 4.94, increasing 12% year-on-year including the cash dividends.

As at end June 2024, the total phased-in capital ratio (applying the IFRS 9 transitional arrangements) stood at 16.7% and the phased-in CET1 ratio at 12.5%. We comfortably meet the levels required by the ECB on a consolidated basis (estimated 13.9% for the total capital ratio and 9.6% for the CET1 ratio)2. This resulted in a distance to the maximum distributable amount (MDA) of 245 bps and a CET1 management buffer of 286 bps.

In fully-loaded terms, we generated 52 bps organically in the quarter, including a 7 bp positive contribution from RWAs, as RWA growth was more than offset by significant risk transfer and asset rotation initiatives. We also recorded a 25 bp charge for shareholder remuneration against profit earned in Q2 2024 in line with our 50% payout target1.

Additionally, we recorded charges of -7 bps relating to deductions, mainly intangible assets and held to collect and sell portfolio valuations. There were no significant regulatory charges in the quarter.

This resulted in a fully-loaded CET1 ratio of 12.5%. The total fully-loaded capital ratio stood at 16.4%.

TNAV per share ended the quarter at EUR 4.94. Including the cash dividend paid in November 2023 (EUR 8.10 cents) and the second cash dividend charged against 2023 results (EUR 9.50 cents) paid in May, TNAV plus cash dividend per share increased 12% in the last twelve months (+2% in the quarter).

Lastly, the fully-loaded leverage ratio stood at 4.74% and the phased-in was also 4.74%.

Eligible capital. June 2024
EUR million
	Fully-loaded	Phased-in
CET1	77,848	77,975
Basic capital	86,681	86,809
Eligible capital	102,419	104,420
Risk-weighted assets	625,017	624,831
	%	%
CET1 capital ratio	12.5	12.5
Tier 1 capital ratio	13.9	13.9
Total capital ratio	16.4	16.7

Fully-loaded CET1 ratio performance

%

Note: The phased-in ratio includes the transitory treatment of IFRS 9, calculated in accordance with article 473 bis of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR2) and subsequent modifications introduced by Regulation 2020/873 of the European Union. Total phased-in capital ratios include the transitory treatment according to chapter 4, title 1, part 10 of the CRR2.

1.Shareholder remuneration charged against profit earned in Q2 2024 in line with our target of approximately 50% payout, divided approximately equally between cash dividends and share repurchases. The implementation of the shareholder remuneration policy is subject to future corporate and regulatory decisions and approvals.

2.On 1 January 2024, our systemic buffer requirement increased from 1% to 1.25% due to a higher D-SIB requirement due to i) a methodological change by the ECB which was later adopted by Banco de España and ii) because institutions must hold capital at the consolidated level for the higher of the G-SIB (currently at 1%) and D-SIB requirements. Additionally, the ECB revised Banco Santander, S.A.'s P2R requirement from 1.58% to 1.74%, mainly due to a change in the ECB's methodology.

January - June 2024 19

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	Risk management

Risk management

Executive summary

Credit risk			Market risk
Credit quality indicators remain within expected levels due to proactive risk management, despite the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment.			Stability in our risk profile. VaR remained at moderate levels in an economic environment with persistent inflation and greater geopolitical risk.
Cost of risk	NPL ratio	Coverage ratio	Average VaR
1.21%	3.02%	66%	Q2'24	EUR 16 million	-EUR 1 mn / Q1'24
+1 bps vs. Q1'24	-8 bps vs. Q1'24	0 pp vs. Q1'24
Structural and liquidity risk			Operational risk
Robust and diversified liquidity buffer, with ratios well above regulatory requirements.			The operational risk profile deteriorated slightly in Q2 2024, caused by an increase in execution and cyber risk. Operational losses have increased compared to Q1 2024.
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
163%	+5 pp vs. Q1'24

Credit risk 1

During H1 2024, one of the main factors influencing market behaviour was the uncertainly around the decline of inflation, where the ECB recently cut interest rates slightly while the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England held rates. Other determining factors were the growing geopolitical tensions and the various electoral processes in Europe and Latin America.

Nevertheless, in the current soft-landing scenario with a slight slowdown in inflation, economic activity has not been significantly affected, partially due to strong labour markets and fiscal policies that have been supportive of households and businesses.

Our business model, together with our conservative risk management, help us to maintain a medium-low risk profile even in a less favourable macroeconomic and geopolitical environment.

Key risk metrics
	Net loan-loss provisions 2				Cost of risk (%) 3			NPL ratio (%)			NPL coverage ratio (%)
	Q2'24	H1'24	Chg (%) / H1'23	Chg (%) / Q1'24	H1'24	Chg (bps) / H1'23	Chg (bps) / Q1'24	H1'24	Chg (bps) / H1'23	Chg (bps) / Q1'24	H1'24	Chg (pp) / H1'23	Chg (pp) / Q1'24
Retail	1,564	3,087	(1.3)	4.6	1.03	11	0	3.15	(7)	(9)	60.4	(2.8)	0.3
Consumer	1,055	2,193	21.4	(7.0)	2.17	31	4	4.81	63	(5)	75.9	(12.0)	(0.2)
CIB	56	96	—	39.4	0.15	(4)	1	1.05	(33)	(9)	45.0	8.2	(1.3)
Wealth	10	14	—	147.9	0.05	6	11	0.77	(5)	14	64.6	11.4	3.0
Payments	434	852	(2.8)	6.0	7.03	(8)	14	5.00	(13)	15	149.5	7.4	4.6
TOTAL GROUP	3,118	6,243	7.6	1.1	1.21	13	1	3.02	(5)	(8)	66.5	(1.9)	0.4
Europe	532	1,017	(22.7)	9.6	0.39	(3)	(2)	2.25	(11)	(7)	49.1	(1.9)	0.0
DCB Europe	308	584	39.5	12.0	0.72	17	5	2.31	28	5	85.4	(9.0)	(0.7)
North America	908	1,893	21.2	(8.1)	2.23	54	9	3.93	70	(14)	74.3	(15.7)	0.1
South America	1,370	2,748	9.5	2.7	3.50	18	5	5.30	(58)	(7)	81.5	3.7	1.2
TOTAL GROUP	3,118	6,243	7.6	1.1	1.21	13	1	3.02	(5)	(8)	66.5	(1.9)	0.4

1.Changes in constant euros.

2.EUR million and % change in constant euros.

3.Provisions to cover losses due to impairment of loans in the last 12 months / average customer loans and advances of the last 12 months.

For more detailed information, please see the 'Alternative Performance Measures' section.

20 January - June 2024

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	Risk management

In terms of credit quality:

•The NPL ratio stood at 3.02% (-8 bps compared to Q1 2024), mainly driven by higher gross credit risk with customers (total risk), that increased 2% quarter-on-quarter, reaching EUR 1,164 billion, while credit impaired loans remained stable in the quarter at EUR 35,091 million, due to the good performance in Retail.

•Net loan-loss provisions rose 8% year-on-year in H1 2024 to EUR 6,243 million, due to the expected normalization in Consumer and increases in Retail in Mexico and Brazil, partially offset by lower levels of provisions in the European Retail portfolio.

In the quarter, provisions slightly increased (+1%), as lower provisions in the Consumer portfolio in the US offset higher provisions in CHF mortgage portfolio.

The cost of risk was 1.21%, remaining in line with our target for the year, in a context of a slight increase in credit risk exposure in the last 12 months.

•The total coverage ratio for credit impaired loans remained flat in the quarter at 66%, with loan-loss allowances of EUR 23,323 million. The coverage ratio remained at comfortable levels considering that 68% of the Group’s portfolio backed by quality collateral.

The IFRS 9 stage distribution of the portfolio was largely unchanged in the quarter in percentage terms. Stage 2 balances increased slightly due to changes in the classification criteria, improving our early risk detection systems. It does not significantly affect the total loan-loss provisions.

Coverage ratio by stage
EUR billion
	Exposure1			Coverage
	Jun-24	Mar-24	Jun-23	Jun-24		Mar-24		Jun-23
Stage 1	1,008	1,007	1,011	0.4	%	0.4	%	0.4	%
Stage 2	94	83	75	5.6	%	6.3	%	7.2	%
Stage 3	35	36	35	41.2	%	40.5	%	41.0	%

1. Exposure subject to impairment. Additionally, in June 2024 there were EUR 26 billion in loans and advances to customers not subject to impairment recorded at mark to market with changes through P&L (EUR 19 billion in December 2023 and EUR 18 billion in June 2023).

Stage 1: financial instruments for which no significant increase in credit risk has been identified since its initial recognition.

Stage 2: if there has been a significant increase in credit risk since the date of initial recognition but the impairment event has not materialized, the financial instrument is classified in Stage 2.

Stage 3: a financial instrument is catalogued in this stage when it shows effective signs of impairment as a result of one or more events that have already occurred resulting in a loss.

Credit impaired loans and loan-loss allowances
EUR million
		Change (%)
	Q2'24	QoQ	YoY
Balance at beginning of period	35,637	—	3.5
Net additions	3,296	4.1	4.8
Increase in scope of consolidation	13	—	—
Exchange rate differences and other	(611)	—	—
Write-offs	(3,244)	1.5	6.0
Balance at period-end	35,091	(1.5)	0.4
Loan-loss allowances	23,323	(0.9)	(2.4)
For impaired assets	14,461	0.1	0.9
For other assets	8,862	(2.6)	(7.5)

Our Retail, Consumer, CIB and Payments businesses account for more than 95% of the Group's total portfolio. The performance of the main businesses in Q2 2024 was as follows:

	Retail & Commercial Banking	Credit risk exposure
		56% of total Group

Retail's portfolio mainly comprises high quality mortgage loans, where 90% of loans have an LTV lower than 80%, and a corporate portfolio in which more than 50% have property collateral or other collateral.

The NPL ratio dropped 9 bps in the quarter to 3.15%, driven by the decrease in credit impaired loans, mainly in Europe. On the other hand, gross credit risk with customers (total risk) remained practically flat in the quarter.

Net loan-loss provisions declined 1% year-on-year, mainly due to the positive performance of the European portfolios. Provisions rose 5% quarter-on-quarter, driven by the increases in Brazil and in the CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland.

The cost of risk stood at 1.03%, having increased 11 bps year-on-year and remaining stable in the quarter.

The total coverage ratio of credit impaired loans was stable quarter-on-quarter at 60%. Given the Retail portfolio includes the mortgage portfolios in Spain and the UK, which have high-quality collateral, we consider the coverage is at appropriate levels for the risk of the portfolio.

	Digital Consumer Bank	Credit risk exposure
		18% of total Group

The Consumer portfolio mainly comprises auto loans (representing around 80% of the portfolio) through strategic alliances and our leasing business, as well as personal loans with good credit quality.

The NPL ratio stood at 4.81%, improving 5 bps quarter-on-quarter. Gross credit risk with customers (total risk) growth compensated the slight increase in credit impaired loans, which stood at EUR 10,280 million, 2% up in the quarter.

Net loan-loss provisions increased 21% year-on-year, affected by the continued normalization in Europe and the US (but still below our historical average). In the quarter, they improved 7% due to lower provisions in the US and Brazil.

The cost of risk stood at 2.17%, +31 bps quarter-on-quarter, performing as expected.

The total coverage ratio of credit impaired loans remained stable in the quarter and stood at 76%, a level we are comfortable with, considering more than 80% of the portfolio is auto loans.

January - June 2024 21

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	Risk management

	Corporate & Investment Banking	Credit risk exposure
		21% of total Group

CIB's portfolio consists of high credit quality wholesale customers (more than 85% of which have a rating above investment grade), with a strong advisory component and high value-added solutions.

The NPL ratio decreased 9 bps in the quarter to 1.05%, due to the portfolio increases (+5%), mainly in Spain, Poland and North America (supported by business growth in the CIB franchise in the US).

Net loan-loss provisions stood at EUR 96 million versus EUR 7 million in H1 2023 (net releases in Q1 2023). Compared to Q1 2024, they increased EUR 15 million.

The cost of risk was stable in the quarter at 0.15%.

The total coverage ratio of credit impaired loans declined 1 pp in the quarter to 45%, a level we believe to be adequate considering the credit quality of the portfolio.

	Payments	Credit risk exposure
		2% of total Group

Payments has a portfolio characterized by a high rapid turnover and high returns that offset its level of risk.

The NPL ratio stood at 5.00% (+15 bps vs. Q1 2024), due to the 2% increase in impaired loans in Cards, mainly in Europe and Brazil. Gross credit risk with customers decreased slightly in the quarter due to PagoNxt.

Net loan-loss provisions, which are mainly concentrated in the Cards portfolio, fell 3% year-on-year, but picked up 6% compared to Q1 2024, mainly driven by Brazil and the UK, partially offset by the decrease in Mexico.

The cost of risk rose to 7.03%.

The total coverage ratio of credit impaired assets stood at 149% having increased 5 pp in the quarter, remaining at levels we are comfortable with.

Market risk

Markets continue to be conditioned by central banks' monetary policies as well as by geopolitical tensions. Additionally, the elections in Europe and in Mexico have also affected markets, and led to an increase in volatility in the Mexican peso, depreciating against the US dollar.

Stock markets continue to be supported by the resilience of the global economies, while market interest rates remain volatile, impacted by inflation expectations.

Global corporate banking trading activity is focused on serving the needs of our clients. Their risk is measured in terms of daily VaR at 99% and is mainly driven by possible movements in interest rates.

In Q2 2024, the average VaR reached a value of EUR 16 million (EUR 1 million lower than Q1 2024), remaining stable with some occasional bouts of volatility either due to markets or to a higher exposure mainly to interest rates.

By market risk factor, VaR continued to be driven mostly by interest rate risk. VaR figures remain low compared to the size of the Group's balance sheet and activity.

Trading portfolios.1 VaR by region
EUR million
	2024		2023
Second quarter	Average	Last	Average
Total	16.4	14.9	12.1
Europe	12.2	12.0	9.4
North America	7.7	8.1	3.5
South America	7.9	10.6	8.5

1. Activity performance in Santander Corporate & Investment Banking markets.

Trading portfolios.1 VaR by market factor
EUR million
Second quarter 2024	Min.	Avg.	Max.	Last
VaR total	13.0	16.4	20.2	14.9
Diversification effect	(12.0)	(17.2)	(23.7)	(19.0)
Interest rate VaR	13.6	17.4	22.3	16.4
Equity VaR	2.8	3.8	5.1	5.1
FX VaR	2.8	5.2	7.7	5.2
Credit spreads VaR	3.6	4.3	5.2	4.3
Commodities VaR	2.3	2.9	3.7	2.8

1.Activity performance in Santander Corporate & Investment Banking markets.

Note: in the North America, South America and Asia portfolios, VaR corresponding to the credit spreads factor other than sovereign risk is not relevant and is included in the interest rate factor.

22 January - June 2024

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	Risk management

Trading portfolios1. VaR performance

EUR million

Structural and liquidity risk

Structural exchange rate risk: mainly driven by transactions in foreign currencies relating to permanent financial investments, their results and associated hedges. Our dynamic management of this risk seeks to limit the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on the CET1 ratio. In the quarter, hedging of currencies impacting this ratio remained close to 100%.

Structural interest rate risk: in Q2 2024, market interest rates showed high levels of volatility, conditioned by inflation trends and expectations for the possible monetary policy adjustments by the major central banks. Our structural debt portfolios continued to perform negatively, although our structural interest rate risk remained at comfortable levels during the period.

Liquidity risk: the Group maintained its comfortable liquidity risk position in the quarter, supported by a robust and diversified liquidity buffer, with ratios well above regulatory limits.

Operational risk

Our operational risk profile deteriorated slightly in Q2 2024. In terms of operational risk losses, there was an increase compared to Q1 2024. Legal proceedings and fraud continue to be the main drivers of these losses, which are concentrated in the Group's Retail business.

The Group continuously monitors the evolution of operational risks in general, and technological risk in particular, arising from transformation plans, the services provided by third parties, external fraud and the relevant judicial processes.

Regarding supplier risk and cyber risk, on 14 May 2024, we announced that we became aware of an unauthorized access to a Santander database hosted by a third-party provider. We immediately implemented measures to contain the incident, including blocking the compromised access to the database and establishing additional fraud prevention controls to protect affected customers.

January - June 2024 23

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Group financial information
Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share

Appendix Index

Financial information by segment

Description of segments

As we previously announced, following the creation of two new global segments and in order to align the operating and management model, we adapted our reporting, starting with the financial information for Q1 2024, with global businesses becoming the primary segments.

Main changes to the composition of Santander's segments

The main changes, which apply from 1 January 2024 to the management information for all periods included in the consolidated financial statements, are as follows:

•All of the Group's businesses across all markets were consolidated into five global areas: Retail & Commercial Banking, Digital Consumer Bank, Corporate & Investment Banking, Wealth Management & Insurance and Payments. These became the new primary segments.

•The changes in financial information were:

–The former Retail Banking was split into two new segments: Retail & Commercial Banking and Digital Consumer Bank. Our cards business now forms part of the new Payments segment.

–The results of activities mainly related to financial management located in the countries are fully allocated to their global businesses based on the segment that generates the financial position.

–The local corporate centres are fully allocated to the global businesses.

–The revenue sharing criteria between global businesses were revised to better reflect the contribution of each business to the Group.

•The former primary segments (Europe, North America, South America and Digital Consumer Bank - which is renamed DCB Europe) became our secondary segments. 2023 published figures for the countries, regions and the Corporate Centre remain unchanged.

All the changes described above have no impact on the reported Group consolidated financial statements.

Composition of Santander's segments

Primary segments

This primary level of segmentation, which is based on the Group's management structure from 1 January 2024, comprises six reportable segments: five operating areas plus the Corporate Centre.

The operating areas are:

Retail & Commercial Banking (Retail): area that integrates the retail banking business and commercial banking (individuals, SMEs and corporates), except for business originated in the consumer finance and the cards businesses.

Digital Consumer Bank (Consumer): comprises all business originated in the consumer finance companies, plus Openbank, Open Digital Services (ODS) and SBNA Consumer.

Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB): this business, which includes Global Transaction Banking, Global Banking (Global Debt Financing and Corporate Finance) and Global Markets, offers products and services on a global scale to corporate and institutional customers, and collaborates with other global businesses to better serve our broad customer base.

Wealth Management & Insurance (Wealth): includes the corporate unit of Private Banking and International Private Banking in Miami and Switzerland (Santander Private Banking), the asset management business (Santander Asset Management) and the insurance business (Santander Insurance).

Payments: the Group's digital payments solutions, providing global technology solutions for our banks and new customers in the open market. It is structured in two businesses: PagoNxt (Getnet, Ebury and PagoNxt Payments) and Cards (cards platform and business in the countries where we operate).

Secondary segments

At this secondary level, Santander is structured into the segments that made up the primary segments until 2023, which are Europe, DCB Europe, North America and South America:

Europe: comprises all business activity carried out in the region, except that included in DCB Europe. Detailed financial information is provided on Spain, the UK, Portugal and Poland.

DCB Europe: includes Santander Consumer Finance, which incorporates the entire consumer finance business in Europe, Openbank in Spain and ODS.

North America: comprises all the business activities carried out in Mexico and the US, which includes the holding company (SHUSA) and the businesses of Santander Bank (SBNA), Santander Consumer USA (SC USA), the specialized business unit Banco Santander International, the New York branch and Santander US Capital Markets (SanCap).

South America: includes all the financial activities carried out by Santander through its banks and subsidiary banks in the region. Detailed information is provided on Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Peru and Colombia.

24 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model
Group financial information
Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share

Appendix Index

In addition to these operating units, both at the primary and secondary segment level, the Group continues to maintain the area of the Corporate Centre, which includes the centralized activities relating to equity stakes in financial companies, financial management of the structural exchange rate position, assumed within the sphere of the Group’s assets and liabilities committee, as well as management of liquidity and of shareholders’ equity via issuances.

As the Group’s holding entity, this area manages all capital and reserves and allocations of capital and liquidity with the other businesses. It also incorporates goodwill impairment but not the costs related to the Group’s central services (charged to the areas), except for corporate and institutional expenses related to the Group’s functioning.

The businesses included in each of the segments in this report and the accounting principles under which their results are presented here may differ from the businesses included and accounting principles applied in the financial information separately prepared and disclosed by our subsidiaries (some of which are publicly listed) which in name or geographical description may seem to correspond to the business areas covered in this report. Accordingly, the results of operations and trends shown for our business areas in this document may differ materially from those of such subsidiaries.

As explained on the previous page, the results of our segments presented below are provided on the basis of underlying results only and include the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. However, for a better understanding of the changes in the performance of our business areas, we also provide and discuss the year-on-year changes to our results excluding such exchange rate impacts (i.e. in constant euros), except for Argentina, and any grouping which includes it. Additionally, from Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used for the Argentine peso. For further information, see methodology in the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report.

Certain figures contained in this report, have been subject to rounding to enhance their presentation. Accordingly, in certain instances, the sum of the numbers in a column or a row in tables contained in this report may not conform exactly to the total figure given for that column or row.

January - June 2024 25

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Group financial information
Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share

Appendix Index

January-June 2024
Main items of the underlying income statement
EUR million
Primary segments	Net interest income	Net fee income	Total income	Net operating income	Profit before tax	Profit attributable to the parent
Retail & Commercial Banking	14,015	2,366	16,274	9,851	5,187	3,326
Digital Consumer Bank	5,364	742	6,449	3,831	1,341	1,070
Corporate & Investment Banking	2,031	1,280	4,188	2,371	2,151	1,405
Wealth Management & Insurance	827	719	1,789	1,173	1,130	818
Payments	1,320	1,371	2,701	1,435	306	49
PagoNxt	62	456	583	(18)	(286)	(304)
Cards	1,258	915	2,117	1,452	592	353
Corporate Centre	(100)	1	(350)	(524)	(606)	(609)
TOTAL GROUP	23,457	6,477	31,050	18,137	9,508	6,059
Secondary segments
Europe	8,288	2,368	11,718	7,116	4,983	3,187
Spain	3,656	1,484	6,065	3,999	2,681	1,756
United Kingdom	2,381	142	2,516	1,065	849	630
Portugal	844	242	1,142	874	834	563
Poland	1,384	339	1,711	1,245	779	386
Other	24	161	284	(68)	(159)	(147)
DCB Europe	2,187	451	2,854	1,534	757	453
North America	5,247	1,300	7,039	3,686	1,586	1,347
US	2,824	539	3,769	1,866	612	664
Mexico	2,421	733	3,244	1,901	1,149	840
Other	2	27	26	(82)	(175)	(158)
South America	7,835	2,358	9,790	6,324	2,788	1,681
Brazil	5,235	1,734	6,984	4,719	1,935	1,141
Chile	824	265	1,187	721	450	253
Argentina	1,423	204	1,020	606	332	266
Other	353	154	599	278	71	22
Corporate Centre	(100)	1	(350)	(524)	(606)	(609)
TOTAL GROUP	23,457	6,477	31,050	18,137	9,508	6,059

Profit attributable to the parent distribution1

H1 2024

1. As a % of operating areas. Excluding the Corporate Centre.

Profit attributable to the parent. H1 2024

EUR million. % change YoY

Var		Var2
+37	%	+35	%
+4	%	+4	%
-5	%	-5	%
+15	%	+14	%
-78	%	-78	%
+26	%	+24	%
-13	%	-13	%
0	%	-3	%
+15	%	+19	%

    

2. Changes in constant euros.

26 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model
Group financial information
Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share

Appendix Index

January-June 2023
Main items of the underlying income statement
EUR million
Primary segments	Net interest income	Net fee income	Total income	Net operating income	Profit before tax	Profit attributable to the parent
Retail & Commercial Banking	12,400	2,286	14,392	8,018	3,638	2,421
Digital Consumer Bank	5,024	584	6,026	3,419	1,504	1,027
Corporate & Investment Banking	1,670	1,142	3,956	2,444	2,305	1,478
Wealth Management & Insurance	726	625	1,589	1,005	985	711
Payments	1,194	1,472	2,613	1,400	498	223
PagoNxt	31	446	521	(51)	(77)	(103)
Cards	1,162	1,026	2,092	1,452	574	326
Corporate Centre	(94)	(7)	(342)	(531)	(601)	(620)
TOTAL GROUP	20,920	6,103	28,234	15,755	8,329	5,241
Secondary segments
Europe	7,565	2,244	10,464	6,081	3,888	2,536
Spain	3,161	1,413	5,113	3,074	1,679	1,132
United Kingdom	2,583	167	2,759	1,395	1,127	818
Portugal	575	235	824	559	484	321
Poland	1,209	289	1,509	1,105	657	321
Other	37	140	259	(52)	(59)	(57)
DCB Europe	2,040	394	2,658	1,344	928	521
North America	4,931	1,077	6,417	3,357	1,739	1,346
US	2,901	390	3,624	1,825	762	667
Mexico	2,027	663	2,763	1,600	1,048	760
Other	3	23	30	(68)	(71)	(81)
South America	6,477	2,395	9,037	5,504	2,376	1,458
Brazil	4,285	1,675	6,281	4,073	1,410	823
Chile	727	316	1,229	708	531	330
Argentina	1,138	282	1,029	508	308	252
Other	327	122	499	214	127	53
Corporate Centre	(94)	(7)	(342)	(531)	(601)	(620)
TOTAL GROUP	20,920	6,103	28,234	15,755	8,329	5,241

January - June 2024 27

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		Primary segments

		Retail & Commercial Banking	Underlying attributable profit
			EUR 3,326 mn
→ To support our vision of becoming a digital bank with branches, we continued to drive our ONE Transformation programme forwards with the implementation of a common operating model and the rollout of our global technological platform. → Loans decreased 1% year-on-year in constant euros due to lower mortgage and SME balances in Europe, partially offset by increases in South America and Mexico. Deposits rose 2% in constant euros. → Attributable profit of EUR 3,326 million, increasing 37% year-on-year (+35% in constant euros) driven by the good revenue performance, efficiency gains from our transformation programme and lower provisions in Europe.

Strategy

In Q2 2024, we advanced in our strategic priorities:

•Implement a common operating model, leveraging the Group’s global scale and our local presence. Our vision is to make Santander into a digital bank with branches, offering all our products and services digitally through our own global platform and use our branch network to advise and help our customers.

•We have almost 143 million customers who can access most of our products and services digitally. Sales through our web and apps and digital customers continued to rise at a good pace.

•We have a network of more than 8,000 branches, present in 12 markets. Branches continued to strengthen their role as an essential driver of sales and advisory, reducing operational activities thereby increasing their focus on commercial functions and supporting customers.

•Continue our transformation efforts, based on three pillars:

•Customer experience. We reduced the number of products by 20% year-on-year, as part of our commitment to offer a simple and attractive product portfolio that provides the best experience for our customers. We also continued to innovate our catalogue of products and services through different initiatives. Of note in the quarter was the new simpler and competitive campaign in Brazil, which targets individuals, and complements our new digital and customer-oriented service model.

–Operational leverage. Year-on-year, we have reduced the number of resources dedicated to non-commercial activities

per million customers by 8% and resources dedicated to operational activities per million customers by 18%, supported by economies of scale, process automation and organization simplification. This has freed up time to focus on value added activities. Process digitalization and cash management optimization in branches are some examples of what we have achieved.

–Global Technology Platform. Our goal is to leverage the Group's scale and roll out a global platform. This platform is based on our back-end Gravity technology and on ODS’s in- house, cloud-based technology for our apps and websites.

In Q2 2024, we successfully implemented our Gravity platform in the US, which is also operative at the Group level in the UK, Spain, Mexico, Brazil and Chile. The volume of transactions running through Gravity continued to grow, increasing 20% year-on-year. Finally, the app is available in Spain, Portugal and Poland and we will launch it in the UK, Brazil and Colombia during the year.

•We continue to drive profitable growth and structural efficiency improvements. New digital processes to attract customers, a more targeted offer and enhanced customer experience drove further customer growth (+4% year-on-year). The efficiency which the global platform's scale provides, together with increased simplification and process automation were significant drivers of these results.

Retail. Customers. June 2024

Thousands and year-on-year change

		Europe			North America		South America
Total customers	142,913	46,239	14,972	22,430	20,960	20,946	75,715	65,834
	+4%	+2%	+3%	0%	+3%	+3%	+5%	+5%
Active customers	77,176	28,585	8,488	13,714	10,592	10,578	37,999	31,344
	+3%	+2%	+6%	-1%	+7%	+7%	+2%	0%

28 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

Business performance

Loans and advances to customers decreased 2% year-on-year. Excluding reverse repos and in constant euros, gross loans fell 1%, due to decreases in individuals and SMEs despite growth in corporates.

In individuals, mortgage balances fell both in the UK (in line with our strategy) and in Spain, still impacted by prepayments (but new business volumes are picking up). This was partially offset by increases in Poland, Brazil, Mexico and Chile. Personal loans performed well in Brazil (double-digit growth), Spain, Poland and Mexico.

SME loans decreased mainly due to declines in Spain, the UK and Portugal, partially offset by higher volumes in Brazil and Poland. Corporate loans rose, driven by Spain, Brazil, Mexico and Poland.

Customer deposits decreased 1% year-on-year. Excluding repurchase agreements and in constant euros, they rose 2%, with increases in time deposits (+9%, especially in individuals and SMEs) and mutual funds (+22%, mainly in individuals) due to the current interest rate environment. As a result, customer funds increased 4% in constant euros.

Retail. Business performance. June 2024
EUR billion and YoY % change in constant euros
	619	-1%	729	+4%

Gross loans and advances to customers excl. reverse repos Customer deposits excl.
repos + mutual funds

Results

Attributable profit in H1 2024 was EUR 3,326 million, 37% higher year-on-year. In constant euros, profit rose 35% year-on-year, as follows:

•Total income increased 12%, driven by net interest income, net fee income and gains on financial transactions which more than offset the higher negative impact of the hyperinflation adjustment in Argentina. SRF contributions ended in 2023, therefore there is no contribution in 2024.

Retail. Total income. June 2024

EUR million and YoY % change in constant euros

Others

Var

+22%

-12%

+7%

+20%

+14%

    

  EUR 16,274 mn +12%

Net interest income increased 12%, with increases in most countries, but especially in Spain and Portugal (due to good margin management), in Poland (higher activity and lower cost of deposits), in Brazil and Chile (higher volumes and deposit costs in a context of falling interest rates) and in Argentina (with double-digit growth). The exceptions were the UK (lower mortgage loans and higher deposit costs) and the US (lower volumes).

Our more targeted products and services offer boosted net fee income growth (+3%) mainly in Brazil (insurance fees and FX), Mexico (insurance and mutual funds), Poland (FX and funds) and in the US (real estate portfolio servicing fees with the FDIC).

•Costs remained flat year-on-year (-4% in real terms), reflecting transformation efforts through organizational simplification, process automation and global platform implementation. Of note were the performances in the US (-7%), Spain (-2%) and Argentina.

These transformation efforts, together with the strong revenue growth, contributed to a 4.8 pp efficiency ratio improvement year-on-year to 39.5%.

•Net loan-loss provisions fell slightly (-1%), due to a positive performance in Europe, mainly in Spain (credit quality improvement) and in the UK (macro improvement), which offset greater provisions in Brazil due to higher activity and the normalization in Mexico and Chile.

The cost of risk was 1.03% (compared to 0.92% in June 2023 and was stable versus 1.02% in December 2023). The NPL ratio stood at 3.15% (3.22% in June 2023).

RoTE in H1 2024 was 17.4% (18.1% annualizing the impact of temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain).

Compared to Q1 2024, attributable profit grew 22% in constant euros, with variations across the income statement impacted by the use of the new Argentine peso exchange rate and temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain in the first quarter. Excluding the temporary levy and Argentina, attributable profit would have increased 4% quarter-on-quarter due to good performance of net interest income and cost reduction.

Retail. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	8,226	+2	+3	16,274	+13	+12
Expenses	-3,119	-6	-5	-6,423	+1	0
Net operating income	5,107	+8	+9	9,851	+23	+21
LLPs	-1,564	+3	+5	-3,087	-1	-1
PBT	2,810	+18	+19	5,187	+43	+40
Attributable profit	1,824	+21	+22	3,326	+37	+35
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 29

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

		Digital Consumer Bank	Underlying attributable profit
			EUR 1,070 mn
→ Our priority is to continue expanding our leadership in consumer finance across our footprint, converging towards a more digital global operating model and implementing enhanced solutions (check-out lending, digital journeys in auto lending and operational leasing) through common platforms. → Loans increased 6% year-on-year in constant euros, +8% in auto in a market that is starting to recover. Deposits rose 14% in constant euros, in line with our strategy aimed at lowering funding costs and reducing net interest income volatility across the cycle, to be able to offer our customers better pricing. → Attributable profit reached EUR 1,070 million in H1 2024, a 4% increase year-on-year in both euros and constant euros, mainly driven by the solid net interest income and net fee income performances and cost control, despite the cost of risk normalization towards pre-pandemic levels.

Strategy

Digital Consumer Bank (Consumer) is a leading consumer finance company globally. It operates in 26 countries in Europe and the Americas and it serves the financing needs at the point of sale (both physical and digital) of 25 million customers. It combines our auto financing business, where we are the world leaders, our consumer lending business supported by Zinia and Openbank's advanced digital and retail banking capabilities.

The vision for Consumer is to become the preferred partner of our end customers and partners, offering greater profitability and value creation.

To respond to the changes the mobility and consumer finance ecosystem is undergoing and to support our aim of becoming Santander's platform to expand into new markets, we continue to transform our operating model:

•Offering global and best-in-class solutions, integrated into our partners' (OEMs, importers or retailers) processes, accompanying them as their increasingly digital business models evolve. We continue to work on improving local relationships with manufacturers to achieve global agreements.

•Simplifying and automating our processes to improve customer experience and increase scalability.

•Building and developing global platforms such as the leasing platform in auto, already operative in three European markets having expanded its functionalities in H1 2024, and Zinia’s technology in check-out lending, operative in Germany.

As part of our profitable growth strategy, we continue to capture deposits to increase NII stability and funding autonomy and boost growth while we also actively manage our balance sheet to make it more capital light. We launched our digital deposit gathering activities in January 2024 in the Netherlands and continue to work on expanding Openbank to other markets.

In the quarter, we made progress with our strategic priorities:

•In Europe, we are focusing on the transformation of the operating model with the aim of recovering pre-pandemic profitability levels, while providing the best services to our partners. To achieve this, we continue to pursue and develop commercial opportunities, such as strengthening our operational leasing solution or launching instalment loans with Apple through Zinia in Germany.

Moreover, we continue to simplify our operating model, having moved from one platform per country to three, towards our final goal of having one common platform.

•In the US, our focus is on recovering pre-pandemic profitability, driving efficiency savings and improving our service. In H1 2024, we continued to incorporate new strategic agreements in auto and prepare the launch of Openbank in H2 2024.

•In Latin America, our aim is to continue driving greater profitable growth where there are large commercial opportunities at good profitability levels. In Mexico, we plan to launch Openbank with a full value proposition to compete with other neobanks.

Consumer. Total Customers

Millions

0%

Business performance

After a difficult environment in previous years, H1 2024 showed signs of recovery resulting from inflation moderation, lower interest rate expectations and auto sales growth in our main markets.

In this environment, new lending increased 8% year-on-year, with solid growth across our main markets, especially in South America (led by Brazil). We continued to prioritize new business profitability over volumes growth in a high interest rate environment which is supporting the progressive RoRWA improvement.

The stock of loans and advances to customers rose 7%. In gross terms, excluding reverse repos and in constant euros, they were 6% up year-on-year, driven by Europe and Latin America.

We have a EUR 17 billion leasing portfolio which increased 2% year-on-year in constant euros, as growth in DCB Europe more than offset a decline in the US due to higher volumes of repurchases by dealers and despite increased electric vehicle activity.

30 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

Customer deposits, which accounted for 57% of Consumer's total funding, increased 15% year-on-year. Excluding repos and in constant euros, they grew 14%, in line with our deposit gathering strategy. By market, they rose 24% in DCB Europe and 3% in the US. Mutual funds also increased, albeit from very low levels. Our access to wholesale funding markets remained strong and diversified.

Consumer. Business. June 2024
EUR billion and YoY % change in constant euros
	213	+6%	130	+14%

DCB Europe

US

DCB Europe

US

Gross loans and advances to customers excl. reverse repos Customer deposits excl.
repos + mutual funds

Consumer. Leasing portfolio. June 2024
EUR billion and YoY % change in constant euros
Total leasing	17	+2%

Results

In H1 2024, attributable profit reached EUR 1,070 million, 4% higher than H1 2023. In constant euros, profit also increased 4%. By line:

•Total income improved 7%, mainly due to net interest income, which also rose 7%, supported by our active asset repricing actions and volumes growth in Europe, and higher volumes and lower interest rates in Brazil. However, performance in the US was weaker due to lower credit volumes which were offset by higher yields.

Net fee income also increased strongly, rising 27% in the period, driven by growth in Europe due to increased insurance penetration (particularly in Germany), in Brazil driven by volumes growth, and in the US in part due to auto fees.

Other revenue fell 18% due to lower gains on financial transactions in Europe (from high levels in 2023), the greater impact of the hyperinflation adjustment in Argentina and lower leasing income in the US due to lower volumes and passing on fiscal benefits (recorded in the tax line) from electric vehicle leasing to prices.

Consumer. Total income. June 2024

EUR million and YoY % change in constant euros

DCB Europe

US*

Other

Var
+7	%
-1	%
+36	%

* Year-on-year growth in revenue in the US of +1% if we include the impact of the EV incentives in the tax line.

•Costs remained flat, reflecting our efficiency and transformation efforts. This is particularly evident in the US where costs declined 8% and in DCB Europe where they were flat despite our strategic investments in leasing and check-out lending platforms and business growth. As a result, the efficiency ratio improved 2.7 pp to 40.6%.

•Net loan-loss provisions increased 21%, affected by continued normalization in Europe and the US towards pre-pandemic levels (but still below our historical average) and higher volumes. Additionally, we increased the coverage of our CHF mortgage portfolio, there were lower portfolio sales than in 2023 and we recorded some regulatory charges. Credit quality remained controlled with the cost of risk at 2.17% and the NPL ratio at 4.81%.

RoTE in H1 2024 was 12.8% (13.0% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain).

Compared to Q1 2024, profit rose 31% in constant euros driven mainly by lower LLPs in the US (which more than offset higher provisions related to the CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland), and also by continued positive trends in total income, stable costs and the temporary levy recorded in Q1. There was some negative impact from the new peso exchange rate in Argentina in the quarter, particularly in NII which fell 2% (+1% excluding Argentina) mitigated by a positive impact in other income, with little impact on the bottom line.

Consumer. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	3,264	+2	+3	6,449	+7	+7
Expenses	-1,307	0	0	-2,618	0	0
Net operating income	1,957	+4	+5	3,831	+12	+12
LLPs	-1,055	-7	-7	-2,193	+22	+21
PBT	722	+17	+17	1,341	-11	-11
Attributable profit	606	+31	+31	1,070	+4	+4
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 31

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		Primary segments

		Corporate & Investment Banking	Underlying attributable profit
			EUR 1,405 mn
→ We continue making our centres of expertise more sophisticated, deepening client relationships with focus on our Global Markets plan to build institutional wallet share, the US Banking Build-Out strategy, and actively managing capital. → Strong activity year-on-year, mainly supported by Global Banking (Global Debt Finance and Corporate Finance) and Global Markets as we execute our growth initiatives, and, to a lesser extent, in Global Transaction Banking. → Attributable profit reached EUR 1,405 million, a 5% drop year-on-year (in euros and in constant euros). A record first half revenue was offset by higher costs related to investments in the development of new capabilities, and higher provisions. Nevertheless, we maintained a leading position in efficiency and profitability.

Strategy

Innovation will continue to transform the global economy and shape competition as new technology develops. In this changing environment, the corporate and investment banking industry will continue to coexist with fintechs, digital assets and new digital players (e.g. virtual asset services providers), presenting collaboration opportunities within new sectors.

Substantial transition finance opportunities remain in ESG (e.g. Inflation Reduction Act, Net Zero initiatives) and certain sectors are expected to present significant financial needs, namely infrastructure, energy, life sciences, healthcare and technology.

At Santander, we are well prepared to capitalize on these opportunities, given our unique combination of global approach and local leadership, which we demonstrate through our position in various rankings.

We continue to make progress in the execution of our strategy to become a world-class CIB business, positioning ourselves as a trusted advisor to our clients while delivering profitable growth and maintaining dynamic capital management.

In H1 2024, we continued to make progress across our priorities:

•We are making our centres of expertise more sophisticated, with important reinforcements in sales, trading and banking across the businesses:

–In Global Banking (GB), we complemented our Global Industrials Group (GIGs) product offering through hires in Chemicals, US Specialty Finance, Paper & Packaging and Technology.

–In Global Markets (GM), we continue to execute our plan to increase activity with our corporate and institutional clients and further leverage technology. We have bolstered our institutional and leveraged loan sales teams. We also brought in traders for rates, FX and US inflation-linked derivatives.

As a result, we are starting to reap the rewards of our investments in 2023, with solid performance in institutional sales in Europe and the US.

As well as investing in markets infrastructure, we are focused on increasing revenue from cross-border flows and on supporting the US Banking Build-Out (US BBO) initiative, with enhanced trading and distribution capabilities, mainly in Leveraged Finance, Strategic Equity Solutions and Convertible Bonds.

•We are deepening our client relationships with a particular focus on the US, where we are taking our CIB franchise to the next level through the execution of the US BBO initiative, selectively expanding our client universe and product capabilities in areas adjacent to our strengths.

We have already made progress in targeting untapped wallets in M&A, Equity and Debt Capital Markets (ECM and DCM) and Leveraged Finance. Our new global Leveraged Finance franchise is helping us to create deeper relationships, especially in the US and EMEA, and leading to follow-on business opportunities

The collaboration plan for US BBO is already providing results and numerous ‘firsts’ as platforms come online and coverage teams are ramped up. Examples of this are: we closed the first corporate share buyback for a US company and we were appointed first global coordinator win for a US-listed IPO for the first time. In DCM, large US companies have relied on CIB for USD placements, and we are leading the reverse yankee bond market.

In Mexico, we are capitalizing on business opportunities leveraging our GM and US BBO initiatives, creating significant partnerships within the MEX-US corridor.

•We continued to actively manage capital through our Originate-to-Share model to drive forward industrial scale capital recycling. This has contributed to a limited increase in our capital consumption despite our business growth, enabling us to continue to deliver high profitability ratios.

Recent awards		Leading positions in League Tables H1 2024
IJ Global	PFI	Structured Finance	Debt Capital Markets
Gigafactory Deal of the Year in Europe Renewables Deal of the Year (onshore and offshore wind) in North America	Bank of the Year in Europe Petrochemical Deal of the Year in APAC and EMEA
Proximo	Global Finance	Equity Capital Markets	ECAs	M&A
LatAm Bank of the Year LatAm PPP Deal of the Year	Best Bank for Cash Management and for Payments in LatAm

32 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

Business performance

A high proportion of CIB's activity is customer related (84% of total income). Moreover, we have a high and growing percentage of capital-light activity and we actively manage our balance sheet, as reflected in our total revenue to risk-weighted assets ratio, which has improved 1.1 pp since 2022 to 7.0%.

Customer loans, which are concentrated in our Global Transaction Banking (GTB) and GB businesses, increased 11% year-on-year. In gross terms, excluding reverse repos and in constant euros, they increased 7%. Customer deposits rose 6% year-on-year. Excluding repos and in constant euros, they fell 6%, mainly driven by strategy changes to reduce excess corporate deposits.

By business line, we had the following performance:

•In Global Transaction Banking, strong increase in Export Finance, while Trade & Working Capital Solutions remained flat, partially offset by slightly lower activity year-on-year in Cash Management, affected by interest rate cuts, mainly in Latin America.

Trade & Working Capital Solutions continued to implement innovative trade solutions within the corporate segment, such as Trade Select, our integrated global supply chain finance platform.

We once again led the Export Finance market, especially in the sustainable technology sector, where we were awarded the Export Finance Deal of the Year for Baltic Power (offshore wind farm in Poland).

•Global Banking showed significant growth year-on-year in both Global Debt Financing (GDF), with DCM gaining market share in Europe, Latin America and the US, and Corporate Finance (CF) continuing to benefit from positive market momentum.

In GDF, Fund Financing performed well, as many funds re-leveraged their portfolios and big players continued to raise funds. CIB remains consistently among the top 3 European lead managers across all core securitized products. Structured Finance remained flat despite the lower activity in refinancing and greenfield projects compared to last year.

In CF, we closed several 'first' transactions in Leveraged Finance and ECM, while our M&A activity continues to span all sectors. Our role as one of MásMóvil's financial advisors was key in the completion of its joint venture with Orange.

•In Global Markets, we had good activity levels, mainly in Europe, where the institutional platform and the investments in human capital and technology are paying off. We had strong activity in rates, credit and securitized products. We saw significant growth in the US, where the US BBO is starting to show results across different businesses, with notable transactions closed, particularly in Equity Derivatives.

Results

Attributable profit in H1 2024 decreased 5% year-on-year to EUR 1,405 million. In constant euros, it also fell 5%, with the following detail:

•Total income rose 6% year-on-year, backed by double-digit growth in net interest income and net fee income, achieving record revenue in H1 2024. SRF contributions ended in 2023, therefore there is no contribution in 2024. Net interest income grew 22% boosted by GB, due to increased Leveraged Finance activity in CF and good performance in GDF. Net fee income grew 12%, particularly in GB on the back of the US BBO initiative. Gains on financial transactions fell due to lower results in Global Markets, especially in Brazil in a weak market.

By region, good revenue performance in North America and Europe, partially offset by a decrease in South America due to weaker activity mainly in Brazil.

CIB. Total income by region. June 2024.

EUR million and % change in constant euros

Europe

North America

South America

Var
+9	%
+31	%
-11	%

By business, revenue growth was mainly driven by GB (+17%), on the back of strong activity in both GDF and CF, benefitting from the ramp-up of our investments. Revenue also rose in Global Markets and GTB (+4% and +1%, respectively) from high levels in 2023.

CIB. Total income by business. June 2024.

EUR million and % change in constant euros

Note: total income includes less material revenue from other activities (EUR 76 million in H1'23 and EUR 72 million in H1'24).

•Costs increased 20% due to our investments in new products and capabilities, as we invest for future growth. The efficiency ratio stood at 43.4% and remained one of the best in the sector.

•Net loan-loss provisions amounted to EUR 96 million, up from very low levels in H1 2023 (EUR 7 million due to releases at the beginning of 2023).

RoTE was 19.0% in H1 2024 (19.1% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain), supported by our efforts in active capital management.

Compared to Q1 2024, attributable profit remained flat in constant euros, impacted by seasonality in revenue, interest rate cuts in some countries affecting net interest income and higher costs.

CIB. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	2,076	-2	-1	4,188	+6	+6
Expenses	-930	+5	+5	-1,817	+20	+20
Net operating income	1,146	-6	-6	2,371	-3	-3
LLPs	-56	+38	+39	-96	—	—
PBT	1,044	-6	-5	2,151	-7	-6
Attributable profit	700	-1	0	1,405	-5	-5
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 33

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		Primary segments

		Wealth Management & Insurance	Underlying attributable profit
			EUR 818 mn
→ We continue building the best wealth and insurance manager in Europe and the Americas supported by our leading global private banking platform and our best-in-class funds and insurance product factories that leverage our scale and global capabilities to offer the best value proposition to our customers. → Total assets under management at record levels of EUR 480 billion, +13% year-on-year, due to excellent commercial dynamics both in Private Banking and SAM. In Insurance, gross written premiums reached EUR 6.1 billion in H1 2024. → Attributable profit amounted to EUR 818 million, 15% higher year-on-year (+14% in constant euros), with an RoTE of 79%.

Strategy

Wealth Management & Insurance business was established in 2017 with the aim of enhancing its service model and value proposition as part of a common platform that leverages Santander's scale and capabilities.

Since then, it has been a relevant growth driver for the Group through its three businesses, delivering consistent double-digit growth and generating around one third of the Group's total fees, including those ceded to the commercial network.

•Santander Private Banking (PB) is our leading global platform serving private banking clients across 11 countries. We have a best-in-class service model and value proposition connecting clients and countries through a single platform.

•Santander Asset Management (SAM) is our global asset manager, which manufactures investment solutions for retail and institutional customers, with presence in more than ten countries and over 50 years of experience. SAM makes the most of its local client knowledge and global capabilities to provide customers the best investment opportunities.

•Santander Insurance provides protection solutions following a model based on strategic alliances with leading insurance companies, that enables us to have a comprehensive value proposition across 12 countries. We pair this with in-person and digital distribution capabilities to better serve our clients.

We continued with focus on the following strategic initiatives:

•In Private Banking, we already have a best-in-class global platform leading investment flows between Latin America, Europe and the US. Going forward, we are developing key growth opportunities to expand our footprint, such as in the Middle East where we have established a branch in the Dubai International Financial Center.

We also continue to complete our sophisticated value proposition to make the most of our connectivity between countries and segments, which exceeded EUR 3.3 billion in total alternatives commitments and more than EUR 52 billion in fee-based mandates.

Private Banking clients

Thousands

+13%

During Q2 2024, we were named the Best Global Private Bank for Cyber Security by the Professional Wealth Management Magazine, a Financial Times publication.

•In SAM, we operate as a global asset manager leveraging our scale, global investment capabilities and product distribution hubs. In terms of retail distribution, we are implementing an advisory model, having established common investment views across all countries, supported by a global platform offering enhanced customer experience.

In terms of our Alternatives business, we are working on completing our value proposition while improving our scale. We already have EUR 3.1 billion of total global commitments across four different investment strategies: Private Debt, Infrastructure & Energy, Real Estate and Fund of Funds.

The main awards received by SAM during Q2 2024 include the Best Solidarity Fund in Spain by Expansion-Allfunds as well as being the asset manager with most awards at the Salmon awards in Chile with five prize-winning funds.

•In Insurance, we are delivering more value to our customers and simplifying our operations. In addition to our traditional focus on life and home businesses, we are shifting our mix towards higher growth verticals such as savings, health and SMEs, having launched the new health value offer (OneCare in Portugal and the UC Christus in Chile), and a new Unit Linked offer in Chile and Mexico.

Additionally, we are focused on improving customer growth and loyalty by developing fully digital servicing and claims capabilities while work is underway to maximize the value of our customer portfolio. Finally, we are also developing global platforms such as the new Latin American Autocompara, an integration of our motor insurance comparison engines in our Latin American markets, to capture additional business and unlock synergies.

Wealth awards

34 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

Business performance

Total assets under management (AuMs) at record levels of EUR 480 billion, +13% when compared to June 2023 and +7% versus year end 2023, driven by excellent commercial activity and positive market performance. In terms of Insurance, gross written premiums reached EUR 6.1 billion with positive results from the non-related business. By business and in constant euros:

•In Private Banking, customer assets and liabilities exceed EUR 315 billion for the first time (+13% year-on-year), with all product categories growing. This is the result of very positive commercial activity, with net new money totalling EUR 11.9 billion in H1 2024.

We remain close to our clients, offering them the benefits of our scale and international presence, resulting in our client base growing 13% year-on-year to 283,000.

•In SAM, total assets under management reached EUR 225 billion, +14% year-on-year, on the back of high commercial activity, with net sales in H1 2024 reaching EUR 8.9 billion, and favourable market performance.

As a result of this remarkable activity, we are delivering market share growth in most of the countries where we operate while being in the top 3 in terms of market share in the majority of them.

•In Insurance, gross written premiums amounted to EUR 6.1 billion, slightly down despite the good performance in non-related business which is growing 4% year-on-year.

Wealth. Business performance. June 2024.

EUR billion and % change in constant euros

Total AuMs

Funds and investment*

- SAM

- Private Banking

Custody

Customer deposits

Customer loans

GWPs

vs. Mar-24		vs. Jun-23
+2	%	+13	%
+3	%	+13	%
+3	%	+14	%
+3	%	+18	%
-2	%	+17	%
+3	%	+6	%
+1	%	+2	%
+11	%	-1	%

Note: total products marketed, advised, under custody and/or managed.

*Excluding overlaps between PB and SAM (PB clients with investment funds managed by SAM).

Results

Attributable profit in H1 2024 amounted to EUR 818 million, 15% higher year-on-year. In constant euros, it grew 14%, with the following results by line:

•Total income reached EUR 1,789 million, 12% higher year-on-year supported by solid growth in net fee income and net interest income.

Net interest income increased 13% driven by a favourable macro environment, solid interest margin management and strong commercial activity in Private Banking.

Net fee income rose 15% year-on-year to EUR 719 million, with growth in all three business, boosted especially by Private Banking and SAM, driven by higher volumes with positive commercial activity and market performance.

•Costs increased 5% year-on-year, due to investments in key initiatives such as reinforcing PB teams to respond to increased commercial activity.

Also considering fees ceded to our commercial network, total revenue including these ceded fees reached EUR 3,116 million, up 12%, driven by more recurrent activity in PB, higher volumes in SAM and the good performance of the protection business in Insurance.

Wealth. Total income. H1 2024.

EUR million and % change in constant euros

PB

SAM

Insurance

Total income	Revenue + ceded fees
+13%	+13%
+17%	+14%
+1%	+8%

Total income Fees ceded to the commercial network

Note: information at the total Wealth level excludes overlaps between businesses.

When considering these ceded fees along with our PAT, the total contribution to Group profit (PAT+Fees) reached EUR 1,714 million, up 12% year-on-year (also +12% in constant euros).

H1 2024 RoTE was 79.3% (80.4% annualizing the impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain).

Compared to Q1 2024, attributable profit increased 4% in constant euros due to good revenue performance, mainly in Insurance, with controlled cost growth and after recording in Q1 2024 the impact of the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain.

Wealth. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	897	+1	+1	1,789	+13	+12
Expenses	-309	+1	+1	-615	+5	+5
Net operating income	588	0	+1	1,173	+17	+16
LLPs	-10	+147	+148	-14	—	—
PBT	573	+3	+3	1,130	+15	+14
Attributable profit	417	+4	+4	818	+15	+14
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 35

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

		Payments	Underlying attributable profit
			EUR 49 mn
→ PagoNxt and Cards bring a unique position in the payments industry to the Group, covering both sides of the value chain of card payments (issuing and acquiring businesses) and account payments. → Activity increased in both businesses supported by global platform development, enabling further scale gains. In PagoNxt, Getnet's Total Payments Volume (TPV) rose 12% year-on-year in constant euros and the number of transactions improved 7%. In Cards, turnover increased 5% year-on-year in constant euros and transactions rose 8%. → Attributable profit was EUR 49 million, EUR 292 million (+30% YoY in constant euros) excluding write-downs after discontinuing our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America. The EBITDA margin in PagoNxt improved 8.9 pp to 20.1%.

PagoNxt and Cards strategy

PagoNxt continued to make progress in its key strategic priorities:

•In Getnet, we continued to consolidate our platform. We deployed new global solutions which are enabling us to gain market share across most of our footprint.

In addition, as part of our transformation in merchant in Europe, we remain focused on our current value proposition in Spain and Portugal, working with local partners in other European markets and doubling down in our strategic markets in Latin America. In line with this strategy, in June we decided to discontinue our merchant platform in Germany.

•In Ebury, we continued our expansion by developing specialist vertical-specific solutions, such as mass payments, accelerating the geographical expansion in emerging markets such as South Africa, expanding its product suite, especially FX risk management solutions, and continuously evolving online capabilities to better serve our customers.

•In PagoNxt Payments, we made progress in the development of Payments Hub, our modern global A2A payments processing platform, aiming to achieve an industry-leading cost per transaction combined with value-added services. Our goal is to deploy all these services to benefit both the Group and other open market participants.

Also, as part of our strategy to promote the use of common platforms across the Group to maximize operational leverage and provide the best service, we decided to discontinue our Superdigital platform in Latin America. Through our global platform we will continue to promote banking services in the mass segment and develop financial inclusion proposals.

In Cards, we continued to make progress in our priorities:

•Expand the business: we made progress implementing Card Risk Data Lab in Spain, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay, reaching more than 500,000 new pre-approved customers in H1 2024.

We are also increasing the connection between card issuing and acquiring platforms to offer value-added products and services. We launched a differential joint value proposition (card + PoS) in Spain, and will follow soon in Chile.

•Improve customer satisfaction: we are working to offer the best card payment experience in a simple way at any time, through what we call Invisible Payments. We made progress in the implementation of Click to Pay, an industry solution for e-commerce payments. We continued to roll out digital services on a global scale, such as the token manager, which already manages than 150 million of tokens at Santander banks.

•Implement Plard, our global card platform, which already manages more than 75,000 new debit cards in Brazil, where we expect the migration of the debit portfolio before year-end. In

Chile, we will start to manage new customer debit cards in Q3. In Mexico, the new authorizer engine is now live serving 2.9 million cards.

Business performance

Loans and advances to customers decreased 3% year-on-year. Excluding reverse repurchase agreements and in constant euros, gross loans rose 4%, driven mainly by Cards in Brazil and Mexico.

Payments has very small amount of deposits, concentrated in PagoNxt. These deposits (excluding repos) amounted to EUR 994 million and rose 66% year-on-year in euros and in constant euros.

Results

Attributable profit was EUR 49 million in H1 2024, 78% down year-on-year affected by write-downs related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America. Excluding these impacts, profit was EUR 292 million, up 31% year-on-year. In constant euros, profit rose 30%, by line:

•Total income grew 3%. Excluding a one-time positive fee recorded in Q1 2023 from commercial agreements in Brazil, total income increased 6%, driven by activity improvement.

•Costs up 4%, but flat in real terms, despite our investments in platforms both in Cards and PagoNxt.

•Net loan-loss provisions, which are mainly related to the Cards business, decreased 3%, driven by the good performances in South America and Europe.

Compared to Q1 2024, worse bottom line affected by the already mentioned write-downs. Excluding them, profit rose 16% in constant euros driven by good revenue and cost performance.

Payments. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	1,347	0	+1	2,701	+3	+3
Expenses	-615	-5	-5	-1,266	+4	+4
Net operating income	732	+4	+7	1,435	+2	+2
LLPs	-434	+4	+6	-852	-2	-3
PBT	41	-84	-82	306	-38	-38
Attributable profit	-89	—	—	49	-78	-78
Detailed financial information in appendix.

36 January - June 2024

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		Primary segments

PagoNxt

Business performance

In H1 2024, the total number of transactions in Getnet reached 4.8 billion, 7% higher year-on-year, and the total payments volume (TPV) was EUR 108 billion, 12% more than in the same period of 2023 in constant euros.

Ebury had 23,000 active customers, a 23% rise year-on-year.

PagoNxt Payments processed 405 million transactions compared to 79 million in 2023 and 57% more in Q2 2024 than in Q1 2024.

PagoNxt. Activity

TPV (Getnet)

EUR billion and changes in constant euros

+12%

Results

In H1 2024, attributable loss of EUR 304 million (EUR 61 million loss if we exclude the write-downs related to the discontinuation of our merchant platform in Germany and Superdigital in Latin America), compared to a EUR 103 million loss in the same period of 2023. There was no material impact from exchange rates in the period. In constant euros:

•Total income reached EUR 583 million, up 12% year-on-year, driven by a good performance in Ebury and the increase in Getnet's revenue in Chile, Mexico and Europe.

•Costs rose 5% year-on-year, reflecting inflationary pressures and continued investment in the global payment platforms.

EBITDA margin was 20.1%, 8.9 pp higher than in H1 2023.

Compared to Q1 2024, results were impacted by the aforementioned write-downs. Excluding them, attributable loss was EUR 22 million, compared to a EUR 39 million loss in Q1 2024, driven by strong fee growth in Chile and Europe and costs improvement.

PagoNxt. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	300	+6	+8	583	+12	+12
Expenses	-297	-3	-2	-601	+5	+5
Net operating income	4	—	—	-18	-66	-65
LLPs	-5	+36	+41	-9	-26	-26
PBT	-258	+842	+808	-286	+273	+280
Attributable profit	-265	+573	+562	-304	+196	+198
Detailed financial information in appendix.

Cards

Business performance

Card turnover increased 5% year-on-year in constant euros, driven by growth both in credit and debit cards.

The number of transactions rose 8%, boosted by a larger card pool and a payment acceptance rate that continued to improve, allowing our customers to have the best payments experience.

Loans and advances to customers decreased 3% year-on-year. Excluding reverse repurchase agreements and in constant euros, gross loans rose 4%, driven mainly by Brazil and Mexico.

Cards. Activity

Turnover

EUR billion and changes in constant euros

+5%

Results

In H1 2024, attributable profit amounted to EUR 353 million, an 8% rise. In constant euros, profit also rose 8%, by line:

•Total income was flat year-on-year, affected by a one-time positive fee that was recorded in Q1 2023 in Brazil. Excluding this effect, revenue rose 4%. NII grew 7% driven by higher volumes in Brazil and Mexico, offsetting the fall in fees, affected by the one-off already mentioned.

•Costs rose 2% year-on-year, growing below inflation, despite our investment in platforms.

•Net loan-loss provisions fell 3%, due to good risk management and to a lower interest rate environment in South America.

In H1 2024, RoTE in Cards was 35.0%.

Compared to Q1 2024, variations were significantly impacted by the use of the new Argentine peso exchange rate. Excluding Argentina, profit rose 6% in constant euros, supported by good performance in revenue and costs (mainly in the UK).

Cards. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	1,047	-2	0	2,117	+1	0
Expenses	-319	-8	-7	-665	+4	+2
Net operating income	728	+1	+3	1,452	0	0
LLPs	-428	+3	+6	-843	-1	-3
PBT	300	+3	+5	592	+3	+4
Attributable profit	176	0	+2	353	+8	+8
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 37

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Primary segments

	Corporate Centre	Underlying attributable profit
		-EUR 609 mn
→ The Corporate Centre continued to support the Group. → The Corporate Centre’s objective is to define, develop and coordinate the Group's strategy and aid the operating units by contributing value and carrying out the corporate oversight and control function. It also carries out functions related to financial and capital management. → Attributable loss of EUR 609 million, improving 2% compared to H1 2023 mainly due to lower costs, more than offsetting the worse performance of gains on financial transactions (higher negative impact from foreign currency hedging), with net interest income virtually flat year-on-year.

Strategy and functions

The Corporate Centre contributes value to the Group, through the following functions, among others:

•Global control frameworks and supervision.

•Fostering the exchange of best practices in cost management, which enables us to be one of the most efficient banks.

•Collaborating in the definition and execution of the global strategy, competitive development operations and projects that ensure we meet the business plan.

•Contributing to the launch of projects that will be developed by our global businesses aimed at leveraging our worldwide presence to generate economies of scale.

•Ensuring open and constructive communication with shareholders, analysts, investors, bondholders, rating agencies and other market players.

•Adding value to our businesses, countries and divisions by encouraging the exchange of best practices, driving and managing innovative global initiatives and defining corporate policies to improve efficiency in our processes and service quality for our customers.

It also coordinates the relationship with European regulators and supervisors and carries out functions related to financial and capital management, as follows:

•Financial Management functions:

–Structural management of liquidity risk associated with funding the Group’s recurring activity and stakes of a financial nature. At the end of June 2024, the liquidity buffer was EUR 304 billion.

This is done ensuring the diversification of funding sources (issuances and other), maintaining an adequate profile in volumes, maturities and costs.

The price of these transactions with other Group units is the market rate that includes all liquidity concepts (which the Group supports by immobilizing funds during the term of the transaction) and regulatory requirements (TLAC/MREL).

–We also actively manage interest rate risk is also in order to dampen the impact of interest rate changes on net interest income, conducted via high credit quality, very liquid and low capital consumption derivatives.

–Strategic management of exposure to exchange rates in equity and dynamic management of the FX hedges related to the units’ next twelve months results in euros. The net investments in equity currently hedged totalled EUR 17,247 million (mainly in Mexico, Brazil and the UK) with different FX instruments (spots and forwards).

•Management of total capital and reserves: capital analysis, adequacy and management of the Group including: coordination with subsidiaries, monitoring profitability to maximize shareholder returns, setting solvency targets and capital contributions, and monitoring the capital ratio in both regulatory and economic terms, and efficient capital allocation to the units.

Results

In H1 2024, the attributable loss was EUR 609 million, 2% better than in H1 2023 (a EUR 620 million loss), by line:

•Net interest income remained steady (worsening EUR 6 million), as the higher liquidity buffer remuneration nearly offset higher interest expense related to TLAC/MREL issuances.

•Weaker gains on financial transactions (EUR 95 million more negative than H1 2023), due to greater negative impacts from foreign currency hedging.

•On the other hand, costs improved 8% compared to H1 2023, driven by ongoing simplification measures.

•Lastly, other results and provisions increased slightly year-on-year.

Corporate Centre. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
	Q2'24	Q1'24	Chg.	H1'24	H1'23	Chg.
Total income	-140	-210	-33	-350	-342	+2%
Net operating income	-227	-297	-24	-524	-531	-1%
PBT	-266	-340	-22	-606	-601	+1%
Attributable profit	-252	-357	-30	-609	-620	-2%
Detailed financial information in appendix.

38 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Secondary segments

	Europe	Underlying attributable profit
		EUR 3,187 mn
→ We continue to accelerate our business transformation to achieve higher growth and a more efficient operating model. → New business lending volumes improved year-on-year, however the stock of loans declined, still affected by prepayments and in a context of higher interest rates. Customer deposits rose, mainly due to time deposits. → Attributable profit increased 26% (+24% in constant euros) to EUR 3,187 million, with strong revenue growth, mainly from net interest income in Spain, Portugal and Poland.

Strategy

In Q2 2024, we remained focused on growing our business and transforming our operating model, to improve efficiency and customer experience.

•In Retail, we continued to drive digitalization through a common online banking and mobile experience, while reducing running costs and streamlining products and processes.

•In CIB, we were focused on deepening customer relationships and boosting our distribution capabilities.

•We continued to grow our Wealth business, which is a key driver of fee generation, while increasing its efficiency by developing centralized global technology platforms.

•In Payments, we expanded our businesses across Europe through PagoNxt and Cards.

Additionally, our capital discipline allowed us to maximize the value of the businesses, through sustainable asset rotation and high-value origination.

Business performance

There were positive dynamics in the quarter, with new business volumes improving year-on-year, supported by 525,000 more customers year-on-year.

Loans and advances to customers rose 2% year-on-year. In gross terms, excluding reverse repurchase agreements and in constant euros, they decreased 1%, with falls across most countries, except Poland due to record mortgage and personal loan origination and CIB portfolio growth. By business, they decreased in Retail (due to mortgage prepayments in the UK and Spain and lower loans in SMEs) and Payments.

Customer deposits increased 1% year-on-year. Excluding repurchase agreements and in constant euros they also rose 1%, as the increase in time deposits (+16%) offset the decrease in

Europe. Business performance. June 2024
EUR billion and YoY % change in constant euros
Europe	561	-1%	Europe	727	+3%

Gross loans and advances to customers excl. reverse repos Customer deposits excl.
repos + mutual funds

demand deposits (-3%). By business, deposits rose mainly due to time deposits in Retail, CIB and Wealth. Mutual funds increased 16% in constant euros, with growth in all countries.

Results

Attributable profit in H1 2024 was EUR 3,187 million, up 26% year-on-year. In constant euros, it grew 24%, as follows:

•Total income increased 10%, due to higher net interest income (+7%), with strong growth in Spain, Portugal and Poland (good margin management), which more than offset the fall in the UK (lower mortgage volumes and higher deposit costs). Net fee income rose 4%, mainly driven by mutual fund fees in Spain (Objetivo campaign). SRF contributions ended in 2023, therefore there was no contribution in 2024.

•Costs increased 4%, in line with inflation, especially in the UK where salaries were impacted by inflation and in Poland due to the tight labour market. Net operating income rose 15% and the efficiency ratio improved by 2.6 pp, reaching 39.3%.

•Net loan-loss provisions decreased 23%, driven by credit quality improvement across countries and also due to macro improvement in the UK. We had additional provisions related to the CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland, increasing its coverage. The cost of risk stood at 0.39% (0.42% June 2023).

•Other results and provisions increased 22%, impacted by the higher temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain.

Compared to Q1 2024, profit rose 7% in constant euros, due to having recorded the temporary levy on revenue earned in Spain in Q1 2024 and a positive performance in costs. The quarter was impacted by the higher CHF mortgage portfolio provisions in Poland.

Europe. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	5,910	+2	+2	11,718	+12	+10
Expenses	-2,297	0	-1	-4,602	+5	+4
Net operating income	3,612	+3	+3	7,116	+17	+15
LLPs	-532	+10	+10	-1,017	-21	-23
PBT	2,545	+4	+4	4,983	+28	+26
Attributable profit	1,647	+7	+7	3,187	+26	+24
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 39

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Secondary segments

DCBE	Digital Consumer Bank Europe	Underlying attributable profit
		EUR 453 mn
→ Our strategy is focused on strengthening our leadership in auto and non-auto through strategic alliances and better service through new operational and non-auto leasing platforms, with Zinia in check-out lending. → In H1 2024, new business volumes rose 2% year-on-year in constant euros (+4% in auto), in an environment that is still tending to limit consumption (despite this, the auto market performed well). Deposits increased 24% in constant euros, in line with our objective to increase retail funding through common platforms to reduce liability costs. → Attributable profit of EUR 453 million, down 13% year-on-year in constant euros as the good performance in net interest income and net fee income with flat costs, were more than offset by cost of risk normalization towards pre-pandemic levels and higher CHF mortgage provisions.

Strategy

The vision in our DCB Europe business is to become the preferred partner of our final customers and partners, offering greater profitability and value creation.

We are thus transforming our operating model:

•We continue to offer global solutions integrated into the processes of our partners - manufacturers, importers and retailers - accompanying them as their increasingly digital business models evolve.

•Simplifying and automating our processes to improve customer experience and gain in scalability.

•Building and developing global platforms. In Q2 2024, we continued strengthening our operational leasing solution in Italy, Spain, France and Germany. Zinia, our check-out lending platform, launched a service of instalment loans with Apple (physical point of sale and e-commerce) in Germany. Openbank is present in four markets (Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Germany).

Business performance

The stock of loans and advances to customers rose 8%. In gross terms, excluding reverse repos and in constant euros, it also rose 8% year-on-year, reaching EUR 138 billion. New business volumes rose 2% year-on-year in constant euros (+4% in auto).

In line with our strategy to increase retail funding to reduce funding costs, customer deposits increased 24% year-on-year. Excluding repos and in constant euros, they also grew 24% to EUR 77 billion. Mutual funds increased double-digits from very low levels. Our access to wholesale funding markets remained strong and diversified.

DCB Europe. June 2024
EUR billion and % change in constant euros
		+2%
		QoQ			+5%
					QoQ
	138
		+8%		81	+23%
		YoY			YoY
Gross loans and advances to customers excl. reverse repos			Customer deposits excl. repos + mutual funds

Results

In H1 2024, attributable profit reached EUR 453 million, a 13% decline year-on-year. In constant euros, profit also decreased 13%, as follows:

•Total income improved 7%, mainly due to net interest income (+7%), supported by active loan repricing and customer deposit growth. In addition, net fee income grew 14%, driven by greater penetration in direct insurance, especially in Germany. SRF contributions ended in 2023, therefore there is no contribution in 2024.

•Costs remained flat, absorbing the effects of inflation and business growth. Net operating income grew 14% and the efficiency ratio improved 3.2 pp to 46.2%.

•Net loan-loss provisions increased 40%, significantly impacted by additional provisions in Q2 2024 to increase the coverage of the CHF mortgage portfolio. Additionally, they rose due to expected normalization (still below our historical average), volumes growth, some regulatory impacts and lower portfolio sales than in 2023. Despite all of this, cost of risk remained at very low levels (0.72%), normalizing in line with expectations and the NPL ratio stood at 2.31%.

The largest contribution to profit came from Germany (EUR 123 million), followed by the Nordic countries (EUR 122 million), France (EUR 63 million) and the UK (EUR 57 million).

Compared to Q1 2024, profit fell 2% in constant euros as the good performance in total income and especially in costs, were more than offset by the higher CHF mortgage provisions.

DCB Europe. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	1,444	+2	+3	2,854	+7	+7
Expenses	-655	-1	-1	-1,319	0	0
Net operating income	789	+6	+6	1,534	+14	+14
LLPs	-308	+12	+12	-584	+41	+40
PBT	356	-11	-11	757	-18	-18
Attributable profit	224	-2	-2	453	-13	-13
Detailed financial information in appendix.

40 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
		Secondary segments

	North America	Underlying attributable profit
		EUR 1,347 mn
→ We continue to leverage the strength of our global businesses to transform our presence in the US and Mexico while continuing our digital transformation and refining our tailored service and product suite for a better customer experience. → Loans and advances to customers increased 3% year-on-year in constant euros driven by growth in both countries. Customer deposits declined 4% in deposits in constant euros, mainly due to funding strategy changes in CIB in the US, partially mitigated by higher deposits in Mexico and Consumer in the US. → Attributable profit in H1 2024 was EUR 1,347 million, flat year-on-year (-3% in constant euros), with top line growth in both countries offset by higher costs (inflation and investments) and cost of risk normalization.

Strategy

We continued to pursue business transformation across the US and Mexico, while leveraging our global and regional scale. We:

•Remained focused on executing the transformation of our Retail and Consumer businesses in both countries. The simplification of our product portfolio and streamlining of our operations continued.

•Advanced in the adoption of global technology platforms to deliver an enhanced digital experience. For example, in April we announced the launch of our national deposit platform under the Openbank brand later this year in the US.

•Continued to invest in our Corporate & Investment Banking Build-Out in the US, with the expansion of our advisory services and enhanced product offering capabilities, resulting in strong revenue growth.

•Pursued growth in Wealth, with targeted investments to enhance our capabilities and strengthen growth levers.

•Strengthened our regional operating model in technology and operations to consolidate know-how, digitalization, digital hubs, front and back-office automation driving more effective and efficient operations.

Business performance

Loans and advances to customers rose 5% year-on-year. In gross terms, excluding reverse repos and in constant euros, they were 3% up primarily driven by robust growth in mortgages, auto, cards and corporates in Mexico and CIB and auto in the US.

Customer deposits rose 2% year-on-year. Excluding repos and in constant euros, they declined 4%. This was mainly driven by strategy changes to reduce excess corporate deposits in CIB in the US, partially offset by deposit growth in Retail in Mexico and in Consumer in the US.

North America. Business performance. June 2024
EUR billion and YoY % change in constant euros
North America	165	+3%	North America	167	0%

Gross loans and advances to customers excl. reverse repos Customer deposits excl.
repos + mutual funds

Mutual funds grew strongly, +19% year-on-year in constant euros driven mainly by Mexico, supported by a strategy based on offering attractive products to our customers through enhanced digital platforms.

Results

Attributable profit in H1 2024 was EUR 1,347 million, flat year-on-year. In constant euros, profit decreased 3%, as follows:

•Total income grew 7% year-on-year, driven by a strong revenue performance in CIB in the US, where we are moving forward with our capabilities build-out, and by a good performance across the board in Mexico (volumes growth and wider customer margins).

•Costs increased 7%, driven by inflation and higher digital and investments embedded in our transformation programme in Retail in Mexico and in CIB in the US. These were partially compensated by significant efficiencies in our Consumer and Commercial businesses in the US resulting from our transformation initiatives.

•Net loan-loss provisions rose 21%, reflecting the strong business growth in Retail and Cards in Mexico, as well as the expected cost of risk normalization in Mexico and auto in the US.

Compared to Q1 2024, attributable profit grew 9% in constant euros, fuelled by revenue growth in Retail in Mexico and Consumer in the US and lower net loan-loss provisions, particularly in Consumer in the US and Payments in Mexico.

North America. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	3,554	+2	+2	7,039	+10	+7
Expenses	-1,691	+2	+2	-3,352	+10	+7
Net operating income	1,863	+2	+2	3,686	+10	+7
LLPs	-908	-8	-8	-1,893	+24	+21
PBT	810	+4	+4	1,586	-9	-12
Attributable profit	703	+9	+9	1,347	0	-3
Detailed financial information in appendix.

January - June 2024 41

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		Secondary segments

	South America	Underlying attributable profit
		EUR 1,681 mn
→ We are focused on being the primary bank for our customers and the most profitable bank in each of our countries in the region, taking advantage of the synergies between our global and regional businesses. We continued to grow our solid customer base (increasing 3.6 million year-on-year to almost 77 million), supported by our focus on service quality. → In terms of activity, year-on-year growth in both loans and deposits in constant euros, as we seek to become the leading bank in inclusive and sustainable businesses through differential value propositions. → Attributable profit was EUR 1,681 million in H1 2024, with a 15% increase year-on-year (+19% in constant euros) driven by the strong net interest income growth which more than offset lower gains on financial transactions and higher provisions.

Strategy

In Q2 2024, the main initiatives by business were:

•In Retail, we continued to focus on becoming a digital bank with branches, optimizing our product and service offering in digital channels and improving customer experience.

•In Consumer, we continued developing new business models and strengthening OEM agreements.

•In CIB, we are evolving towards a pan-regional offering, focusing on Markets and Corporate Finance.

•In Wealth, we are working to increase liability gathering to drive loyalty, improving our value offer and developing our distribution channels.

•In Payments, we continued to boost profitable growth, through new business development and efficiency improvement.

Business performance

The variations in constant euros, both in the balance sheet and results, have been calculated considering the Argentine peso exchange rate on the last working day of each of the periods presented. Additionally, from Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used for the Argentine peso. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report.

Loans and advances to customers fell 4% year-on-year. In gross terms, excluding reverse repos and in constant euros, they rose 7%, with increases in all global businesses. Retail loans grew due to SMEs and corporates (Brazil and Uruguay), mortgages (Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) and personal loans (Brazil). Loans in Consumer, Wealth and Payments rose in the main countries, except in Argentina.

South America. Business performance. June 2024
EUR billion and YoY % change in constant euros
South America	157	+7%	South America	195	+11	%

Gross loans and advances to customers excl. reverse repos Customer deposits excl.
repos + mutual funds

Customer deposits decreased 3% year-on-year. Excluding repos and in constant euros, they rose 8%, driven by time deposits (+13%) with strong growth in Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. Mutual funds rose 18% in constant euros, with double-digit increases in most countries.

Results

In H1 2024, attributable profit reached EUR 1,681 million, 15% higher than in H1 2023. In constant euros, profit rose 19%, as follows:

•Total income increased 10%, supported by 23% net interest income growth, up in all global businesses and rising double-digits in Brazil and Chile (higher volumes and benefiting from negative sensitivity of their balance sheet in a context of falling interest rates) and in Argentina. In net fee income, the good performance in Brazil (insurance and foreign exchange fees) Uruguay (Consumer) and Peru (CIB) offset lower fees in Argentina and Chile (from high levels in 2023). Gains on financial transactions were impacted by lower results in CIB in Brazil and Argentina.

•Costs remained flat and fell 4% in real terms, driven by lower costs in Argentina and our good cost management in Brazil and Chile. Efficiency improved by 3.7 pp to 35.4%.

•Net loan-loss provisions were up 10% due to Brazil, where provisions increased below portfolio growth, and normalization in Chile. The cost of risk stood at 3.50% (3.32% in June 2023).

Compared to Q1 2024, variations were significantly impacted by the use of the new Argentine peso exchange rate. Excluding Argentina, profit rose 7% in constant euros, supported by higher net interest income and net fee income in Brazil and Chile and controlled costs.

South America. Underlying income statement
EUR million and % change
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
	Q2'24	%	excl. FX	H1'24	%	excl. FX
Total income	4,903	0	+3	9,790	+8	+10
Expenses	-1,636	-11	-8	-3,466	-2	0
Net operating income	3,267	+7	+10	6,324	+15	+17
LLPs	-1,370	-1	+3	-2,748	+8	+10
PBT	1,480	+13	+16	2,788	+17	+21
Attributable profit	885	+11	+14	1,681	+15	+19
Detailed financial information in appendix.

42 January - June 2024

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Group financial information
Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share

Appendix Index

Responsible Banking

STRATEGY AND TARGET

Our sustainability strategy focuses on supporting business growth, meeting our stakeholders' expectations and making Santander more resilient through sound risk management, data protection and privacy, transparency, culture and governance. This strategy focuses on areas with the greatest risks or opportunities for the Group or where we can have the greatest impact.

We continued to make progress towards meeting the goals set at Investor Day, which include supporting the transition to a green economy and promoting inclusive growth.

Green finance	Socially Responsible Investments (SRI) AuMs	Financial inclusion
EUR 123.4 billion	EUR 74.0 billion	2.8 million people
Target 1: EUR 120 bn 2025	Target: EUR 100 bn 2025	Target: 5 mn 2025
Target 2: EUR 220 bn 2030
Note: targets were set before the publication of the European taxonomy in Q2 2023. Therefore, target definitions are not fully aligned with the taxonomy. For further information, see the 'Alternative performance measures' section in the appendix to this report.

GROUP

•We achieved the target we set in 2019 to invest or mobilize EUR 120 billion in green finance before 2025 18 months early. This put us in a good position to achieve our objective to reach EUR 220 billion in green finance between 2019 and 2030.

•In Q2 2024, Euromoney gave us the following awards:

–Best Bank for Corporate Responsibility in Western Europe, and also in Mexico, Portugal and Uruguay.

–Best Bank for ESG in Brazil, Chile and Argentina.

–Best Bank for Diversity and Inclusion in the UK and Spain.

RETAIL

•Since 2023, we have financially included 2.8 million people, of which more than 1.4 million were through access initiatives and around 1.4 million through finance initiatives. In H1 2024, we also supported microentrepreneurs with EUR 631 million through our Prospera, Tuiio and Surgir programmes, now present in four countries.

•As part of our objective to invest EUR 400 million between 2023 and 2026 to foster education, employability and entrepreneurship, we have reached EUR 146.6 million, of which EUR 41.6 million was in H1 2024. In addition, in H1 2024 we invested EUR 21 million in communities.

•We signed an asset securitization together with EIB Group. This will allow us to mobilize EUR 1.2 billion, that will contribute to financing green and women's entrepreneurship projects of SMEs and mid-caps in Spain.

•In Q2 2024, we published sustainability reports in Brazil, Mexico and the US, where we explain our local sustainability actions. In May, we published the 2023 University Report with information on all the activities throughout the year done by Santander Universidades and Universia to boost education, employability and entrepreneurship.

•We also launched another Santander X Global Challenge in 11 countries, an initiative for startups and scaleups that bring innovative solutions to education, employability and entrepreneurship.

January - June 2024 43

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CONSUMER

•In Europe, we financed more than 119,000 new electric vehicles (EV) in H1 2024 for a total of EUR 3.4 billion, equivalent to a market share of EV sales in Europe of more than 12%. Our offering includes a wide range of green solutions including the financing of electric vehicles, electric chargers, solar panels and electric bicycles.

•Also during H2 2024, we published our decarbonization target for our European auto lending portfolio for 2030, and we automated the calculation for enhanced monitoring.

CIB

•As at 30 June 2024, we had financed or mobilized a total of EUR 123.4 billion in green finance since we set our target in 2019, having mobilized EUR 8 billion in H1 2024.

•We continued to make progress towards achieving our 2030 decarbonization objectives in the electric power generation, energy (oil and gas), aviation, steel, auto manufacturing and thermal coal sectors. In addition, during H1 2024, we published our decarbonization target for the auto manufacturing portfolio.

WEALTH

•We continued to increase our socially responsible investment (SRI) product offering, advancing towards our target of reaching EUR 100 billion in SRI AuMs in 2025. As at end June, the total volume of AuMs in socially responsible investments was EUR 74.0 billion, of which EUR 51.2 billion were in SAM and EUR 22.7 billion from third party funds in Private Banking.

•We continued to make progress in our objective to reduce the emissions of 50% of AuMs by half by 2030, within the perimeter of our commitment. Also, we made progress in our net zero engagement activities, through participation in collaborative initiatives and individual engagements.

•In Santander Asset Management, we launched Santander GO Global Environmental Solutions funds, which invest in companies related to circular economy, natural capital, renewable energies or energy infrastructure, among others.

•We published 'Climate adaptations vs. mitigation' and 'From linear to circular, the future of business and the economy', our first articles related to sustainability for our global Private Banking clients.

PAYMENTS

•As at 31 May 2024, in Cards, we had acquired 10.7 million cards made of sustainable materials (recycled PVC or PLA).

44 January - June 2024

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Financial information by segment Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share

Appendix Index

Corporate governance

Share capital reduction of 2.09% under the shareholder remuneration charged against 2023 results

On 25 June, the board of directors reduced the Bank's share capital by EUR 165,652,500, cancelling 331,305,000 of its own shares. These shares accounted for 2.09% of share capital prior to the reduction and were acquired as part of the buyback programme that ran between February and June 2024 under the shareholder remuneration charged against 2023 results. The capital reduction, which was approved at the general shareholders’ meeting on 22 March 2024, was registered with the Commercial Registry of Cantabria on 1 July. Consequently, Article 5 of the Bylaws was amended to reflect that the Bank’s share capital is set at EUR 7,747,136,786, comprising 15,494,273,572 shares with a nominal value of EUR 0.50 per share, all of the same class and affording the same rights.

The six share buyback programmes charged against 2021, 2022 and 2023 results and the related share capital reductions have resulted in the cancellation of almost 11% of the Bank's shares (1,846,367,730 shares) since November 2021.

Changes to the board of directors

On 27 June, having obtained the corresponding regulatory approvals, Carlos Barrabés (filling the vacancy left by Bruce Carnegie-Brown), and Antonio Weiss (to succeed Ramiro Mato, who also ceased to be a member of the board of directors), joined the board as independent directors.

Changes to the board committees

On 27 June, Carlos Barrabés joined the nomination committee, the responsible banking, sustainability and culture committee and the innovation and technology committee to replace Ramiro Mato, who also ceased to be a member of other committees (executive, audit and risk supervision, regulation and compliance).

Also, on 23 July, Sol Daurella was appointed Chair of the responsible banking, sustainability and culture committee.

The updated composition of the board committees is available on our corporate website (www.santander.com).

Changes to the organizational structure of the Group's Senior Management

On 29 April, the board of directors approved the following appointments, subject to regulatory approval:

•Javier García Carranza as the new Global Head of Wealth Management & Insurance to succeed Víctor Matarranz, who will support Héctor Grisi in executing our strategy. Mr García Carranza led the Investment Platforms and Corporate Investments unit, which is merging with Wealth Management & Insurance to leverage synergies across the respective businesses.

•Javier Roglá as head of the Group's new People and Culture division, which brings together the Talent area headed by Mr Roglá, and Human Resources, led until now by Alexandra Brandão, who remains in the Group as a director of Banco Santander (Uruguay).

Also, on 25 June, the board of directors agreed the appointment, subject to regulatory approval, of Alexsandro Broedel Lopes as the new Group Chief Accounting Officer to succeed José Doncel, who will leave his executive role in the Group in March 2025. Mr Broedel Lopes, who, until now, was CFO of Itaú Unibanco where he has worked for the past 12 years, will begin this role early next year.

January - June 2024 45

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Appendix Index

Santander Share

Dividends and shareholder remuneration

In application of the shareholder remuneration policy for 2023, the bank paid an additional cash dividend of EUR 9.50 cents per share against 2023 results in May 2024.

Likewise, and in application of the shareholder remuneration policy for 2023, a second share buyback programme was carried out between February and June 2024 for EUR 1,459 million, in which a total of 331,305,000 shares were acquired, representing 2.09% of the share capital. Under the authorization of the 22 March 2024 AGM, on 25 June 2024, the board agreed to amortize the shares acquired and to the corresponding reduction of share capital under the terms described in the 'Corporate governance' section.

As a result, the total shareholder remuneration against 2023 results, including the cash dividend of EUR 8.10 cent per share paid in November 2023 and the first share buyback programme (EUR 1,310 million) completed in January 2024, was EUR 5,552 million, equivalent to approximately 50% of the Group’s reported profit (excluding non-cash, non-capital ratios impact items) in 2023. This remuneration was split approximately equally with around 50% in cash dividends and 50% through share buybacks.

Share price performance

Santander's shares are listed on five markets: on four exchanges in Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Valencia), in the US (as an ADR), in the UK (as a CDI), in Poland and in Mexico (Sistema Internacional de Cotizaciones).

During Q2 2024, disinflation slowed down. Fluctuations in interest rate expectations reflected market uncertainties about central bank decisions. While the ECB made its first interest rate cut in June, the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England decided to hold interest rates.

There has also been some volatility due to the recent electoral processes, which has impacted the markets in Mexico and Europe, although growth expectations in the eurozone remain reasonably positive. In the UK, the economic outlook is not expected to be greatly impacted by the results of the elections.

In this environment, equity markets performed well. Santander's share price ended June 2024 with positive return of 14.6% in the year to date. In the banking sector, the Eurostoxx Banks, the eurozone's main index, was 15.6% up, while the DJ Stoxx Banks rose by 15.2% and the MSCI World Banks increased 11.3%. The other main indices also closed up (the Ibex 35 +8.3% and the DJ Stoxx 50 +9.7% since end 2023).

Share price
START 29/12/2023	END 28/06/2024
€3.780	€4.331
Maximum 29/04/2024	Minimum 30/01/2024
€4.928	€3.563

Comparative share performance

46 January - June 2024

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Appendix Index

Market capitalization and trading

As at 28 June 2024, Santander’s market capitalization of EUR 67,098 million was the second largest in the eurozone and 25th largest in the world among financial institutions.

The share’s weighting in the Stoxx Europe 600 Banks index was 6.8% and 11.5% in the Euro Stoxx Banks. In the domestic market, its weight in the Ibex 35 was 12.2% as at end June 2024.

A total of 4,297 million shares were traded in the period for an effective value of EUR 18,194 million and an annualized liquidity ratio of 54%.

The average daily trading volume was 34.1 million shares with an effective value of EUR 144 million.

Shareholder base

The total number of Santander shareholders at the end of June 2024 was 3,526,649, of which 3,192,026 were European (72.63% of the capital stock) and 323,462 from the Americas (25.93% of the capital stock).

Excluding the board, which holds 1.26% of the bank’s capital stock, retail shareholders accounted for 39.75% and institutional shareholders accounted for 58.99%.

Share capital distribution by geographic area
June 2024
The Americas	Europe	Other
25.93%	72.63%	1.44%
Source: Banco Santander, S.A. Shareholder register.

	2nd	Bank in the eurozone by market capitalization
	EUR	67,098	million 1

The Santander share
June 2024
Shares and trading data
Shares (number)	15,494,273,572
Average daily turnover (number of shares)	34,106,207
Share liquidity (%)	54
(Annualized number of shares traded during the period / number of shares)
Stock market indicators
Price / Tangible book value (X)	0.88
Free float (%)	99.99

1.After cancelling the shares from the second share buyback programme against 2023 results.

Share capital distribution by type of shareholder

June 2024

Institutions

58.99%

Board *

1.26%

Retail

39.75%

* Shares owned or represented by directors.

January - June 2024 47

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Appendix Index

A P P E N D I X

48 January - June 2024

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				Group financial information

Financial information

Note: from Q2 2024, we have begun to apply a new theoretical exchange rate for the Argentine peso which better reflects inflation in the country. For more information, see the calculation method detailed in the ‘Alternative Performance Measures’ section in this appendix.

Net fee income. Consolidated
EUR million
	Q2'24	Q1'24	Change (%)	H1'24	H1'23	Change (%)
Fees from services	1,789	1,821	(1.8)	3,610	3,591	0.5
Wealth management and marketing of customer funds	1,126	1,076	4.6	2,202	1,956	12.6
Securities and custody	322	343	(6.1)	665	556	19.6
Net fee income	3,237	3,240	(0.1)	6,477	6,103	6.1

Underlying operating expenses. Consolidated
EUR million
	Q2'24	Q1'24	Change (%)	H1'24	H1'23	Change (%)
Staff costs	3,467	3,594	(3.5)	7,061	6,603	6.9
Other general administrative expenses	2,071	2,125	(2.5)	4,196	4,270	(1.7)
Information technology	651	645	0.9	1,296	1,247	3.9
Communications	98	104	(5.8)	202	208	(2.9)
Advertising	137	139	(1.4)	276	299	(7.7)
Buildings and premises	179	192	(6.8)	371	373	(0.5)
Printed and office material	20	23	(13.0)	43	47	(8.5)
Taxes (other than tax on profits)	118	150	(21.3)	268	295	(9.2)
Other expenses	868	872	(0.5)	1,740	1,801	(3.4)
Administrative expenses	5,538	5,719	(3.2)	11,257	10,873	3.5
Depreciation and amortization	828	828	0.0	1,656	1,606	3.1
Operating expenses	6,366	6,547	(2.8)	12,913	12,479	3.5

Operating means. Consolidated
	Employees1			Branches
	Jun-24	Jun-23	Change	Jun-24	Jun-23	Change
Europe	67,633	66,820	813	3,033	3,103	(70)
Spain	24,229	24,811	(582)	1,833	1,884	(51)
United Kingdom	22,214	22,163	51	444	445	(1)
Portugal	4,885	4,977	(92)	374	377	(3)
Poland	10,988	10,682	306	373	389	(16)
Other	5,317	4,187	1,130	9	8	1
DCB Europe	16,704	16,624	80	327	363	(36)
North America	43,388	45,657	(2,269)	1,765	1,814	(49)
US	12,746	14,250	(1,504)	409	443	(34)
Mexico	29,195	30,280	(1,085)	1,356	1,371	(15)
Other	1,447	1,127	320	—	—	—
South America	79,967	81,413	(1,446)	3,160	3,543	(383)
Brazil	56,803	58,505	(1,702)	2,446	2,772	(326)
Chile	9,519	9,928	(409)	242	259	(17)
Argentina	8,356	8,233	123	314	362	(48)
Other	5,289	4,747	542	158	150	8
Corporate Centre	1,861	1,896	(35)
Total Group	209,553	212,410	(2,857)	8,285	8,823	(538)

1. Employee data for Spain and Other Europe have been modified slightly to better reflect the allocation of CIB employees.

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				Group financial information

Underlying net loan-loss provisions. Consolidated
EUR million
	Q2'24	Q1'24	Change (%)	H1'24	H1'23	Change (%)
Non-performing loans	3,582	3,464	3.4	7,046	6,635	6.2
Country-risk	—	—	—	—	—	—
Recovery of written-off assets	(464)	(339)	36.9	(803)	(864)	(7.1)
Net loan-loss provisions	3,118	3,125	(0.2)	6,243	5,771	8.2

Loans and advances to customers. Consolidated
EUR million
			Change
	Jun-24	Jun-23	Absolute	%	Dec-23
Commercial bills	53,763	53,596	167	0.3	55,628
Secured loans	558,338	566,991	(8,653)	(1.5)	554,375
Other term loans	304,917	293,360	11,557	3.9	295,485
Finance leases	39,725	36,831	2,894	7.9	38,723
Receivable on demand	13,602	14,229	(627)	(4.4)	12,277
Credit cards receivable	23,387	23,889	(502)	(2.1)	24,371
Impaired assets	33,614	33,295	319	1.0	34,094
Gross loans and advances to customers (excl. reverse repos)	1,027,346	1,022,191	5,155	0.5	1,014,953
Reverse repos	60,875	45,999	14,876	32.3	44,184
Gross loans and advances to customers	1,088,221	1,068,190	20,031	1.9	1,059,137
Loan-loss allowances	22,625	23,146	(521)	(2.3)	22,788
Loans and advances to customers	1,065,596	1,045,044	20,552	2.0	1,036,349

Total funds. Consolidated
EUR million
			Change
	Jun-24	Jun-23	Absolute	%	Dec-23
Demand deposits	659,270	670,106	(10,836)	(1.6)	661,262
Time deposits	293,608	270,609	22,999	8.5	307,085
Mutual funds	218,207	193,401	24,806	12.8	208,528
Customer funds	1,171,085	1,134,116	36,969	3.3	1,176,875
Pension funds	15,091	14,352	739	5.1	14,831
Managed portfolios	38,959	34,252	4,707	13.7	36,414
Repos	84,768	73,063	11,705	16.0	78,822
Total funds	1,309,903	1,255,783	54,120	4.3	1,306,942

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				Group financial information

Eligible capital (phased-in) 1. Consolidated
EUR million
			Change
	Jun-24	Jun-23	Absolute	%	Dec-23
Capital stock and reserves	126,179	121,643	4,536	3.7	121,185
Attributable profit	6,059	5,241	818	15.6	11,076
Dividends	(1,515)	(1,310)	(204)	15.6	(2,769)
Other retained earnings	(37,938)	(31,882)	(6,056)	19.0	(34,484)
Minority interests	7,554	6,702	852	12.7	6,899
Goodwill and intangible assets	(16,725)	(17,878)	1,153	(6.5)	(17,220)
Other deductions	(5,639)	(4,887)	(753)	15.4	(7,946)
Core CET1	77,975	77,628	346	0.4	76,741
Preferred shares and other eligible tier 1	8,834	8,856	(22)	(0.3)	9,002
Tier 1	86,809	86,485	324	0.4	85,742
Generic funds and eligible tier 2 instruments	17,612	14,669	2,943	20.1	16,497
Eligible capital	104,420	101,154	3,267	3.2	102,240
Risk-weighted assets	624,831	631,149	(6,318)	(1.0)	623,731
CET1 capital ratio	12.5	12.3	0.2		12.3
Tier 1 capital ratio	13.9	13.7	0.2		13.7
Total capital ratio	16.7	16.0	0.7		16.4

1. The phased-in ratio includes the transitory treatment of IFRS 9, calculated in accordance with article 473 bis of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR2) and subsequent modifications introduced by Regulation 2020/873 of the European Union. Total phased-in capital ratios include the transitory treatment according to chapter 4, title 1, part 10 of the CRR2.

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				Segments information

RETAIL & COMMERCIAL BANKING						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	6,870	(3.8)	(3.0)	14,015	13.0	11.6
Net fee income	1,173	(1.6)	(0.4)	2,366	3.5	3.1
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	263	60.1	59.2	427	82.2	89.2
Other operating income	(80)	(82.3)	(82.2)	(533)	0.9	(0.1)
Total income	8,226	2.2	3.2	16,274	13.1	11.9
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(3,119)	(5.6)	(4.8)	(6,423)	0.8	0.1
Net operating income	5,107	7.7	8.7	9,851	22.9	21.2
Net loan-loss provisions	(1,564)	2.7	4.6	(3,087)	(0.8)	(1.3)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(733)	(13.2)	(12.5)	(1,577)	24.4	22.9
Profit before tax	2,810	18.3	18.8	5,187	42.6	39.5
Tax on profit	(865)	11.0	11.7	(1,645)	60.7	55.8
Profit from continuing operations	1,945	21.8	22.2	3,542	35.4	33.1
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	1,945	21.8	22.2	3,542	35.4	33.1
Non-controlling interests	(122)	28.7	28.8	(216)	11.4	10.7
Profit attributable to the parent	1,824	21.4	21.8	3,326	37.4	34.9
Note: in Q1 2024, some adjustments to the quarterly series related to the revenue sharing criteria between CIB and Retail & Commercial Banking were incorporated into the quarterly series to better reflect the business dynamics of our new operating model with five global businesses as new primary segments. These adjustments did not affect the Group’s results, nor did they affect the annual results of Retail & Commercial Banking and CIB.
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	622,705	0.0	0.0	622,705	(1.6)	(0.2)
Customer deposits	645,145	(1.8)	(0.8)	645,145	(1.3)	(0.1)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	618,938	(0.3)	0.5	618,938	(2.3)	(0.8)
Customer funds	729,175	(0.4)	0.8	729,175	2.3	3.7
Customer deposits ³	637,306	(0.8)	0.2	637,306	0.4	1.5
Mutual funds	91,868	2.8	5.6	91,868	17.5	22.5
Risk-weighted assets	292,885	(2.4)		292,885	(5.6)
Note: in Q1 2024, adjustments to some of the 2023 business volumes metrics in Retail & Commercial Banking, Digital Consumer Bank, CIB and Wealth Management & Insurance were incorporated into the quarterly series to better reflect the perimeters of our five global businesses in accordance with our new operating model. These adjustments did not affect the Group’s business volumes metrics.
Ratios (%) and customers
RoTE ⁴	19.2	3.6		17.4	4.1
Efficiency ratio	37.9	(3.1)		39.5	(4.8)
NPL ratio	3.15	(0.09)		3.15	(0.07)
NPL coverage ratio	60.4	0.3		60.4	(2.8)
Number of total customers (thousands)	142,913	1.8		142,913	3.6
Number of active customers (thousands)	77,176	1.5		77,176	2.6

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Allocated according to RWA consumption.

52 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

DIGITAL CONSUMER BANK						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	2,655	(2.0)	(1.9)	5,364	6.8	6.7
Net fee income	387	9.2	9.7	742	27.1	26.8
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	9	25.0	25.3	16	(70.9)	(71.0)
Other operating income	213	88.4	87.4	326	(10.1)	(10.3)
Total income	3,264	2.5	2.6	6,449	7.0	6.9
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(1,307)	(0.3)	(0.5)	(2,618)	0.4	0.3
Net operating income	1,957	4.5	4.8	3,831	12.1	12.0
Net loan-loss provisions	(1,055)	(7.2)	(7.0)	(2,193)	21.6	21.4
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(180)	52.5	52.9	(298)	168.3	164.4
Profit before tax	722	16.7	17.1	1,341	(10.8)	(10.7)
Tax on profit	(54)	(34.0)	(32.7)	(136)	(51.8)	(51.7)
Profit from continuing operations	668	24.5	24.7	1,205	(1.4)	(1.3)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	668	24.5	24.7	1,205	(1.4)	(1.3)
Non-controlling interests	(62)	(14.4)	(14.3)	(135)	(30.6)	(30.6)
Profit attributable to the parent	606	30.6	30.8	1,070	4.2	4.3
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	205,442	2.8	2.9	205,442	6.5	6.4
Customer deposits	122,053	2.9	2.4	122,053	14.8	13.6
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	213,211	2.7	2.9	213,211	6.5	6.5
Customer funds	129,509	3.0	2.5	129,509	15.6	14.5
Customer deposits ³	122,014	2.9	2.4	122,014	15.6	14.4
Mutual funds	7,495	5.4	5.0	7,495	16.2	15.2
Risk-weighted assets	156,560	(0.2)		156,560	0.9
Note: in Q1 2024, adjustments to some of the 2023 business volumes metrics in Retail & Commercial Banking, Digital Consumer Bank, CIB and Wealth Management & Insurance were incorporated into the quarterly series to better reflect the perimeters of our five global businesses in accordance with our new operating model. These adjustments did not affect the Group’s business volumes metrics.
Ratios (%) and customers
RoTE ⁴	14.3	3.1		12.8	0.3
Efficiency ratio	40.0	(1.1)		40.6	(2.7)
NPL ratio	4.81	(0.05)		4.81	0.63
NPL coverage ratio	75.9	(0.2)		75.9	(12.0)
Number of total customers (thousands)	24,989	(0.2)		24,989	0.2

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Allocated according to RWA consumption.

January - June 2024 53

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				Segments information

CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANKING						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	969	(8.7)	(7.9)	2,031	21.6	22.0
Net fee income	626	(4.3)	(4.0)	1,280	12.0	11.6
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	136	(76.2)	(76.2)	706	(37.5)	(37.2)
Other operating income	345	—	—	171	—	—
Total income	2,076	(1.7)	(1.2)	4,188	5.9	6.0
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(930)	4.7	4.8	(1,817)	20.2	19.7
Net operating income	1,146	(6.4)	(5.6)	2,371	(3.0)	(2.5)
Net loan-loss provisions	(56)	38.3	39.4	(96)	—	—
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(46)	(40.8)	(40.8)	(124)	(5.5)	(6.4)
Profit before tax	1,044	(5.6)	(4.8)	2,151	(6.7)	(6.1)
Tax on profit	(298)	(14.1)	(13.0)	(644)	(7.8)	(7.2)
Profit from continuing operations	746	(1.8)	(1.0)	1,506	(6.2)	(5.7)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	746	(1.8)	(1.0)	1,506	(6.2)	(5.7)
Non-controlling interests	(47)	(14.9)	(14.2)	(101)	(21.5)	(18.1)
Profit attributable to the parent	700	(0.8)	—	1,405	(4.9)	(4.6)
Note: in Q1 2024, some adjustments to the quarterly series related to the revenue sharing criteria between CIB and Retail & Commercial Banking were incorporated into the quarterly series to better reflect the business dynamics of our new operating model with five global businesses as new primary segments. These adjustments did not affect the Group’s results, nor did they affect the annual results of Retail & Commercial Banking and CIB.
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	187,977	6.7	7.6	187,977	10.9	12.0
Customer deposits	206,347	(0.3)	1.6	206,347	6.4	8.6
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	143,829	3.3	4.5	143,829	5.0	6.6
Customer funds	144,201	(8.7)	(6.6)	144,201	(6.0)	(2.8)
Customer deposits ³	130,473	(8.8)	(7.3)	130,473	(8.1)	(5.6)
Mutual funds	13,727	(7.7)	0.3	13,727	20.9	34.4
Risk-weighted assets	122,086	1.7		122,086	6.1
Note: in Q1 2024, adjustments to some of the 2023 business volumes metrics in Retail & Commercial Banking, Digital Consumer Bank, CIB and Wealth Management & Insurance were incorporated into the quarterly series to better reflect the perimeters of our five global businesses in accordance with our new operating model. These adjustments did not affect the Group’s business volumes metrics.
Ratios (%)
RoTE ⁴	18.7	(0.5)		19.0	(2.3)
Efficiency ratio	44.8	2.8		43.4	5.2
NPL ratio	1.05	(0.09)		1.05	(0.33)
NPL coverage ratio	45.0	(1.3)		45.0	8.2

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Allocated according to RWA consumption.

54 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

WEALTH MANAGEMENT & INSURANCE						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	404	(4.4)	(4.4)	827	13.8	13.4
Net fee income	355	(2.6)	(2.6)	719	14.9	14.6
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	46	11.3	11.6	88	11.6	11.1
Other operating income	92	45.0	46.9	156	(1.7)	(2.2)
Total income	897	0.6	0.7	1,789	12.6	12.2
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(309)	0.9	1.0	(615)	5.5	5.2
Net operating income	588	0.4	0.6	1,173	16.7	16.2
Net loan-loss provisions	(10)	147.5	147.9	(14)	—	—
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(5)	(78.4)	(78.4)	(30)	(15.6)	(15.9)
Profit before tax	573	2.9	3.1	1,130	14.7	14.2
Tax on profit	(136)	(0.4)	(0.3)	(273)	16.3	16.2
Profit from continuing operations	436	3.9	4.1	856	14.2	13.6
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	436	3.9	4.1	856	14.2	13.6
Non-controlling interests	(19)	(2.3)	(2.2)	(39)	(0.7)	0.5
Profit attributable to the parent	417	4.2	4.5	818	15.0	14.3
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	22,958	0.6	1.0	22,958	2.2	2.7
Customer deposits	61,378	2.9	3.2	61,378	5.8	6.3
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	23,073	0.7	1.1	23,073	2.3	2.7
Customer funds	165,613	(0.1)	1.4	165,613	7.5	9.7
Customer deposits ³	60,496	2.8	3.0	60,496	6.9	7.3
Mutual funds	105,117	(1.7)	0.5	105,117	7.9	11.1
Risk-weighted assets	10,730	(33.2)		10,730	(35.8)
Assets under management	479,720	(0.6)	1.6	479,720	9.5	12.8
Gross written premiums	3,190	7.8	5.1	6,150	(0.5)	(1.0)
Note: in Q1 2024, adjustments to some of the 2023 business volumes metrics in Retail & Commercial Banking, Digital Consumer Bank, CIB and Wealth Management & Insurance were incorporated into the quarterly series to better reflect the perimeters of our five global businesses in accordance with our new operating model. These adjustments did not affect the Group’s business volumes metrics.
Ratios (%) and customers
RoTE ⁴	81.4	4.1		79.3	3.4
Efficiency ratio	34.5	0.1		34.4	(2.3)
NPL ratio	0.77	0.14		0.77	(0.05)
NPL coverage ratio	64.6	3.0		64.6	11.4
Number of Private Banking customers (thousands)	283	2.3		283	12.5

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Allocated according to RWA consumption.

January - June 2024 55

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

PAYMENTS						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	645	(4.5)	(2.6)	1,320	10.6	9.5
Net fee income	695	2.7	4.4	1,371	(6.9)	(7.3)
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	3	194.4	171.7	4	—	—
Other operating income	4	468.5	429.2	5	—	—
Total income	1,347	(0.4)	1.3	2,701	3.4	2.7
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(615)	(5.4)	(4.6)	(1,266)	4.4	3.6
Net operating income	732	4.1	6.8	1,435	2.5	1.9
Net loan-loss provisions	(434)	3.7	6.0	(852)	(1.8)	(2.8)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(257)	—	—	(277)	694.2	685.5
Profit before tax	41	(84.4)	(82.5)	306	(38.5)	(38.2)
Tax on profit	(110)	3.5	6.9	(215)	(8.9)	(8.7)
Profit from continuing operations	(68)	—	—	91	(65.2)	(65.0)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	(68)	—	—	91	(65.2)	(65.0)
Non-controlling interests	(20)	(5.7)	(4.5)	(42)	10.7	16.8
Profit attributable to the parent	(89)	—	—	49	(78.1)	(78.2)
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	20,884	(6.5)	(1.3)	20,884	(3.4)	3.5
Customer deposits	994	25.8	25.8	994	65.7	65.7
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	22,569	(6.0)	(0.7)	22,569	(3.2)	3.7
Customer funds	994	25.8	25.8	994	65.7	65.7
Customer deposits ³	994	25.8	25.8	994	65.7	65.7
Mutual funds	—	—	—	—	—	—
Risk-weighted assets	18,918	(8.9)		18,918	(4.9)
Ratios (%)
RoTE ⁴	(14.5)	(35.3)		3.8	(14.0)
NPL ratio	5.00	0.15		5.00	(0.13)
NPL coverage ratio	149.5	4.6		149.5	7.4

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Allocated according to RWA consumption.

56 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

PagoNxt						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	31	2.0	5.5	62	97.7	96.8
Net fee income	233	4.0	5.8	456	2.2	2.0
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	2	—	—	—	—	—
Other operating income	34	11.9	11.9	64	18.0	17.2
Total income	300	5.9	7.7	583	12.0	11.7
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(297)	(2.6)	(1.7)	(601)	5.0	4.9
Net operating income	4	—	—	(18)	(65.9)	(65.1)
Net loan-loss provisions	(5)	36.4	41.0	(9)	(26.1)	(26.1)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(256)	—	—	(259)	—	—
Profit before tax	(258)	841.8	807.6	(286)	273.3	279.5
Tax on profit	(6)	(34.5)	(28.7)	(16)	(43.4)	(44.3)
Profit from continuing operations	(265)	613.2	600.2	(302)	187.9	190.1
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	(265)	613.2	600.2	(302)	187.9	190.1
Non-controlling interests	—	(78.5)	(79.1)	(3)	—	—
Profit attributable to the parent	(265)	573.4	561.6	(304)	195.8	198.5
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	733	(48.2)	(43.7)	733	(14.7)	(7.4)
Customer deposits	994	25.8	25.8	994	65.7	65.7
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	755	(47.7)	(43.2)	755	(15.5)	(8.5)
Customer funds	994	25.8	25.8	994	65.7	65.7
Customer deposits ³	994	25.8	25.8	994	65.7	65.7
Mutual funds	—	—	—	—	—	—
Risk-weighted assets	4,279	(16.2)		4,279	0.2
Total transactions (Getnet, million)	2,346	(2.8)		4,759	7.2
Total payments volume (Getnet)	53,905	0.3	2.2	107,647	12.8	12.2
Ratios (%)
EBITDA margin	23.0	5.9		20.1	8.9
Efficiency ratio	98.8	-8.6		103.0	(6.9)

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

January - June 2024 57

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

Cards						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	613	(4.8)	(3.0)	1,258	8.2	7.2
Net fee income	462	2.1	3.7	915	(10.8)	(11.3)
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	1	(55.6)	(59.6)	4	(16.6)	(2.8)
Other operating income	(30)	(0.3)	0.1	(59)	(41.3)	(41.4)
Total income	1,047	(2.1)	(0.4)	2,117	1.2	0.5
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(319)	(7.9)	(7.1)	(665)	3.9	2.3
Net operating income	728	0.6	2.8	1,452	—	(0.4)
Net loan-loss provisions	(428)	3.4	5.6	(843)	(1.5)	(2.5)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	—	(97.7)	(97.4)	(18)	(20.2)	(21.8)
Profit before tax	300	2.5	4.9	592	3.1	3.7
Tax on profit	(103)	7.3	10.4	(199)	(4.2)	(3.7)
Profit from continuing operations	196	0.2	2.2	392	7.2	7.9
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	196	0.2	2.2	392	7.2	7.9
Non-controlling interests	(20)	2.9	4.3	(39)	(1.5)	3.3
Profit attributable to the parent	176	(0.1)	1.9	353	8.3	8.5
Balance sheet and activity metrics
Loans and advances to customers	20,151	(3.6)	1.5	20,151	(2.9)	3.9
Customer deposits	—	—	—	—	—	—
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers ²	21,814	(3.4)	1.9	21,814	(2.7)	4.2
Customer funds	—	—	—	—	—	—
Customer deposits ³	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mutual funds	—	—	—	—	—	—
Risk-weighted assets	14,639	(6.6)		14,639	(6.3)
Number of cards (million)	99	1.5		99	3.7
Ratios (%)
RoTE ⁴	34.5	(0.9)		35.0	2.1
Efficiency ratio	30.4	(1.9)		31.4	0.8
NPL ratio	5.03	0.05		5.03	(0.14)
NPL coverage ratio	151.7	4.2		151.7	8.1

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Allocated according to RWA consumption.

58 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

CORPORATE CENTRE						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	H1'23	%
Net interest income	(69)	(31)	123.1	(100)	(94)	6.4
Net fee income	2	(1)	—	1	(7)	—
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	(122)	(162)	(24.4)	(284)	(189)	50.3
Other operating income	49	(16)	—	33	(52)	—
Total income	(140)	(210)	(33.1)	(350)	(342)	2.5
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(86)	(87)	(1.3)	(174)	(189)	(8.1)
Net operating income	(227)	(297)	(23.7)	(524)	(531)	(1.3)
Net loan-loss provisions	0	(2)	(96.8)	(2)	4	—
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(40)	(41)	(2.7)	(80)	(74)	8.7
Profit before tax	(266)	(340)	(21.6)	(606)	(601)	0.8
Tax on profit	15	(18)	—	(3)	(19)	(85.2)
Profit from continuing operations	(252)	(357)	(29.6)	(609)	(620)	(1.7)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	(252)	(357)	(29.6)	(609)	(620)	(1.7)
Non-controlling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—
Profit attributable to the parent	(252)	(357)	(29.6)	(609)	(620)	(1.7)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	5,629	5,580	0.9	5,629	5,583	0.8
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	96,925	100,663	(3.7)	96,925	107,118	(9.5)
Debt instruments	9,622	8,388	14.7	9,622	7,827	22.9
Other financial assets	934	820	13.9	934	1,003	(6.9)
Other asset accounts	124,659	130,691	(4.6)	124,659	127,867	(2.5)
Total assets	237,769	246,142	(3.4)	237,769	249,398	(4.7)
Customer deposits	1,729	1,428	21.1	1,729	1,181	46.4
Central banks and credit institutions	21,463	21,970	(2.3)	21,463	45,181	(52.5)
Marketable debt securities	110,786	115,063	(3.7)	110,786	100,538	10.2
Other financial liabilities	1,748	1,774	(1.5)	1,748	1,284	36.1
Other liabilities accounts	7,762	8,001	(3.0)	7,762	8,042	(3.5)
Total liabilities	143,488	148,236	(3.2)	143,488	156,226	(8.2)
Total equity	94,281	97,907	(3.7)	94,281	93,172	1.2
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	5,726	5,651	1.3	5,726	5,623	1.8
Customer funds	1,594	1,428	11.7	1,594	1,181	35.0
Customer deposits 3	1,594	1,428	11.7	1,594	1,181	35.0
Mutual funds	—	—	—	—	—	—
Resources
Number of employees	1,861	1,877	(0.9)	1,861	1,896	(1.8)

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

January - June 2024 59

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

EUROPE						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	4,165	1.0	0.8	8,288	9.6	7.4
Net fee income	1,167	(2.9)	(3.1)	2,368	5.5	4.4
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	201	(51.0)	(51.0)	612	28.2	27.6
Other operating income	377	411.8	412.8	450	153.7	155.6
Total income	5,910	1.7	1.5	11,718	12.0	10.1
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(2,297)	(0.3)	(0.5)	(4,602)	5.0	3.5
Net operating income	3,612	3.1	2.9	7,116	17.0	14.9
Net loan-loss provisions	(532)	9.9	9.6	(1,017)	(21.1)	(22.7)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(535)	(8.1)	(8.2)	(1,116)	23.4	21.8
Profit before tax	2,545	4.4	4.2	4,983	28.2	25.8
Tax on profit	(814)	2.2	2.1	(1,610)	35.2	32.9
Profit from continuing operations	1,731	5.5	5.2	3,373	25.1	22.6
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	1,731	5.5	5.2	3,373	25.1	22.6
Non-controlling interests	(85)	(16.0)	(16.7)	(186)	15.5	7.8
Profit attributable to the parent	1,647	6.9	6.7	3,187	25.7	23.6
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	591,207	1.9	1.5	591,207	1.5	0.8
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	151,044	(5.7)	(6.0)	151,044	(22.8)	(23.2)
Debt instruments	127,655	1.3	1.2	127,655	31.7	31.0
Other financial assets	50,804	(6.2)	(6.2)	50,804	(0.8)	(0.9)
Other asset accounts	26,364	(3.0)	(3.2)	26,364	4.8	4.3
Total assets	947,074	(0.1)	(0.4)	947,074	(0.4)	(1.0)
Customer deposits	638,256	(0.9)	(1.2)	638,256	1.4	0.7
Central banks and credit institutions	97,203	4.3	3.9	97,203	(16.1)	(16.7)
Marketable debt securities	80,054	0.4	—	80,054	6.0	5.3
Other financial liabilities	60,853	4.5	4.4	60,853	2.4	2.2
Other liabilities accounts	28,635	(1.0)	(1.0)	28,635	(1.6)	(1.8)
Total liabilities	905,000	0.1	(0.2)	905,000	(0.5)	(1.1)
Total equity	42,074	(3.9)	(4.1)	42,074	0.8	(0.1)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	560,623	1.4	1.1	560,623	(0.6)	(1.3)
Customer funds	726,957	0.2	0.0	726,957	3.4	2.7
Customer deposits 3	611,328	(0.4)	(0.7)	611,328	1.3	0.6
Mutual funds	115,629	3.8	3.7	115,629	16.1	15.8
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	17.1	1.3		16.4	2.9
Efficiency ratio	38.9	(0.8)		39.3	(2.6)
NPL ratio	2.25	(0.07)		2.25	(0.11)
NPL coverage ratio	49.1	0.0		49.1	(1.9)
Number of employees	67,633	(0.2)		67,633	1.2
Number of branches	3,033	(1.2)		3,033	(2.3)
Number of total customers (thousands)	46,469	0.1		46,469	1.1
Number of active customers (thousands)	28,796	0.5		28,796	1.6

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

60 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

Spain				Q
EUR million
		/ Q1'24		/ H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	H1'24	%
Net interest income	1,840	1.3	3,656	15.6
Net fee income	738	(1.1)	1,484	5.0
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	107	(70.5)	468	40.9
Other operating income	364	291.1	457	121.5
Total income	3,048	1.1	6,065	18.6
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(1,033)	0.1	(2,065)	1.3
Net operating income	2,015	1.6	3,999	30.1
Net loan-loss provisions	(327)	(1.2)	(658)	(18.1)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(244)	(41.6)	(660)	11.7
Profit before tax	1,445	16.9	2,681	59.7
Tax on profit	(461)	(0.7)	(925)	69.1
Profit from continuing operations	984	27.5	1,756	55.1
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	984	27.5	1,756	55.1
Non-controlling interests	0	252.5	0	—
Profit attributable to the parent	984	27.5	1,756	55.1
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	251,609	2.6	251,609	2.2
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	82,862	6.6	82,862	(25.9)
Debt instruments	77,172	(1.3)	77,172	33.6
Other financial assets	45,915	(9.4)	45,915	(0.8)
Other asset accounts	17,079	0.7	17,079	(2.7)
Total assets	474,638	1.2	474,638	(1.0)
Customer deposits	315,055	(1.4)	315,055	0.5
Central banks and credit institutions	40,371	19.6	40,371	(16.6)
Marketable debt securities	28,204	6.2	28,204	4.0
Other financial liabilities	51,374	3.3	51,374	(2.9)
Other liabilities accounts	21,863	1.5	21,863	5.3
Total liabilities	456,867	1.3	456,867	(1.2)
Total equity	17,771	(0.2)	17,771	3.8
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	234,321	2.6	234,321	(1.4)
Customer funds	382,346	0.3	382,346	2.3
Customer deposits 3	296,568	(0.7)	296,568	(0.7)
Mutual funds	85,777	3.9	85,777	14.4
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	22.8	4.7	20.4	7.0
Efficiency ratio	33.9	(0.3)	34.1	(5.8)
NPL ratio	2.91	(0.10)	2.91	(0.21)
NPL coverage ratio	50.1	0.3	50.1	(0.6)
Number of employees 4	24,229	(1.4)	24,229	(2.3)
Number of branches	1,833	(1.7)	1,833	(2.7)
Number of total customers (thousands)	15,126	(0.1)	15,126	3.0
Number of active customers (thousands)	8,630	1.6	8,630	6.2

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Employee data for Spain and Other Europe have been modified slightly to better reflect the allocation of CIB employees.

January - June 2024 61

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

United Kingdom						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	1,196	0.9	0.5	2,381	(7.8)	(10.1)
Net fee income	64	(19.0)	(19.3)	142	(14.8)	(16.9)
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	—	(96.5)	(96.7)	(8)	—	—
Other operating income	0	92.0	91.5	1	(68.2)	(69.0)
Total income	1,260	0.2	(0.1)	2,516	(8.8)	(11.0)
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(717)	(2.3)	(2.6)	(1,451)	6.5	3.8
Net operating income	542	3.8	3.4	1,065	(23.7)	(25.6)
Net loan-loss provisions	(44)	153.4	152.8	(61)	(40.6)	(42.1)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(64)	(29.6)	(29.9)	(155)	(6.3)	(8.6)
Profit before tax	434	4.8	4.5	849	(24.7)	(26.5)
Tax on profit	(110)	0.2	(0.1)	(219)	(29.1)	(30.8)
Profit from continuing operations	325	6.5	6.1	630	(23.0)	(24.9)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	325	6.5	6.1	630	(23.0)	(24.9)
Non-controlling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—
Profit attributable to the parent	325	6.5	6.1	630	(23.0)	(24.9)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	250,820	0.7	(0.1)	250,820	(1.1)	(2.3)
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	50,456	(21.3)	(21.9)	50,456	(22.0)	(22.9)
Debt instruments	12,467	21.2	20.2	12,467	43.1	41.4
Other financial assets	306	(3.9)	(4.7)	306	(71.6)	(71.9)
Other asset accounts	4,368	(8.7)	(9.5)	4,368	84.9	82.6
Total assets	318,417	(3.1)	(3.9)	318,417	(3.7)	(4.8)
Customer deposits	229,975	(2.6)	(3.4)	229,975	(1.6)	(2.8)
Central banks and credit institutions	25,700	(6.4)	(7.2)	25,700	(28.4)	(29.3)
Marketable debt securities	44,912	(0.7)	(1.5)	44,912	3.8	2.6
Other financial liabilities	4,707	(12.8)	(13.5)	4,707	51.5	49.6
Other liabilities accounts	1,435	(9.2)	(9.9)	1,435	(28.6)	(29.5)
Total liabilities	306,729	(2.9)	(3.7)	306,729	(3.5)	(4.7)
Total equity	11,689	(8.6)	(9.3)	11,689	(7.1)	(8.2)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	235,979	(0.2)	(1.0)	235,979	(2.5)	(3.7)
Customer funds	230,481	(2.0)	(2.8)	230,481	0.3	(1.0)
Customer deposits 3	222,887	(2.1)	(2.9)	222,887	0.1	(1.1)
Mutual funds	7,594	1.4	0.5	7,594	5.0	3.7
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	11.2	0.8		10.8	(3.0)
Efficiency ratio	56.9	(1.5)		57.7	8.3
NPL ratio	1.46	(0.02)		1.46	0.15
NPL coverage ratio	28.5	0.2		28.5	(3.5)
Number of employees	22,214	(0.6)		22,214	0.2
Number of branches	444	0.0		444	(0.2)
Number of total customers (thousands)	22,478	(0.1)		22,478	0.5
Number of active customers (thousands)	13,756	(0.4)		13,756	(0.9)

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

62 January - June 2024

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				Segments information

Portugal				Q
EUR million
		/ Q1'24		/ H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	H1'24	%
Net interest income	413	(4.1)	844	46.8
Net fee income	115	(9.4)	242	3.0
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	18	1.8	35	192.0
Other operating income	12	41.7	21	936.0
Total income	558	(4.4)	1,142	38.6
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(134)	(0.2)	(267)	1.1
Net operating income	425	(5.7)	874	56.4
Net loan-loss provisions	5	—	(2)	(93.1)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(36)	—	(39)	(6.3)
Profit before tax	394	(10.6)	834	72.2
Tax on profit	(133)	(2.5)	(270)	66.3
Profit from continuing operations	260	(14.2)	564	75.2
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	260	(14.2)	564	75.2
Non-controlling interests	(1)	20.1	(1)	77.9
Profit attributable to the parent	260	(14.3)	563	75.2
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	37,680	1.0	37,680	(0.2)
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	6,951	1.2	6,951	(25.1)
Debt instruments	12,538	0.9	12,538	58.6
Other financial assets	1,118	(0.1)	1,118	(2.0)
Other asset accounts	1,051	0.2	1,051	(23.4)
Total assets	59,338	1.0	59,338	3.3
Customer deposits	37,732	3.3	37,732	3.1
Central banks and credit institutions	8,933	1.2	8,933	4.7
Marketable debt securities	4,753	(18.3)	4,753	19.3
Other financial liabilities	340	4.2	340	10.2
Other liabilities accounts	3,581	3.6	3,581	(21.2)
Total liabilities	55,339	0.7	55,339	2.5
Total equity	4,000	4.0	4,000	14.5
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	38,412	0.8	38,412	(0.8)
Customer funds	42,235	3.3	42,235	4.2
Customer deposits 3	37,732	3.3	37,732	3.1
Mutual funds	4,504	3.3	4,504	14.0
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	26.5	(4.6)	28.8	10.1
Efficiency ratio	23.9	1.0	23.4	(8.7)
NPL ratio	2.42	(0.21)	2.42	(0.68)
NPL coverage ratio	79.9	(1.0)	79.9	(1.9)
Number of employees	4,885	(0.5)	4,885	(1.8)
Number of branches	374	(0.3)	374	(0.8)
Number of total customers (thousands)	2,946	0.5	2,946	2.0
Number of active customers (thousands)	1,860	1.0	1,860	3.4

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

January - June 2024 63

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

Poland						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	697	1.7	0.9	1,384	14.4	6.9
Net fee income	163	(7.2)	(7.9)	339	17.3	9.5
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	19	314.2	312.2	24	(20.9)	(26.2)
Other operating income	(2)	(93.6)	(94.0)	(35)	85.2	72.9
Total income	878	5.3	4.5	1,711	13.4	5.9
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(237)	3.6	2.9	(466)	15.3	7.6
Net operating income	640	5.9	5.1	1,245	12.7	5.2
Net loan-loss provisions	(166)	27.6	26.7	(297)	(13.4)	(19.2)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(108)	74.0	72.9	(170)	60.9	50.2
Profit before tax	366	(11.1)	(11.9)	779	18.6	10.7
Tax on profit	(108)	9.8	9.0	(207)	19.6	11.7
Profit from continuing operations	258	(17.7)	(18.4)	572	18.2	10.4
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	258	(17.7)	(18.4)	572	18.2	10.4
Non-controlling interests	(85)	(15.5)	(16.2)	(185)	14.1	6.6
Profit attributable to the parent	173	(18.8)	(19.5)	386	20.3	12.3
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	36,342	4.6	4.6	36,342	13.1	9.8
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	8,157	(9.5)	(9.4)	8,157	(7.6)	(10.3)
Debt instruments	15,676	(1.0)	(1.0)	15,676	17.5	14.1
Other financial assets	487	(6.2)	(6.2)	487	(21.1)	(23.4)
Other asset accounts	1,801	(6.3)	(6.3)	1,801	2.4	(0.5)
Total assets	62,463	0.7	0.7	62,463	10.2	7.0
Customer deposits	47,051	2.5	2.5	47,051	11.6	8.4
Central banks and credit institutions	4,277	2.6	2.6	4,277	(5.9)	(8.7)
Marketable debt securities	2,185	4.4	4.4	2,185	92.4	86.9
Other financial liabilities	1,648	16.3	16.3	1,648	33.8	29.9
Other liabilities accounts	1,282	(22.3)	(22.3)	1,282	(13.3)	(15.8)
Total liabilities	56,443	2.2	2.2	56,443	11.7	8.5
Total equity	6,020	(11.5)	(11.5)	6,020	(2.1)	(5.0)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	37,140	4.1	4.1	37,140	12.6	9.4
Customer funds	52,011	2.2	2.3	52,011	12.7	9.5
Customer deposits 3	46,114	1.8	1.8	46,114	9.4	6.3
Mutual funds	5,896	5.9	6.0	5,896	48.1	43.8
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	18.6	(1.6)		19.4	1.5
Efficiency ratio	27.0	(0.4)		27.2	0.4
NPL ratio	3.40	(0.17)		3.40	(0.35)
NPL coverage ratio	75.1	0.2		75.1	1.1
Number of employees	10,988	1.3		10,988	2.9
Number of branches	373	(1.1)		373	(4.1)
Number of total customers (thousands)	5,915	1.0		5,915	2.2
Number of active customers (thousands)	4,546	1.2		4,546	3.7

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

64 January - June 2024

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

Other Europe
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	19	293.2	274.3	24	(35.4)	(35.3)
Net fee income	87	16.7	16.2	161	14.9	14.9
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	58	68.5	67.7	92	(3.6)	(3.6)
Other operating income	2	(55.9)	(56.0)	6	—	—
Total income	166	40.3	39.4	284	9.5	9.6
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(176)	0.5	0.2	(351)	13.1	13.1
Net operating income	(10)	(81.7)	(81.3)	(68)	31.0	30.9
Net loan-loss provisions	—	(87.2)	(87.8)	2	—	—
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(84)	795.8	795.8	(93)	—	—
Profit before tax	(94)	44.4	45.1	(159)	168.1	167.9
Tax on profit	(2)	—	—	11	—	—
Profit from continuing operations	(96)	82.4	83.2	(148)	151.7	151.5
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	(96)	82.4	83.2	(148)	151.7	151.5
Non-controlling interests	1	—	—	1	(71.6)	(71.6)
Profit attributable to the parent	(95)	80.8	81.6	(147)	159.3	159.2
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	14,755	6.6	5.9	14,755	18.9	16.9
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	2,618	8.8	8.3	2,618	169.3	168.6
Debt instruments	9,801	5.3	5.2	9,801	6.6	6.3
Other financial assets	2,978	97.5	96.3	2,978	43.2	41.0
Other asset accounts	2,065	(16.2)	(16.5)	2,065	(2.7)	(3.5)
Total assets	32,217	9.1	8.6	32,217	20.3	19.0
Customer deposits	8,443	42.3	41.0	8,443	132.7	127.9
Central banks and credit institutions	17,922	(5.7)	(6.0)	17,922	(3.3)	(4.1)
Marketable debt securities	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other financial liabilities	2,784	103.6	102.3	2,784	46.5	44.2
Other liabilities accounts	473	(30.4)	(30.4)	473	54.8	54.0
Total liabilities	29,623	9.7	9.2	29,623	21.6	20.3
Total equity	2,595	2.6	2.0	2,595	7.4	6.0
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	14,771	6.6	5.9	14,771	18.9	16.8
Customer funds	19,884	15.8	15.2	19,884	53.8	52.3
Customer deposits 3	8,027	39.4	38.1	8,027	132.4	127.4
Mutual funds	11,858	3.9	3.6	11,858	25.2	24.5
Resources
Number of employees 4	5,317	4.6		5,317	27.0

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

4. Employee data for Spain and Other Europe have been modified slightly to better reflect the allocation of CIB employees.

January - June 2024 65

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

DCB EUROPE						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	1,092	(0.2)	(0.1)	2,187	7.2	6.8
Net fee income	231	5.2	5.2	451	14.4	14.1
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	6	51.9	54.3	10	(82.3)	(82.3)
Other operating income	114	25.0	25.0	206	23.6	22.9
Total income	1,444	2.4	2.5	2,854	7.4	7.0
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(655)	(1.5)	(1.4)	(1,319)	0.4	0.1
Net operating income	789	5.9	6.0	1,534	14.2	13.6
Net loan-loss provisions	(308)	11.9	12.0	(584)	40.7	39.5
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(124)	80.7	80.3	(193)	—	—
Profit before tax	356	(11.1)	(10.9)	757	(18.4)	(18.5)
Tax on profit	(78)	(24.8)	(24.7)	(181)	(20.1)	(20.2)
Profit from continuing operations	279	(6.3)	(6.1)	576	(17.8)	(17.9)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	279	(6.3)	(6.1)	576	(17.8)	(17.9)
Non-controlling interests	(55)	(20.2)	(20.2)	(124)	(31.5)	(31.7)
Profit attributable to the parent	224	(2.1)	(1.9)	453	(13.1)	(13.2)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	135,576	2.6	2.3	135,576	8.1	7.6
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	19,127	(0.1)	(0.5)	19,127	15.3	14.7
Debt instruments	5,921	(14.9)	(15.1)	5,921	13.0	12.2
Other financial assets	98	(9.7)	(9.7)	98	(39.6)	(39.8)
Other asset accounts	10,564	3.9	3.7	10,564	14.1	13.8
Total assets	171,286	1.6	1.3	171,286	9.3	8.8
Customer deposits	76,901	5.0	4.6	76,901	24.1	23.6
Central banks and credit institutions	29,239	(3.0)	(3.6)	29,239	(24.1)	(24.6)
Marketable debt securities	44,342	0.6	0.5	44,342	22.6	22.4
Other financial liabilities	2,508	9.7	9.6	2,508	8.0	7.7
Other liabilities accounts	5,145	1.2	0.9	5,145	0.8	0.5
Total liabilities	158,135	2.1	1.8	158,135	9.7	9.3
Total equity	13,151	(3.8)	(4.3)	13,151	4.3	3.6
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	138,296	2.6	2.3	138,296	8.1	7.6
Customer funds	81,052	5.1	4.8	81,052	23.9	23.4
Customer deposits 3	76,901	5.0	4.6	76,901	24.1	23.6
Mutual funds	4,151	7.0	7.0	4,151	19.9	19.9
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	8.9	0.0		8.9	(1.9)
Efficiency ratio	45.3	(1.8)		46.2	(3.2)
NPL ratio	2.31	0.05		2.31	0.28
NPL coverage ratio	85.4	(0.7)		85.4	(9.0)
Number of employees	16,704	(0.9)		16,704	0.5
Number of branches	327	(3.8)		327	(9.9)
Number of total customers (thousands)	19,515	(0.5)		19,515	(1.0)

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

66 January - June 2024

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				Segments information

NORTH AMERICA						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	2,636	1.0	0.8	5,247	6.4	3.8
Net fee income	662	3.7	3.6	1,300	20.7	16.3
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	169	3.9	3.7	331	44.2	40.0
Other operating income	87	18.4	16.9	161	(10.5)	(9.1)
Total income	3,554	2.0	1.8	7,039	9.7	6.9
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(1,691)	1.8	1.6	(3,352)	9.6	7.1
Net operating income	1,863	2.1	2.0	3,686	9.8	6.7
Net loan-loss provisions	(908)	(7.8)	(8.1)	(1,893)	23.7	21.2
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(144)	129.9	129.1	(207)	136.8	132.1
Profit before tax	810	4.3	4.5	1,586	(8.8)	(12.0)
Tax on profit	(107)	(18.5)	(17.9)	(238)	(37.4)	(40.0)
Profit from continuing operations	703	9.0	9.0	1,348	(0.8)	(4.1)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	703	9.0	9.0	1,348	(0.8)	(4.1)
Non-controlling interests	0	(66.0)	(65.7)	(2)	(87.6)	(88.4)
Profit attributable to the parent	703	9.1	9.1	1,347	0.1	(3.2)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	183,084	2.9	4.8	183,084	4.6	4.3
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	34,561	(2.5)	(0.8)	34,561	(18.2)	(17.2)
Debt instruments	56,809	2.1	6.7	56,809	15.0	16.7
Other financial assets	8,687	1.7	8.2	8,687	(32.6)	(31.5)
Other asset accounts	23,160	(2.8)	(1.0)	23,160	2.0	1.6
Total assets	306,300	1.7	4.1	306,300	1.3	1.6
Customer deposits	177,982	1.2	3.4	177,982	2.1	2.0
Central banks and credit institutions	42,294	11.9	15.0	42,294	14.0	15.8
Marketable debt securities	39,471	2.8	4.2	39,471	4.1	3.6
Other financial liabilities	15,346	(10.7)	(5.8)	15,346	(24.8)	(23.6)
Other liabilities accounts	6,515	(5.3)	(1.4)	6,515	(0.6)	0.3
Total liabilities	281,607	2.0	4.4	281,607	1.9	2.2
Total equity	24,692	(2.0)	0.8	24,692	(4.4)	(3.9)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	165,322	(0.8)	1.3	165,322	3.4	3.3
Customer funds	166,590	(5.4)	(2.7)	166,590	(0.8)	(0.5)
Customer deposits 3	133,709	(6.9)	(4.7)	133,709	(4.4)	(4.3)
Mutual funds	32,881	1.5	6.4	32,881	17.1	19.0
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	12.0	0.7		11.7	0.6
Efficiency ratio	47.6	(0.1)		47.6	(0.1)
NPL ratio	3.93	(0.14)		3.93	0.70
NPL coverage ratio	74.3	0.1		74.3	(15.7)
Number of employees	43,388	(2.3)		43,388	(5.0)
Number of branches	1,765	(1.0)		1,765	(2.7)
Number of total customers (thousands)	25,476	1.4		25,476	2.1
Number of active customers (thousands)	14,952	1.7		14,952	5.8

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

January - June 2024 67

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

United States						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	1,428	2.2	1.4	2,824	(2.6)	(2.6)
Net fee income	272	2.1	1.3	539	38.3	38.3
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	97	(4.5)	(5.3)	198	71.4	71.5
Other operating income	104	(0.4)	(1.2)	208	(4.4)	(4.3)
Total income	1,900	1.7	0.9	3,769	4.0	4.1
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(963)	2.4	1.6	(1,903)	5.8	5.8
Net operating income	938	1.0	0.1	1,866	2.3	2.3
Net loan-loss provisions	(556)	(9.7)	(10.4)	(1,171)	16.5	16.5
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(43)	7.7	6.9	(83)	45.1	45.2
Profit before tax	339	23.8	22.9	612	(19.7)	(19.6)
Tax on profit	46	695.4	691.8	52	—	—
Profit from continuing operations	385	37.7	36.7	664	(0.4)	(0.3)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	385	37.7	36.7	664	(0.4)	(0.3)
Non-controlling interests	—	—	—	—	—	—
Profit attributable to the parent	385	37.7	36.7	664	(0.4)	(0.3)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	136,225	7.1	6.3	136,225	5.2	3.2
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	24,507	(2.5)	(3.3)	24,507	17.3	15.2
Debt instruments	26,560	8.2	7.3	26,560	17.3	15.1
Other financial assets	2,406	20.0	19.0	2,406	(56.9)	(57.7)
Other asset accounts	16,544	(1.6)	(2.3)	16,544	(3.8)	(5.6)
Total assets	206,241	5.4	4.6	206,241	5.3	3.4
Customer deposits	123,679	3.8	3.0	123,679	1.2	(0.7)
Central banks and credit institutions	27,169	18.1	17.2	27,169	67.1	64.0
Marketable debt securities	30,796	4.8	4.0	30,796	5.0	3.1
Other financial liabilities	5,830	(0.3)	(1.1)	5,830	(33.4)	(34.6)
Other liabilities accounts	3,020	(5.5)	(6.2)	3,020	(15.9)	(17.4)
Total liabilities	190,495	5.5	4.7	190,495	5.7	3.8
Total equity	15,747	4.2	3.4	15,747	0.5	(1.4)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	117,955	2.5	1.7	117,955	4.0	2.1
Customer funds	101,898	(4.9)	(5.7)	101,898	(5.4)	(7.2)
Customer deposits 3	88,551	(5.8)	(6.6)	88,551	(7.4)	(9.1)
Mutual funds	13,347	1.6	0.8	13,347	9.9	7.9
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	10.5	2.5		9.2	0.8
Efficiency ratio	50.7	0.4		50.5	0.8
NPL ratio	4.33	(0.27)		4.33	0.87
NPL coverage ratio	67.9	0.1		67.9	(17.7)
Number of employees	12,746	(2.1)		12,746	(10.6)
Number of branches	409	(1.0)		409	(7.7)
Number of total customers (thousands)	4,504	0.2		4,504	2.1
Number of active customers (thousands)	4,349	0.2		4,349	7.9

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

68 January - June 2024

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				Segments information

Mexico						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	1,207	(0.6)	0.0	2,421	19.4	12.6
Net fee income	374	4.2	4.8	733	10.5	4.1
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	74	6.1	6.7	144	25.2	18.0
Other operating income	(19)	(45.4)	(45.0)	(54)	28.2	20.9
Total income	1,636	1.8	2.3	3,244	17.4	10.6
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(677)	1.8	2.4	(1,343)	15.4	8.8
Net operating income	959	1.7	2.3	1,901	18.9	12.0
Net loan-loss provisions	(351)	(4.9)	(4.4)	(721)	37.9	30.0
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(17)	18.0	18.6	(32)	7.9	1.7
Profit before tax	590	5.7	6.3	1,149	9.6	3.3
Tax on profit	(161)	10.1	10.6	(307)	12.5	6.0
Profit from continuing operations	430	4.2	4.7	842	8.6	2.4
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	430	4.2	4.7	842	8.6	2.4
Non-controlling interests	(1)	(5.5)	(5.0)	(2)	(85.3)	(86.2)
Profit attributable to the parent	429	4.2	4.8	840	10.5	4.1
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	46,824	(7.6)	0.8	46,824	3.0	7.7
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	9,636	(3.1)	5.6	9,636	(54.1)	(52.1)
Debt instruments	30,247	(2.6)	6.2	30,247	13.1	18.2
Other financial assets	6,154	(4.1)	4.6	6,154	(14.2)	(10.3)
Other asset accounts	6,304	(5.1)	3.5	6,304	21.2	26.7
Total assets	99,166	(5.3)	3.2	99,166	(6.1)	(1.8)
Customer deposits	53,971	(4.4)	4.2	53,971	3.8	8.5
Central banks and credit institutions	14,882	2.2	11.4	14,882	(28.0)	(24.7)
Marketable debt securities	8,674	(3.8)	4.9	8,674	1.1	5.7
Other financial liabilities	9,395	(16.2)	(8.6)	9,395	(18.5)	(14.8)
Other liabilities accounts	3,416	(5.4)	3.2	3,416	17.9	23.2
Total liabilities	90,338	(4.8)	3.8	90,338	(5.6)	(1.3)
Total equity	8,828	(10.6)	(2.5)	8,828	(10.9)	(6.9)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	47,325	(8.1)	0.2	47,325	1.9	6.4
Customer funds	64,360	(6.1)	2.3	64,360	7.3	12.1
Customer deposits 3	44,825	(9.1)	(0.9)	44,825	1.7	6.3
Mutual funds	19,534	1.4	10.6	19,534	22.6	28.1
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	19.5	0.8		19.1	1.2
Efficiency ratio	41.4	0.0		41.4	(0.7)
NPL ratio	2.78	0.04		2.78	0.18
NPL coverage ratio	102.5	1.7		102.5	(3.8)
Number of employees	29,195	(2.9)		29,195	(3.6)
Number of branches	1,356	(1.0)		1,356	(1.1)
Number of total customers (thousands)	20,972	1.7		20,972	3.1
Number of active customers (thousands)	10,603	2.3		10,603	6.7

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

January - June 2024 69

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				Segments information

Other North America
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	2	224.7	228.4	2	(32.9)	(32.9)
Net fee income	15	22.9	23.0	27	17.1	17.1
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	(2)	(78.0)	(78.5)	(10)	—	—
Other operating income	2	(47.8)	(47.8)	7	74.8	74.8
Total income	17	98.5	100.0	26	(13.3)	(13.3)
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(51)	(9.1)	(9.1)	(107)	10.2	10.2
Net operating income	(34)	(28.5)	(28.7)	(82)	20.5	20.5
Net loan-loss provisions	(1)	—	—	(1)	(54.0)	(54.0)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(84)	930.6	925.9	(92)	—	—
Profit before tax	(119)	113.7	113.3	(175)	147.0	147.0
Tax on profit	8	(14.1)	(14.4)	17	—	—
Profit from continuing operations	(111)	138.4	137.9	(158)	90.8	90.8
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	(111)	138.4	137.9	(158)	90.8	90.8
Non-controlling interests	1	—	—	1	(66.7)	(66.7)
Profit attributable to the parent	(111)	136.5	136.0	(158)	94.0	94.0
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	35	1.0	1.0	35	(36.7)	(36.7)
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	418	9.3	9.3	418	23.2	23.2
Debt instruments	2	(20.5)	(20.5)	2	588.5	588.5
Other financial assets	127	1.7	1.7	127	(6.4)	(6.4)
Other asset accounts	311	(17.0)	(17.0)	311	2.4	2.4
Total assets	892	(2.9)	(2.9)	892	7.0	7.0
Customer deposits	332	25.8	25.8	332	65.7	65.7
Central banks and credit institutions	243	1.1	1.1	243	34.3	34.1
Marketable debt securities	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other financial liabilities	120	0.2	0.2	120	(9.9)	(9.9)
Other liabilities accounts	79	6.2	6.2	79	21.0	21.0
Total liabilities	775	10.8	10.8	775	33.5	33.4
Total equity	117	(46.4)	(46.4)	117	(53.6)	(53.6)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	42	(3.0)	(3.0)	42	(33.7)	(33.7)
Customer funds	332	25.8	25.8	332	65.7	65.7
Customer deposits 3	332	25.8	25.8	332	65.7	65.7
Mutual funds	—	—	—	—	—	—
Resources
Number of employees	1,447	9.5		1,447	28.4

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

70 January - June 2024

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				Segments information

SOUTH AMERICA						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	3,649	(12.8)	(10.5)	7,835	21.0	23.0
Net fee income	1,176	(0.5)	2.2	2,358	(1.6)	0.3
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	81	(61.1)	(61.1)	288	(60.3)	(59.1)
Other operating income	(3)	(99.5)	(99.5)	(691)	23.1	22.8
Total income	4,903	0.3	3.1	9,790	8.3	10.5
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(1,636)	(10.6)	(8.3)	(3,466)	(1.9)	0.1
Net operating income	3,267	6.8	9.9	6,324	14.9	17.1
Net loan-loss provisions	(1,370)	(0.6)	2.7	(2,748)	8.2	9.5
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(417)	12.5	14.9	(788)	34.3	33.7
Profit before tax	1,480	13.1	16.1	2,788	17.4	21.2
Tax on profit	(465)	10.7	14.2	(885)	30.5	32.3
Profit from continuing operations	1,015	14.2	16.9	1,903	12.1	16.6
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	1,015	14.2	16.9	1,903	12.1	16.6
Non-controlling interests	(130)	41.0	43.0	(222)	(7.4)	0.8
Profit attributable to the parent	885	11.1	13.9	1,681	15.3	19.1
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	150,100	(2.3)	2.7	150,100	(4.3)	7.6
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	60,293	(6.7)	0.3	60,293	0.5	12.7
Debt instruments	60,882	(6.1)	(0.1)	60,882	(10.5)	0.4
Other financial assets	21,442	(4.2)	(4.0)	21,442	(0.3)	14.1
Other asset accounts	18,493	(5.8)	0.3	18,493	(2.8)	8.8
Total assets	311,210	(4.3)	1.0	311,210	(4.3)	7.6
Customer deposits	142,779	(4.8)	1.0	142,779	(2.8)	8.8
Central banks and credit institutions	51,053	3.5	8.3	51,053	(3.7)	8.1
Marketable debt securities	37,209	(5.4)	(0.1)	37,209	(10.2)	1.9
Other financial liabilities	44,376	(8.7)	(4.3)	44,376	(4.1)	8.8
Other liabilities accounts	11,310	(0.9)	4.2	11,310	(3.1)	9.4
Total liabilities	286,727	(4.0)	1.4	286,727	(4.2)	7.8
Total equity	24,484	(7.7)	(2.6)	24,484	(6.1)	5.0
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	157,379	(2.1)	3.0	157,379	(4.5)	7.4
Customer funds	194,892	(4.3)	1.5	194,892	(0.8)	11.1
Customer deposits 3	129,347	(2.8)	2.7	129,347	(3.6)	7.8
Mutual funds	65,546	(7.2)	(0.8)	65,546	5.3	18.3
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	17.2	2.4		16.0	2.1
Efficiency ratio	33.4	(4.1)		35.4	(3.7)
NPL ratio	5.30	(0.07)		5.30	(0.58)
NPL coverage ratio	81.5	1.2		81.5	3.7
Number of employees	79,967	(0.3)		79,967	(1.8)
Number of branches	3,160	(1.6)		3,160	(10.8)
Number of total customers (thousands)	76,782	2.9		76,782	5.0
Number of active customers (thousands)	39,064	2.2		39,064	1.7

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

January - June 2024 71

Key consolidated data Business model	Group financial information	Financial information by segment	Responsible banking Corporate governance Santander share	Appendix	Index
				Segments information

Brazil						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	2,605	(1.0)	3.3	5,235	22.2	22.4
Net fee income	888	4.9	9.3	1,734	3.6	3.8
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	(42)	—	—	(6)	—	—
Other operating income	27	—	—	21	(13.2)	(13.0)
Total income	3,477	(0.9)	3.4	6,984	11.2	11.4
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(1,109)	(4.1)	0.1	(2,265)	2.6	2.8
Net operating income	2,368	0.7	5.1	4,719	15.8	16.1
Net loan-loss provisions	(1,158)	(0.4)	3.9	(2,322)	7.3	7.6
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(251)	19.1	23.8	(462)	(7.7)	(7.5)
Profit before tax	958	(1.9)	2.4	1,935	37.3	37.5
Tax on profit	(318)	(11.2)	(7.2)	(677)	41.0	41.2
Profit from continuing operations	640	3.6	8.0	1,258	35.4	35.6
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	640	3.6	8.0	1,258	35.4	35.6
Non-controlling interests	(60)	6.3	10.7	(117)	9.7	9.9
Profit attributable to the parent	580	3.3	7.7	1,141	38.7	39.0
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	93,001	(5.6)	3.8	93,001	(1.9)	10.9
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	49,670	(4.5)	5.0	49,670	3.5	17.0
Debt instruments	46,565	(3.4)	6.3	46,565	(0.7)	12.3
Other financial assets	7,761	1.6	11.8	7,761	0.9	14.1
Other asset accounts	13,618	(5.5)	4.0	13,618	(4.3)	8.2
Total assets	210,615	(4.6)	4.9	210,615	(0.5)	12.5
Customer deposits	98,911	(6.8)	2.6	98,911	1.8	15.1
Central banks and credit institutions	32,771	10.7	21.7	32,771	4.2	17.8
Marketable debt securities	25,373	(9.9)	(0.9)	25,373	(13.4)	(2.1)
Other financial liabilities	29,417	(9.1)	0.0	29,417	(4.2)	8.3
Other liabilities accounts	8,087	9.6	20.6	8,087	30.7	47.8
Total liabilities	194,559	(4.4)	5.1	194,559	(0.1)	12.9
Total equity	16,056	(6.8)	2.5	16,056	(4.3)	8.2
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	98,724	(5.1)	4.3	98,724	(2.3)	10.5
Customer funds	135,611	(6.1)	3.2	135,611	3.5	17.0
Customer deposits 3	85,548	(4.1)	5.5	85,548	1.1	14.3
Mutual funds	50,063	(9.5)	(0.4)	50,063	7.8	21.9
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	16.3	0.9		15.9	3.8
Efficiency ratio	31.9	(1.1)		32.4	(2.7)
NPL ratio	5.96	(0.09)		5.96	(1.03)
NPL coverage ratio	90.4	3.5		90.4	7.6
Number of employees	56,803	(0.4)		56,803	(2.9)
Number of branches	2,446	(1.8)		2,446	(11.8)
Number of total customers (thousands)	66,362	3.0		66,362	4.8
Number of active customers (thousands)	31,872	2.4		31,872	0.1

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

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				Segments information

Chile						Q
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	472	34.1	31.4	824	13.3	32.2
Net fee income	137	6.4	4.0	265	(16.1)	(2.1)
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	54	3.6	1.3	107	(40.0)	(30.0)
Other operating income	(4)	(33.9)	(35.8)	(10)	—	—
Total income	659	25.1	22.5	1,187	(3.4)	12.7
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(241)	7.6	5.2	(465)	(10.6)	4.3
Net operating income	418	38.0	35.3	721	1.8	18.8
Net loan-loss provisions	(126)	1.0	(1.3)	(251)	23.6	44.2
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(2)	(90.8)	(92.0)	(20)	—	—
Profit before tax	290	81.7	78.5	450	(15.2)	(1.1)
Tax on profit	(58)	70.2	67.1	(92)	38.8	62.0
Profit from continuing operations	232	84.8	81.6	358	(23.0)	(10.1)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	232	84.8	81.6	358	(23.0)	(10.1)
Non-controlling interests	(70)	99.3	95.9	(105)	(21.7)	(8.7)
Profit attributable to the parent	162	79.2	76.0	253	(23.5)	(10.7)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	40,597	3.6	(1.1)	40,597	(11.0)	3.0
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	5,290	(14.7)	(18.7)	5,290	(19.2)	(6.5)
Debt instruments	10,221	(15.9)	(19.8)	10,221	(24.1)	(12.1)
Other financial assets	12,959	(8.5)	(12.7)	12,959	(3.4)	11.8
Other asset accounts	2,563	(11.5)	(15.6)	2,563	(8.0)	6.5
Total assets	71,630	(4.0)	(8.4)	71,630	(12.4)	1.3
Customer deposits	28,390	2.0	(2.7)	28,390	(7.8)	6.7
Central banks and credit institutions	11,699	(14.6)	(18.6)	11,699	(23.8)	(11.8)
Marketable debt securities	10,852	6.6	1.6	10,852	(4.6)	10.4
Other financial liabilities	13,529	(9.0)	(13.2)	13,529	(4.1)	10.9
Other liabilities accounts	1,895	(32.1)	(35.3)	1,895	(56.8)	(50.1)
Total liabilities	66,365	(4.4)	(8.8)	66,365	(12.7)	1.0
Total equity	5,265	1.4	(3.3)	5,265	(8.9)	5.4
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	41,782	3.7	(1.1)	41,782	(10.9)	3.1
Customer funds	39,591	4.1	(0.7)	39,591	(3.5)	11.7
Customer deposits 3	28,321	2.0	(2.7)	28,321	(7.5)	7.0
Mutual funds	11,270	9.8	4.7	11,270	8.4	25.5
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	17.9	8.1		13.7	(2.7)
Efficiency ratio	36.6	(6.0)		39.2	(3.2)
NPL ratio	5.12	0.17		5.12	0.17
NPL coverage ratio	53.1	(1.1)		53.1	(3.1)
Number of employees	9,519	(2.3)		9,519	(4.1)
Number of branches	242	(1.2)		242	(6.6)
Number of total customers (thousands)	4,049	2.2		4,049	8.4
Number of active customers (thousands)	2,492	2.4		2,492	14.0

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

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				Segments information

Argentina
EUR million
			/ Q1'24		/ H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	Q1'24	%	H1'24	%
Net interest income	397	1,025	(61.2)	1,423	25.0
Net fee income	73	131	(44.6)	204	(27.6)
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	18	76	(76.3)	93	(52.1)
Other operating income	(23)	(677)	(96.5)	(700)	19.6
Total income	465	555	(16.4)	1,020	(0.9)
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(129)	(286)	(54.9)	(414)	(20.5)
Net operating income	336	270	24.4	606	19.3
Net loan-loss provisions	(31)	(35)	(11.6)	(66)	(32.0)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(77)	(131)	(41.0)	(208)	100.7
Profit before tax	228	104	118.6	332	7.9
Tax on profit	(63)	(3)	—	(66)	19.5
Profit from continuing operations	165	102	62.0	267	5.4
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	165	102	62.0	267	5.4
Non-controlling interests	0	0	29.1	(1)	(6.6)
Profit attributable to the parent	164	101	62.1	266	5.4
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	5,256	5,229	0.5	5,256	(15.3)
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	2,276	3,829	(40.6)	2,276	(21.8)
Debt instruments	1,841	1,754	5.0	1,841	(63.4)
Other financial assets	54	49	11.5	54	37.2
Other asset accounts	671	1,121	(40.2)	671	(34.4)
Total assets	10,099	11,982	(15.7)	10,099	(33.6)
Customer deposits	5,553	6,346	(12.5)	5,553	(44.0)
Central banks and credit institutions	1,590	1,666	(4.6)	1,590	(8.5)
Marketable debt securities	180	189	(4.5)	180	22.2
Other financial liabilities	920	837	10.0	920	(4.1)
Other liabilities accounts	285	579	(50.7)	285	(45.0)
Total liabilities	8,529	9,617	(11.3)	8,529	(35.8)
Total equity	1,570	2,364	(33.6)	1,570	(18.6)
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	5,368	5,357	0.2	5,368	(16.0)
Customer funds	8,676	10,392	(16.5)	8,676	(39.4)
Customer deposits 3	5,553	6,346	(12.5)	5,553	(44.0)
Mutual funds	3,123	4,046	(22.8)	3,123	(28.9)
Ratios (%), operating means and customers
RoTE	54.5		34.0	39.1	8.5
Efficiency ratio	27.7		(23.7)	40.6	(10.0)
NPL ratio	1.51		(0.32)	1.51	(0.41)
NPL coverage ratio	145.2		(2.1)	145.2	(17.9)
Number of employees	8,356		0.0	8,356	1.49
Number of branches	314		(1.3)	314	(13.3)
Number of total customers (thousands)	4,938		2.4	4,938	8.18
Number of active customers (thousands)	3,590		0.4	3,590	13.2

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

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				Segments information

Other South America
EUR million
		/	Q1'24		/	H1'23
Underlying income statement	Q2'24	%	% excl. FX	H1'24	%	% excl. FX
Net interest income	175	(1.4)	(2.7)	353	8.2	6.6
Net fee income	78	4.0	3.0	154	26.4	22.7
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	50	15.6	14.4	94	64.2	54.8
Other operating income	(2)	—	—	(2)	(71.3)	(72.5)
Total income	302	1.6	0.4	599	20.2	17.4
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(157)	(3.7)	(4.5)	(321)	12.7	10.3
Net operating income	145	8.0	6.3	278	30.0	26.7
Net loan-loss provisions	(54)	(1.5)	(2.7)	(109)	40.4	37.2
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(87)	688.4	686.8	(98)	—	—
Profit before tax	3	(95.6)	(96.8)	71	(44.6)	(46.2)
Tax on profit	(25)	2.5	0.9	(50)	(34.8)	(35.8)
Profit from continuing operations	(22)	—	—	21	(59.0)	(61.0)
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	(22)	—	—	21	(59.0)	(61.0)
Non-controlling interests	1	—	—	1	(67.7)	(67.7)
Profit attributable to the parent	(21)	—	—	22	(59.3)	(61.2)
Balance sheet
Loans and advances to customers	11,246	4.5	8.8	11,246	10.3	12.5
Cash, central banks and credit institutions	3,057	19.8	23.8	3,057	21.7	24.0
Debt instruments	2,254	(17.4)	(14.0)	2,254	(13.8)	(11.1)
Other financial assets	668	26.7	32.1	668	89.2	89.1
Other asset accounts	1,642	36.5	39.1	1,642	65.2	67.3
Total assets	18,866	6.2	10.3	18,866	13.2	15.5
Customer deposits	9,924	2.1	6.2	9,924	10.6	13.6
Central banks and credit institutions	4,993	15.6	19.8	4,993	12.3	13.1
Marketable debt securities	803	2.2	6.2	803	28.1	32.7
Other financial liabilities	510	(6.8)	(3.4)	510	7.6	8.2
Other liabilities accounts	1,043	58.5	63.7	1,043	82.4	87.5
Total liabilities	17,273	7.7	11.9	17,273	14.5	16.8
Total equity	1,593	(8.1)	(4.9)	1,593	0.6	2.9
Memorandum items:
Gross loans and advances to customers 2	11,505	4.5	8.7	11,505	10.5	12.8
Customer funds	11,014	2.1	6.2	11,014	10.3	13.4
Customer deposits 3	9,924	2.1	6.2	9,924	10.6	13.6
Mutual funds	1,090	2.5	6.8	1,090	7.7	11.6
Resources
Number of employees	5,289	3.5		5,289	11.4

1. Includes exchange differences.

2. Excluding reverse repos.

3. Excluding repos.

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				APMs

Alternative performance measures (APMs)

In addition to the financial information prepared under IFRS, this consolidated directors’ report contains financial measures that constitute alternative performance measures (APMs) to comply with the guidelines on alternative performance measures issued by the European Securities and Markets Authority on 5 October 2015 and non-IFRS measures.

The financial measures contained in this consolidated directors’ report that qualify as APMs and non-IFRS measures have been calculated using the financial information from Santander but are not defined or detailed in the applicable financial information framework or under IFRS and therefore have neither been audited nor are susceptible to being fully audited.

We use these APMs and non-IFRS measures when planning, monitoring and evaluating our performance. We consider these APMs and non-IFRS financial measures to be useful metrics for management and investors to facilitate operating performance comparisons from period to period. While we believe that these APMs and non-IFRS financial measures are useful in evaluating our business, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant as a substitute of IFRS measures. In addition, the way in which Santander defines and

calculates these APMs and non-IFRS measures may differ from the calculations by other companies with similar measures and, therefore, may not be comparable.

The APMs and non-IFRS measures we use in this document can be categorized as follows:

Underlying results

In addition to IFRS results measures, we present some results measures which are non-IFRS and which we refer to as underlying measures. These measures allow in our view a better year-on-year comparability given that they exclude items outside the ordinary performance of our business (e.g. capital gains, write-downs, impairment of goodwill) or certain line items have been reclassified in the underlying ("adjusted") income statement, as their impact on profit is zero, to facilitate comparisons with prior quarters and better understand the trends in the business.

In addition, in the section "Financial information by segment", relative to the primary and secondary segments, results are only presented on an underlying basis in accordance with IFRS 8, and reconciled on an aggregate basis to our IFRS consolidated results to the consolidated financial statements, which are set out below.

Reconciliation of underlying results to statutory results
EUR million
	January-June 2024
	Statutory results	Adjustments	Underlying results
Net interest income	23,457	—	23,457
Net fee income	6,477	—	6,477
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	957	—	957
Other operating income	(176)	335	159
Total income	30,715	335	31,050
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(12,913)	—	(12,913)
Net operating income	17,802	335	18,137
Net loan-loss provisions	(6,595)	352	(6,243)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(1,699)	(687)	(2,386)
Profit before tax	9,508	—	9,508
Tax on profit	(2,916)	—	(2,916)
Profit from continuing operations	6,592	—	6,592
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	6,592	—	6,592
Non-controlling interests	(533)	—	(533)
Profit attributable to the parent	6,059	—	6,059

1. Includes exchange differences.

Explanation of adjustments:
1.	Temporary levy on revenue in Spain in Q1 2024, totalling EUR 335 million, which was moved from total income to other gains (losses) and provisions.
2.	Provisions which strengthen the balance sheet in Brazil of EUR 352 million in Q2 2024 (EUR 174 million net of tax and minority interests).

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				APMs

Reconciliation of underlying results to statutory results
EUR million
	January-June 2023
	Statutory results	Adjustments	Underlying results
Net interest income	20,920	—	20,920
Net fee income	6,103	—	6,103
Gains (losses) on financial transactions 1	1,302	—	1,302
Other operating income	(315)	224	(91)
Total income	28,010	224	28,234
Administrative expenses and amortizations	(12,479)	—	(12,479)
Net operating income	15,531	224	15,755
Net loan-loss provisions	(6,245)	474	(5,771)
Other gains (losses) and provisions	(1,196)	(459)	(1,655)
Profit before tax	8,090	239	8,329
Tax on profit	(2,281)	(213)	(2,494)
Profit from continuing operations	5,809	26	5,835
Net profit from discontinued operations	—	—	—
Consolidated profit	5,809	26	5,835
Non-controlling interests	(568)	(26)	(594)
Profit attributable to the parent	5,241	—	5,241

1. Includes exchange differences.

Explanation of adjustments:
1.	Temporary levy on revenue in Spain in Q1 2023, totalling EUR 224 million, which was moved from total income to other gains (losses) and provisions.
2.	Provisions which strengthen the balance sheet in Brazil in Q1 2023, totalling EUR 235 million, net of tax and non-controlling interests (EUR 474 million recorded in net loan-loss provisions, EUR 213 million positive impact in tax and EUR 26 million in non-controlling interests).

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				APMs

Profitability and efficiency ratios

The purpose of the profitability and efficiency ratios is to measure the ratio of profit to capital, to tangible capital, to assets and to risk- weighted assets, while the efficiency ratio measures how much general administrative expenses (personnel and other) and amortization costs are needed to generate revenue.

Additionally, goodwill adjustments have been removed from the RoTE numerator as, since they are not considered in the denominator, we believe this calculation is more correct.

Ratio	Formula	Relevance of the metric
RoE	Profit attributable to the parent (annualized)	This ratio measures the return that shareholders obtain on the funds invested in the bank and as such measures the company's ability to pay shareholders.
(Return on equity)	Average stockholders’ equity 1 (excl. minority interests)
RoTE	Profit attributable to the parent (annualized)2	This indicator is used to evaluate the profitability of the company as a percentage of its tangible equity. It's measured as the return that shareholders receive as a percentage of the funds invested in the entity less intangible assets.
(Return on tangible equity)	Average stockholders' equity 1 (excl. minority interests) - intangible assets
RoA	Consolidated profit (annualized)	This metric measures the profitability of a company as a percentage of its total assets. It is an indicator that reflects the efficiency of the company's total funds in generating profit.
(Return on assets)	Average total assets
RoRWA	Consolidated profit (annualized)	The return adjusted for risk is a derivative of the RoA metric. The difference is that RoRWA measures profit in relation to the bank's risk-weighted assets.
(Return on risk-weighted assets)	Average risk-weighted assets
Efficiency ratio	Operating expenses 3	One of the most commonly used indicators when comparing productivity of different financial entities. It measures the amount of funds used to generate the bank's total income.
	Total income

1. Stockholders’ equity = Capital and Reserves + Accumulated other comprehensive income + Profit attributable to the parent + Dividends.

2. Excluding the adjustment to the valuation of goodwill.

3. Operating expenses = Administrative expenses + amortizations.

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				APMs

Profitability and efficiency 1, 2	Q2'24		Q1'24		H1'24		H1'23
(EUR million and %)
RoE	13.4	%	11.8	%	12.6	%	11.5	%
Profit attributable to the parent (annualized)	12,827		11,409		12,118		10,482
Average stockholders' equity (excluding minority interests)	95,994		96,308		96,151		91,368
RoTE	16.8	%	14.9	%	15.9	%	14.5	%
Profit attributable to the parent (annualized)	12,827		11,409		12,118		10,482
(-) Goodwill impairment	-2		—		-2		—
Profit attributable to the parent excluding goodwill impairment (annualized)	12,829		11,409		12,120		10,482
Average stockholders' equity (excluding minority interests)	95,994		96,308		96,151		91,368
(-) Average intangible assets	19,621		19,888		19,755		19,051
Average stockholders' equity (excl. minority interests) - intangible assets	76,373		76,420		76,396		72,317
RoA	0.78	%	0.69	%	0.74	%	0.67	%
Consolidated profit (annualized)	13,906		12,461		13,184		11,671
Average total assets	1,780,522		1,804,334		1,792,428		1,754,207
RoRWA	2.18	%	1.96	%	2.07	%	1.88	%
Consolidated profit (annualized)	13,906		12,461		13,184		11,671
Average risk-weighted assets	636,621		635,673		636,147		620,647
Efficiency ratio	40.6	%	42.6	%	41.6	%	44.2	%
Underlying operating expenses	6,366		6,547		12,913		12,479
Operating expenses	6,366		6,547		12,913		12,479
Adjustments to operating expenses for items outside ordinary course of businesses	—		—		—		—
Underlying total income	15,670		15,380		31,050		28,234
Total income	15,670		15,045		30,715		28,010
Adjustments to total income for items outside ordinary course of businesses	—		335		335		224
1.Averages included in the RoE, RoTE, RoA and RoRWA denominators are calculated using the monthly average over the period, which we believe should not differ materially from using daily balances.
2.The risk-weighted assets included in the denominator of the RoRWA metric are calculated in line with the criteria laid out in the CRR (Capital Requirements Regulation).

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				APMs

Ratio	Formula	Relevance of the metric
Global business RoTE	Profit attributable to the parent excluding goodwill impairment (annualized)	This indicator is used to evaluate the profitability of the company as a percentage of its tangible equity. It's measured as the return that shareholders receive as a percentage of the funds invested in the entity less intangible assets.
	Average stockholders' equity (excl. minority interests) - intangible assets 1

1.Allocated according to RWA consumption.

RoTE (EUR million and %)
	H1'24			H1'23
	%	Numerator	Denominator	%	Numerator	Denominator
Retail & Commercial Banking	17.4	6,654	38,193	13.3	4,843	36,417
Digital Consumer Bank	12.8	2,140	16,752	12.5	2,055	16,502
Corporate & Investment Banking	19.0	2,810	14,825	21.2	2,955	13,909
Wealth Management & Insurance	79.3	1,636	2,062	75.9	1,422	1,873
Payments	3.8	98	2,543	17.8	446	2,504
PagoNxt	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cards	35.0	706	2,018	32.9	652	1,985
Europe	16.4	6,375	38,885	13.5	5,071	37,547
Spain	20.4	3,512	17,215	13.4	2,264	16,856
United Kingdom	10.8	1,260	11,633	13.9	1,636	11,795
Portugal	28.8	1,125	3,903	18.7	642	3,432
Poland	19.4	773	3,984	17.9	642	3,583
DCB Europe	8.9	905	10,170	10.8	1,042	9,656
North America	11.7	2,693	23,080	11.1	2,691	24,293
US	9.2	1,329	14,370	8.5	1,334	15,759
Mexico	19.1	1,680	8,778	17.9	1,520	8,497
South America	16.0	3,364	20,996	14.0	2,916	20,886
Brazil	15.9	2,284	14,404	12.0	1,646	13,670
Chile	13.7	505	3,685	16.5	660	4,011
Argentina	39.1	532	1,359	30.7	504	1,645

Numerator: profit attributable to the parent excluding goodwill impairment (annualized).

Denominator: average stockholders' equity (excluding minority interests) - intangible assets, for global businesses allocated according to RWA consumption.
PagoNxt's RoTE is not provided as we do not consider it a relevant metric to measure performance in this type of business.

Efficiency ratio (EUR million and %)
	H1'24			H1'23
	%	Numerator	Denominator	%	Numerator	Denominator
Retail & Commercial Banking	39.5	6,423	16,274	44.3	6,374	14,392
Digital Consumer Bank	40.6	2,618	6,449	43.3	2,608	6,026
Corporate & Investment Banking	43.4	1,817	4,188	38.2	1,512	3,956
Wealth Management & Insurance	34.4	615	1,789	36.7	584	1,589
Payments	46.9	1,266	2,701	46.4	1,212	2,613
PagoNxt	103.0	601	583	109.9	572	521
Cards	31.4	665	2,117	30.6	640	2,092
Europe	39.3	4,602	11,718	41.9	4,382	10,464
Spain	34.1	2,065	6,065	39.9	2,039	5,113
United Kingdom	57.7	1,451	2,516	49.4	1,363	2,759
Portugal	23.4	267	1,142	32.1	265	824
Poland	27.2	466	1,711	26.8	405	1,509
DCB Europe	46.2	1,319	2,854	49.4	1,314	2,658
North America	47.6	3,352	7,039	47.7	3,060	6,417
US	50.5	1,903	3,769	49.6	1,799	3,624
Mexico	41.4	1,343	3,244	42.1	1,163	2,763
South America	35.4	3,466	9,790	39.1	3,534	9,037
Brazil	32.4	2,265	6,984	35.1	2,207	6,281
Chile	39.2	465	1,187	42.4	521	1,229
Argentina	40.6	414	1,020	50.7	522	1,029

Numerator: underlying operating expenses.

Denominator: underlying total income.

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Credit risk indicators

The credit risk indicators measure the quality of the credit portfolio and the percentage of non-performing loans covered by provisions.

Ratio	Formula	Relevance of the metric
NPL ratio (Non-performing loans)	Credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	The NPL ratio is an important variable regarding financial institutions' activity since it gives an indication of the level of risk the entities are exposed to. It calculates risks that are, in accounting terms, declared to be credit impaired as a percentage of the total outstanding amount of customer credit and contingent liabilities.
	Total Risk 1
Total coverage ratio	Total allowances to cover impairment losses on loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	The total coverage ratio is a fundamental metric in the financial sector. It reflects the level of provisions as a percentage of the credit impaired assets. Therefore it is a good indicator of the entity's solvency against customer defaults both present and future.
	Credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted
Cost of risk	Allowances for loan-loss provisions over the last 12 months	This ratio quantifies loan-loss provisions arising from credit risk over a defined period of time for a given loan portfolio. As such, it acts as an indicator of credit quality.
	Average loans and advances to customers over the last 12 months

1. Total risk = Total loans and advances and guarantees to customers (including credit impaired assets) + contingent liabilities granted that are credit impaired.

Credit risk (I)	Jun-24		Mar-24		Jun-23
(EUR million and %)
NPL ratio	3.02	%	3.10	%	3.07	%
Credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	35,091		35,637		34,949
Gross loans and advances to customers registered under the headings “financial assets measured at amortized cost” and "financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss" classified in stage 3 (OCI), excluding POCI (Purchased or Originated Credit Impaired)	33,362		33,885		33,045
POCI exposure (Purchased or Originated Credit Impaired) that is additionally impaired	252		262		251
Customer guarantees and customer commitments granted classified in stage 3	1,467		1,481		1,643
Doubtful exposure of loans and advances to customers at fair value through profit or loss	10		9		10
Total risk	1,163,654		1,150,459		1,137,823
Impaired and non-impaired gross loans and advances to customers	1,088,220		1,072,377		1,068,190
Impaired and non-impaired customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	75,434		78,082		69,633

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Credit risk (II)	Jun-24		Mar-24		Jun-23
(EUR million and %)
Total coverage ratio	66	%	66	%	68	%
Total allowances to cover impairment losses on loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	23,323		23,542		23,902
Total allowances to cover impairment losses on loans and advances to customers measured at amortized cost and designated at fair value through OCI	22,625		22,844		23,146
Total allowances to cover impairment losses on customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	698		698		756
Credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted	35,091		35,637		34,949
Gross loans and advances to customers registered under the headings “financial assets measured at amortized cost” and "financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss" classified in stage 3 (OCI), excluding POCI (Purchased or Originated Credit Impaired)	33,362		33,885		33,045
POCI exposure (Purchased or Originated Credit Impaired) that is additionally impaired	252		262		251
Customer guarantees and customer commitments granted classified in stage 3	1,467		1,481		1,643
Doubtful exposure of loans and advances to customers at fair value through profit or loss	10		9		10
Cost of risk	1.21	%	1.20	%	1.08	%
Underlying allowances for loan-loss provisions over the last 12 months	12,930		12,710		11,545
Allowances for loan-loss provisions over the last 12 months	13,282		12,710		12,019
Adjustments to loan-loss provisions for items outside ordinary course of businesses	-352				-474
Average loans and advances to customers over the last 12 months	1,064,870		1,060,024		1,070,729

NPL ratio
(EUR million and %)
	H1'24			H1'23
	%	Numerator	Denominator	%	Numerator	Denominator
Retail & Commercial Banking	3.15	20,667	655,637	3.22	21,464	666,677
Digital Consumer Bank	4.81	10,280	213,667	4.18	8,383	200,578
Corporate & Investment Banking	1.05	2,533	242,196	1.38	3,012	218,285
Wealth Management & Insurance	0.77	183	23,684	0.82	193	23,500
Payments	5.00	1,128	22,570	5.13	1,195	23,307
PagoNxt	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cards	5.03	1,096	21,814	5.17	1,158	22,413
Europe	2.25	14,499	644,939	2.35	14,941	634,775
Spain	2.91	8,365	287,919	3.11	8,853	284,263
United Kingdom	1.46	3,688	252,420	1.32	3,358	255,287
Portugal	2.42	984	40,669	3.09	1,253	40,503
Poland	3.40	1,438	42,324	3.74	1,382	36,921
DCB Europe	2.31	3,210	138,698	2.04	2,612	128,246
North America	3.93	7,898	200,941	3.23	6,144	189,962
US	4.33	6,435	148,724	3.46	4,825	139,641
Mexico	2.78	1,452	52,175	2.60	1,307	50,258
South America	5.30	9,184	173,176	5.88	10,550	179,365
Brazil	5.96	6,502	109,033	7.00	7,730	110,472
Chile	5.12	2,275	44,429	4.95	2,460	49,733
Argentina	1.51	89	5,882	1.92	129	6,693

Numerator: credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted.

Denominator: total risk.
PagoNxt's NPL ratio is not provided as we do not consider it a relevant metric for this type of business.

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NPL coverage ratio
(EUR million and %)
	H1'24			H1'23
	%	Numerator	Denominator	%	Numerator	Denominator
Retail & Commercial Banking	60.4	12,473	20,667	63.2	13,557	21,464
Digital Consumer Bank	75.9	7,798	10,280	87.9	7,366	8,383
Corporate & Investment Banking	45.0	1,139	2,533	36.8	1,109	3,012
Wealth Management & Insurance	64.6	118	183	53.2	103	193
Payments	149.5	1,686	1,128	142.1	1,698	1,195
PagoNxt	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cards	151.7	1,663	1,096	143.6	1,663	1,158
Europe	49.1	7,123	14,499	51.1	7,628	14,940
Spain	50.1	4,190	8,365	50.7	4,487	8,853
United Kingdom	28.5	1,050	3,688	32.0	1,073	3,358
Portugal	79.9	786	984	81.8	1,025	1,253
Poland	75.1	1,080	1,438	74.0	1,022	1,382
DCB Europe	85.4	2,741	3,210	94.5	2,467	2,612
North America	74.3	5,865	7,898	90.0	5,527	6,144
US	67.9	4,369	6,435	85.6	4,130	4,825
Mexico	102.5	1,488	1,452	106.3	1,389	1,307
South America	81.5	7,486	9,184	77.8	8,209	10,550
Brazil	90.4	5,875	6,502	82.7	6,395	7,730
Chile	53.1	1,208	2,275	56.2	1,382	2,460
Argentina	145.2	129	89	163.1	210	129

Numerator: total allowances to cover impairment losses on loans and advances to customers. customer guarantees and customer commitments granted.

Denominator: credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted.
PagoNxt's coverage ratio is not provided as we do not consider it a relevant metric for this type of business.

Cost of risk
(EUR million and %)
	H1'24			H1'23
	%	Numerator	Denominator	%	Numerator	Denominator
Retail & Commercial Banking	1.03	6,516	635,288	0.92	6,146	667,935
Digital Consumer Bank	2.17	4,495	207,326	1.86	3,655	196,795
Corporate & Investment Banking	0.15	254	170,095	0.18	288	156,260
Wealth Management & Insurance	0.05	12	22,738	0.00	(1)	22,682
Payments	7.03	1,650	23,467	7.11	1,477	20,766
PagoNxt	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cards	7.24	1,629	22,498	7.27	1,432	19,696
Europe	0.39	2,261	581,337	0.42	2,539	599,861
Spain	0.56	1,377	245,194	0.62	1,614	258,503
United Kingdom	0.08	205	249,276	0.11	294	258,274
Portugal	0.12	45	37,991	0.10	40	39,803
Poland	1.81	628	34,702	1.87	581	31,037
DCB Europe	0.72	961	133,804	0.54	672	123,516
North America	2.23	4,096	183,310	1.70	3,106	182,848
US	2.06	2,758	133,863	1.57	2,155	137,686
Mexico	2.71	1,334	49,273	2.13	944	44,223
South America	3.50	5,609	160,464	3.32	5,249	158,215
Brazil	4.77	4,859	101,828	4.74	4,565	96,257
Chile	0.97	413	42,551	0.88	397	45,236
Argentina	4.80	119	2,485	3.46	157	4,530

Numerator: underlying allowances for loan-loss provisions over the last 12 months.

Denominator: average loans and advances to customers over the last 12 months.
PagoNxt's cost of risk is not provided as we do not consider it a relevant metric for this type of business.

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Other indicators

The Group has a series of additional financial metrics which facilitate analysis of the underlying business trends and performance. It also has another set of ESG indicators which enable us to track the progress of our Responsible Banking objectives.

Ratio	Formula	Relevance of the metric
TNAV per share	Tangible book value 1	This is a very commonly used ratio used to measure the company's accounting value per share having deducted the intangible assets. It is useful in evaluating the amount each shareholder would receive if the company were to enter into liquidation and had to sell all the company's tangible assets.
(Tangible equity net asset value per share)	Number of shares excluding treasury stock
Price / tangible book value per share (X)	Share price	This is one of the most commonly used ratios by market participants for the valuation of listed companies both in absolute terms and relative to other entities. This ratio measures the relationship between the price paid for a company and its accounting equity value.
	TNAV per share
LTD ratio	Net loans and advances to customers	This is an indicator of the bank's liquidity. It measures the total (net) loans and advances to customers as a percentage of customer deposits.
(Loan-to-deposit)	Customer deposits
Loans and advances (excl. reverse repos)	Gross loans and advances to customers excluding reverse repos	In order to aid analysis of the commercial banking activity, reverse repos are excluded as they are highly volatile treasury products.
Deposits (excl. repos)	Customer deposits excluding repos	In order to aid analysis of the commercial banking activity, repos are excluded as they are highly volatile treasury products.
PAT + After tax fees paid to SAN (in Wealth Management & Insurance)	Net profit + fees paid from Santander Asset Management and Santander Insurance to Santander, net of taxes, excluding Private Banking customers	Metric to assess Wealth Management & Insurance's total contribution to Grupo Santander profit.

1. Tangible book value = Stockholders' equity (excl. minority interests) - intangible assets.

Others	Jun-24		Mar-24			Jun-23
TNAV (tangible book value) per share	4.94		4.86			4.57
Tangible book value	76,514		76,346			73,941
Number of shares excl. treasury stock (million)	15,492		15,715			16,170
Price / Tangible book value per share (X)	0.88		0.93			0.74
Share price (euros)	4.331		4.522			3.385
TNAV (tangible book value) per share	4.94		4.86			4.57
Loan-to-deposit ratio	103	%	100	%		103	%
Net loans and advances to customers	1,065,596		1,049,533			1,045,044
Customer deposits	1,037,646		1,044,453			1,013,778
	Q2'24		Q1'24		H1'24	H1'23
PAT + After tax fees paid to SAN (in WM&I) (Constant EUR million)	879		835		1,714	1,529
Profit after tax	437		420		856	754
Net fee income net of tax	442		415		857	775

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ESG indicators
Metric	Definition	Jun-24
Green finance raised and facilitated (EUR billion)	Nominal amount of project finance, financial advisory, project bonds, green bonds (DCM), export finance (ECA), mergers and acquisitions (M&A), and equity capital markets (ECM) transactions ranked by the SCFS panel and reported in the League Tables of Dealogic, Inframation News, TXF and Mergermarket since the beginning of the year.	8
Green finance raised and facilitated accumulated from 2019-2025 (EUR billion)	Cumulative amount of green finance disbursed and made available since 2019.	123.4
Socially responsible investment assets under management (SRI AUM) (EUR billion)	Value corresponding to total volume of assets under management registered as article 8 - promoting ESG characteristics - and 9 - with explicit sustainability objectives - of the SFDR regulation (EU Reg. 2019/2088) except for illiquid investments in Private Banking which are reported in terms of committed capital. Includes assets managed by Santander Asset Management (SAM) in the EU and with equivalent criteria in countries where SFDR does not apply (mainly Latin America) and Third Party Funds.	74.0
Credit disbursed to microentrepreneurs (EUR million)	Total amount of credit disbursed during the year to low-income entrepreneurs with low access to banking service, or with difficulties in accessing credit, with the objective of creating and/or growing their businesses. Data include information on microfinance programmes in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.	631
Support (investment) for education, employment and entrepreneurship (EUR million)	Total amount invested to support education, employment and entrepreneurship.	41.6
Support (investment) for education, employment and entrepreneurship accumulated from 2023-2025 (EUR million)	Cumulative amount of investment in education, employability and entrepreneurship since 2023.	146.6
Support (investment) for other local initiatives (EUR million)	Total amount invested through local initiatives to promote childhood education, social welfare (especially among vulnerable groups), art and culture.	21
Financing volume of renewable electric vehicles (EUR billion)	Financing volume of vehicles powered exclusively by a rechargeable electric battery (no petrol engine).	3.4

Note: targets were set before the publication of the European taxonomy in Q2 2023. Therefore, target definitions are not fully aligned with the taxonomy.

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Local currency measures

We make use of certain financial measures in local currency to help in the assessment of our ongoing operating performance. These non-IFRS financial measures include the results of operations of our subsidiary banks located outside the eurozone, excluding the impact of foreign exchange. Because changes in foreign currency exchange rates do not have an operating impact on the results, we believe that evaluating their performance on a local currency basis provides an additional and meaningful assessment of performance to both management and the company’s investors.

The Group presents, at both the Group level as well as the business unit level, the real changes in the income statement as well as the changes excluding the exchange rate effect ("excluding FX" or "constant euros"), as it considers the latter facilitates analysis, since it enables businesses movements to be identified without taking into account the impact of converting each local currency into euros.

Said variations, excluding the impact of exchange rate movements, are calculated by converting income statement lines for the different business units comprising the Group into our presentation currency, the euro, applying the average exchange rate for H1 2024 to all periods contemplated in the analysis. We use this method for all countries with the exception of Argentina, where we use the exchange rate on the last working day of each period presented, given it is a hyperinflationary economy, to mitigate the distortions caused by the hyperinflation.

The Group presents, at both the Group level as well as the business unit level, the changes in euros in the balance sheet as well as the changes excluding the exchange rate effect for loans and advances to customers excluding reverse repurchase

agreements (repos) and customer funds (which comprise deposits and mutual funds) excluding repos. As with the income statement, the reason is to facilitate analysis by isolating the changes in the balance sheet that are not caused by converting each local currency into euros.

These changes excluding the impact of exchange rate movements are calculated by converting loans and advances to customers excluding reverse repos and customer funds excluding repos, into our presentation currency, the euro, applying the closing exchange rate on the last working day of June 2024 to all periods contemplated in the analysis. We use this method to calculate the variations in loans and advances to customers excluding reverse repos and customer funds excluding repos for all countries with the exception of Argentina, where we use the exchange rate on the last working day of each period presented, given it is a hyperinflationary economy, to mitigate the distortions caused by the hyperinflation.

The average and period-end exchange rates for the main currencies in which the Group operates are set out in the table below.

From Q2 2024, we have begun to apply a new theoretical exchange rate for the Argentine peso. This decision is due to the significant divergence that we have observed between the official exchange rate and other macroeconomic magnitudes, mainly inflation. The new theoretical exchange rate also reflects the implicit exchange rate observed in certain transactions ordered between market participants under the prevailing economic conditions, such as the repatriation of dividends from businesses in Argentina. This theoretical rate has been modelled by our Economic Research Team primarily taking into account the inflation differential of Argentina with respect to the US.

Exchange rates: 1 euro / currency parity
	Average (income statement)		Period-end (balance sheet)
	H1'24	H1'23	Jun-24	Mar-24	Jun-23
US dollar	1.081	1.080	1.071	1.080	1.091
Pound sterling	0.855	0.876	0.848	0.855	0.858
Brazilian real	5.490	5.478	5.943	5.402	5.255
Mexican peso	18.492	19.623	19.561	17.939	18.719
Chilean peso	1,016.087	870.824	1,011.373	1,060.256	874.022
Argentine peso1	1,498.930	226.761	1,498.930	925.934	279.984
Polish zloty	4.316	4.623	4.308	4.307	4.436

1. From Q2 2024 onwards, a theoretical exchange rate has been used, as explained in the text above. We continue to apply the official ARS exchange rate to all prior periods.

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Impact of inflation rate on the variations of operating expenses

Santander presents, for both the Group and the business units included in the primary and secondary segments: i) the changes in operating expenses in euros, ii) the changes excluding the exchange rate effect with the exception of Argentina which is calculated as described above in "Local currency measures", and iii) the changes excluding the exchange rate effect minus the effect of average inflation over the last twelve months except for Argentina as cost growth in euros should already largely reflect the effect of hyperinflation on exchange rates. The reason is that the two latter facilitate analysis for management purposes.

Inflation is calculated as the arithmetic average of the last twelve months for each country and, for the regions, as the weighted average of each country comprising the region's inflation rate, weighted by each country's operating expenses in the region. For South America, we exclude the impact of inflation in Argentina from the calculation of the region's average inflation as cost growth in euros should already largely reflect the effect of hyperinflation on exchange rates.

The table below shows the average inflation rates calculated as indicated.

Average inflation last 12 months
%
Retail & Commercial Banking	3.8
Digital Consumer Bank	3.3
Corporate & Investment Banking	3.6
Wealth Management & Insurance	3.5
Payments	3.7
Europe	3.7
Spain	3.2
United Kingdom	4.1
Portugal	2.5
Poland	5.4
North America	3.8
US	3.3
Mexico	4.6
South America1	3.8
Brazil	4.4
Chile	4.6
DCB Europe	3.2
Total Group1	3.7

1. Excluding the impact of inflation in Argentina.

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				Condensed consolidated financial statements

Interim condensated consolidated financial statements

•CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

•CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT

NOTE: The following financial information for the first six months of 2023 and 2022 (attached herewith) corresponds to the condensed consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Condensed consolidated balance sheet
EUR million
ASSETS	Jun-24	Dec-23	Jun-23
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other deposits on demand	156,234	220,342	207,546
Financial assets held for trading	206,874	176,921	183,834
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss	6,166	5,910	5,796
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss	9,169	9,773	9,645
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	82,270	83,308	86,756
Financial assets at amortised cost	1,217,341	1,191,403	1,180,302
Hedging derivatives	5,413	5,297	7,532
Changes in the fair value of hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest risk	(1,337)	(788)	(4,711)
Investments	8,235	7,646	7,679
Joint ventures entities	2,026	1,964	1,935
Associated entities	6,209	5,682	5,744
Assets under reinsurance contracts	214	237	243
Tangible assets	33,709	33,882	34,159
Property, plant and equipment	32,764	32,926	33,118
For own-use	12,808	13,408	13,718
Leased out under an operating lease	19,956	19,518	19,400
Investment property	945	956	1,041
Of which : Leased out under an operating lease	806	851	872
Intangible assets	19,359	19,871	19,528
Goodwill	13,668	14,017	14,126
Other intangible assets	5,691	5,854	5,402
Tax assets	29,992	31,390	29,840
Current tax assets	10,017	10,623	8,793
Deferred tax assets	19,975	20,767	21,047
Other assets	9,707	8,856	9,193
Insurance contracts linked to pensions	87	93	97
Inventories	6	7	10
Other	9,614	8,756	9,086
Non-current assets held for sale	2,915	3,014	3,151
TOTAL ASSETS	1,786,261	1,797,062	1,780,493

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				Condensed consolidated financial statements

Condensed consolidated balance sheet
EUR million
LIABILITIES	Jun-24	Dec-23	Jun-23
Financial liabilities held for trading	133,856	122,270	134,888
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	34,493	40,367	36,220
Financial liabilities at amortized cost	1,454,896	1,468,703	1,446,882
Hedging derivatives	5,535	7,656	10,288
Changes in the fair value of hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest rate risk	12	55	(309)
Liabilities under insurance or reinsurance contracts	17,592	17,799	17,584
Provisions	8,401	8,441	8,389
Pensions and other post-retirement obligations	1,936	2,225	2,284
Other long term employee benefits	894	880	859
Taxes and other legal contingencies	2,631	2,715	2,558
Contingent liabilities and commitments	698	702	756
Other provisions	2,242	1,919	1,932
Tax liabilities	9,802	9,932	9,648
Current tax liabilities	3,691	3,846	3,164
Deferred tax liabilities	6,111	6,086	6,484
Other liabilities	18,026	17,598	14,859
Liabilities associated with non-current assets held for sale	—	—	—
TOTAL LIABILITIES	1,682,613	1,692,821	1,678,449
EQUITY
Shareholders' equity	132,836	130,443	127,258
Capital	7,747	8,092	8,092
Called up paid capital	7,747	8,092	8,092
Unpaid capital which has been called up	—	—	—
Share premium	41,604	44,373	44,373
Equity instruments issued other than capital	735	720	704
Equity component of the compound financial instrument	—	—	—
Other equity instruments issued	735	720	704
Other equity	189	195	196
Accumulated retained earnings	82,324	74,114	74,112
Revaluation reserves	—	—	—
Other reserves	(5,816)	(5,751)	(5,413)
(-) Own shares	(6)	(1,078)	(47)
Profit attributable to shareholders of the parent	6,059	11,076	5,241
(-) Interim dividends	—	(1,298)	—
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(36,963)	(35,020)	(33,789)
Items not reclassified to profit or loss	(5,118)	(5,212)	(4,956)
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss	(31,845)	(29,808)	(28,833)
Non-controlling interest	7,775	8,818	8,575
Other comprehensive income	(1,872)	(1,559)	(1,484)
Other items	9,647	10,377	10,059
TOTAL EQUITY	103,648	104,241	102,044
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	1,786,261	1,797,062	1,780,493
MEMORANDUM ITEMS: OFF BALANCE SHEET AMOUNTS
Loan commitments granted	290,151	279,589	283,903
Financial guarantees granted	15,598	15,435	14,401
Other commitments granted	127,420	113,273	113,266

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				Condensed consolidated financial statements

Condensed consolidated income statement
EUR million
	H1'24	H1'23
Interest income	56,838	49,922
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	3,426	3,629
Financial assets at amortized cost	42,198	37,503
Other interest income	11,214	8,790
Interest expense	(33,381)	(29,002)
Interest income/ (charges)	23,457	20,920
Dividend income	493	382
Income from companies accounted for using the equity method	303	296
Commission income	8,738	8,277
Commission expense	(2,261)	(2,174)
Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net	20	22
Financial assets at amortized cost	(43)	6
Other financial assets and liabilities	63	16
Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net	441	263
Reclassification of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	—	—
Reclassification of financial assets from amortized cost	—	—
Other gains (losses)	441	263
Gains or losses on non-trading financial assets and liabilities mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss	314	26
Reclassification of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	—	—
Reclassification of financial assets from amortized cost	—	—
Other gains (losses)	314	26
Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, net	427	(194)
Gain or losses from hedge accounting, net	14	108
Exchange differences, net	(259)	1,077
Other operating income (*)	409	480
Other operating expenses	(1,391)	(1,504)
Income from insurance and reinsurance contracts	249	414
Expenses from insurance and reinsurance contracts	(239)	(383)
Total income	30,715	28,010
Administrative expenses	(11,257)	(10,873)
Staff costs	(7,061)	(6,603)
Other general and administrative expenses	(4,196)	(4,270)
Depreciation and amortization	(1,656)	(1,606)
Provisions or reversal of provisions, net	(1,762)	(1,330)
Impairment or reversal of impairment of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss and net gains and losses from modifications	(6,577)	(6,237)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	(8)	6
Financial assets at amortized cost	(6,569)	(6,243)
Impairment of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, net	—	—
Impairment on non-financial assets, net	(290)	(92)
Tangible assets	(183)	(78)
Intangible assets	(105)	(5)
Others	(2)	(9)
Gain or losses on non-financial assets and investments, net	366	277
Negative goodwill recognized in results	—	—
Gains or losses on non-current assets held for sale not classified as discontinued operations	(31)	(59)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax	9,508	8,090
Tax expense or income from continuing operations	(2,916)	(2,281)
Profit/(loss) for the period from continuing operations	6,592	5,809
Profit/( loss) after tax from discontinued operations	—	—
Profit/(loss) for the period	6,592	5,809
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests	533	568
Profit/(loss) attributable to the parent	6,059	5,241
Earnings/(losses) per share
Basic	0.37	0.31
Diluted	0.37	0.31

(*) Includes -EUR 687 million at 30 June 2024 (-EUR 574 million at 30 June 2023) derived from the net monetary loss generated in Argentina as a result of the application of IAS 29 Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies.

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				Glossary

Glossary

•Active customer: Those customers who comply with the minimum balance, income and/or transactionality requirements as defined according to the business area

•ADR: American Depositary Receipt

•APM: Alternative Performance Measures

•A2A: account-to-account payment

•AuMs: Assets under management

•bn: Billion

•BNPL: Buy now, pay later

•bps: basis points

•CDI: CREST Depository Interest

•CET1: Common Equity Tier 1

•CF: Corporate Finance

•CHF: Swiss francs

•CIB: Corporate & Investment Banking

•CNMV: Spanish National Securities Market Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores)

•Consumer: Digital Consumer Bank

•Costs in real terms: variations excluding the effect of average inflation over the last twelve months

•DCBE: Digital Consumer Bank Europe

•Digital customers: Every consumer of a commercial bank’s services who has logged on to their personal online banking and/or mobile banking in the last 30 days

•ECB: European Central Bank

•EPS: Earnings per share

•ESG: Environmental, Social and Governance

•ESMA: European Securities and Markets Authority

•Fed: Federal Reserve

•Financial inclusion: Number of people who are unbanked, underbanked, in financial difficulty, with difficulties in accessing credit who, through the Group's products and services, are able to access the financial system or receive tailored finance. Financially underserved groups are defined as people who do not have a current account, or who have an account but obtained alternative (non-bank) financial services in the last 12 months. Beneficiaries of various programmes are included in the quantification process only once in the entire period. Only new empowered people are counted, taking as a base year those existing since 2019. 

•FX: Foreign Exchange

•GB: Global Banking

•GDF: Global Debt Financing

•GDP: Gross Domestic Product

•GTB: Global Transaction Banking

•IA: Artificial intelligence

•IFRS 9: International Financial Reporting Standard 9, regarding financial instruments

•IFRS 17: International Financial Reporting Standard 9, regarding insurance contracts

•IT: Information technology

•LCR: Liquidity Coverage Ratio

•LLPs: Loan-loss provisions

•MDA: Maximum Distributable Amount

•mn: Million

•MREL: Minimum Requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities)

•NII: Net Interest Income

•NPS: Net Promoter Score

•ODS: Open Digital Services

•PBT: Profit before tax

•pp: percentage points

•QoQ: quarter-on-quarter

•P2R: Pillar 2 requirement

•Payments: PagoNxt (Getnet, Ebury y PagoNxt Payments) y Cards

•PB: Private Banking

•Retail: Retail & Commercial Banking

•Repos: Repurchase agreements

•RoA: Return on assets

•RoE: Return on equity

•RoRWA: Return on risk-weighted assets

•RoTE: Return on tangible equity

•RWAs: Risk-weighted assets

•SAM: Santander Asset Management

•SBNA: Santander Bank N.A.

•SCIB: Santander Corporate & Investment Banking

•SC USA: Santander Consumer USA

•SEC: Securities and Exchanges Commission

•SHUSA: Santander Holdings USA, Inc.

•SMEs: Small and medium enterprises

•SRF: Single Resolution Fund

•TLAC: The total loss-absorbing capacity requirement which is required to be met under the CRD V package

•TNAV: Tangible net asset value

•TPV: Total payments volume

•VaR: Value at Risk

•Wealth: Wealth Management & Insurance

•YoY: year-on-year

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				Important Information

Important information

Non-IFRS and alternative performance measures

This report contains financial information prepared according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and taken from our consolidated financial statements, as well as alternative performance measures (APMs) as defined in the Guidelines on Alternative Performance Measures issued by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) on 5 October 2015, and other non-IFRS measures. The APMs and non-IFRS measures were calculated with information from Grupo Santander; however, they are neither defined or detailed in the applicable financial reporting framework nor audited or reviewed by our auditors. We use these APMs and non-IFRS measures when planning, monitoring and evaluating our performance. We consider them to be useful metrics for our management and investors to compare operating performance between periods. APMs we use are presented unless otherwise specified on a constant FX basis, which is computed by adjusting comparative period reported data for the effects of foreign currency translation differences, which distort period-on-period comparisons. Nonetheless, the APMs and non-IFRS measures are supplemental information; their purpose is not to substitute IFRS measures. Furthermore, companies in our industry and others may calculate or use APMs and non-IFRS measures differently, thus making them less useful for comparison purposes. APMs using ESG labels have not been calculated in accordance with the Taxonomy Regulation or with the indicators for principal adverse impact in SFDR. For further details on APMs and Non-IFRS Measures, including their definition or a reconciliation between any applicable management indicators and the financial data presented in the consolidated financial statements prepared under IFRS, please see the 2023 Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) on 21 February 2024 (https://www.santander.com/content/dam/santander-com/en/documentos/informacion-sobre-resultados-semestrales-y-anuales-suministrada-a-la-sec/2024/sec-2023-annual-20-f-2023-en.pdf), as well as the section “Alternative performance measures” of this Banco Santander, S.A. (Santander) Q2 2024 Financial Report, published on 24 July 2024 (https://www.santander.com/en/shareholders-and-investors/financial-and-economic-information#quarterly-results). Underlying measures, which are included in this report, are non-IFRS measures.

The businesses included in each of our geographic segments and the accounting principles under which their results are presented here may differ from the businesses included and local applicable accounting principles of our public subsidiaries in such geographies. Accordingly, the results of operations and trends shown for our geographic segments may differ materially from those of such subsidiaries.

Non-financial information

This report contains, in addition to financial information, non-financial information (NFI), including environmental, social and governance-related metrics, statements, goals, commitments and opinions.

NFI is not audited nor reviewed by an external auditor. NFI is prepared following various external and internal frameworks, reporting guidelines and measurement, collection and verification methods and practices, which are materially different from those applicable to financial information and are in many cases emerging and evolving. NFI is based on various materiality thresholds, estimates, assumptions, judgments and underlying data derived internally and from third parties. NFI is thus subject to significant measurement uncertainties, may not be comparable to NFI of other companies or over time or across periods and its inclusion is not meant to imply that the information is fit for any particular purpose or that it is material to us under mandatory reporting standards. NFI is for informational purposes only and without any liability being accepted in connection with it except where such liability cannot be limited under overriding provisions of applicable law.

Forward-looking statements

Santander hereby warns that this report contains “forward-looking statements” as per the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements can be understood through words and expressions like “expect”, “project”, “anticipate”, “should”, “intend”, “probability”, “risk”, “VaR”, “RoRAC”, “RoRWA”, “TNAV”, “target”, “goal”, “objective”, “estimate”, “future”, “commitment”, “commit”, “focus”, “pledge” and similar expressions. They include (but are not limited to) statements on future business development, shareholder remuneration policy and NFI.

While these forward-looking statements represent our judgement and future expectations concerning our business developments, results may differ materially from those anticipated, expected, projected or assumed in forward-looking statements.

In particular, forward looking statements are based on current expectations and future estimates about Santander’s and third-parties’ operations and businesses and address matters that are uncertain to varying degrees and may change, including, but not limited to (a) expectations, targets, objectives, strategies and goals relating to environmental, social, safety and governance performance, including expectations regarding future execution of Santander’s and third-parties’ (including governments and other public actors) energy and climate strategies, and the underlying assumptions and estimated impacts on Santander’s and third-parties’ businesses related thereto; (b) Santander’s and third-parties’ approach, plans and expectations in relation to carbon use and targeted reductions of emissions, which may be affected by conflicting interests such as energy security; (c) changes in operations or investments under existing or future environmental laws and regulations; (d) changes in rules and regulations, regulatory requirements and internal policies, including those related to climate-related initiatives; (e) our own decisions and actions including those affecting or changing our practices, operations, priorities, strategies, policies or procedures; (f) events that lead to damage to our reputation and brand; (g) exposure to operational losses, including as a result of cyberattacks, data breaches or other security incidents; and (h) the uncertainty over the scope of actions that may be required by us, governments and others to achieve goals relating to climate, environmental and social matters, as well as the evolving nature of underlying science and industry and governmental standards and regulations.

In addition, the important factors described in this report and other risk factors, uncertainties or contingencies detailed in our most recent Form 20-F and subsequent 6-Ks filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, as well as other unknown or unpredictable factors, could affect our future development and results and could lead to outcomes materially different from what our forward-looking statements anticipate, expect, project or assume.

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				Important Information

Forward-looking statements are therefore aspirational, should be regarded as indicative, preliminary and for illustrative purposes only, speak only as of the date of this report, are informed by the knowledge, information and views available on such date and are subject to change without notice. Santander is not required to update or revise any forward-looking statements, regardless of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. Santander does not accept any liability in connection with forward-looking statements except where such liability cannot be limited under overriding provisions of applicable law.

Not a securities offer

This report and the information it contains does not constitute an offer to sell nor the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities.

Past performance does not indicate future outcomes

Statements about historical performance or growth rates must not be construed as suggesting that future performance, share price or results (including earnings per share) will necessarily be the same or higher than in a previous period. Nothing in this report should be taken as a profit and loss forecast.

Third Party Information

In this report, Santander relies on and refers to certain information and statistics obtained from publicly-available information and third-party sources, which it believes to be reliable. Neither Santander nor its directors, officers and employees have independently verified the accuracy or completeness of any such publicly-available and third-party information, make any representation or warranty as to the quality, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, accuracy or completeness of such information or undertake any obligation to update such information after the date of this report. In no event shall Santander be liable for any use by any party of, for any decision made or action taken by any party in reliance upon, or for inaccuracies or errors in, or omission from, such publicly-available and third-party information contained herein. Any sources of publicly-available information and third-party information referred or contained herein retain all rights with respect to such information and use of such information herein shall not be deemed to grant a license to any third party.

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				Main risks and uncertainties

Main risks and uncertainties

At the date of preparation of this management report, Grupo Santander considers that the important factors below (and others described elsewhere in this report), as well as other unknown or unpredictable factors, could affect our future development and results and could lead to outcomes materially different from what our forward-looking statements anticipate, expect, project or assume:

•General economic or industry conditions (e.g., an economic downturn; higher volatility in the capital markets; inflation or deflation; changes in demographics or consumer spending, investment or saving habits; and the effects of wars and conflicts (including the war in Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East) or the outbreak of public health emergencies on the global economy) in areas where we have significant operations or investments.

•Climate-related conditions, regulations, targets and weather events.

•Exposure to market risks (e.g., risks from interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices and new benchmark indices).

•Potential losses from early loan repayments, collateral depreciation or counterparty risk.

•Political instability in Spain, the UK, other European countries, Latin America and the US.

•Legislative, regulatory or tax changes (including regulatory capital and liquidity requirements), especially in view of the UK's exit from the European Union and greater regulation prompted by financial crises.

•Acquisition integration and challenges arising from deviating management’s resources and attention from other strategic opportunities and operational matters.

•Uncertainty over the scope of actions that may be required by us, governments and other to achieve goals relating to climate, environmental and social matters, as well as the evolving nature of underlying science and industry and governmental standards and regulations.

•Changes affecting our access to liquidity and funding on acceptable terms, especially due to credit spread shifts or credit rating downgrades for the entire Group or core subsidiaries.

•Damage to our reputation and to our brand.

•Exposure to operational losses, including as a result of cyberattacks, data breaches or other cybersecurity incidents.

These are not the only risks that the bank may face. Other unknown risks or those not considered relevant at this time, may materialize in the future.

Our geographic and business diversification protects us, to some extent, from adverse circumstances and enables us to resiliently face them. Although it is difficult to make estimations in the current environment, our strategy and business model are a clear competitive advantage.

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				Other disclosures required by the Bank of Spain

OTHER DISCLOSURES REQUIRED BY THE BANK OF SPAIN

Disclosures required under Bank of Spain Circular 6/2012 on sector and geographic concentration of risk

Concentration of risk

The breakdown at 30 June 2024 of the concentration of the Group's risk, by activity and geographic location of counterparties, is as follows:

Million euros	30-06-2024
	Total	Spain	Rest of the European Union	America	Rest of the world
Central banks and Credit institutions	322,660	52,103	79,167	119,266	72,124
Public sector	230,500	65,397	49,807	99,288	16,008
Of which:
Central government	199,335	50,780	44,076	88,833	15,646
Other central government	31,165	14,617	5,731	10,455	362
Other financial institutions (financial business activity)	185,178	15,012	48,224	76,062	45,880
Non-financial companies and individual entrepreneurs (non-financial business activity) (broken down by purpose)	458,761	108,086	108,397	180,244	62,034
Of which:
Construction and property development	20,754	3,383	4,220	7,461	5,690
Civil engineering construction	5,811	2,357	2,005	1,342	107
Large companies	287,648	51,259	64,420	125,353	46,616
SMEs and individual entrepreneurs	144,548	51,087	37,752	46,088	9,621
Households – other (broken down by purpose)	569,817	89,367	108,236	148,088	224,126
Of which:
Residential	351,663	62,523	37,667	46,234	205,239
Consumer loans	198,102	17,398	68,267	95,948	16,489
Other purposes	20,052	9,446	2,302	5,906	2,398
Total (*)	1,766,916	329,965	393,831	622,948	420,172

(*)  For the purpose of this table, the definition of risk includes the following public balance sheet items: loans and advances to credit institutions, deposits at central banks, loans and advances to customers, debt securities, capital instruments, trading derivatives, hedging derivatives, equity investments and guarantees extended.

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				Other disclosures required by the Bank of Spain

	Million euros (*)
			Secured loans
			Net exposure		Loan-to-value (**)
	Total	Unsecured loans	Of which: Mortgage collateral	Of which: Other collateral	Less than or equal to 40%	Greater than 40% and less than or equal to 60%	Greater than 60% and less than or equal to 80%	Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 100%	Greater than 100%
Public sector	25,991	25,726	180	85	85	66	21	74	19
Other financial institutions (financial business activity)	104,941	34,578	2,220	68,143	1,988	842	348	66,267	918
Non-financial corporations and individual entrepreneurs (non-financial business activity) (broken down by purpose)	346,949	189,515	73,424	84,010	31,758	26,173	20,612	51,477	27,414
Of which:
Construction and property development	18,358	2,108	14,540	1,710	5,286	5,263	1,530	2,788	1,383
Civil engineering construction	3,091	1,965	246	880	139	80	38	827	42
Large companies	193,033	125,195	24,871	42,967	13,257	6,850	7,382	26,313	14,036
SMEs and individual entrepreneurs	132,467	60,247	33,767	38,453	13,076	13,980	11,662	21,549	11,953
Households – other (broken down by purpose)	564,605	114,544	357,262	92,799	99,578	125,023	123,769	60,735	40,956
Of which:
Residential	350,801	1,401	348,717	683	90,484	114,506	113,113	28,732	2,565
Consumer loans	195,315	107,757	2,205	85,353	5,155	7,884	8,478	28,247	37,794
Other purposes	18,489	5,386	6,340	6,763	3,939	2,633	2,178	3,756	597
Total	1,042,486	364,363	433,086	245,037	133,409	152,104	144,750	178,553	69,307
Memorandum item
Refinanced and restructured transactions	22,025	8,570	7,895	5,560	3,474	1,796	1,814	4,796	1,575

(*)  In addition, the Group has granted advances to customers amounting to EUR 23,110 million; therefore, the total amount of loans and advances to customers amounts to EUR 1,065,596 million.

(**) Includes balances net of impairment or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk.

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Banco Santander, S.A. and companies composing Santander Group

INDEX TO THE INTERIM UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
99	Condensed consolidated balance sheets as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 (unaudited)
101	Condensed consolidated income statements for the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 (unaudited)
102	Condensed consolidated statements of recognised income and expense for the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 (unaudited)
103	Condensed consolidated statements of changes in total equity for the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 (unaudited)
105	Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 (unaudited)
106	Notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS AT 30 JUNE 2024 AND 31 DECEMBER 2023

(EUR million)

ASSETS	Note	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
CASH, CASH BALANCES AT CENTRAL BANKS AND OTHER DEPOSITS ON DEMAND		156,234	220,342
FINANCIAL ASSETS HELD FOR TRADING	5	206,874	176,921
NON-TRADING FINANCIAL ASSETS MANDATORILY AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS	5	6,166	5,910
FINANCIAL ASSETS DESIGNATED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS	5	9,169	9,773
FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	5	82,270	83,308
FINANCIAL ASSETS AT AMORTISED COST	5	1,217,341	1,191,403
HEDGING DERIVATIVES		5,413	5,297
CHANGES IN THE FAIR VALUE OF HEDGED ITEMS IN PORTFOLIO HEDGES OF INTEREST RISK		(1,337)	(788)
INVESTMENTS		8,235	7,646
Joint venture entities		2,026	1,964
Associated entities		6,209	5,682
ASSETS UNDER REINSURANCE CONTRACTS		214	237
TANGIBLE ASSETS	7	33,709	33,882
Property, plant and equipment		32,764	32,926
For own-use		12,808	13,408
Leased out under an operating lease		19,956	19,518
Investment properties		945	956
Of which : Leased out under an operating lease		806	851
INTANGIBLE ASSETS	8	19,359	19,871
Goodwill		13,668	14,017
Other intangible assets		5,691	5,854
TAX ASSETS		29,992	31,390
Current tax assets		10,017	10,623
Deferred tax assets		19,975	20,767
OTHER ASSETS		9,707	8,856
Insurance contracts linked to pensions		87	93
Inventories		6	7
Other		9,614	8,756
NON-CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE	6	2,915	3,014
TOTAL ASSETS		1,786,261	1,797,062

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated balance sheet as at 30 June 2024.

January - June 2024 99

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS AT 30 JUNE 2024 AND 31 DECEMBER 2023

(EUR million)

LIABILITIES	Note	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES HELD FOR TRADING	9	133,856	122,270
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES DESIGNATED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS (**)	9	34,493	40,367
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES AT AMORTISED COST	9	1,454,896	1,468,703
HEDGING DERIVATIVES		5,535	7,656
CHANGES IN THE FAIR VALUE OF HEDGED ITEMS IN PORTFOLIO HEDGES OF INTEREST RATE RISK		12	55
LIABILITIES UNDER INSURANCE CONTRACTS		17,592	17,799
PROVISIONS		8,401	8,441
Pension and other post-retirement obligations	10	1,936	2,225
Other long term employee benefits	10	894	880
Taxes and other legal contingencies	10	2,631	2,715
Contingent liabilities and commitments	14	698	702
Other provisions	10	2,242	1,919
TAX LIABILITIES		9,802	9,932
Current tax liabilities		3,691	3,846
Deferred tax liabilities		6,111	6,086
OTHER LIABILITIES		18,026	17,598
LIABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH NON-CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE		—	—
TOTAL LIABILITIES		1,682,613	1,692,821
SHAREHOLDERS´ EQUITY		132,836	130,443
CAPITAL	11	7,747	8,092
Called up paid capital		7,747	8,092
Unpaid capital which has been called up		—	—
SHARE PREMIUM		41,604	44,373
EQUITY INSTRUMENTS ISSUED OTHER THAN CAPITAL		735	720
Equity component of the compound financial instrument		—	—
Other equity instruments issued		735	720
OTHER EQUITY		189	195
ACCUMULATED RETAINED EARNINGS		82,324	74,114
REVALUATION RESERVES		—	—
OTHER RESERVES		(5,816)	(5,751)
(-) OWN SHARES		(6)	(1,078)
PROFIT ATTRIBUTABLE TO SHAREHOLDERS OF THE PARENT	3	6,059	11,076
(-) INTERIM DIVIDENDS		—	(1,298)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	11	(36,963)	(35,020)
ITEMS NOT RECLASSIFIED TO PROFIT OR LOSS		(5,118)	(5,212)
ITEMS THAT MAY BE RECLASSIFIED TO PROFIT OR LOSS		(31,845)	(29,808)
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST		7,775	8,818
Other comprehensive income		(1,872)	(1,559)
Other items		9,647	10,377
TOTAL EQUITY		103,648	104,241
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY		1,786,261	1,797,062
MEMORANDUM ITEMS: OFF BALANCE SHEET AMOUNTS	14
Loan commitments granted		290,151	279,589
Financial guarantees granted		15,598	15,435
Other commitments granted		127,420	113,273

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated balance sheet as at 30 June 2024.

100 January - June 2024

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS

FOR THE SIX-MONTH PERIODS ENDED 30 JUNE 2024 AND 2023

(EUR million)		(Debit) / Credit
	Note	01-01-2024 to 30-06-2024	01-01-2023 to 30-06-2023
Interest income		56,838	49,922
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		3,426	3,629
Financial assets at amortised cost		42,198	37,503
Other interest income		11,214	8,790
Interest expense		(33,381)	(29,002)
Interest income/ (charges)		23,457	20,920
Dividend income		493	382
Income from companies accounted for using the equity method		303	296
Commission income		8,738	8,277
Commission expense		(2,261)	(2,174)
Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net		20	22
Financial assets at amortised cost		(43)	6
Other financial assets and liabilities		63	16
Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities held for trading, net		441	263
Reclassification of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		—	—
Reclassification of financial assets at amortised cost		—	—
Other gains (losses)		441	263
Gains or losses on non-trading financial assets and liabilities mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss		314	26
Reclassification of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		—	—
Reclassification of financial assets at amortised cost		—	—
Other gains (losses)		314	26
Gain or losses on financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, net		427	(194)
Gain or losses from hedge accounting, net		14	108
Exchange differences, net		(259)	1,077
Other operating income (*)		409	480
Other operating expenses		(1,391)	(1,504)
Income from insurance and reinsurance contracts		249	414
Expenses from insurance and reinsurance contracts		(239)	(383)
Total income		30,715	28,010
Administrative expenses		(11,257)	(10,873)
Staff costs		(7,061)	(6,603)
Other general and administrative expenses		(4,196)	(4,270)
Depreciation and amortisation cost		(1,656)	(1,606)
Provisions or reversal of provisions, net		(1,762)	(1,330)
Impairment or reversal of impairment of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss and net gains and losses from modifications		(6,577)	(6,237)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		(8)	6
Financial assets at amortised cost	5	(6,569)	(6,243)
Impairment of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, net		—	—
Impairment on non-financial assets, net		(290)	(92)
Tangible assets		(183)	(78)
Intangible assets		(105)	(5)
Others		(2)	(9)
Gain or losses on non financial assets and investments, net		366	277
Gains or losses on non-current assets held for sale not classified as discontinued operations	6	(31)	(59)
Operating profit/(loss) before tax		9,508	8,090
Tax expense or income from continuing operations		(2,916)	(2,281)
Profit/(loss) for the period from continuing operations		6,592	5,809
Profit/( loss) after tax from discontinued operations		—	—
Profit/(loss) for the period		6,592	5,809
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests		533	568
Profit/(loss) attributable to the parent		6,059	5,241
Earnings/(losses) per share	3
Basic		0.37	0.31
Diluted		0.37	0.31

(*) Includes EUR -687 million at 30 June 2024 (EUR -574 million at 30 June 2023) derived from the net monetary loss generated in Argentina as a result of the application of IAS 29 Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies.

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated income statement

for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

January - June 2024 101

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF RECOGNISED INCOME AND EXPENSE

FOR THE SIX-MONTH PERIODS ENDED 30 JUNE 2024 AND 2023

(EUR million)

		(Debit) / Credit
	Note	01-01-2024 to 30-06-2024	01-01-2023 to 30-06-2023
CONSOLIDATED PROFIT/(LOSS) FOR THE PERIOD		6,592	5,809
OTHER RECOGNISED INCOME AND EXPENSE		(2,393)	2,091
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss	11	(29)	(489)
Actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension plans		(59)	(402)
Non-current assets held for sale		—	—
Other recognised income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates		(4)	(5)
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income		107	(201)
Gains or losses resulting from the accounting for hedges of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, net		—	—
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (hedged item)		4	(41)
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (hedging instrument)		(4)	41
Changes in the fair value of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to changes in credit risk		(90)	(50)
Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified		17	169
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss	11	(2,364)	2,580
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations (effective portion)	11	101	(1,527)
Revaluation gains (losses)		101	(1,527)
Amounts transferred to income statement		—	—
Other reclassifications		—	—
Exchange differences	11	(1,932)	3,094
Revaluation gains (losses)		(1,932)	3,056
Amounts transferred to income statement		—	38
Other reclassifications		—	—
Cash flow hedges (effective portion)		(403)	596
Revaluation gains (losses)		(887)	(1,318)
Amounts transferred to income statement		484	1,914
Transferred to initial carrying amount of hedged items		—	—
Other reclassifications		—	—
Hedging instruments (items not designated)		—	—
Revaluation gains (losses)		—	—
Amounts transferred to income statement		—	—
Other reclassifications		—	—
Debt instruments at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income		(325)	790
Revaluation gains (losses)		(291)	782
Amounts transferred to income statement		(34)	8
Other reclassifications		—	—
Non-current assets held for sale		—	—
Revaluation gains (losses)		—	—
Amounts transferred to income statement		—	—
Other reclassifications		—	—
Share of other recognised income and expense of investments		(57)	88
Income tax relating to items that may be reclassified to profit or loss		252	(461)
Total recognised income and expenses for the year		4,199	7,900
Attributable to non-controlling interests		220	937
Attributable to the parent		3,979	6,963

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated statement of recognised income and expense for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

102 January - June 2024

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN TOTAL EQUITY
FOR THE SIX-MONTH PERIODS ENDED 30 JUNE 2024 AND 2023

(EUR million)

	Capital	Share premium	Equity instruments issued (not capital)	Other equity instruments	Accumulated retained earnings	Revaluation reserves	Other reserves	(-)  Own shares	Profit Attributable to shareholders of the parent	(-)  Interim dividends	Other comprehensive income	Non-Controlling interest		Total
												Other comprehensive income	Other items
Balance as at 12-31-2023	8,092	44,373	720	195	74,114	—	(5,751)	(1,078)	11,076	(1,298)	(35,020)	(1,559)	10,377	104,241
Adjustments due to errors	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Adjustments due to changes in  accounting policies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Opening balance as at 01-01-2024	8,092	44,373	720	195	74,114	—	(5,751)	(1,078)	11,076	(1,298)	(35,020)	(1,559)	10,377	104,241
Total recognised income and expense	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6,059	—	(2,080)	(313)	533	4,199
Other changes in equity	(345)	(2,769)	15	(6)	8,210	—	(65)	1,072	(11,076)	1,298	137	—	(1,263)	(4,792)
Issuance of ordinary shares	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Issuance of preferred shares	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Issuance of other financial instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Maturity of other financial instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(590)	(590)
Conversion of financial liabilities into equity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Capital reduction	(345)	(2,769)	—	—	—	—	345	2,769	—	—	—	—	(93)	(93)
Dividends	—	—	—	—	(1,485)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(603)	(2,088)
Purchase of equity instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(2,159)	—	—	—	—	—	(2,159)
Disposal of equity instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	6	462	—	—	—	—	—	468
Transfer from equity to liabilities	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Transfer from liabilities to equity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Transfers between equity items	—	—	—	—	9,695	—	(54)	—	(11,076)	1,298	137	—	—	—
Increases (decreases) due to business combinations	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Share-based payment	—	—	—	(55)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(55)
Others increases or (-) decreases of the equity	—	—	15	49	—	—	(362)	—	—	—	—	—	23	(275)
Balance as at 06-30-2024	7,747	41,604	735	189	82,324	—	(5,816)	(6)	6,059	—	(36,963)	(1,872)	9,647	103,648

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated statement of changes in total equity

for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

January - June 2024 103

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN TOTAL EQUITY

FOR THE SIX-MONTH PERIODS ENDED 30 JUNE 2024 AND 2023

(EUR million)

	Capital	Share premium	Equity instruments issued (not capital)	Other equity instruments	Accumulated retained earnings	Revaluation reserves	Other reserves	(-)  Own shares	Profit Attributable to shareholders of the parent	(-)  Interim dividends	Other comprehensive income	Non-Controlling interest		Total
												Other comprehensive income	Other items
Balance as at 12-31-2022	8,397	46,273	688	175	66,702	—	(5,454)	(675)	9,605	(979)	(35,628)	(1,856)	10,337	97,585
Adjustments due to errors	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Adjustments due to changes in  accounting policies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Opening balance as at 01-01-2023	8,397	46,273	688	175	66,702	—	(5,454)	(675)	9,605	(979)	(35,628)	(1,856)	10,337	97,585
Total recognised income and expense	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5,241	—	1,722	369	568	7,900
Other changes in equity	(305)	(1,900)	16	21	7,410	—	41	628	(9,605)	979	117	3	(846)	(3,441)
Issuance of ordinary shares	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	1
Issuance of preferred shares	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Issuance of other financial instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Maturity of other financial instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Conversion of financial liabilities into equity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Capital reduction	(305)	(1,900)	—	—	—	—	305	1,900	—	—	—	—	—	—
Dividends	—	—	—	—	(963)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(436)	(1,399)
Purchase of equity instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,723)	—	—	—	—	—	(1,723)
Disposal of equity instruments	—	—	—	—	—	—	11	451	—	—	—	—	—	462
Transfer from equity to liabilities	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Transfer from liabilities to equity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Transfers between equity items	—	—	—	—	8,373	—	136	—	(9,605)	979	117	3	(3)	—
Increases (decreases) due to business combinations	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(304)	(304)
Share-based payment	—	—	—	(66)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(66)
Others increases or (-) decreases of the equity	—	—	16	87	—	—	(411)	—	—	—	—	—	(104)	(412)
Balance as at 06-30-2023	8,092	44,373	704	196	74,112	—	(5,413)	(47)	5,241	—	(33,789)	(1,484)	10,059	102,044

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated statement of changes in total equity

for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

104 January - June 2024

GRUPO SANTANDER

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE SIX-MONTH PERIODS ENDED 30 JUNE 2024 AND 2023

(EUR million)

	Note	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
A. CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES		(60,172)	(11,895)
Profit/(loss) for the period		6,592	5,809
Adjustments made to obtain the cash flows from operating activities		13,925	13,720
Depreciation and amortisation cost		1,656	1,606
Other adjustments		12,269	12,114
Net increase/(decrease) in operating assets		82,440	45,762
Financial assets held-for-trading		35,042	23,291
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss		402	120
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		(592)	647
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		1,295	(1,819)
Financial assets at amortised cost		45,626	26,151
Other operating assets		667	(2,628)
Net increase/(decrease) in operating liabilities		3,232	15,842
Financial liabilities held-for-trading		13,709	16,830
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss		(5,968)	(4,202)
Financial liabilities at amortised cost		(1,103)	4,132
Other operating liabilities		(3,406)	(918)
Income tax recovered/(paid)		(1,481)	(1,504)
B. CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES		(2,301)	(2,498)
Payments		6,034	6,832
Tangible assets	7	4,738	4,705
Intangible assets		909	954
Investments		362	25
Subsidiaries and other business units	2	25	1,148
Non-current assets held for sale and associated liabilities		—	—
Other payments related to investing activities		—	—
Proceeds		3,733	4,334
Tangible assets	7	2,991	2,737
Intangible assets		—	—
Investments		294	374
Subsidiaries and other business units		4	838
Non-current assets held for sale and associated liabilities	6	444	385
Other proceeds related to investing activities		—	—
C. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES		(4,173)	(2,358)
Payments		8,587	4,623
Dividends	3	1,485	963
Subordinated liabilities		3,210	748
Redemption of own equity instruments		—	—
Acquisition of own equity instruments		2,159	1,723
Other payments related to financing activities		1,733	1,189
Proceeds		4,414	2,265
Subordinated liabilities		3,908	1,654
Issuance of own equity instruments	11	—	—
Disposal of own equity instruments		471	467
Other proceeds related to financing activities		35	144
D. EFFECT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES		2,538	1,224
E. NET INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(64,108)	(15,527)
F. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD		220,342	223,073
G. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD		156,234	207,546
COMPONENTS OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD
Cash		7,113	8,195
Cash equivalents at central banks		134,228	186,134
Other financial assets		14,893	13,217
Less: Bank overdrafts refundable on demand		—	—
TOTAL CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD		156,234	207,546
In which: restricted cash		—	—

The accompanying explanatory Notes 1 to 17 are an integral part of the condensed consolidated statement of recognised income and expense for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

January - June 2024 105

Banco Santander, S.A. and Companies composing Grupo Santander

Explanatory notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

1.    Introduction, basis of presentation of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and other information

a)    Introduction

Banco Santander, S.A. ('the parent' or 'Banco Santander') is a private-law entity subject to the rules and regulations applicable to banks operating in Spain. The Bylaws and other public information of the Bank can be consulted at its registered office at Paseo de Pereda 9 -12, Santander.

In addition to the operations carried on directly by it, Banco Santander is the head of a group of subsidiaries that engage in various business activities and which compose, together with it, Grupo Santander ('Santander' or 'The Group').

Grupo Santander's interim condensed consolidated financial statements ('interim financial statements') for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024 were authorised and approved by Grupo Santander's directors at the board of directors meeting held on 23 July 2024. Grupo Santander's consolidated annual accounts for year 2023 were approved by shareholders at Banco Santander annual general meeting on 22 March 2024.

b)    Basis of presentation of the interim financial statements

Under Regulation (EC) n.º 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 all companies governed by the law of an EU Member State and whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market of any Member State must prepare their consolidated financial statements for the years beginning on or after 1 January, 2005 in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') previously adopted by the European Union ('EU-IFRS'). In order to adapt the accounting system of Spanish credit institutions with the principles and criteria established by the IFRS adopted by the European Union ('EU-IFRS'), the Bank of Spain published circular 4/2017, dated 27 November 2017, and subsequent changes, on Public and Confidential Financial Reporting Standards and Financial Statement Formats.

The consolidated annual accounts for 2023 were authorised at the board of directors meeting on 19 February 2024 in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union, taking into account Bank of Spain Circular 4/2017, and subsequent modifications, using the basis of consolidation, accounting policies and measurement bases described in Note 2 to the aforementioned consolidated annual accounts and, accordingly, they presented fairly Grupo Santander’s consolidated equity and consolidated financial position at 31 December 2023 and the consolidated results of its operations, and the consolidated cash flows in 2022. The aforementioned consolidated annual accounts, which are included in Grupo Santander’s Form 20-F filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on 21 February 2024, and these interim financial statements are also in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ('IFRS-IASB', and together with EU-IFRS, 'IFRS').

These interim financial statements were prepared and are presented in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS 34), Interim Financial Reporting, for the preparation of interim financial statements in accordance with the provisions of article 12 of Royal Decree 1362/2007 taking into account the requirements of Circular 3/2018, of June 28, of the Securities and Exchange Commission (CNMV). These interim financial statements will be included in the Half-Yearly Financial Information corresponding to the first half of 2024 that the Group presents in accordance with the aforementioned Circular 3/2018.

In accordance with IAS 34, the interim financial statements are intended only to provide an update on the content of the latest consolidated annual accounts authorised for issue, focusing on new activities, events and circumstances occurring during the first six months, and does not duplicate information previously reported in the latest consolidated annual accounts. Consequently, these interim financial statements do not include all the information that would be required for a complete set of consolidated annual accounts prepared in accordance with IFRS and, accordingly, for a proper comprehension of the information included in these interim financial statements, they should be read together with Grupo Santander’s consolidated annual accounts for the year ended 31 December 2023.

Grupo Santander policies include presenting the interim financial statements for its use in the different markets using the Euro as its presentation currency. The amounts held in other currencies and the balances of entities whose functional currency is not the Euro, have been translated to the presentation currency in accordance with the criteria indicated in Note 2.a to the consolidated annual accounts for 2023. As indicated in that note, for practical reasons, the balance sheet amount has been converted to the closing exchange rate, the equity to the historical type, and the income and expenses have been converted by applying the average exchange rate of the period; the application of such exchange rate or that corresponding to the date of each transaction does not lead to significant differences in the interim financial statements of Grupo Santander.

106 January - June 2024

The accounting policies and methods used in preparing these interim financial statements are the same as those applied in the consolidated annual accounts for 2023 taking into account the standards and interpretations with effective application date during the first six months of 2024, which are detailed below:

•Amendment to IFRS 16 Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback requires a seller-lessee to subsequently measure lease liabilities arising from a leaseback without recognising any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use retained. This new requirement does not prevent a seller-lessee from recognising in profit or loss any gain or loss relating to the partial or full termination of a lease. Applicable, retrospectively, from 1 January 2024.

•Classification of Liabilities, amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, considering non-current liabilities those in which the entity has the possibility of deferring payment for more than 12 months from the closing date of the reporting period.

Likewise, an additional amendment to IAS 1 on the classification of liabilities with covenants as current or non-current has been approved, specifying that covenants that must be complied with after the reporting date do not affect the classification of liabilities and require additionally their respective breakdowns.

They should be applied retrospectively in accordance with the normal requirements of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. Applicable from 1 January 2024.

•IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Additional disclosures are required for companies entering into supplier financing arrangements. The objective of the new disclosures is to provide information on Supplier Finance Arrangements (SFA) that allows investors to evaluate the effects on an entity's liabilities, cash flows and liquidity risk exposure (effective from 1 January 2024).

The aforementioned accounting standards and modifications have not had a significant effect on Grupo Santander’s financial statements, except for what was disclosed before.

All accounting policies and measurement bases with a material effect on the interim financial statements for 30 June 2024 were applied in their preparation.

By the time of the preparation of these interim financial statements, there are no standards pending adoption by the European Union for the current exercise by the IASB with an effective date of 1 January 2024.

c)     Use of critical estimates

The consolidated results and the determination of the consolidated equity are sensitive to the accounting principles and policies, valuation criteria and estimates used by the directors of Banco Santander in preparing the interim financial statements. The main accounting principles, policies, and valuation criteria are indicated in Note 2 of the consolidated annual accounts of the year 2023, except for those indicated in these interim financial statements due to the accounting standards and modifications that have come into effect during the first six months of the year 2024.

The interim financial statements contain estimates made by the senior management of Banco Santander and of the consolidated entities in order to quantify certain of the assets, liabilities, income, expenses and obligations reported in the consolidated entities. These estimates, which were made on the basis of the best information available, relate mainly to the following:

•The income tax expense, which is recognised in interim periods based on the best estimate of the weighted average tax rate expected by Grupo Santander for the full financial year;

•The impairment losses on certain assets – financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, financial assets at amortised cost, non-current assets held for sale, investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, tangible assets and intangible assets;

•The assumptions used in the calculation of the post-employment benefit liabilities and commitments and other obligations;

•The useful life of the tangible and intangible assets;

•The measurement of goodwill impairment arising on consolidation;

•The calculation of provisions and the consideration of contingent liabilities;

•The fair value of certain unquoted assets and liabilities;

•The recoverability of deferred tax assets; and

•The fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in business combinations in accordance with IFRS 3.

To update the previous estimates, the Group's management has taken into account the current macroeconomic scenario resulting from the complex geopolitical situation, the levels of inflation and interest rates, as well as the resilience of the labour market being a priority monitoring focus due to the potential uncertainty generated in the Group's estimates.

The Group's management has evaluated in particular the uncertainties caused by the current environment in relation to credit, liquidity and market risks, taking into account the best available information, to estimate the impact on the credit portfolio's impairment provision, and in the debt instruments' interest rates and valuation.

January - June 2024 107

In addition, the Group has applied in the interim financial statements a new theoretical exchange rate for the Argentine peso (1,499 pesos on 30 June 2024). This decision is due to the significant divergence that has been observed between the official exchange rate and other macroeconomic magnitudes, mainly inflation. The new theoretical exchange rate also reflects the implicit exchange rate observed in certain transactions ordered between market participants under the prevailing economic conditions, such as the repatriation of dividends from businesses in Argentina. This matter has not had a material impact in the Group’s interim financial statements.

During the six-month period ended 30 June 2024, there have been no additional significant changes in the estimates made at the end of 2023, other than those indicated in these interim financial statements.

d)    Contingent assets and liabilities

Note 25 to Grupo Santander's consolidated annual accounts for the year ended 31 December 2023 includes information on the contingent assets and liabilities at that date. There were no significant changes in Grupo Santander's contingent assets and liabilities from 31 December 2023 to the date of formal preparation of these interim financial statements.

e)   Comparative information

The information in Note 12 related to segment information for March 2023 has been restated, in accordance with the new organizational structure of Grupo Santander, as required by IFRS 8 (see note 12).

In order to interpret the changes in the balances with respect to 31 December 2023, it is necessary to take into consideration the exchange rate effect arising from the volume of foreign currency balances held by the Group in view of its geographic diversity (Note 51.b to the consolidated annual accounts for the annual year ended 31 December 2023) and the impact of the appreciation/depreciation of the various currencies against the euro in the first six months of 2024: Mexican peso (-4.45%), US dollar (3.18%), Brazilian real (-9.73%), Pound sterling (2.38%), Chilean peso (-4.57%) and Polish zloty (0.82%); as well as the evolution of the average exchange rates between comparable periods: Mexican peso (6.12%), US dollar (-0.06%), Brazilian real (-0.21%), Pound sterling (2.52%), Chilean peso (-14.30%) and Polish zloty (7.11%).

f)     Seasonality of the Grupo Santander’s transactions

The business activities carried on by Grupo Santander entities, and their transactions are not cyclical or seasonal in nature. Therefore, no specific disclosures are included in these explanatory notes to the interim financial statements for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

g)    Materiality

In determining the note disclosures to be made on the various items in the interim financial statements or other matters, Grupo Santander, in accordance with IAS 34, took into account their materiality in relation to the interim financial statements for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024.

h) Other information

On 28 December 2022, the law establishing a temporary levy on credit institutions and financial credit establishments was published in Spain. On 1 January 2024, an amount of EUR 335 million (EUR 224 million on 1 January 2023) was recorded under the heading "Other operating expenses" in the profit and loss account in accordance with IFRIC 21 due to this new tax.

i)    Events after the reporting period

From 1 July 2024 and up to the date of issuance of these interim financial statements corresponding to the first six months of 2024, there have been no relevant events other than those indicated in the interim financial statements.

2.    Grupo Santander

Appendices I, II and III to the consolidated annual accounts for the year ended 31 December 2023 provide relevant information on Grupo Santander companies at that date and on the companies accounted for under the equity method.

Also, Note 3 to the aforementioned consolidated annual accounts includes a description of the most significant acquisitions and disposals of companies performed by Grupo Santander in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

During the first six months of 2024, no significant operations have been carried out or those are pending execution at 30 June 2023.

108 January - June 2024

3.    Shareholder remuneration system and earnings per share

a)   Shareholder remuneration system

The cash remuneration paid by Banco Santander to its shareholders in the first six months of 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

	30-06-2024			30-06-2023
	% of par value	Euros per share	Amount (EUR million)	% of par value		Euros per share	Amount (EUR million)
Ordinary shares	0.1917	0.095	1,485	11.90	%	0.0595	963
Other shares (without vote, redeemable, etc.)	—	—	—	—		—	—
Total remuneration paid	0.1917	0.095	1,485	11.90	%	0.0595	963
Dividend paid out of profit	0.1917	0.095	1,485	11.90	%	0.0595	963
Dividend paid with a charge to reserves or share premium	—	—	—	—		—	—
Dividend in kind	—	—	—	—		—	—
Flexible payment	—	—	—	—		—	—

At the board of directors held on 22 March 2024, it was agreed to pay an interim dividend in cash against 2023 results of EUR 9.50 cents per share agreed by the board of directors on 19 February 2024, which became effective on 2 May 2024.

In addition, the general meeting of shareholders approved the implementation of a share repurchase program agreed by the board of directors for a maximum amount of 1,459 million euros, which began on 20 February 2024 and finalized on 21 June 2024.

In the general meeting of shareholders on 31 March 2023 it was approved the payment of a complementary dividend in cash charged to the results of the financial year 2022, agreed at the board of directors on 27 February 2023, of EUR 5.95 cents per share that was effective as of 2 May 2023. Likewise, the implementation of a share repurchase program charged to income for the year of 2022 agreed by this board of directors for a maximum amount of EUR 921 million, completed in April 2023, was also approved.

b)   Earnings per share from continuing and discontinued operations

i. Basic earnings per share

Basic earnings per share for the period are calculated by dividing the net profit attributable to Grupo Santander for the first six months adjusted by the after-tax amount relating to the remuneration of contingently convertible preference shares recognised in equity by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, excluding the average number of treasury shares held in the period.

Accordingly:

	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Profit attributable to the Parent (EUR million)	6,059	5,241
Remuneration of contingently convertible preferred securities (CCPS) (EUR million)	(309)	(229)
	5,750	5,012
Of which:
Profit or Loss from discontinued operations (non controlling interest net) (EUR million)	—	—
Profit or Loss from continuing operations (CCPS net) (EUR million)	5,750	5,012
Weighted average number of shares outstanding	15,664,707,190	16,279,041,269
Basic earnings per share (euros)	0.37	0.31
Of which: from discontinued operations (euros)	—	—
from continuing operations (euros)	0.37	0.31

January - June 2024 109

ii. Diluted earnings per share

Diluted earnings per share for the period are calculated by dividing the net profit attributable to Grupo Santander for the first six months adjusted by the after-tax amount relating to the remuneration of contingently convertible preference shares recognised in equity and of perpetual liabilities contingently amortisable in their case by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, excluding the average number of treasury shares and adjusted for all the dilutive effects inherent to potential ordinary shares (share options, warrants and convertible debt instruments).

Accordingly, diluted earnings per share were determined as follows:

	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Profit attributable to the Parent (EUR million)	6,059	5,241
Remuneration of contingently convertible preferred securities (CCPS) (EUR million)	(309)	(229)
	5,750	5,012
Of which:
Profit or Loss from discontinued operations (non controlling interest net) (EUR million)	—	—
Profit or Loss from continuing operations (CCPS net) (EUR million)	5,750	5,012
Weighted average number of shares outstanding	15,664,707,190	16,279,041,269
Dilutive effect of options/receipt of shares	70,622,287	67,704,709
Adjusted number of shares	15,735,329,477	16,346,745,978
Diluted earnings per share (euros)	0.37	0.31
Of which: from discontinued operations (euros)	—	—
from continuing operations (euros)	0.37	0.31

4.    Remuneration and other benefits paid to Banco Santander’s directors and senior managers

Note 5 to Grupo Santander’s consolidated annual accounts for the year ended 31 December 2023 details the remuneration and other benefits to members of Banco Santander’s Board of Directors and senior management in 2023.

Following is a summary of the most significant data on the remunerations and benefits for the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023:

Remuneration of members of the board of directors (1)

	EUR thousand
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Members of the board of directors: (2)
Remuneration concept
Fixed salary remuneration of executive directors	3,292	3,136
Variable salary remuneration of executive directors	—	—
Directors' fees	597	628
Bylaw-stipulated emoluments (annual emolument)	1,754	2,113
Other	2,173	2,083
Sub-total	7,816	7,960
Transactions with shares and/or other financial instruments	—	—
	7,816	7,960

1.The Notes to the consolidated annual accounts for 2024 will contain detailed and complete information on the remuneration paid to all the directors, including executive directors.

2.From 1 October 2023, the Lead Independent Director, non-executive Vice Chair and Chair of remuneration committee is Mr. Glenn Hutchins, succeeding Mr. Carnegie-Brown. From 27 June 2024, Mr. Carlos Barrabés, in replacement of Mr. Ramiro Mato, and Mr. Antonio Francesco Weiss joined the board.

Mr. Bruce Carnegie-Brown stepped down as member of the board on 23 March 2024. Mr. Ramiro Mato stepped down as member of the board on 27 June 2024.

110 January - June 2024

Other benefits of members of the board of directors

	EUR thousand
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Members of the board of directors
Other benefits
Advances	—	—
Loans granted	99	144
Pension funds and plans: Endowments and/or contributions (1)	1,197	1,055
Pension funds and plans: Accumulated rights (2)	73,481	66,792
Life insurance premiums	720	563
Guarantees provided for directors	—	—

1. These correspond to the endowments and/or contributions made during the first six months of 2024 and 2023 in respect of retirement pensions, widowhood, orphanhood and permanent disability.

2. Corresponds to the rights accrued by the directors in matters of pensions. Additionally, former members of the board had at 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 rights accrued for this concept for EUR 44,456 thousand and EUR 46,275 thousand, respectively.

Remuneration of senior management (1)(2)

The table below includes the corresponding amounts related to remunerations of senior management at 30 June 2024 and 2023, excluding the executive directors:

	EUR thousand
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Senior management (1)
Total remuneration of senior management (2)	13,423	12,761

1.Remunerations received during the first six months by members of the senior management who ceased in their functions by 30 June 2024, amounted to EUR 2,594 thousand (EUR 511 thousand by 30 June 2023).

2.The number of members of Banco Santander's senior management, excluding executive directors, is 13 as at 30 June 2024 (14 persons at 30 June 2023)

The variable annual remuneration (or bonuses) received for fiscal year 2023, both for directors and the rest of senior management, were included in the information on remuneration included in the annual report for that year. Similarly, the variable remuneration attributable to the 2024 results, which will be submitted for approval by the Board of Directors at the appropriate time, will be included in the financial statements for the current year.

Funds and pension plans of senior management

	EUR thousand
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Senior management (1)
Pension funds: Endowments and / or contributions (2)	2,376	2,550
Pension funds: Accumulated rights (3)	59,672	55,451

1.Contributions made during the first six months to members of the senior management who ceased in their functions by 30 June 2024, amounted to EUR 168 thousand (EUR 108 thousand by 30 June 2023).

2.Corresponds to the allocations and/or contributions made during the first six months of 2024 and 2023 as retirement pensions.

3.Corresponds to the rights accrued by members of senior management in the area of pensions. In addition, former members of senior management had at 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 rights accumulated for this same concept for EUR 83,485 thousand and EUR 90,401 thousand, respectively.

January - June 2024 111

5.    Financial assets

a)   Breakdown

The detail, by nature and category for measurement purposes, of Grupo Santander's financial assets, other than the balances relating to Cash, cash balances at central banks and other deposits on demand and Hedging derivatives, at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 is as follows, presented by the nature and categories for valuation purposes:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024
	Financial assets held for trading	Non-trading financial  assets  mandatorily  at fair value  through profit or loss	Financial  assets  designated  at fair value  through profit or loss	Financial  assets at fair  value through  other  comprehensive income	Financial  assets at  amortised cost
Derivatives	58,928
Equity instruments	16,764	4,432		1,842
Debt instruments	71,523	684	3,174	71,160	114,347
Loans and advances	59,659	1,050	5,995	9,268	1,102,994
Central Banks	17,283	—	—	—	16,541
Credit institutions	22,477	—	444	335	56,290
Customers	19,899	1,050	5,551	8,933	1,030,163
Total	206,874	6,166	9,169	82,270	1,217,341

	EUR million
	31-12-2023
	Financial assets held for trading	Non-trading financial  assets  mandatorily  at fair value  through profit or loss	Financial  assets  designated  at fair value  through profit or loss	Financial  assets at fair  value through  other  comprehensive income	Financial  assets at  amortised cost
Derivatives	56,328
Equity instruments	15,057	4,068		1,761
Debt instruments	62,124	860	3,095	73,565	103,559
Loans and advances	43,412	982	6,678	7,982	1,087,844
Central Banks	17,717	—	—	—	20,082
Credit institutions	14,061	—	459	313	57,917
Customers	11,634	982	6,219	7,669	1,009,845
Total	176,921	5,910	9,773	83,308	1,191,403

112 January - June 2024

Following is the gross exposure of financial assets subject to impairment stages at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024				31-12-2023
	Gross amount				Gross amount
	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Total	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Total
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	79,697	651	281	80,629	81,183	305	192	81,680
Debt instruments	71,163	13	6	71,182	73,570	—	6	73,576
Loans and advances	8,534	638	275	9,447	7,613	305	186	8,104
Credit institutions	335	—	—	335	313	—	—	313
Customers	8,199	638	275	9,112	7,300	305	186	7,791
Financial assets at amortised cost	1,116,202	89,495	33,785	1,239,482	1,102,968	76,552	34,090	1,213,610
Debt instruments	113,462	501	698	114,661	103,127	203	455	103,785
Loans and advances	1,002,740	88,994	33,087	1,124,821	999,841	76,349	33,635	1,109,825
Central Banks	16,541	—	—	16,541	20,082	—	—	20,082
Credit institutions	56,294	—	—	56,294	57,926	—	—	57,926
Customers	929,905	88,994	33,087	1,051,986	921,833	76,349	33,635	1,031,817
Total	1,195,899	90,146	34,066	1,320,111	1,184,151	76,857	34,282	1,295,290

On 30 June 2024, Grupo Santander has EUR 674 million (EUR 743 million on 31 December 2023) of exposure in impaired assets purchased with impairment, of which EUR 252 million still show signs of impairment, which mainly correspond to the business combinations carried out by Grupo Santander.

b)    Impairment allowances of financial assets at amortised cost portfolio

The following is the movement that has taken place, during the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023, in the balance of provisions that cover losses due to impairment of assets which comprise the heading balance of the financial assets at amortised cost:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Balance as at beginning of period	22,950	22,888
Impairment losses charged to income for the period	7,112	6,843
Of which:
Impairment losses charged to income	13,186	11,225
Impairment losses reversed with a credit to income	(6,074)	(4,382)
Perimeter change	—	(37)
Write-off of impaired balances against recorded impairment allowance	(6,439)	(6,831)
Exchange differences and other	(808)	492
Balance as at end of period	22,815	23,355
Of which, relating to:
Impaired assets	14,429	14,271
Other assets	8,386	9,084
Of which:
Individually calculated	2,964	2,858
Collectively calculated	19,851	20,497

January - June 2024 113

Following is the movement of the loan loss provision broken down by impairment stage of loans and advances to customers recognised under 'Financial assets at amortised cost' as at 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024
	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Total
Impairment allowance as at beginning of period	3,587	4,930	14,149	22,666
Transfers between stages	(627)	609	3,941	3,923
Net changes of the exposure and modifications in the credit risk	530	(423)	2,962	3,069
Write-offs	—	—	(6,439)	(6,439)
Exchange differences and other	(186)	(78)	(509)	(773)
Carrying amount at end of period	3,304	5,038	14,104	22,446

	EUR million
	30-06-2023
	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Total
Impairment allowance as at beginning of period	3,611	5,124	13,931	22,666
Transfers between stages	(454)	355	3,767	3,668
Variation due to credit risk	605	(377)	2,891	3,119
Write-offs	—	—	(6,801)	(6,801)
Exchange differences and other	88	97	249	434
Carrying amount at end of period	3,850	5,199	14,037	23,086

Previously written-off assets recovered during the first six months of 2024 and 2023 amount to EUR 803 million and to EUR 864 million, respectively. In addition, during the first six months of 2024 EUR 260 million (EUR 264 million during the first six months of 2023) were recognized for losses in the income statement due to renegotiation or contractual modifications mainly due to the CHF mortgage portfolio in Poland. Considering these amounts, the recorded impairment of financial assets at amortised cost is EUR 6,569 million and EUR 6,243 million during the first six months of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

c)  Impaired assets of financial assets at amortised cost portfolio

The movement during the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023, in the balance of financial assets classified at amortised cost and considered impaired by reason for the credit risk is as follows:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Balance as at beginning of period	34,363	33,269
Net additions	6,747	6,480
Written-off assets	(6,439)	(6,831)
Perimeter Changes	13	(45)
Exchange differences and other	(647)	773
Balance at end of period	34,037	33,646

This amount, after deducting the related allowances, represents Grupo Santander's best estimate of the discounted value of the flows that are expected to be recovered from the impaired assets.

114 January - June 2024

d)  Collaterals received

Following is the breakdown of the value of the collaterals received to ensure the collection of the financial assets that comprise the heading of financial assets at amortized cost, distinguishing between real collaterals and other collaterals at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Real collaterals value	639,735	630,939
Of which: Impaired	12,920	12,894
Other collaterals value	94,442	96,164
Of which: Impaired	1,917	2,131
Total value of the collaterals received	734,177	727,103

e)  Fair value of financial assets not measured at fair value

Following is a comparison of the carrying amounts of Grupo Santander’s financial assets measured at other than fair value and their respective fair values at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024		31-12-2023
	Carrying amount	Fair  value	Carrying amount	Fair  value
Loans and advances	1,102,994	1,091,255	1,087,844	1,077,543
Debt instruments	114,347	112,141	103,559	102,888
ASSETS	1,217,341	1,203,396	1,191,403	1,180,431

The main valuation methods and inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of the financial assets of the previous table are detailed in Note 51.c of the consolidated annual accounts for the year 2023.

6.    Non-current assets held for sale

The detail, by nature, of Grupo Santander’s non-current assets held for sale at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 is as follows presented by nature:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Tangible assets	2,892	2,991
Of which:
Foreclosed assets	2,668	2,773
Of which: Property assets in Spain	2,037	2,138
Other tangible assets held for sale	224	218
Other assets	23	23
	2,915	3,014

The balance of the provisions at 30 June 2024 is EUR 2,784 million (EUR 2,956 million at 31 December 2023). The charges recorded in the first six months of 2024 and 2023 amounted to EUR 80 million and EUR 63 million, respectively, and the recoveries undergone during those periods amount to EUR 25 million and EUR 16 million, respectively.

January - June 2024 115

7.   Tangible assets

a)   Changes in the period

In the first six months of 2024 and 2023, tangible assets (rights of use are not included) were acquired for EUR 4,738 million and EUR 4,705 million, respectively.

Likewise, in the first six months of 2024 and 2023 tangible asset items were disposed of with a carrying amount of EUR 2,979 million and EUR 2,713 million, generating a net profit of EUR 12 million and EUR 24 million, respectively.

b)   Property, plant and equipment purchase commitments

At 30 June 2024 and 2023, Grupo Santander did not have any significant commitments to purchase property, plant and equipment items.

c) Leasing rights

As of 30 June 2024, Grupo Santander has tangible assets under lease for the amount of EUR 1,999 million (EUR 2,182 million at 31 December 2023).

8.    Intangible assets

The detail of Intangible Assets - Goodwill at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023, based on the cash-generating units giving rise thereto, is as follows:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Banco Santander (Brazil)	3,321	3,679
SAM Investment Holdings Limited	1,444	1,444
Santander Consumer Germany	1,304	1,304
Santander Bank Polska	1,169	1,159
Santander Portugal	1,040	1,040
Santander US Auto	1,035	1,003
Santander España	998	998
Santander Holding USA (ex. Auto)	839	814
Santander UK	627	612
Grupo Financiero Santander (Mexico)	500	523
Banco Santander - Chile	492	516
Ebury Partners	333	350
Santander Consumer Nordics	216	206
Other entities	350	369
Total Goodwill	13,668	14,017

During the first six months of 2024 there has been a decrease in goodwill of EUR 349 million mainly due to exchange differences (see Note 11), which in accordance with current regulations, have been recorded with a credit to the heading Other comprehensive income - Items that can be reclassified in results- Foreign currency translation of equity through the Statement of recognized income and expenses.

Note 17 of the consolidated annual accounts for the year ended 31 December 2023 includes detailed information on the procedures followed by Grupo Santander to analyse the potential impairment of the goodwill recognised with the respect to its recoverable amount and to recognise the related impairment losses, where appropriate.

In accordance with IAS 36, a Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which goodwill has been assigned should be subjected to an annual impairment test, and when there are signs of impairment.

In accordance with all mentioned before and the analysis made of the information available on the evolution of the different cash-generating units that could reveal the existence of indications of impairment, the directors of the Grupo Santander have concluded that during the first six months of 2024 , there were no triggers that required the recording of impairments.

116 January - June 2024

9.   Financial liabilities

a)   Breakdown

The following is a breakdown of Grupo Santander's financial liabilities, other than the balances corresponding to the Derivatives - hedge accounting heading, as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023, presented by nature and categories for valuation purposes:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024			31-12-2023
	Financial liabilities held for trading	Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	Financial liabilities at amortised cost	Financial liabilities held for trading	Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	Financial liabilities at amortised cost
Derivatives	52,261			50,589
Short Positions	29,653			26,174
Deposits	51,942	27,751	1,106,860	45,507	34,996	1,125,308
Central banks	11,057	1,605	34,097	7,808	1,209	48,782
Credit institutions	17,156	1,337	83,655	17,862	1,735	81,246
Customer	23,729	24,809	989,108	19,837	32,052	995,280
Debt instruments	—	6,726	305,136	—	5,371	303,208
Other financial liabilities	—	16	42,900	—	—	40,187
Total	133,856	34,493	1,454,896	122,270	40,367	1,468,703

b)   Information on issuances, repurchases or redemptions of debt instruments issued

The detail of the balance of debt instruments issued according to their nature is:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Bonds and debentures outstanding	239,696	231,880
Subordinated	32,111	30,529
Promissory notes and other securities	40,055	46,170
Total debt instruments issued	311,862	308,579

The detail, at 30 June 2024 and 2023, of the outstanding balance of the debt instruments, excluding promissory notes, which at these dates had been issued by Banco Santander or any other Group entity is disclosed below. Also included is the detail of the changes in this balance in the first six months of 2024 and 2023:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024
	Opening balance at 01-01-24	Perimeter	Issuances or placements	Repurchases or redemptions	Exchange rate and other adjustments	Closing balance at 30-06-24
Bonds and debentures outstanding	231,880	(1,224)	41,185	(32,172)	27	239,696
Subordinated	30,529	—	3,908	(2,422)	96	32,111
Bonds and debentures outstanding and subordinated liabilities issued	262,409	(1,224)	45,093	(34,594)	123	271,807

	EUR million
	30-06-2023
	Opening balance at 01-01-23	Perimeter	Issuances or placements	Repurchases or redemptions	Exchange rate and other adjustments	Closing balance at 30-06-23
Bonds and debentures outstanding	211,597	(1,467)	34,438	(28,534)	1,701	217,735
Subordinated	25,717	—	1,500	(36)	(317)	26,864
Bonds and debentures outstanding and subordinated liabilities issued	237,314	(1,467)	35,938	(28,570)	1,384	244,599

January - June 2024 117

On 20 May 2024, Banco Santander, S.A., proceeded to partially redeem in advance the contingently convertible preferred shares with ISIN code XS1793250041, for a total nominal amount of 1,312.4 million euros and which are traded on the market of the Irish Stock Exchange “Global Exchange Market” (the 'PPCC'), leaving the amount in circulation at 187.6 million euros.

On 20 May 2024, Banco Santander, S.A. carried out a placement of preference shares contingently convertible into newly issued ordinary shares of the Bank (PPCC), for a nominal amount of 1,500 million euros. The Issuance has been made at par and the remuneration of the PPCC, whose payment is subject to certain conditions and is also discretionary, has been set at 7% annually for the first six years, being reviewed every five years thereafter by applying a margin of 443.2 basis points over the five-year mid-swap rate.

On 14 March 2024, Banco Santander, S.A. issued subordinated obligations for an amount of 1,250 million dollars (valued at 1,158 million euros) for a term of 10 years. The issuance was made at par and the issue coupon was set at 6.35% per year, payable bi-annually.

On 8 February 2024, Banco Santander, S.A., proceeded to prepay all of the contingently convertible Tier 1 preferred shares with ISIN code XS1951093894, for a total nominal amount of 1,200 million dollars (valued at 1,110 million euros). and that were traded on the Irish Stock Exchange “Global Exchange Market” (the 'PPCC').

On 22 January 2024, Banco Santander, S.A. issued subordinated bonds for an amount of 1,250 million euros for a term of 10 years and 3 months. The issue was carried out at 99.739% and the issue coupon was set at 5.00% per year for the first 5 years and 3 months, with an amortization option in April 2029, reviewing the coupon, in case of non-amortization, at a fixed rate equivalent to a margin of 250 points plus the 5-year Euro swap rate.

On 23 May 2023, Banco Santander, S.A. carried out an issue of subordinated bonds for an amount of EUR 1,500 million at a term of 10 years and 3 months. The issue coupon was fixed at 5.75% per year for the first 5 years and 3 months, with an option to redeem in August 2028, revising the coupon, in the event of non-amortization, even a margin of 285 points more the 5-year Euro Swap rate.

c)    Other issuances guaranteed by Grupo Santander

At 30 June 2024 and 2023, there were no debt instruments issued by associates or non-Group third parties (unrelated) that had been guaranteed by Banco Santander or any other Group entity.

d)   Fair value of financial liabilities not measured at fair value

Following is a comparison between the value by which Grupo Santander’s financial liabilities are recorded that are measured using criteria other than fair value and their corresponding fair value at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024		31-12-2023
	Carrying amount	Fair value	Carrying amount	Fair value
Deposits	1,106,860	1,105,646	1,125,308	1,124,373
Debt instruments	305,136	301,813	303,208	298,792
Liabilities	1,411,996	1,407,459	1,428,516	1,423,165

Additionally, other financial liabilities are accounted for EUR 42,900 million and EUR 40,187 million as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023, respectively.

The main valuation methods and inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of the financial liabilities in the previous table are detailed in Note 51.c of the consolidated annual accounts for 2023, other than those mentioned in these interim financial statements.

118 January - June 2024

10.   Provisions

a)    Provisions for Pensions and other post-retirements obligations and Other long term employee benefits

The variation experienced by the balance of the Pensions and other post-retirements obligations and other long-term employee benefits from 31 December 2023 to 30 June 2024, is mainly due to benefit and premium payments or contributions (see Note 11.d).

b)    Provisions for taxes and other legal contingencies and Other provisions

Set forth below is the detail, by type of provision, of the balances at 30 June 2024 and at 31 December 2023 of Provisions for taxes and other legal contingencies and Other provisions. The types of provision were determined by grouping together items of a similar nature:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Provisions for taxes	714	745
Provisions for employment-related proceedings (Brazil)	612	611
Provisions for other legal proceedings	1,305	1,359
Provision for customer remediation	535	454
Provision for restructuring	663	596
Other	1,044	869
	4,873	4,634

Relevant information is set forth below in relation to each type of provision shown in the preceding table:

The provisions for taxes include provisions for tax-related proceedings.

The provisions for employment-related proceedings (Brazil) relate to claims filed by trade unions, associations, the prosecutor’s office and ex-employees claiming employment rights to which, in their view, they are entitled, particularly the payment of overtime and other employment rights, including litigation concerning retirement benefits. The number and nature of these proceedings, which are common for banks in Brazil, justify the classification of these provisions in a separate category or as a separate type from the rest. The Group calculates the provisions associated with these claims in accordance with past experience of payments made in relation to claims for similar items. When claims do not fall within these categories, a case-by-case assessment is performed and the amount of the provision is calculated in accordance with the status of each proceeding and the risk assessment carried out by the legal advisers.

The provisions for other legal proceedings include provisions for court, arbitration or administrative proceedings (other than those included in other categories or types of provisions disclosed separately) brought against Grupo Santander companies.

The provisions for customer remediation include mainly the estimated cost of payments to remedy errors relating to the sale of certain products in the UK, as well as the estimated amount related to the floor clauses of Banco Popular Español, S.A.U. To calculate the provision for customer remediation, the best estimate of the provision made by management is used, which is based on the estimated number of claims to be received and, of these, the number that will be accepted, as well as the estimated average payment per case.

The provisions for restructuring include only the costs arising from restructuring processes carried out by the various Group companies.

Lastly, the Other heading contains very atomized and individually insignificant provisions, such as the provisions to cover the operational risk of the different offices of the Group.

Qualitative information on the main litigation is provided in Note 10.c.

The Group's general policy is to record provisions for tax and legal proceedings in which the Group assesses the chances of loss to be probable and the Group does not record provisions when the chances of loss are possible or remote. Grupo Santander determines the amounts to be provided for as its best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the corresponding claim based, among other factors, on a case-by-case analysis of the facts and the legal opinion of internal and external counsel or by considering the historical average amount of the loss incurred in claims of the same nature. The definitive date of the outflow of resources embodying economic benefits for the Group depends on each obligation. In certain cases, the obligations do not have a fixed settlement term and, in others, they depend on legal proceedings in progress.

With respect to changes in provisions in the first six months of 2024, for employment and other legal proceedings, in Brazil, provisions of EUR 267 million and EUR 140 million were recorded, making payments of EUR 202 million and EUR 100 million, respectively.

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c)    Litigation and other matters

i. Tax-related litigation

At 30 June 2024 the main tax-related proceedings concerning the Group were as follows:

•Legal actions filed by Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. and other Group entities to avoid the application of Law 9.718/98, which modifies the basis to calculate Programa de Integraçao Social (PIS) and Contribuição para Financiamento da Seguridade Social (COFINS), extending it to all the entities income, and not only to the income from the provision of services. In relation of Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. process, in 2015 the Federal Supreme Court (FSC) admitted the extraordinary appeal filed by the Federal Union regarding PIS, and dismissed the extraordinary appeal lodged by the Brazilian Public Prosecutor's Office regarding COFINS contribution, confirming the decision of Federal Regional Court favourable to Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. of August 2007. The Federal Supreme Court also admitted the appeals related to the other Group entities both for PIS and COFINS. On June 13, 2023, the Federal Supreme Court ruled unfavorably two cases through General Repercussion (Theme 372), including Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. case. The Bank has filed a new appeal, considering the possible loss as a contingent liability. The cases of the other Group entities are no longer susceptible of appeal and a provision has been recognized for the amount of the estimated loss.

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. and other Group companies in Brazil have appealed against the assessments issued by the Brazilian tax authorities questioning the deduction of loan losses in their income tax returns (Imposto sobre a Renda das Pessoas Jurídicas - IRPJ - and Contribuçao Social sobre o Lucro Liquido -CSLL-) in relation to different administrative processes of various years on the ground that the requirements under the applicable legislation were not met. The appeals, which involves several cases, are pending decision in different administrative and judicial instances. No provision was recognised in connection with the amount considered to be a contingent liability.

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. and other Group companies in Brazil are involved in administrative and legal proceedings against several municipalities that demand payment of the Service Tax on certain items of income from transactions not classified as provisions of services. There are several cases in different judicial instances. A provision was recognised in connection with the amount of the estimated loss.

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. and other Group companies in Brazil are involved in administrative and legal proceedings against the tax authorities in connection with the taxation for social security purposes of certain items which are not considered to be employee remuneration. There are several cases in different judicial instances. A provision was recognised in connection with the amount of the estimated loss.

•In May 2003 the Brazilian tax authorities issued separate infringement notices against Santander Distribuidora de Títulos e Valores Mobiliarios, Ltda. (DTVM, actually Santander Brasil Tecnología S.A.) and Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. in relation to the Provisional Tax on Financial Movements (Contribuição Provisória sobre Movimentação Financeira) of the years 2000 to 2002. The administrative discussion ended unfavourably for both companies, and on July 3, 2015, filed a lawsuit requesting the cancellation of both tax assessments. The lawsuit was judged unfavourably in first instance. Therefore, both plaintiffs appealed to the court of second instance. On December 2020, the appeal was decided unfavourably. Against the judgment, the bank filed a motion for clarification which has not been accepted. Currently it is appealed to higher courts. There is a provision recognized for the estimated loss.

•In December 2010 the Brazilian tax authorities issued an infringement notice against Santander Seguros S.A. (Brasil), (currently Zurich Santander Brasil Seguros e Previdência S.A.), as the successor by merger to ABN AMRO Brasil dois Participações S.A., in relation to income tax (IRPJ and CSLL) for 2005, questioning the tax treatment applied to a sale of shares of Real Seguros, S.A. The administrative discussion ended unfavourably, and the CARF decision has been appealed at the Federal Justice. As the former parent of Santander Seguros S.A. (Brasil) (currently Zurich Santander Brasil Seguros e Previdência S.A.), Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. is liable in the event of any adverse outcome of this proceeding. No provision was recognised in connection with this proceeding as it is considered to be a contingent liability.

•In November 2014 the Brazilian tax authorities issued an infringement notice against Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. in relation to corporate income tax (IRPJ and CSLL) for 2009 questioning the tax-deductibility of the amortisation of the goodwill of Banco ABN AMRO Real S.A. performed prior to the absorption of this bank by Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A., but accepting the amortisation performed after the merger. The Bank appealed before the Higher Chamber of CARF, and a final favourable decision was obtained in April 2024. No provision was recognised in connection with this proceeding as it was considered to be a contingent liability.

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. has also appealed against infringement notices issued by the tax authorities questioning the tax deductibility of the amortisation of the goodwill arising on the acquisition of Banco Comercial e de Investimento Sudameris S.A from years 2007 to 2012. In May 2024, the appeal related to period 2009 to 2012 was rejected by the CARF and the resolution was appealed at the Federal Justice. No provision was recognised in connection with this matter as it was considered to be a contingent liability.

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. and other companies of the Group in Brazil are undergoing administrative and judicial procedures against Brazilian tax authorities for not admitting tax compensation with credits derived from other tax concepts, not having registered a provision for the amount considered to be a contingent liability.

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. is involved in appeals in relation to infringement notices initiated by tax authorities regarding the offsetting of tax losses in the CSLL of year 2009 and 2019. The appeals are pending decision at the administrative level. No provision was recognised in connection with this matter as it is considered to be a contingent liability.

120 January - June 2024

•Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. filed a suspensive judicial measure aiming to avoid the withholding income tax (Imposto sobre a Renda Retido na Fonte - IRRF), on payments derived from technology services provided by Group foreign entities. A favorable decision was handed down and an appeal was filed by the tax authority at the Federal Regional Court, where it awaits judgment. No provision was recognized as it is considered to be a contingent liability.

•Brazilian tax authorities have issued infringement notices against Getnet Adquirência e Serviços para Meios de Pagamento S.A and Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. as jointly liable in relation to corporate income tax (IRPJ and CSLL) for 2014 to 2018 questioning the tax-deductibility of the amortization of the goodwill from the acquisition of Getnet Tecnologia Proces S.A., considering that the company would not have complied with the legal requirements for such amortization. The tax assessment notices were appealed to the CARF. In March 2024, the CARF issued a favourable partial decision on the infraction notice of 2014/2015. No provision was recognized as it is considered to be a contingent liability.

The total amount for the aforementioned Brazil lawsuits that are fully provisioned is EUR 759 million, and for lawsuits that qualify as contingent liabilities is EUR 4,815 million.

•Banco Santander appealed before European Courts the Decisions 2011/5/CE of 28 October 2009 (First Decision), andc2011/282/UE of 12 January 2011 (Second Decision) of the European Commission, ruling that the deduction of the financial goodwill regulated pursuant to Article 12.5 of the Corporate Income Tax Law constituted illegal State aid. On October 2021 the Court of Justice definitively confirmed these Decisions. The dismissal of the appeal, that only affects these two decisions, had no impact on results.

At the date of approval of these interim financial statements, there are other less significant tax disputes.

ii. Non-tax-related proceedings

At 30 June 2024the main non-tax-related proceedings concerning the Group were as follows:

•Payment Protection Insurance (PPI): AXA France IARD and AXA France Vie (former GE Capital Corporation Group entities (GE Capital), known as Financial Insurance Company Ltd (FICL) and Financial Assurance Company Ltd (FACL), acquired by AXA SA in 2015) (together, AXA France) have brought a claim for GBP 552 million (EUR 651.3 million)(plus interest) against (i) Santander Cards UK Limited (former GE Capital entity known as GE Capital Bank Limited (GECB), which was acquired by Banco Santander, S.A. in 2008 and subsequently transferred to Santander UK plc); and (ii) Santander Insurance Services UK Limited (a Banco Santander, S.A. subsidiary) (together the Santander Entities). The claim relates to the allocation of liability for compensation and associated costs in respect of a large number of PPI policies distributed by GECB pre-2005, which were underwritten by FICL and FACL. AXA France reduced their claim from GBP 670 million (plus interest) to GBP 552 million (EUR 651.3 million) (plus interest) in their Re-Re-Amended Particulars of Claim dated 29 June 2023. The Santander Entities strongly refute the claim. Trial has been fixed on 3 March 2025.

There are ongoing factual issues to be resolved which may have legal consequences including in relation to liability. These issues create uncertainties which mean that it is difficult to reliably predict the outcome or the timing of the definitive resolution of the matter. The provision recognized includes the best estimate of the Santander Entities’ liability to the specific portfolio.

•Motor Finance Broker Commissions: following the Financial Conduct Authority's (FCA) Motor Market review in 2019 which resulted in a change in rules in January 2021, Santander Consumer (UK) plc (SCUK) has received a number of county court claims and complaints in respect of its historical use of discretionary commission arrangements (DCAs) prior to the 2021 rule changes. In the context of the complaints made to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) relating to such commission arrangements, the FCA announced on 11 January 2024 that it intends to use its powers under s166 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to review the historical use of DCAs between lenders and credit brokers (the “FCA Review”) and whether redress should be payable within all the industry. In line with the FCA's announcement, we have paused the response to customer complaints until at least 20 November 2024. A claim has been issued against SCUK, Santander UK plc and others in the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), alleging that SCUK’s historical commission arrangements in respect of used car financing operated in breach of the Competition Act 1998. The CAT proceedings have been stayed until 25 November 2024 given the ongoing FCA Review. While it is possible that certain charges may be incurred in relation to the FCA's review or related existing or future county court claims, FOS complaints and the CAT proceedings, it is not considered that a legal or constructive obligation has been incurred in relation to these matters that would require a provision to be recognised at this stage. The resolution of such matters is not possible to predict with any certainty and there remain significant inherent uncertainties regarding the existence, scope and timing of any possible outflow which make it impracticable to disclose the extent of any potential financial impact.

•Delforca: dispute arising from equity swaps entered into by Gaesco (now Delforca 2008, S.A. (Delforca)) on shares of Inmobiliaria Colonial, S.A. Banco Santander, S.A. is claiming to Delforca before the Court of Barcelona in charge of the bankruptcy proceedings, a total of EUR 66 million from the liquidation resulting from the early termination of financial transactions due to Delforca's non-payment of the equity swaps. In the same bankruptcy proceedings, Delforca and Mobiliaria Monesa, S.A., parent of Delforca (Monesa) have in turn claimed the Bank to repay EUR 57 million, which the Bank received for the enforcement of the agreed guarantee, as a result of the aforementioned liquidation. On 16 September 2021 the Commercial Court Number 10 of Barcelona has ordered Delforca to pay the Bank EUR 66 million plus EUR 11 million in interest and has dismissed the claims filed by Delforca. This decision has been appealed by Delforca, Monesa and the bankruptcy administrator. On 1 June 2023, the appeal hearing took place and on 15 November 2023 the Provincial Court of Barcelona rendered a judgment dismissing the appeals filed by Delforca, Monesa and the bankruptcy administrator and confirming the first instance judgment. Delforca and Monesa (not the bankruptcy administrator) have filed an appeal in cassation before the Supreme Court against the judgment of the Provincial Court of Barcelona.

Separately, Monesa, filed in 2009 a civil procedure with the Courts of Santander against the Bank claiming damages that have not been specified to date. The procedure is suspended.

January - June 2024 121

•Former employees of Banco do Estado de São Paulo S.A., Santander Banespa, Cia. de Arrendamiento Mercantil: class action filed by AFABESP (an association of retirees and former Banespa employees) claiming payment of a semi-annual bonus provided for in the Bank's bylaws. The final decision rendered on the merits was unfavorable to Santander. However, a favorable decision was subsequently rendered stating that each beneficiary of the decision shall file an individual lawsuit to receive the due amount.

Since the judgments adopted different positions for each case, a procedure called Incident for the Resolution of Repetitive Demands (IRDR) was commenced before the Regional Labor Court (TRT) with the purpose of establishing objective criteria regarding the arguments brought by the Bank, mainly the statute of limitations and limitation of payments until December 2006 (Plan V). On 11 March 2024, the IRDR was admitted for future judgment, and it was determined that all cases filed in São Paulo - Capital remained suspended from its second instance (TRT).

Finally, due to the divergence between the interpretation of the Federal Constitution, an Action for Allegation of Non- Compliance with a Fundamental Precept (ADPF) was also filed, so that the Federal Supreme Court (STF) settles the issue and indicates the correct statute of limitations to be used in the individual cases filed.

On 27 June 2024, an agreement was signed with the indication of a nominal and exhaustive list of 7,299 retirees who, according to the criteria presented by the Bank, are entitled to payment of the amounts related to semi-annual bonuses. The total value of the agreement will be BRL 2.7 billion (EUR 454.3 million); though it will ultimately depend on the individual and voluntary adherence of each beneficiary until 31 July 2024, period that may be extended until 15 August 2024. After the end of the voluntary adherence period, payments will be made in five instalments for living retirees (first installment on 20 October 2024) and a single installment for the heirs of the deceased people (31 October 2024). Considering that it is not possible to estimate the number beneficiaries and the total volume of the obligations that will be involved in the agreement; and that recognition of the obligation is conditional upon the adherence of the beneficiaries within the fixed period, as of 30 June 2024, the recorded provision is based on the estimation of the risk associated to individual claims against the Bank, being subject to the mentioned circumstances the future evolution of the provision and the final cost of the agreement.

•Planos Económicos': like the rest of the banking system in Brazil, Santander Brazil has been the target of customer complaints and collective civil suits stemming mainly from legislative changes and its application to bank deposits (economic plans). At the end of 2017, an agreement between regulatory entities and the Brazilian Federation of Banks (Febraban) with the purpose of closing the lawsuits was reached and was approved by the Supremo Tribunal Federal. Discussions focused on specifying the amount to be paid to each affected client according to the balance in their notebook at the time of the Plan. Finally, the total value of the payments will depend on the number of adhesions there may be and the number of savers who have proved the existence of the account and its balance on the date the indexes were changed. In November 2018, the STF ordered the suspension of all economic plan proceedings for two years from May 2018. On 29 May 2020, the STF approved the extension of the agreement for 5 additional years starting from 3 June 2020. Condition for this extension was to include in the agreement actions related to the 'Collor I Plan'. On 30 June 2024, the provision recorded for the economic plan proceedings amounts to EUR 175.8 million.

•Floor clauses: as a consequence of the acquisition of Banco Popular Español, S.A.U. (Banco Popular), the Group has been exposed to a material number of transactions with floor clauses. The so-called floor clauses are those under which the borrower accepts a minimum interest rate to be paid to the lender, regardless of the applicable reference interest rate. Banco Popular included floor clauses in certain asset-side transactions with customers. In relation to this type of clauses, and after several rulings issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the Spanish Supreme Court, and the extrajudicial process established by the Spanish Royal Decree-Law 1/2017, of 20 January, Banco Popular made provisions that were updated in order to cover the effect of the potential return of the excess interest charged for the application of the floor clauses between the contract date of the corresponding mortgage loans and May 2013. On 30 June 2024, after having processed most of the customer requests, the potential residual loss associated with ongoing court proceedings is estimated at EUR 53.67 million, amount which is fully covered by provisions.

•Banco Popular´s acquisition: after the declaration of the resolution of Banco Popular, some investors filed claims against the EU’s Single Resolution Board decision, and the FROB's resolution executed in accordance with the aforementioned decision. Likewise, numerous appeals were filed against Banco Santander, S.A. alleging that the information provided by Banco Popular was erroneous and requesting from Banco Santander, S.A. the restitution of the price paid for the acquisition of the investment instruments or, where appropriate, the corresponding compensation.

In relation to these appeals, on the one hand, the General Court of the European Union (GCUE) selected 5 appeals from among all those filed before the European courts by various investors against the European institutions and processed them as pilot cases. On 1 June 2022, the GCUE rendered five judgements in which it completely dismissed the appeals, (i) supporting the legality of the resolution framework applied to Banco Popular, (ii) confirming the legality of the action of the European institutions in the resolution of Banco Popular and (iii) rejecting, in particular, all the allegations that there were irregularities in the sale process of Banco Popular to Banco Santander, S.A. Although four of these five judgments were initially appealed in cassation before the CJEU, in July 2023 one of the appellants withdrew his appeal. Therefore, only the appeals against three judgments are pending before the CJEU and in June 2024, the CJEU upheld the appeal in case C-551/22-P brought by the Commission. Appeals which are still pending in cassation refer to cases C-448/22-P, C-535/22-P and C-541/22-P.

122 January - June 2024

On the other hand, in relation to the lawsuits initiated by investors directly against Banco Santander, S.A. derived from the acquisition of Banco Popular, on 2 September 2020, the Provincial Court of La Coruña submitted a preliminary ruling to the CJEU in which it asked for the correct interpretation of the Article 60, section 2 of Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May, establishing a framework for the restructuring and resolution of credit institutions and investment services companies. Said article establishes that, in the cases of redemption of capital instruments in a bank resolution, no liability will subsist in relation to the amount of the instrument that has been redeemed. On 5 May 2022, the CJEU rendered its judgement confirming that Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council does not allow that, after the total redemption of the shares of the share capital of a credit institution or an investment services company subject to a resolution procedure, the shareholders who have acquired shares within the framework of a public subscription offer issued by said company before the start of such a resolution procedure, exercise against that entity or against its successor, an action for liability for the information contained in the prospectus, under Directive 2003/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, or an action for annulment of the subscription contract for those shares, which, taking into account its retroactive effects, gives rise to the restitution of the equivalent value of said shares, plus the interest accrued from the date of execution of said contract.

Regarding this judgment, several courts have referred additional preliminary rulings before the CJEU: (i) in December 2022 the Supreme Court requested three preliminary rulings in respect of its applicability to the holders of subordinated obligations, preferred stocks and subordinated bonds of Banco Popular; (ii) in April 2023, the First Instance Court 3 of Santa Coloma de Farners requested three preliminary rulings to the CJEU asking about pre-emptive subscription rights and the compatibility of the principles of proportionality and legal certainty with the bringing of legal actions by former holders of pre-emptive subscription rights and shares against the entity issuing the securities or against the entity succeeding it, which have been stayed by the CJEU until the preliminary rulings raised by the Supreme Court are resolved; and (iii) in November 2023, the Supreme Court requested another two preliminary rulings which supplement the ones requested in December 2022, regarding to a holder of subordinated bonds who filed a claim against Banco Popular before the resolution.

On 4 March 2024, in the context of preliminary proceedings 42/2017, the Central Court of Instruction No. 4 issued a ruling transforming the proceedings into Summary Proceedings and terminating the investigation phase. The ruling considers that the circumstantial evidence resulting from the investigation which could constitute a crime is basically the following: (i) an alleged misrepresentation in the prospectus of the 2016 capital increase of Banco Popular; (ii) an alleged misrepresentation in the annual accounts of Banco Popular for 2015, the interim financial statements for 2016 and the annual accounts for 2016; and (iii) the offer to the market of a distorted amount of regulatory capital, after the capital increase of 2016 (for allegedly having been granted by Banco Popular financing to clients for the subscription of shares in the aforementioned capital increase, without discounting it from the regulatory capital). According to the aforementioned ruling, these facts could constitute the crimes of fraud of investors (art. 282 of the Criminal Code) and accounting falsehood (art. 290 of the Criminal Code). All appeals filed against the ruling have been dismissed. On 11 July 2024 the parties were summoned to file their indictment briefs within a 40-day term.

During the course of the proceedings, on 30 April 2019, the Spanish National Court, ruled in favour of Banco Santander, S.A. declaring that Banco Santander, S.A. cannot inherit Banco Popular’s potential criminal liability. This ruling was appealed before the Supreme Court, which rejected it. In these proceedings, Banco Santander, S.A. could potentially be subsidiarily liable for the civil consequences. In view of the CJEU ruling of 5 May 2022, the Bank requested confirmation of the exclusion of its subsidiary civil liability status in this criminal proceeding. On 26 July 2022, the Court rejected this request stating that it is a matter to be determined at a later procedural time. This decision was confirmed on appeal by the Chamber of the National Court by judgment of 5 October 2022.

The estimated cost of any compensation to shareholders and bondholders of Banco Popular recognized in the 2017 accounts amounted to EUR 680 million, of which EUR 535 million were applied to the commercial loyalty program. The CJEU judgement of 5 May 2022 represented a very significant reduction in the risk associated with these claims.

•German shares investigation: the Cologne Public Prosecution Office is conducting an investigation against the Bank, and other group entities based in UK - Santander UK plc, Santander Financial Services Plc and Cater Allen International Limited -, in relation to a particular type of tax dividend linked transactions known as cum-ex transactions.

The Group is cooperating with the German authorities. According to the state of the investigations, the result and the effects for the Group, which may potentially include the imposition of material financial consequences (penalties and/or disgorgement of proceeds), cannot be anticipated. For this reason, the Bank has not recognized any provisions in relation to the potential imposition of financial penalties.

•Banco Santander, S.A. was sued in a legal proceeding in which the plaintiff alleges that the Bank breached his contract as CEO of the institution: in the lawsuit, the claimant mainly requested a declaratory ruling upholding the existence, validity and effectiveness of such contract and its enforcement together with the payment of certain amounts. For the case that the main request is not granted, the claimant sought a compensation for a total amount of approximately EUR 112 million or, an alternative relief for other minor amounts. Banco Santander, S.A. answered to the legal action stating that the conditions to which the appointment of that position was subject to were not met; that the executive services contract required by law was not concluded; and that in any case, the parties could terminate the contract without any justified cause.

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On 17 May 2021, the plaintiff reduced his claims for compensation to EUR 61.9 million. On 9 December 2021, the Court upheld the claim and ordered the Bank to compensate the claimant in the amount of EUR 67.8 million. By court order of 13 January 2022, the Court corrected and supplemented its judgment, reducing the total amount to be paid by the Bank to EUR 51.4 million and clarifying that part of this amount (buy out) was to be paid under the terms of the offer letter, i.e., entirely in Banco Santander shares, within the deferral period for this type of remuneration at the plaintiff's former employer and subject to the performance metrics or parameters of the plan in force at the Bank, which was that of 2018. As explained in note 5 of the report of the consolidated annual accounts of the year 2022, the degree of performance of these objectives was 33.3%.

The Bank filed an appeal against the judgment before the Madrid Court of Appeal, which was opposed by the plaintiff. At the same time, the plaintiff filed an application for provisional enforcement of the judgment in the First Instance Court. A court order was issued ordering enforcement of the judgment, and the Bank deposited in the court bank account the full amount provisionally awarded to the claimant, including interest, for an approximate sum of EUR. 35.5 million, within the voluntary compliance period.

On 6 February 2023, Banco Santander was notified with the judgment of 20 January 2023 by which the Madrid Court of Appeal partially upheld the appeal filed by the Bank. The judgment has reduced the amount to be paid by EUR 8 million, which, to the extent that this amount was already paid in the provisional partial enforcement of the judgement of first instance court, must be returned to the Bank together with other amounts for interest, which the appeal judgement also rejects. The plaintiff deposited circa EUR 9.6 million. This amount was received by the Bank on 11 July 2023.

On 11 April 2023, the Bank filed an extraordinary appeal for procedural infringement and an appeal in cassation against the Madrid Court of Appeal’s judgment before Spanish Supreme Court. Existing provisions cover the estimated risk of loss.

•Universalpay Entidad de Pago, S.L. (Upay): has filed a lawsuit against Banco Santander, S.A. for breach of the marketing alliance agreement (MAA) and claims payment (EUR 1,050 million). The MAA was originally entered into by Banco Popular and its purpose is the rendering of acquiring services (point of sale payment terminals) for businesses in the Spanish market. The lawsuit was mainly based on the potential breach of clause 6 of the MAA, which establishes certain obligations of exclusivity, non-competition and customer referral. On 16 December 2022, the Court ruled in favour of the Bank and dismissed the plaintiff's claim in its entirety. The decision has been appealed before the Provincial Court of Madrid and the Bank has filed its opposition to Upay's appeal.

Considering the decision at first instance and following the analysis carried out by the Bank's external lawyers, with the best information available to date, it is considered that no provision needs to be registered.

•CHF Polish Mortgage Loans: on 3 October 2019, the CJEU rendered its decision in relation to a judicial proceeding against an unrelated bank in Poland considering that certain contractual clauses in CHF-Indexed loan agreements were abusive. The CJEU left to Polish courts the decision on whether the whole contract can be maintained once the abusive terms have been removed, which should in turn decide whether the effects of the annulment of the contract are prejudicial to the consumer. In case of maintenance of the contract, the court may only integrate the contract with subsidiary provisions of national law and decide, in accordance with those provisions, on the applicable rate.

On 15 June 2023, the CJEU issued its judgment in Case C-520/21, in which it confirmed that it is national law that is relevant to determine the effect of cancellation of a contract - respecting the principles arising from Directive 93/13/EEC. According to the ruling of the CJEU in that case, the bank's claims in excess of the repayment of the nominal amount of the loan's principal and, as the case may be, the payment of default interest are contrary to the objectives of Directive 93/13/EEC if they were to lead to a profit analogous to the one it intended to make from the performance of the contract and thus eliminate the deterrent effect.

At the same time, the CJEU ruled that, under European law, there is no obstacle to the consumer being able to claim compensation from the bank beyond the return of the installments paid, but at the same time stipulated that such a claim should be evaluated in light of all the circumstances of the case, so that the consumer's possible benefits from the cancellation of the contract do not exceed what is necessary to restore the factual and legal situation in which he would have been without entering into the defective contract and do not constitute an excessive sanction for the entrepreneur (principle of proportionality).

On 25 April 2024, the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court rendered a decision according to which: (i) in the event that a provision of an indexed or denominated loan agreement relating to the manner of determining the exchange rate of a foreign currency constitutes an abusive contractual term and is not binding, based on the current case law, it is not possible for this provision to be replaced by any other method of determining exchange rates under the law or prevailing practices; (ii) in the event that it is not possible to determine a foreign currency exchange rate binding for the parties in an indexed or denominated credit agreement, the agreement is not binding. Further, referring to the issues related to the cancellation of a credit agreement, the Supreme Court pointed out that: (i) if the bank has paid all or part of the credit amount to the borrower and the borrower has made repayments of the credit, independent claims for the repayment of the undue payment arise in favour of each party (the so-called two condition theory); (ii) the limitation period of the bank's claim for reimbursement of amounts paid under the credit begins from the day following the day on which the borrower challenged the bindingness of the terms of the agreement; (iii) there is no legal basis for either party to claim interest or other benefits for the use of its funds during the period between the undue payment and the date when the repayment became due. The criteria set out by the Supreme Court in its decision could clarify the previous decisions described above. Nine judges of the Supreme Court declined to participate in the resolution raising questions of a constitutional nature and six judges submitted dissenting opinions mainly on issues related to the maintenance of the agreement after the elimination of abusive clauses. The grounds of the above resolution are being awaited.

124 January - June 2024

Santander Bank Polska and Santander Consumer Bank Poland estimate legal risk using a model which considers different possible outcomes and regularly monitor court rulings on foreign currency loans to verify changes in case law practice, including the impact of the aforementioned Supreme Court resolution on this case law.

As of 30 June 2024, Santander Bank Polska S.A. and Santander Consumer Bank S.A. maintained a portfolio of loans affected by the legal risk connected with CHF mortgage for an approximate gross amount of PLN 5,739.4 million (EUR 1,332.2 million). As of 1 January 2022, in accordance with IFRS 9 and based on the new best available information, the accounting methodology was adapted so that the gross carrying amount of mortgage loans denominated and indexed in foreign currencies is reduced by the amount in which the estimated cash flows are not expected to cover the gross amount of loans, including as a result of legal controversies relating to these loans. In the absence of exposure or insufficient gross exposure, a provision according to IAS 37 is recorded.

As of the same date, the total value of adjustment to gross carrying amount in accordance with IFRS9 as well as provisions recorded under IAS37, amount to PLN 5,815.2 million (EUR 1,349.8 million) of which PLN 4,565.5 million (EUR 1,059.7 million) corresponds to adjustment to gross carrying amount under IFRS 9 and PLN 1,249.8 million (EUR 290.1 million) to provisions recognized in accordance with IAS 37. The adjustment to gross carrying amount in accordance with IFRS9 in the first 6 months of 2024 amounted to PLN 794.4 million (EUR 184 million), the additional provisions under IAS 37 amounted to PLN 511.8 million (EUR 118.6 million). Other costs related to the dispute amounted to PLN 239.3 million (EUR 55.4 million). These provisions represent the best estimate as at 30 June 2024. Santander Bank Polska and Santander Consumer Bank Poland will continue to monitor and assess appropriateness of those provisions.

In December 2020, the KNF presented a proposal for voluntary settlements between banks and borrowers under which CHF loans would be retrospectively settled as PLN loans bearing an interest rate based on WIBOR plus margin. The KNF continues to support the concept of offering such settlements by banks after the verdict of the CJEU on 15 June 2023. The Bank has prepared settlement proposals which consider both the key elements of conversion of home loans indexed to CHF, as proposed by the KNF Chairman, and the conditions defined internally by the Bank. The proposals are being presented to customers. This is reflected in the model which is currently used to calculate legal risk provisions.

•Banco Santander Mexico: dispute regarding a testamentary trust constituted in 1994 by Mr. Roberto Garza Sada in Banca Serfin (currently Santander Mexico) in favor of his four sons in which he affected shares of Alfa, S.A.B. de C.V. (respectively, Alfa and the Trust). During 1999, Mr. Roberto Garza Sada instructed Santander México in its capacity as trustee to transfer 36,700,000 shares from the Trust's assets to his sons and daughters and himself. These instructions were ratified in 2004 by Mr. Roberto Garza Sada before a Notary Public.

Mr. Roberto Garza Sada passed away on 14 August 2010 and subsequently, in 2012, his daughters filed a complaint against Santander Mexico alleging it had been negligent in its trustee role. The lawsuit was dismissed at first instance in April 2017 and on appeal in 2018. In May 2018, the plaintiffs filed an appeal (recurso de amparo) before the First Collegiate Court of the Fourth Circuit based in Nuevo León, which ruled in favor of the plaintiffs on 7 May 2021, annulling the 2018 appeal judgment and condemning Santander Mexico to the petitions claimed, consisting of the recovery of the amount of 36,700,000 Alfa shares, together with dividends, interest and damages.

Santander Mexico has filed various constitutional reviews and appeals against the recurso de amparo referred to above, which have been dismissed by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. As of this date, an amparo review filed by the Bank is pending to be resolved in the Collegiate Courts in the State of Nuevo León, thus the judgment is not final.

On 29 June 2022, Santander México, within the framework of the amparo review filed by the Bank, requested the First Collegiate Court in Civil Matters of the Fourth Circuit of Nuevo León the recusal of two of the three Magistrates who rendered against Santander Mexico, which was resolved in favour of Santander Mexico. Plaintiffs requested the recusal of the third Magistrate who ruled with a dissenting vote against the recurso de amparo referred above and this was resolved in favour of Plaintiffs, and consequently the matter was referred to the Second Collegiate Court of the Fourth Circuit based in Nuevo León. The President of this Court considered that the Seventh Civil Chamber of the Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León had fulfilled the Amparo granted to Mrs. Garza, therefore the Bank presented disconformity “inconformidad”, which was sent for resolution by the Second Collegiate Court of the Fourth Circuit based in Nuevo León. However, on 22 April 2024, the Bank asked the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation to take up the matter. This has been accepted and consequently, the Supreme Court of Justice will resolve the matter.

Santander México believes that the actions taken should prevail and reverse the decision against it. The impact of a potential unfavorable resolution for Santander México will be determined in a subsequent proceeding and will also depend on the additional actions that Santander México may take in its defense, so it is not possible to determine it at this time. At the current stage of the proceedings, the provisions recorded are considered to be sufficient to cover the risks deriving from this claim.

January - June 2024 125

•URO Property Holdings, S.A. (before URO Property Holdings, SOCIMI SA): on 16 February 2022, legal proceedings were commenced in the Commercial Court of London against Uro Property Holdings, S.A. (Uro), a subsidiary of Banco Santander, S.A., by BNP Paribas Trust Corporation UK Limited (BNP) in its capacity as trustee on behalf of certain bondholders and beneficiaries of security rights. The litigation concerns certain terms of a financing granted to Uro which was supported by a bond issue in 2015. The claimant seeks a declaration by the Court and a monetary award against Uro, in connection with an additional premium above the nominal value of the financing repayment because of Uro having lost its status as SOCIMI (Sociedad Anónima Cotizada de Inversión Inmobiliaria), such loss causing the prepayment of the bond issue and, in the opinion of the claimant BNP, also the obligation to pay the additional premium by Uro. Uro denies being liable to pay that additional premium and filed its defense statement and a counterclaim against the claimant. The trial hearing has been scheduled for November and December 2024. Furthermore, Uro filed a summary judgement application for BNP's claim to be dismissed before trial. The dismissal of this application by the Commercial Court was confirmed by the Appeal Court. It is estimated that the maximum loss associated with this possible contingency, amounts to approximately EUR 250 million.

•Mortgage Expenses: In December 2015 the Spanish Supreme Court ruled that mortgage clauses relating to the payment of fees associated to formalizing the mortgage were abusive. On 27 November 2018, the Supreme Court agreed that the taxpayer of the documented legal acts stamp duty tax (IAJD) on the mortgage loans should be the borrower. On 9 November 2018, RDL 17/2018 came into force and modified the Law of the IAJD, establishing that the taxpayer is the Bank. On 23 January 2019, the Supreme Court ruled the distribution of the same must be 50% between the Bank and the borrower in public notary expenses and agency expenses. The Supreme Court also ruled that the Bank must pay 100% of the Registry. On 26 October 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bank is fully responsible for the management expenses; and on 27 January 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bank is also responsible for the valuation expenses.

In September 2020, the Barcelona Court of Appeal, rendered a decision stating that the commencement (dies a quo) for the statute of limitation starts running from the day the consumer fully paid mortgage expenses. The judgment has been appealed to the Supreme Court, which referred a preliminary matter to the ECJ for the establishment of the dies a quo from which the limitation period for the refund action starts running (C-561/21).

On 25 January 2024 the ECJ rendered a judgment (joint cases C‑810/21 and C‑813/21) stating that Directive 93/13 must be fixed on a case-by-case basis by national courts based on the moment when the consumer was aware of the unfair nature of the clause and the legal consequences of such unfair nature. Further, on 25 April 2024, two additional judgments were rendered (cases C-561/21 and C-484/21) in which the ECJ stated that the dies a quo of the statute of limitations for the annulment of the mortgage expenses shall be fixed on the moment when the consumer has an effective knowledge of the abusive nature of the clause and its effects and that this date must not be fixed (a) on the date of payment of such expense nor of the execution of the agreement; (b) when the Supreme Court has handed down judgments stating the abusive nature of a clause similar to the one included in the consumer contract; nor (c) when the ECJ has handed down judgments confirming that the statute of limitations for the annulment of contractual provisions is valid subject to its compliance with the principles of equivalence and effectiveness.

The Supreme Court has confirmed this criterion in its 14 June 2024 judgment, establishing that the public dissemination of case-law declaring the abusive nature of a clause does not necessarily give rise to the limitation period of the reimbursement action derived from similar clauses. However, the 4 July 2024 judgment, rendered in the case C-450/22, the ECJ has established that it cannot be excluded a priori that, as a consequence of the occurrence of an objective event or of a notorious event, such as the amendment of the applicable legislation or a widely disseminated and debated development of jurisprudence, the court considers that the average consumer's overall perception of the floor clause has changed during the reference period and has enabled him to become aware of the potentially significant economic consequences arising from such clause. A further preliminary question concerning the statute of limitations of the annulment of mortgage expenses has been raised before the ECJ by the First Instance Court No 8 of La Coruña.

In light of the foregoing, there are ongoing issues to be resolved which may have legal consequences. These issues create uncertainties which mean that it is difficult to reliably predict the outcome or the timing of the resolution of the matter. Therefore, the provision recognized includes the best estimate of Group’s liability to this matter.

Banco Santander, S.A. and the other Group companies are subject to claims and, therefore, are party to certain legal proceedings incidental to the normal course of their business including those in connection with lending activities, relationships with employees and other commercial or tax matters additional to those referred to here.

With the information available to it, the Group considers that, at 30 June 2024, it had reliably estimated the obligations associated with each proceeding and had recognized, where necessary, sufficient provisions to cover reasonably any liabilities that may arise as a result of these tax and legal risks. Those cases in which provisions have been registered but are not disclosed are justified on the basis that it would be prejudicial to the proper defense of the Group. Subject to the qualifications made, the Group believes that any liability arising from such claims and proceedings will not have, overall, a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial position, or results of operations.

126 January - June 2024

11.   Equity

In the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023 there were no quantitative or qualitative changes in Grupo Santander's equity other than those indicated in the condensed consolidated statements of changes in total equity.

a)    Capital

Banco Santander's share capital at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 consisted of EUR 7,747 million and EUR 8,092 million, respectively, represented by 15,494,273,572 and 16,184,146,059 shares of EUR 0.50 of nominal value each, respectively, and all of them of a unique class and series.

On 26 June 2024, there was a capital reduction amounting to EUR 165,652,500 through the redemption of 331,305,000 shares, corresponding to the share buyback program carried out between February and June 2024.

Likewise, on 30 January 2024, there was a capital reduction amounting to EUR 179,283,744 through the redemption of 358,567,487 shares, corresponding to the share buyback program for the year 2023 ended in January 2024.

The operations have not entailed the return of contributions to the shareholders as the Bank is the holder of the redeemed shares.

b)    Share premium

Includes the amount paid by the bank's shareholders in capital issuances in excess of par value.

As a result of the capital reductions described in Note 11.a, during the first semester of 2024, the share premium has been reduced by EUR 2,424 million corresponding to the difference between the purchase value of the shares amortised (EUR 2,769 million) and the nominal value of said shares (EUR 345 million) (see Total Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity).

Likewise, and in accordance with applicable legislation, a reserve for amortized capital has been allocated with a charge to the share premium for an equal amount to the nominal value of said amortised shares (EUR 345 million).

January - June 2024 127

c) Breakdown of other comprehensive income - Items not reclassified to profit or loss and Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Other comprehensive income accumulated	(36,963)	(35,020)
Items not reclassified to profit or loss	(5,118)	(5,212)
Actuarial gains or losses on defined benefit pension plans	(4,234)	(4,324)
Non-current assets held for sale	—	—
Share in other income and expenses recognised in investments, joint ventures and associates	(3)	1
Other valuation adjustments	—	—
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income	(705)	(776)
Inefficacy of fair value hedges of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income	—	—
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income (hedged item)	268	264
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income (hedging instrument)	(268)	(264)
Changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss attributable to changes in credit risk	(176)	(113)
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss	(31,845)	(29,808)
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations (effective portion)	(8,583)	(8,684)
Exchange differences	(21,187)	(19,510)
Hedging derivatives (effective portion)	(966)	(740)
Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income	(733)	(555)
Hedging instruments (items not designated)	—	—
Non-current assets held for sale	—	—
Share in other income and expenses recognised in investments, joint ventures and associates	(376)	(319)

d) Other comprehensive income - Items not reclassified to profit or loss - Actuarial gains or losses on defined benefit pension plans

The balance of the heading Other accumulated comprehensive income - Items not reclassified to profit or loss - Actuarial gains or losses on defined benefit pension plans, includes the actuarial gains or losses and the return on the assets assigned to the plan, less administration costs and plan's own taxes, and any change in the effects of the asset limit, excluding amounts included in net interest on net defined benefit liability (asset). Its variation is shown in the consolidated condensed statement of recognized income and expense.

During the first six months of 2024, the amount of actuarial losses (net of actuarial gains) has increased by EUR 59 million. The main impacts are:

•Increase of EUR 187 million in the cumulative actuarial losses relating to the Group´s businesses in the UK, mainly due to the behaviour of the asset portfolio and the variation in inflation hypotheses (both short and long term). These effects have been partially offset by the variation in the discount rate (increase from 4.63% to 5.15%).

•Decrease of 63 million in the cumulative actuarial losses relating to the Group's businesses in Brasil, mainly due to the discount rate variation (increase from 8.65% to 9.57% in the main pension plans, from 8.70% to 9.56% in the main medical plan). These effects have been partially offset by the effect of short-term inflation and the behaviour of the asset portfolio.

•Decrease of EUR 43 million in the cumulative actuarial losses relating to the Group's businesses in Mexico, mainly due to the increase in the discount rate (from 9.25% to 10.25%).

•Decrease of EUR 10 million in the cumulative actuarial losses relating to the Group's businesses in Germany, mainly due to the discount rate variation (increase from 3.57% to 3.74%).

The other modification in accumulated actuarial profit or losses is a decrease of EUR 12 million as a result of the evolution of exchange rates and other movements.

128 January - June 2024

e) Other comprehensive income - Items not reclassified to profit or loss – Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income

Includes the net amount of unrealised fair value changes in equity instruments at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income.

Below is a breakdown of the composition of the balance as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 under 'Other comprehensive income - Items not reclassified to profit or loss - Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income' depending on the geographical origin of the issuer:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024				31-12-2023
	Revaluation gains	Revaluation losses	Net revaluation gains/(losses)	Fair value	Revaluation gains	Revaluation losses	Net revaluation gains/(losses)	Fair value
Equity instruments
Domestic
Spain	33	(1,325)	(1,292)	106	32	(1,173)	(1,141)	252
International
Rest of Europe	123	(71)	52	284	117	(71)	46	267
United States	17	—	17	19	16	—	16	19
Latin America and rest	519	(1)	518	1,433	370	(67)	303	1,223
	692	(1,397)	(705)	1,842	535	(1,311)	(776)	1,761
Of which:
Listed	472	(49)	423	1,462	316	(118)	198	1,225
Unlisted	220	(1,348)	(1,128)	380	219	(1,193)	(974)	536

f) Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Hedges of net investments in foreign operations (effective portion) and exchange differences

Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Hedges of net investments in foreign operations (effective portion) includes the net amount of the changes in value of hedging instruments in hedges of net investments in foreign operations, in respect of the portion of these changes considered to be effective hedges.

Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Exchange differences includes the net amount of exchange differences arising on non-monetary items whose fair value is adjusted against equity and the differences arising on the translation to euros of the balances of the consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the euro.

The net variation of both headings recognised during the first six months of 2024 in the interim condensed consolidated statement of recognised income and expenses, reflects the impact of the evolution of the currencies during the year, reflecting mainly the appreciation of the Pound Sterling, US dollar and Mexican peso as well as the depreciation of the Brazilian real and Chilean peso (see Note 1.e).

Of this variation, a capital loss of EUR 335 million corresponds to the valuation at the closing exchange rate of goodwill for the first six months of 2024 (see Note 8).

January - June 2024 129

g) Other comprehensive income – Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss – Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

Includes the net amount of unrealised fair value changes in debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Below is a breakdown of the composition of the balance as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 under Other comprehensive income - Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss - Changes in the fair value of debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income depending on the type of instrument and the geographical origin of the issuer:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024				31-12-2023
	Revaluation gains	Revaluation losses	Net revaluation gains/(losses)	Fair value	Revaluation gains	Revaluation losses	Net revaluation gains/(losses)	Fair value
Debt instruments
Issued by public Public-sector
Spain	102	(1)	101	10,136	17	0	17	9,867
Rest of Europe	257	(82)	175	14,850	333	(96)	237	18,258
Latin America and rest of the world	69	(873)	(804)	37,838	194	(820)	(626)	38,169
Issued by Private-sector
Spain	73	(13)	60	6,366	98	(9)	89	5,129
Rest of Europe	21	(30)	(9)	5,776	19	(30)	(11)	5,018
Latin America and rest of the world	12	(268)	(256)	5,462	6	(267)	(261)	5,106
	534	(1,267)	(733)	80,428	667	(1,222)	(555)	81,547

130 January - June 2024

12.   Segment information (Primary segment)

Grupo Santander has aligned the information in this note with the underlying information used internally for management reporting and with that presented in Grupo Santander's other public documents.

Grupo Santander's executive committee has been selected to be its chief operating decision maker. Grupo Santander's operating segments reflect its organizational and managerial structures. The executive committee reviews internal reporting based on these segments to assess performance and allocate resources.

On September 18, 2023, Grupo Santander announced that it is consolidating its retail & commercial and consumer activities across all markets under two new global businesses: Retail & Commercial and Digital Consumer Bank. The changes align these businesses with Santander’s at 30 June 2024, global model in Corporate & Investment Banking, Wealth Management & Insurance and Payments, helping the bank achieve the strategic goals.

The segments are split by business units in which profits are made and by geographic area. The information is prepared by aggregating the figures for Grupo Santander’s various geographic areas and business units, relating it to both the accounting data of the units integrated in each segment and that provided by management information systems. The same general principles as those used in Grupo Santander are applied.

The Group's main level of segmentation, derived from its management model, consolidates the retail, commercial and consumer banking businesses of all markets under the umbrella of two new global business areas:

•Retail & Commercial Banking (Retail): new area that integrates the retail banking business (individuals) and commercial banking (SMEs and corporates), except for business originated in the consumer finance and the cards businesses.

•Digital Consumer Bank (Consumer): comprises all business originated in the consumer finance companies, plus Openbank, Open Digital Services (ODS) and SBNA Consumer.

•Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB): this business, which includes Global Transactional Banking, Global Banking (Global Debt Finance and Corporate Finance) and Markets, offers products and services on a global scale to corporate and institutional customers, and collaborates with other global businesses to better serve our broad customer base.

•Wealth Management & Insurance (Wealth): includes the asset management business (Santander Asset Management), the corporate unit of Private Banking and International Private Banking in Miami and Switzerland and the insurance business (Santander Insurance).

•Payments: digital payments solutions, providing global technology solutions for our banks and new customers in the open market. It is structured in two businesses: PagoNxt (Getnet, Ebury and PagoNxt Payments) and Cards (cards platform and business in the countries).

In accordance with the information used by the Group's executive committee for decision making, following is a distribution of the gross margin by business segment accompanying consolidated income statements for the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023.

In addition to these operating units, which report by geographic area and businesses, Grupo Santander continues to maintain the area of Corporate Center, that includes the centralized activities relating to equity stakes in financial companies, financial management of the structural exchange rate position, assumed within the sphere of Grupo Santander's assets and liabilities committee, as well as management of liquidity and of shareholders' equity via issuances.

This financial information ('underlying basis') is computed by adjusting reported results for the effects of certain gains and losses (e.g.: capital gains, write-downs, etc.). These gains and losses are items that management and investors ordinarily identify and consider separately to understand better the underlying trends in the business.

Following is the reconciliation between the adjusted profit and the statutory profit corresponding to the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023:

	EUR million
	Gross Margin		Profit before taxes		Profit
Segment	30-06-2024	30-06-2023	30-06-2024	30-06-2023	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Retail & Commercial Banking	16,274	14,392	5,187	3,638	3,326	2,421
Digital Consumer Bank	6,449	6,026	1,341	1,504	1,070	1,027
Corporate & Investment Banking	4,188	3,956	2,151	2,305	1,405	1,478
Wealth Management & Insurance	1,789	1,589	1,130	985	818	711
Payments	2,701	2,613	306	498	49	223
Corporate Center	(350)	(342)	(606)	(601)	(609)	(620)
Underlying Profit	31,050	28,234	9,508	8,329	6,059	5,241
Adjustments	(335)	(224)	—	(239)	—	—
Statutory Profit	30,715	28,010	9,508	8,090	6,059	5,241

January - June 2024 131

113.   Related parties

The parties related to Grupo Santander are deemed to include, in addition to its subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, Banco Santander’s key management personnel (the members of its board of directors and the executive vice presidents, together with their close family members) and the entities over which the key management personnel may exercise significant influence or control.

Following is a detail of the transactions performed by Grupo Santander with its related parties in the first six months of 2024 and 2023, distinguishing between significant shareholders, members of Banco Santander’s board of directors, Banco Santander’s executive vice presidents, Grupo Santander entities and other related parties. Related party transactions were made on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s-length transactions or, when this was not the case, the related compensation in kind was recognised:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024
Expenses and income	Significant shareholders	Directors and executives	Group companies or entities	Other related parties	Total
Expenses
Finance costs	—	—	75	2	77
Leases	—	—	—	—	—
Services received	—	—	—	—	—
Purchases of stocks	—	—	—	—	—
Other expenses	—	—	97	—	97
	—	—	172	2	174
Income
Finance income	—	—	249	4	253
Dividends received	—	—	—	—	—
Services rendered	—	—	—	—	—
Sale of stocks	—	—	—	—	—
Other income	—	—	798	1	799
	—	—	1,047	5	1,052

	EUR million
	30-06-2024
Other transactions	Significant shareholders	Directors and executives	Group companies or entities	Other related parties	Total
Financing agreements: loans and capital contributions (lender)	—	—	363	50	413
Financing agreements: loans and capital contributions (borrower)	—	(2)	545	84	627
Guarantees provided	—	—	8	(291)	(283)
Guarantees received	—	—	—	—	—
Commitments acquired	—	—	44	2	46
Dividends and other distributed profit	—	2	—	17	19
Other transactions	—	—	(127)	—	(127)

132 January - June 2024

	EUR million
	30-06-2024
Balance closing period	Significant shareholders	Directors and executives	Group companies or entities	Other related parties	Total
Debt balances:
Customers and commercial debtors	—	—	—	—	—
Loans and credits granted	—	10	10,043	234	10,287
Other collection rights	—	—	704	—	704
	—	10	10,747	234	10,991
Credit balances:
Suppliers and creditors granted	—	—	—	—	—
Loans and credits received	—	16	2,735	234	2,985
Other payment obligations	—	—	304	—	304
	—	16	3,039	234	3,289

	EUR million
	30-06-2023
Expenses and income	Significant shareholders	Directors and executives	Group companies or entities	Other related parties	Total
Expenses
Finance costs	—	—	79	—	79
Leases	—	—	—	—	—
Services received	—	—	—	—	—
Purchases of stocks	—	—	—	—	—
Other expenses	—	—	57	—	57
	—	—	136	—	136
Income
Finance income	—	—	188	3	191
Dividends received	—	—	—	—	—
Services rendered	—	—	—	—	—
Sale of stocks	—	—	—	—	—
Other income	—	—	709	1	710
	—	—	897	4	901

January - June 2024 133

	EUR million
	30-06-2023
Other transactions	Significant shareholders	Directors and executives	Group companies or entities	Other related parties	Total
Financing agreements: loans and capital contributions (lender)	—	2	376	(199)	179
Financing agreements: loans and capital contributions (borrower)	—	—	(29)	7	(22)
Guarantees provided	—	—	—	680	680
Guarantees received	—	—	—	—	—
Commitments acquired	—	—	51	3	54
Dividends and other distributed profit	—	1	—	10	11
Other transactions	—	—	36	—	36

	EUR million
	31-12-2023
Balance closing period	Significant shareholders	Directors and executives	Group companies or entities	Other related parties	Total
Debt balances:
	—	—	—	—	—
Loans and credits granted	—	12	9,680	185	9,877
Other collection rights	—	—	817	1	818
	—	12	10,497	186	10,695
Credit balances:
Suppliers and creditors granted	—	—	—	—	—
Loans and credits received	—	19	2,190	150	2,359
Other payment obligations	—	—	290	—	290
	—	19	2,480	150	2,649

134 January - June 2024

14.   Off-balance-sheet exposures

The off-balance-sheet exposures related to balances representing loans commitments, financial guarantees and other commitments granted (recoverables and non recoverables).

Financial guarantees granted include financial guarantees contracts such as financial bank guarantees, credit derivatives, and risks arising from derivatives granted to third parties; non-financial guarantees include other guarantees and irrevocable documentary credits.

Loan and other commitments granted include all off-balance-sheet exposures, which are not classified as guarantees provided, including loans commitment granted.

	EUR million
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Loan commitments granted	290,151	279,589
Of which impaired	488	406
Financial guarantees granted	15,598	15,435
Of which impaired	497	578
Bank sureties	15,561	15,400
Credit derivatives sold	37	35
Other commitments granted	127,420	113,273
Of which impaired	486	542
Other granted guarantees	57,519	57,363
Other	69,901	55,910

The breakdown of the off-balance sheet exposure and impairment on 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 by impairment stages is EUR 413,251 million and EUR 398,243 million of exposure and EUR 274 million and EUR 302 million of impairment in stage 1, EUR 18,447 million and EUR 8,528 million of exposure and EUR 210 million and EUR 174 million of impairment in stage 2, and EUR 1,471 million and EUR 1,526 million of exposure and EUR 214 million and EUR 226 million of impairment in stage 3, respectively.

15.   Average headcount and number of branches

The average number of employees at Banco Santander and Grupo Santander, by gender, in the six-month periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

Average headcount
	Bank		Group
	30-06-2024	30-06-2023	30-06-2024	30-06-2023
Men	12,246	12,260	99,865	97,353
Women	11,734	11,732	111,011	112,663
	23,980	23,992	210,876	210,016

The number of branches at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 is as follow:

Number of branches
	Group
	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Spain	1,883	1,924
Group	6,402	6,594
	8,285	8,518

January - June 2024 135

16.   Other disclosures

a) Valuation techniques for financial assets and liabilities

The following table shows a summary of the fair values, at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023, of the financial assets and liabilities indicated below, classified on the basis of the various measurement methods used by Grupo Santander to determine their fair value:

	EUR million
	30-06-2024			31-12-2023
	Published price quotations in active markets (Level 1)	Internal models (Levels 2 and 3)	Total	Published price quotations in active markets (Level 1)	Internal models (Levels 2 and 3)	Total
Financial assets held for trading	77,854	129,020	206,874	67,842	109,079	176,921
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss	2,014	4,152	6,166	1,765	4,145	5,910
Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss	2,494	6,675	9,169	2,746	7,027	9,773
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	63,114	19,156	82,270	64,631	18,677	83,308
Hedging derivatives (assets)	—	5,413	5,413	—	5,297	5,297
Financial liabilities held for trading	24,028	109,828	133,856	20,298	101,972	122,270
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	—	34,493	34,493	25	40,342	40,367
Hedging derivatives (liabilities)	—	5,535	5,535	—	7,656	7,656
Liabilities under insurance contracts	—	17,592	17,592	—	17,799	17,799

The financial instruments at fair value determined on the basis of published price quotations in active markets (level 1) include government debt securities, private-sector debt securities, derivatives traded in organised markets, securitised assets, shares, short positions and fixed-income securities issued.

In cases where price quotations cannot be observed, management makes its best estimate of the price that the market would set, using its own internal models. In most cases, these internal models use data based on observable market parameters as significant inputs (level 2) and, in cases, they use significant inputs not observable in market data (level 3). In order to make these estimates, various techniques are employed, including the extrapolation of observable market data. The best evidence of the fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is the transaction price, unless the fair value of the instrument can be obtained from other market transactions performed with the same or similar instruments or can be measured by using a valuation technique in which the variables used include only observable market data, mainly interest rates.

During the first six months of 2024 and 2023, Grupo Santander did not make any material transfers of financial instruments between measurement levels other than the transfers included in level 3 table.

Grupo Santander has developed a formal process for the systematic valuation and management of financial instruments, which has been implemented worldwide across all the Group’s units. The governance scheme for this process distributes responsibilities between two independent divisions: Treasury (development, marketing and daily management of financial products and market data) and Risk (on a periodic basis, validation of pricing models and market data, computation of risk metrics, new transaction approval policies, management of market risk and implementation of fair value adjustment policies).

The approval of new products follows a sequence of steps (request, development, validation, integration in corporate systems and quality assurance) before the product is brought into production. This process ensures that pricing systems have been properly reviewed and are stable before they are used.

The most important products and types of derivatives, and the related valuation techniques and inputs, by asset class, are detailed in the consolidated annual accounts as at 31 December 2023.

As the end of 30 June 2024, the CVA (Credit Valuation Adjustment) accounted for was EUR 274 million (a decrease of 6.5% compared to 31 December 2023) and adjustments of DVA (Debt Valuation Adjustment) was EUR 265 million (a decrease of 19.7% compared to the end of December 2023). The reduction is mainly due to a decline in the spread curves of the credit markets.

136 January - June 2024

Set forth below are the financial instruments at fair value whose measurement was based on internal models (levels 2 and 3) at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023:

	EUR million		EUR million
	Fair values calculated using internal models at 30-06-2024 (*)		Fair values calculated using internal models at 31-12-2023 (*)
	Level 2	Level 3	Level 2	Level 3	Valuation techniques	Main inputs
ASSETS	153,221	11,195	133,874	10,351
Financial assets held for trading	126,977	2,043	106,993	2,086
Central banks (**)	17,283	—	17,717	—	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Credit institutions (**)	22,477	—	14,061	—	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Customers (**)	19,265	307	11,418	24	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Debt instruments and equity instruments	10,329	535	8,683	915	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Derivatives	57,623	1,201	55,114	1,147
Swaps	45,459	799	44,987	577	Present value method, Gaussian Copula	Yield curves, FX market prices, HPI, Basis, Liquidity
Exchange rate options	734	8	836	9	Black-Scholes Model	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices, Liquidity
Interest rate options	2,029	30	2,210	153	Black's Model, multifactorial advanced models interest rate	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices, Liquidity
Interest rate futures	2,890	—	33	—	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Index and securities options	252	196	126	235	Black’s Model, multifactorial advanced models interest rate	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX & EQ market prices, Dividends, Liquidity
Other	6,259	168	6,922	173	Present value method, Advanced stochastic volatility models and others	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX and EQ market prices, Dividends, Liquidity, Dividends, Correlation, HPI, Credit, Others
Hedging derivatives	5,413	—	5,297	—
Swaps	4,433	—	4,665	—	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices, Basis
Interest rate options	—	—	2	—	Black Model	Yield curves, FX market prices, Volatility surfaces
Other	980	—	630	—	Present value method, Advanced stochastic volatility models and others	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices, Credit, Liquidity, Others
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss	2,057	2,095	2,050	2,095
Equity instruments	708	1,719	815	1,495	Present value method	Yield curves, Market price, Dividends and Others
Debt instruments	431	244	539	313	Present value method	Yield curves
Loans and receivables	918	132	696	287	Present value method, swap asset model and CDS	Yield curves and Credit curves
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss	5,966	709	6,846	181
Credit institutions	444	—	459	—	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Customers (***)	5,327	224	6,189	31	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices, HPI
Debt instruments	195	485	198	150	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	12,808	6,348	12,688	5,989
Equity instruments	4	355	5	492	Present value method	Yield curves,Market price, Dividends and Others
Debt instruments	8,852	677	9,638	559	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Loans and receivables	3,952	5,316	3,045	4,938	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices and Credit curves

January - June 2024 137

LIABILITIES	166,015	1,433	166,542	1,227
Financial liabilities held for trading	109,026	802	101,103	869
Central banks (**)	11,056	—	7,808	—	Present value method	FX market prices, Yield curves
Credit institutions (**)	17,156	—	17,862	—	Present value method	FX market prices, Yield curves
Customers	23,729	—	19,837	—	Present value method	FX market prices, Yield curves
Derivatives	51,073	802	49,380	869
Swaps	41,175	304	39,395	388	Present value method, Gaussian Copula	Yield curves, FX market prices, Basis, Liquidity, HPI
Exchange rate options	589	—	549	8	Black Model, multifactorial advanced models interest rate	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices, Liquidity
Interest rate options	2,388	65	2,207	139	Black-Scholes Model	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices
Index and securities options	920	222	466	187	Black-Scholes Model	Yield curves, FX market prices, Liquidity
Interest rate and equity futures	36	—	101	—	Present value method	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX & EQ market prices, Dividends, Correlation, Liquidity, HPI
Other	5,965	211	6,662	147	Present value method, Advanced stochastic volatility models and others	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX & EQ market prices, Dividends, Correlation, HPI, Credit, Others
Short positions	6,012	—	6,216	—	Present value method	Yield curves ,FX market prices, Equity
Hedging derivatives	5,530	5	7,650	6
Swaps	5,038	4	6,866	6	Present value method	Yield curves ,FX market prices, Basis
Interest rate options	1	1	1	—	Black's Model	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices and Liquidity
Other	491	—	783	—	Present value method, Advanced stochastic volatility models and others	Yield curves, Volatility surfaces, FX market prices, Credit, Liquidity and others
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	34,141	352	40,313	29	Present value method	Yield curves, FX market prices
Liabilities under insurance contracts	17,318	274	17,476	323	Present Value Method with actuarial techniques	Mortality tables and yield curves

(*) The internal models of level 2 implement figures based on the parameters observed in the market, while level 3 internal models use significant inputs that are not observable in market data.

(**)     Includes mainly short-term loans/deposits and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements with corporate customers (mainly brokerage and investment companies).

(***) Includes mainly structured loans to corporate clients.

138 January - June 2024

Level 3 financial instruments

Set forth below are the Group’s main financial instruments measured using unobservable market data as significant inputs of the internal models (level 3):

•HTC&S (Hold to collect and sale) syndicated loans classified in the fair value category with changes in other comprehensive income, where the cost of liquidity is not directly observable in the market, as well as the prepayment option in favour of the borrower.

•Illiquid equity instruments in non-trading portfolios, classified at fair value through profit or loss and at fair value through equity.

•Instruments in Santander UK’s portfolio (loans, debt instruments and derivatives) linked to the House Price Index (HPI). Even if the valuation techniques used for these instruments may be the same as those used to value similar products (present value in the case of loans and debt instruments, and the Black-Scholes model for derivatives), the main factors used in the valuation of these instruments are the HPI spot rate, the growth and volatility thereof, and the mortality rates, which are not always observable in the market and, accordingly, these instruments are considered illiquid.

•Callable interest rate derivatives (Bermudan-style options) where the main unobservable input is mean reversion of interest rates.

•Trading derivatives on interest rates, taking as an underlying asset titling and with the amortization rate (CPR, Conditional prepayment rate) as unobservable main entry.

•Derivatives from trading on inflation in Spain, where volatility is not observable in the market.

•Equity volatility derivatives, specifically indices and equities, where volatility is not observable in the long term.

•Derivatives on long-term interest rate and FX in some units (mainly South America) where for certain underlyings it is not possible to demonstrate observability to these terms.

•Debt instruments referenced to certain illiquid interest rates, for which there is no reasonable market observability.

The measurements obtained using the internal models might have been different if other methods or assumptions had been used with respect to interest rate risk, to credit risk, market risk and foreign currency risk spreads, or to their related correlations and volatilities. Nevertheless, the Bank’s directors consider that the fair value of the financial assets and liabilities recognised in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet and the gains and losses arising from these financial instruments are reasonable.

The net amount recorded in the results of the first six months of 2024 arising from models whose significant inputs are unobservable market data (level 3) amounted to EUR 160 million profit (EUR 178 million in the first six months of 2023).

January - June 2024 139

The table below shows the effect, at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023, on the fair value of the main financial instruments classified as Level 3 of a reasonable change in the assumptions used in the valuation. This effect was determined by applying the probable valuation ranges of the main unobservable inputs detailed in the following table:

30/06/2024
Portfolio/Instrument	Valuation technique	Main unobservable inputs	Range	Weighted average	Impacts (EUR million)
(Level 3)					Unfavourable scenario	Favourable scenario
Financial assets held for trading
Loans and advances to customers
Repos/Reverse repos	Others	Long-term repo spread	n.a.	n.a.	(0.07)	0.00
Debt securities
Corporate debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	0% - 10%	5.07%	(4.88)	5.03
Government debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Discount curve	0% - 8%	3.99%	(6.86)	6.82
Others	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	10% - 90%	33.53%	(0.45)	0.18
Derivatives
Cap&Floor	Forward estimation	Interest rate	(2)bp - 2bp	0.02bp	(0.02)	0.02
EQ Options	EQ option pricing model	Volatility	0% - 70%	42.49%	(0.41)	0.63
EQ Options	Local volatility	Volatility	10% - 90%	50.00%	(6.22)	6.22
Fx Options	Fx option pricing model	Volatility	0% - 40%	20.81%	(0.53)	0.57
Inflation Derivatives	Asset Swap model	Inflation Swap Rate	2% - 8%	4.35%	(0.32)	0.20
IR Options	IR option pricing model	Volatility	0% - 30%	17.56%	(0.20)	0.28
IRS	Others	Others	5% - n.a.	n.a.	(2.30)	0.00
IRS	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	70.9% - 322.7%	209.79%	(1.71)	2.11
IRS	Discounted Cash Flows	Swap rate	9% - 10%	9.57%	(0.69)	0.92
IRS	Forward estimation	Interest rate	60bps - 300bps	181.5bps	(2.87)	2.94
IRS	Prepayment modelling	Prepayment rate	2.5% - 9.0%	9.00%	0.00	0.03
Property derivatives	Option pricing model	Growth rate	(6)% - 5%	0.00%	(3.78)	3.78
Securitisation Swap	Discounted Cash Flows	Constant prepayment rates	(25.2)% - 30.8%	2.80%	(5.59)	5.59
Structured notes	Price based	Price	(10)% - 10%	0.00%	(1.53)	1.53
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss
Loans and advances to customers
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spreads	0.1% - 2%	1.05%	(0.19)	0.19
Mortgage portfolio	Black Scholes model	Growth rate	(5)% - 5%	0.00%	(0.24)	0.24
Debt securities
Other debt securities	Others	Inflation Swap Rate	0% - 8%	3.89%	(4.11)	3.90

140 January - June 2024

30/06/2024
Portfolio/Instrument	Valuation technique	Main unobservable inputs	Range	Weighted average	Impacts (EUR million)
(Level 3)					Unfavourable scenario	Favourable scenario
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss
Debt securities
Property securities	Probability weighting	Growth rate	(5)% - 5%	0.00%	(0.35)	0.35
Equity instruments
Equities	Price Based	Price	90% - 110%	100%	(171.92)	171.92
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Loans and advances to customers
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	10% - 90%	10.00%	(19.50)	0.00
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Interest rate curve	4.5% - 8.1%	6.28%	(0.57)	0.57
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Margin of a reference portfolio	(1)bp - 1bp	0bp	(20.30)	20.30
Loans	Forward estimation	Credit spread	167.7bps - 365.8bps	167.74bps	(0.20)	0.00
Loans	Market price	Market price	(10)% - 20%	0.00%	(2.78)	1.39
Debt securities
Corporate debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Margin of a reference portfolio	(1)bp - 1bp	0bp	(0.09)	0.09
Government debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Interest rate	0.4% - 2.4%	1.42%	0.00	0.00
Mortgage Letters	Discounted Cash Flows	Mortgage Letters	5.9% - 6.2%	6.08%	0.13	0.13
Equity instruments
Equities	Price Based	Price	90% - 110%	100.00%	(35.46)	35.46
Financial liabilities held for trading
Derivatives
Cap&Floor	Volatility option model	Volatility	10% - 90%	50.62%	(0.04)	0.04
FX Options	Volatility option model	Volatility	10% - 90%	36.10%	(0.44)	0.21
IRS	Discounted Cash Flows	Inflation Swap Rate	10% - 99%	50.54%	(4.17)	4.26
Swaptions	Volatility option model	Volatility	60bps - 114bps	70.47bps	(5.77)	1.39

January - June 2024 141

31/12/2023
Portfolio/Instrument	Valuation technique	Main unobservable inputs	Range	Weighted average	Impacts (EUR million)
(Level 3)					Unfavourable scenario	Favourable scenario
Financial assets held for trading
Loans and advances to customers
Repos/Reverse repos	Other	Long-term repo spread	n.a.	n.a.	(0.08)	—
Debt securities
Corporate debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	0% - 10%	5.01%	(1.90)	1.90
Government debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Discount curve	0% - 8%	3.99%	(7.77)	7.72
Derivatives
CCS	Forward estimation	Interest rate	(6)bps - 6bps	0.40bps	(0.90)	1.03
CDS	Credit default models	Illiquid credit default spread curves	100bps - 200bps	149.14bps	(0.14)	0.14
EQ Options	EQ option pricing model	Volatility	0% - 70%	44.39%	(0.51)	0.89
EQ Options	Local volatility	Volatility	10% - 90%	50.00%	(1.26)	1.26
Fx Options	Fx option pricing model	Volatility	0% - 40%	20.81%	(0.55)	0.59
Inflation Derivatives	Asset Swap model	Inflation Swap Rate	2% - 8%	4.18%	(0.28)	0.16
IR Options	IR option pricing model	Volatility	0.4% - 32.2%	18.86%	(0.29)	0.41
IRS	Others	Others	5% - n.a	n.a	(1.25)	—
IRS	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	2.6% - 8.3%	5.60%	(1.97)	2.18
IRS	Discounted Cash Flows	Swap rate	9.4% - 9.8%	9.60%	(1.01)	0.95
IRS	Forward estimation	Interest rate	(5.2)bps - 5.2bps	0.09bps	(0.03)	0.03
IRS	Prepayment modelling	Prepayment rate	2.5% - 6.2%	4.17%	(0.06)	0.05
Property derivatives	Option pricing model	Growth rate	(5)% - 5%	0.00%	(3.92)	3.92
Securitisation Swap	Discounted Cash Flows	Constant prepayment rates	(22.30)% - 27.20%	2.47%	(4.95)	4.95
Structured notes	Price based	Price	(10)% - 10%	0.00%	(1.53)	1.53
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss
Loans and advances to customers
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spreads	0.1% - 3%	1.55%	(0.21)	0.21
Mortgage portfolio	Black Scholes model	Growth rate	(5)% - 5%	0.00%	(0.23)	0.23
Debt securities
Other debt securities	Others	Inflation Swap Rate	0% - 8%	3.89%	(4.48)	4.25

142 January - June 2024

31/12/2023
Portfolio/Instrument	Valuation technique	Main unobservable inputs	Range	Weighted average	Impacts (EUR million)
(Level 3)					Unfavourable scenario	Favourable scenario
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss
Debt securities
Property securities	Probability weighting	Growth rate	(5)% - 5%	0.00%	(0.35)	0.35
Equity instruments
Equities	Price Based	Price	90% - 110%	100.00%	(149.49)	149.49
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Loans and advances to customers
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Credit spread	n.a.	n.a	(20.80)	0.00
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Interest rate curve	4.6% - 9.0%	6.80%	(0.68)	0.68
Loans	Discounted Cash Flows	Margin of a reference portfolio	(1)bp - 1bp	0bp	(20.30)	20.30
Loans	Forward estimation	Credit spread	167.7bps - 365.8bps	167.74bps	(3.46)	0.00
Loans	Market price	Market price	(10)% - 20%	0.00%	(5.02)	2.51
Debt securities
Corporate debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Margin of a reference portfolio	(1)% - 1%	0.00%	(0.09)	0.09
Government debt	Discounted Cash Flows	Interest rate	0% - 2%	0.99%	0.00	0.00
Equity instruments
Equities	Price Based	Price	90% - 110%	100.00%	(49.24)	49.24
Financial liabilities held for trading
Derivatives
Cap&Floor	Volatility option model	Volatility	10% - 90%	39.03%	(0.45)	0.25
CMS	Discounted Cash Flows	Volatility	10% - 90%	47.66%	0.00	0.00
Fx Options	Volatility option model	Volatility	10% - 90%	28.09%	(0.45)	0.13
IRS	Discounted Cash Flows	Inflation Swap Rate	10% - 90%	39.03%	(0.45)	0.25
Swaptions	Volatility option model	Volatility	10% - 90%	35.55%	0.21	0.10

1. For each instrument, the valuation technique is shown, the unobservable inputs described in the "Main unobservable inputs" column under probable scenarios, variation range, average value and impact resulting from valuing the position in the established maximum and minimum range.

2. The breakdown of impacts is shown by type of instrument and unobservable inputs.

3. The estimation of the range of variation of the unobservable inputs has been carried out taking into account plausible movements of said parameters depending on the type of instrument.

4. Zero impacts from fully hedged or back-to-back transactions have not been included in this exercise.

January - June 2024 143

Lastly, the changes in the financial instruments classified as level 3 in the first six months of 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

	01-01-2024	Changes						30-06-2024
EUR million	Fair value calculated using internal models (Level 3)	Purchases/Settlements	Sales/Amortisation	Changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss	Changes in fair value recognised in equity	Level reclassifications	Other	Fair value calculated using internal models (Level 3)
Financial assets held for trading	2,086	726	(194)	33	—	(566)	(42)	2,043
Customers	24	275	(24)	2	—	30	—	307
Debt instruments	914	84	(2)	(18)	—	(428)	(16)	534
Equity instruments	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	1
Trading derivatives	1,147	367	(168)	49	—	(168)	(26)	1,201
Swaps	577	281	(94)	(3)	—	38	—	799
Exchange rate options	9	—	(1)	3	—	(2)	(1)	8
Interest rate options	153	—	—	(16)	—	(107)	—	30
Index and securities options	235	11	(47)	79	—	(66)	(16)	196
Other	173	75	(26)	(14)	—	(31)	(9)	168
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss	181	593	(126)	28	—	61	(28)	709
Loans and advances to customers	31	188	(3)	(8)	—	—	16	224
Debt instruments	150	405	(123)	36	—	61	(44)	485
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss	2,095	167	(189)	71	—	(69)	20	2,095
Loans and advances to customers	287	43	(97)	45	—	(140)	(6)	132
Debt instruments	313	5	(73)	2	—	—	(3)	244
Equity instruments	1,495	119	(19)	24	—	71	29	1,719
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	5,989	3,034	(2,522)	—	(123)	23	(53)	6,348
Loans and advances to customers	4,938	2,845	(2,505)	—	20	16	2	5,316
Debt instruments	559	186	(2)	—	(17)	7	(56)	677
Equity instruments	492	3	(15)	—	(126)	—	1	355
TOTAL ASSETS	10,351	4,520	(3,031)	132	(123)	(551)	(103)	11,195
Financial liabilities held for trading	869	293	(135)	(46)	—	(166)	(13)	802
Trading derivatives	869	293	(135)	(46)	—	(166)	(13)	802
Swaps	388	84	(23)	(52)	—	(93)	—	304
Exchange rate options	8	—	(1)	(4)	—	(2)	(1)	—
Interest rate options	139	1	(19)	7	—	(64)	1	65
Index and securities options	187	1	(17)	71	—	(7)	(13)	222
Others	147	207	(75)	(68)	—	—	—	211
Hedging derivatives (Liabilities)	6	—	—	(1)	—	—	—	5
Swaps	6	—	—	(2)	—	—	—	4
Interest rate options	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	1
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	29	264	(8)	38	—	29	—	352
Liabilities under insurance contracts	323	—	—	(19)	—	—	(30)	274
TOTAL LIABILITIES	1,227	557	(143)	(28)	—	(137)	(43)	1,433

144 January - June 2024

	01-01-2023	Changes						30-06-2023
EUR million	Fair value calculated using internal models (Level 3)	Purchases/Settlements	Sales/Amortisation	Changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss	Changes in fair value recognised in equity	Level reclassifications	Other	Fair value calculated using internal models (Level 3)
Financial assets held for trading	383	198	(72)	77	—	303	151	1,040
Debt instruments	42	52	(4)	1	—	316	6	413
Equity instruments	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	1
Trading derivatives	340	146	(68)	77	—	(13)	(1)	481
Swaps	139	—	(3)	93	—	—	(12)	217
Exchange rate options	4	—	—	(1)	—	—	—	3
Interest rate options	39	—	—	(10)	—	—	—	29
Index and securities options	48	52	—	3	—	(23)	5	85
Other	110	94	(65)	(8)	—	10	6	147
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss	427	—	—	(40)	—	—	30	417
Loans and advances to customers	5	—	—	—	—	—	—	5
Debt instruments	422	—	—	(40)	—	—	30	412
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss	1,833	163	(116)	48	—	—	(16)	1,912
Loans and advances to customers	239	59	(63)	(16)	—	—	9	228
Debt instruments	325	32	(25)	3	—	—	2	337
Equity instruments	1,269	72	(28)	61	—	—	(27)	1,347
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	5,647	4,197	(3,595)	—	(222)	505	86	6,618
Loans and advances to customers	4,718	4,196	(3,590)	—	23	473	39	5,859
Debt instruments	229	—	(3)	—	(1)	32	6	263
Equity instruments	700	1	(2)	—	(244)	—	41	496
TOTAL ASSETS	8,290	4,558	(3,783)	85	(222)	809	251	9,988
Financial liabilities held for trading	415	304	(101)	(91)	—	(118)	(7)	402
Trading derivatives	415	304	(101)	(91)	—	(118)	(7)	402
Swaps	235	104	(70)	(25)	—	(97)	(14)	133
Exchange rate options	—	24	(24)	—	—	—	—	—
Interest rate options	19	7	(1)	(3)	—	—	—	22
Index and securities options	42	38	(6)	3	—	(21)	7	63
Others	119	131	—	(66)	—	—	—	184
Hedging derivatives (Liabilities)	14	—	—	3	—	36	—	53
Swaps	14	—	—	3	—	36	—	53
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss	151	—	(5)	1	—	—	(147)	—
Liabilities under insurance contracts	345	—	—	(6)	—	—	26	365
TOTAL LIABILITIES	925	304	(106)	(93)	—	(82)	(128)	820

January - June 2024 145

b) Refinancing and restructured transactions

The following terms are used with the meanings specified below:

•Refinancing transaction: transaction that is granted or used, for reasons relating to current or foreseeable financial difficulties of the borrower, to repay one or more of the transactions granted to it, or through which the payments on such transactions are brought fully or partially up to date, in order to enable the borrowers of the cancelled or refinanced transactions to repay their debt (principal and interest) because they are unable, or might foreseeably become unable, to comply with the conditions thereof in due time and form.

•Restructured transaction: transaction with respect to which, for economic or legal reasons relating to current or foreseeable financial difficulties of the borrower, the financial terms and conditions are modified in order to facilitate the payment of the debt (principal and interest) because the borrower is unable, or might foreseeably become unable, to comply with the aforementioned terms and conditions in due time and form, even if such modification is envisaged in the agreement.

For maximum guarantees amount, we will consider as follows:

•Collateral: the appraisal amount or valuation amount of the collateral received; for each transaction it cannot be higher than the covered amount of exposure.

146 January - June 2024

	30-06-2024
	Total							Of which: impaired
	Without collateral		With collateral					Without collateral		With collateral
					Maximum amount of the actual collateral that can be considered							Maximum amount of the actual collateral that can be considered
Amounts in million euros, except number of transactions in units	Number of transactions	Gross amount	Number of operations	Gross amount	Mortgage collateral	Other collateral	Impairment of accumulated value or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk	Number of transactions	Gross amount	Number of operations	Gross amount	Mortgage collateral	Other collateral	Impairment of accumulated value or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
Credit entities	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Public sector	13,541	417	49	7	2	—	4	8	3	7	1	1	—	3
Other financial institutions and: individual shareholder	940	83	679	233	83	106	53	438	22	340	61	21	10	43
Non financial institutions and individual shareholder	594,786	6,496	53,944	6,716	3,883	1,555	3,134	312,108	2,922	33,165	3,302	1,863	659	2,712
Of which: Financing for constructions and property development	13,477	93	1,933	552	460	38	128	7,480	52	1,054	216	157	23	101
Other warehouses	3,803,716	5,369	481,815	10,090	4,576	3,782	4,195	1,735,175	2,321	291,622	5,343	1,705	2,382	3,273
Total	4,412,983	12,365	536,487	17,046	8,544	5,443	7,386	2,047,729	5,268	325,134	8,707	3,590	3,051	6,031
Financing classified as non-current assets and disposable groups of items that have been classified as held for sale	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

January - June 2024 147

	31-12-2023
	Total							Of which: impaired
	Without collateral		With collateral					Without collateral		With collateral
					Maximum amount of the actual collateral that can be considered							Maximum amount of the actual collateral that can be considered
Amounts in million euros, except number of transactions in units	Number of transactions	Gross amount	Number of operations	Gross amount	Mortgage collateral	Other collateral	Impairment of accumulated value or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk	Number of transactions	Gross amount	Number of operations	Gross amount	Mortgage collateral	Other collateral	Impairment of accumulated value or accumulated losses in fair value due to credit risk
Credit entities	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Public sector	12,851	437	37	5	2	—	4	7	3	7	1	1	—	3
Other financial institutions and: individual shareholder	1,011	258	833	285	38	182	58	472	25	428	107	21	51	50
Non financial institutions and individual shareholder	728,123	7,709	61,110	6,977	4,079	1,461	3,543	385,859	3,307	37,225	3,751	2,134	709	3,078
Of which: Financing for constructions and property development	14,236	106	2,035	506	415	41	134	7,759	56	1,155	235	183	18	112
Other warehouses	4,400,346	6,107	507,378	10,185	4,602	4,043	4,484	2,092,099	2,593	293,433	5,257	1,744	2,394	3,415
Total	5,142,331	14,511	569,358	17,452	8,721	5,686	8,089	2,478,437	5,928	331,093	9,116	3,900	3,154	6,546
Financing classified as non-current assets and disposable groups of items that have been classified as held for sale	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

148 January - June 2024

c) Real estate business – Spain

i) Portfolio of home purchase loans to families

Home purchase loans granted to families in Spain on 30 June 2024 amounted to EUR 60,431 million (EUR 61,097 million at 31 December 2023). Of which mortgage collateral are 99.66%:

	Million euros
	30-06-2024		31-12-2023
	Gross Amount	Of which: impaired	Gross Amount	Of which: impaired
Home purchase loans to families	60,431	959	61,097	924
-Without mortgage collateral	203	14	215	16
- With mortgage collateral	60,228	945	60,882	908

The risk profile of the home purchase mortgage loan portfolio in Spain remained at a medium-low level, with limited prospects of additional impairment:

•Principal is repaid on all mortgages from the start.

•Early repayment is common so the average life of the transaction is well below that of the contract.

•High quality of collateral concentrated almost exclusively in financing the first home.

•Average affordability rate at the end of June stood at 24%.

•93% of the portfolio has a LTV below 80%, calculated as total risk/latest available house appraisal.

	30-06-2024
	Gross amount in books on the amount of the last appraisal (loan to value)
Million euros	Less than or equal to 40%	More than 40% or less than 60%	More than 60% and less than 80%	More than 80% and less or equal to 100%	More than 100%	Total
Gross amount	17,665	20,089	18,003	3,234	1,237	60,228
Of which: impaired	119	177	217	167	265	945

	31-12-2023
	Gross amount in books on the amount of the last appraisal (loan to value)
Million euros	Less than or equal to 40%	More than 40% or less than 60%	More than 60% and less than 80%	More than 80% and less or equal to 100%	More than 100%	Total
Gross amount	18,728	20,720	18,083	2,294	1,057	60,882
Of which: impaired	131	192	199	151	235	908

ii) Financing construction and property development

At 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 the financing amount related to construction and real estate business in Spain amounted to EUR 2,491 million and EUR 2,393 million net of allowances, respectively.

	30-06-2024
Million euros	Gross amount	Excess of gross exposure over maximum recoverable amount of effective collateral	Specific allowance
Financing for construction and property development recognised by the Group's credit institutions (including land) (business in Spain)	2,525	278	34
Of which: watchlist/ impaired	54	5	25
Memorandum items: Written-off assets	345

January - June 2024 149

	31-12-2023
Million euros	Gross amount	Excess of gross exposure over maximum recoverable amount of effective collateral	Specific allowance
Financing for construction and property development recognised by the Group's credit institutions (including land) (business in Spain)	2,433	259	40
Of which: watchlist/ impaired	74	5	29
Memorandum items: Written-off assets	346

	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
Million euros	Carrying amount
Memorandum items:
Total loans and advances to customers excluding the public sector (business in Spain) (book value)	244,349	241,695
Total consolidated assets (Total business) (book value)	1,786,261	1,797,062
Impairment losses and provision for exposure classified as normal (business in Spain)	1,162	1,230

At the end 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 the concentration of this portfolio was as follows:

	Loans: gross amount
Million euros	30-06-2024	31-12-2023
1. Without mortgage collateral	14	16
2. With mortgage collateral	2,511	2,417
2.1 Completed buildings	994	1,032
2.1.1 Residential	663	642
2.1.2 Other	331	390
2.2 Buildings and other constructions under construction	1,497	1,364
2.2.1 Residential	1,424	1,292
2.2.2 Other	73	72
2.3 Land	20	21
2.3.1 Developed consolidated land	13	14
2.3.2 Other land	7	7
Total	2,525	2,433

150 January - June 2024

d) Foreclosed real estate assets

The following table shows the breakdown at 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023 of the foreclosed assets for the Spanish business:

	30-06-2024
Million euros	Gross carrying amount	Valuation Adjustments	Of which: Impairment losses since time of the foreclosure	Carrying amount
Property assets arising from financing provided to construction and property development companies	4,634	2,630	1,935	2,004
Of which:
Completed Buildings	817	484	406	333
Residential	195	100	80	95
Other	622	384	326	238
Buildings under construction	126	58	45	68
Residential	9	7	5	2
Other	117	51	40	66
Land	3,691	2,088	1,484	1,603
Developed Land	1,001	530	333	471
Other land	2,690	1,558	1,151	1,132
Property assets from home purchase mortgage loans to households	435	193	131	242
Other foreclosed property assets	114	54	42	60
Total property assets	5,183	2,877	2,108	2,306

	31-12-2023
Million euros	Gross carrying amount	Valuation Adjustments	Of which: Impairment losses since time of the foreclosure	Carrying amount
Property assets arising from financing provided to construction and property development companies	4,901	2,801	2,072	2,100
Of which:
Completed Buildings	1,054	615	519	439
Residential	224	111	89	113
Other	830	504	430	326
Buildings under construction	101	45	36	56
Residential	12	9	6	3
Other	89	36	30	53
Land	3,746	2,141	1,517	1,605
Developed Land	1,107	589	366	518
Other land	2,639	1,552	1,151	1,087
Property assets from home purchase mortgage loans to households	473	197	131	276
Other foreclosed property assets	132	60	46	72
Total property assets	5,506	3,058	2,249	2,448

Additionally, Grupo Santander has participation in entities holding real estate assets foreclosed or received in payment of debts for an amount of EUR 19 million and capital instruments foreclosed or received in payment of debts for an amount of EUR 13 million.

January - June 2024 151

e) Solvency information

The Group commands a solvency position above the levels required by regulators and by the European Central bank. At 30 June 2024, at a consolidated level, the Group must maintain a minimum capital ratio of 9.62% of CET1 fully loaded (4.50% being the requirement for Pillar I, 0.98% being the requirement for Pillar II, 2.5% being the requirement for capital conservation buffer, 1.25% being the requirement for G-SIB and 0.39% being the requirement for anti-cyclical capital buffer).

Grupo Santander must also maintain a minimum capital ratio of 11.45% of Tier 1 fully loaded and a minimum total ratio of 13.88% fully loaded.

At 30 June 2024, the Group has a capital ratio regulatory CET1 of 12.48% and a total ratio of 16.71%, the CET1 fully loaded is 12.46%.

Capital ratio

	30-06-2024		31-12-2023
Capital ratio
Level 1 ordinary eligible capital (EUR million)	77,975		76,741
Level 1 additional eligible capital (EUR million)	8,834		9,002
Level 2 eligible capital (EUR million)	17,612		16,497
Risk-weighted assets (EUR million)	624,831		623,731
Level 1 ordinary capital coefficient (CET 1)	12.48	%	12.30	%
Level 1 additional capital coefficient (AT1)	1.41	%	1.45	%
Level 1 capital coefficient (TIER1)	13.89	%	13.75	%
Level 2 capital coefficient (TIER 2)	2.82	%	2.64	%
Total capital ratio	16.71	%	16.39	%

Leverage

	30-06-2024		31-12-2023
Leverage
Tier 1 capital (EUR million)	86,809		85,742
Exposure (EIR million)	1,830,215		1,826,922
Leverage ratio	4.74	%	4.69	%

152 January - June 2024

17.   Additional disclosure requirements

This note includes relevant information about additional disclosure requirements.

17.1    Parent company financial statements

Following are the summarised unaudited condensed balance sheets of Banco Santander, S.A. as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023. In the financial information of the Parent, investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entities and associates are recorded at cost.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS	30 June 2024	31 December 2023
(Parent company only)	(Millions of Euros)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	130,150	172,524
Of which:
To bank subsidiaries	7,476	6,834
Trading account assets	116,064	102,296
Investment securities	72,272	63,325
Of which:
To bank subsidiaries	17,403	16,137
To non-bank subsidiaries	992	1,229
Net Loans and leases	311,285	298,068
Of which:
To non-bank subsidiaries	21,680	22,435
Investment in affiliated companies	100,430	99,326
Of which:
To bank subsidiaries	74,374	74,016
To non-bank subsidiaries	26,056	25,310
Premises and equipment, net	6,216	6,368
Other assets	15,099	15,435
Total assets	751,517	757,342
Liabilities
Deposits	369,131	398,374
Of which:
To bank subsidiaries	4,489	7,832
To non-bank subsidiaries	17,123	14,610
Short-term debt	95,981	70,771
Long-term debt	120,371	129,258
Total debt	216,352	200,029
Of which:
To bank subsidiaries	50	—
To non-bank subsidiaries	1,193	1,816
Other liabilities	89,178	84,065
Total liabilities	674,661	682,468
Stockholders' equity
Capital stock	7,747	8,092
Retained earnings and other reserves	69,109	66,782
Total stockholders' equity	76,856	74,874
Total liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	751,517	757,342

January - June 2024 153

Following are the summarised unaudited condensed statements of income of Banco Santander, S.A. for the periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME	Six months ended	Six months ended
(Parent company only)	30 June 2024	30 June 2023
	(Millions of Euros)
Interest income	18,184	13,380
Interest from earning assets	14,014	10,249
Dividends from affiliated companies	4,170	3,131
Of which:
From bank subsidiaries	3,747	2,618
From non-bank subsidiaries	423	513
Interest expense	(9,993)	(6,938)
Interest income / (Charges)	8,191	6,442
Provision for credit losses	(658)	(755)
Interest income / (Charges) after provision for credit losses	7,532	5,687
Non-interest income:	2,724	2,397
Non-interest expense:	(4,517)	(4,187)
Income before income taxes	5,739	3,897
Income tax expense	(337)	(243)
Net income	5,402	3,654

154 January - June 2024

Following are the summarised unaudited condensed statements of comprehensive income of Banco Santander, S.A. for the periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF	Six months ended	Six months ended
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Parent company only)	30 June 2024	30 June 2023
	(Millions of Euros)
NET INCOME	5,402	3,654
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	71	(183)
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss	93	104
Hedging instruments (items not designated)	—	—
Revaluation gains (losses)	—	—
Amounts transferred to income statement	—	—
Other reclassifications	—	—
Debt instruments at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income	(26)	43
Revaluation gains (losses)	(95)	38
Amounts transferred to income statement	69	5
Other reclassifications	—	—
Cash flow hedges:	163	133
Revaluation gains/(losses)	(13)	(24)
Amounts transferred to income statement	176	157
Amounts transferred to initial carrying amount of hedged items	—	—
Other reclassifications	—	—
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations:	—	—
Exchange differences	—	—
Non-current assets held for sale	—	—
Income tax	(44)	(72)
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss:	(22)	(287)
Actuarial gains/(losses) on pension plans	2	12
Other recognised income and expense of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates	—	—
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income	17	(275)
Gains or losses resulting from the accounting for hedges of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, net	—	—
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (hedged item)	4	(41)
Changes in the fair value of equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (hedging instrument)	(4)	41
Changes in the fair value of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to changes in credit risk	(61)	(34)
Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified	20	10
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	5,473	3,471

January - June 2024 155

Following are the summarised unaudited condensed cash flow statements of Banco Santander, S.A. for the periods ended 30 June 2024 and 2023.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CASH FLOW STATEMENTS	Six months ended	Six months ended
(Parent company only)	30 June 2024	30 June 2023
	(Millions of Euros)
1. Cash flows from operating activities
Consolidated profit	5,402	3,654
Adjustments to profit	(2,740)	2,080
Net increase/decrease in operating assets	(45,848)	(10,186)
Net increase/decrease in operating liabilities	(11,864)	(14,608)
Reimbursements/payments of income tax	1,063	1,134
Total net cash flows from operating activities (1)	(53,987)	(17,926)
2. Cash flows from investing activities
Investments (-)	(1,850)	(2,438)
Divestments (+)	4,285	4,099
Total net cash flows from investment activities (2)	2,435	1,661
3. Cash flows from financing activities
Issuance of own equity instruments	—	—
Disposal of own equity instruments	302	336
Acquisition of own equity instruments	(2,032)	(1,622)
Issuance of debt securities	3,908	1,500
Redemption of debt securities	(2,994)	(438)
Dividends paid	(1,485)	(963)
Issuance/Redemption of equity instruments	—	—
Other collections/payments related to financing activities	(151)	(87)
Total net cash flows from financing activities (3)	(2,452)	(1,274)
4. Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (4)	1,156	(429)
5. Net increase/decrease in cash and cash equivalents (1+2+3+4)	(52,848)	(17,968)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	125,020	130,083
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	72,172	112,115

17.2    Preference Shares and Preferred Securities

The following table shows the balance of the preference shares and preferred securities as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023:

	30 June 2024	31 December 2023
	(Millions of Euros)
Preference shares	207	202
Preferred securities	8,281	9,081
Total at period-end	8,488	9,283

Both preference shares and preferred securities are recorded under the “Financial liabilities at amortized cost – Subordinated Liabilities” caption in the consolidated balance sheet as of 30 June 2024 and 31 December 2023.

Preference shares include the financial instruments issued by the consolidated companies which, although equity for legal purposes, do not meet the requirements for classification as equity in the financial statements. These shares do not carry any voting rights and are non-cumulative.

Preference shares include non-cumulative preferred non-voting shares issued by Santander UK plc.

Preferred securities include non-cumulative preferred non-voting securities issued by Banco Santander, S.A.

For the purposes of payment priority, preferred securities are junior to all general creditors and to subordinated deposits. The payment of dividends on these securities, which have no voting rights, is conditional upon obtaining sufficient distributable profit and upon the limits imposed by Spanish banking regulations on equity.

156 January - June 2024

Preference shares and preferred securities are perpetual securities and there is no obligation that requires the Group to redeem them. All securities have been fully subscribed by third parties outside the Group. In the consolidated balance sheets, these securities are shown net of any temporary transactions relating to liquidity guarantees.

For further information, see Note 23.c. to our consolidated financial statements in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F filed with the SEC on 21 February 2024 and Note 9.b. to our consolidated financial statements in Part 1 of this report.

	Outstanding at 30 June 2024
		Amount in
Preference Shares		currency	Interest rate		Redemption
Issuer/Date of issue	Currency	(million)			Option (A)
Santander UK plc, October 1995	Pounds Sterling	80.3	10.375	%	No option
Santander UK plc, February 1996	Pounds Sterling	80.3	10.375	%	No option

	Outstanding at 30 June 2024
		Amount in
Preferred Securities		currency	Interest rate			Maturity date
Issuer/Date of issue	Currency	(million)
Banco Santander, S.A.
Banco Santander, S.A., March 2018	Euro	187.6	4.75	%	(B)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., January 2020	Euro	1,498.6	4.375	%	(C)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., May 2021	US Dollar	1,000.0	4.75	%	(D)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., May 2021	Euro	750.0	4.125	%	(E)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., September 2021	Euro	990.0	3.625	%	(F)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., November 2023	US Dollar	1,149.6	9.625	%	(G)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., November 2023	US Dollar	1,349.8	9.625	%	(H)	Perpetuity
Banco Santander, S.A., May 2024	Euro	1,500.0	7.00	%	(I)	Perpetuity
Santander Finance Preferred, S.A. (Unipersonal), September 2004	Euro	144.0	€CMS 10 +0.05% subject to a maximum distribution of 8% per annum			Perpetuity

A.From these dates the issuer can redeem the shares, subject to prior authorization by the national supervisor.

B.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 4.75% interest rate is set for the first seven years. After that, it will be reviewed by applying a margin of 409.7 basis points on the 5-year Mid-Swap Rate.

C.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 4.375% interest rate is set for the first six years. After that, it will be reviewed every 5 years by applying a margin of 453.4 basis points on the 5-year Mid-Swap Rate.

D.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 4.750% interest rate is set for the first six years, revised every 5 years thereafter by applying a margin of 375.3 basis points over the 5-year UST rate.

E.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 4.125% interest rate is set for the first seven years, revised every 5 years thereafter by applying a margin of 431.1 basis points over the applicable 5-year Euro Mid-Swap Rate.

F.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 3.625% interest rate is set for the first eight years, revised every 5 years thereafter by applying a margin of 376 basis points over the 5-year Mid-Swap Rate.

G.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 9.625% interest rate is set for the first five years and six months, revised every 5 years thereafter by applying a margin of 530.6 basis points on the 5-year UST rate.

H.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 9.625% interest rate is set for the first ten years, revised every 5 years thereafter by applying a margin of 529.8 basis points on the 5-year UST rate.

I.Payment is subject to certain conditions and to the discretion of Banco Santander. The 7.00% interest rate is set for the first six years, revised every 5 years thereafter by applying a margin of 443.2 basis points on the 5-year Mid-Swap rate.

Santander Finance Preferred, S.A. (Unipersonal) - issuer of registered securities guaranteed by Banco Santander, S.A. until November 2017, merged on that date with Banco Santander, S.A.

January - June 2024 157

Part 2. Supplemental information

158 January - June 2024

INDEX TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

	Page
ITEM 1. PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION	160
ITEM 2. CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	162
ITEM 3. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	164
ITEM 4. RISK FACTORS	169
ITEM 5. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	173
Average balance sheets and interest rates	173
Other statistical disclosure requirements	181
ITEM 6. TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS	183
ITEM 7. RISK DISCLOSURES	184
ITEM 8. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	198
ITEM 9. OTHER DISCLOSURES	199

January - June 2024 159

ITEM 1. PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

Accounting principles

Under Regulation (EC) No. 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002, all companies governed by the law of an EU Member State (a 'Member State') and whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market of any Member State must prepare their consolidated financial statements in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards previously adopted by the European Union ('EU-IFRS'). The Bank of Spain Circular 4/2004 of 22 December 2004 on Public and Confidential Financial Reporting Rules and Formats ('Circular 4/2004') required Spanish credit institutions to adapt their accounting systems to the principles derived from the adoption by the European Union of International Financial Reporting Standards. This Circular was repealed on 1 January 2018 by Bank of Spain Circular 4/2017, of 27 November 2017 on Public and Confidential Financial Reporting Rules and Formats ('Circular 4/2017'). Therefore, Grupo Santander (the 'Group' or 'Santander') is required to prepare its consolidated financial statements for the six-month period ended 30 June 2024 in conformity with EU-IFRS and Bank of Spain’s Circular 4/2017. Differences between EU-IFRS, Bank of Spain’s Circulars and International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ('IFRS-IASB') are not material. Therefore, we assert that the financial information contained in this report on Form 6-K complies with IFRS-IASB.

We have presented our financial information according to the classification format for banks used in Spain. We have not reclassified the line items to comply with Article 9 of Regulation S-X, as permitted by the rules and regulations of the US Securities and Exchange Commission ('SEC'). Article 9 is a regulation of the SEC that contains presentation requirements for bank holding company financial statements.

General information

Our consolidated financial statements are in Euros, which are denoted 'euro', 'euros', 'EUR' or '€' throughout this report. Also, throughout this report, when we refer to:

•'we', 'us', 'our', the 'Group', 'Grupo Santander', ‘Banco Santander’ or 'Santander', we mean Banco Santander, S.A. and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires;

•'dollars', 'US$' or '$', we mean United States dollars; and

•'pounds', 'GBP sterling' or '£', we mean United Kingdom pounds.

When we refer to 'net interest income' we mean 'interest income/(charges)'.

When we refer to 'staff costs' we mean 'personnel expenses'.

When we refer to 'profit before tax' we mean 'operating profit/(loss) before tax'.

When we refer to 'average balances' for a particular period, we mean the average of the month-end balances for that period, unless otherwise noted. We do not believe that monthly averages present trends that are materially different from trends that daily averages would show. In calculating our interest income, we include any interest payments we received on non-accruing loans if they were received in the period when due.

When we refer to 'loans', we mean loans, leases, discounted bills and accounts receivable, unless otherwise noted. The loan to value 'LTV' ratios disclosed in this report refer to LTV ratios calculated as the ratio of the outstanding amount of the loan to the most recent available appraisal value of the mortgaged asset. Additionally, if a loan shows signs of impairment, we update the appraisals which are then used to estimate allowances for loan losses.

When we refer to the non-performing loans ratio ('NPL ratio'), we mean credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted divided by total risk (total loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted, including those that are credit impaired).

When we refer to 'credit impaired balances', unless otherwise noted, we mean credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted.

When we refer to 'allowances for credit losses', unless otherwise noted, we mean allowances for expected credit losses of financial assets.

When we refer to 'perimeter effect', we mean growth or reduction derived from changes in the companies that we consolidate resulting from acquisitions, dispositions or other reasons.

Where a translation of foreign exchange is given for any financial data, unless otherwise noted, we use the exchange rates of the relevant period (as of the end of such period for balance sheet data and the average exchange rate of such period for income statement data) as published by the European Central Bank (ECB).

Management makes use of certain financial measures in local currency to help in the assessment of ongoing operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures include the results of operations of our subsidiary banks located outside the eurozone, excluding the impact of foreign exchange. We analyse these banks’ performance on a local currency basis to better measure the comparability of results between periods. Because changes in foreign currency exchange rates have a non-operating impact on the results of operations, we believe that evaluating their performance on a local currency basis provides an additional and meaningful assessment of performance to both management and the company’s investors. Variances in financial metrics, excluding the exchange rate impact, are calculated by translating the components of the financial metrics to our Euro presentation currency using the same foreign currency exchange rate for

160 January - June 2024

both periods presented. For a discussion of the accounting principles used in translation of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities to Euros, see note 2(a) to our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2023 filed with the SEC on 21 February 2024 (the '2023 Form 20-F'). See more information in 'Alternative Performance Measures' under Part 1 of this report.

January - June 2024 161

ITEM 2. CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Banco Santander advises that this report on Form 6-K contains statements that constitute 'forward-looking statements' within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, information regarding:

•future business development;

•shareholders' remuneration policy;

•exposure to various types of market risks;

•management strategy;

•capital expenditures;

•earnings and other targets;

•asset portfolios; and

•non-financial information.

Forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as 'expect,' 'project,' 'anticipate,' 'should,' 'intend,' 'probability,' 'risk,' 'VaR,' 'RoRAC,' 'RoRWA,' 'TNAV,' 'target,' 'goal,' 'objective,' 'estimate,' 'future,' 'commitment,' 'commit,' 'focus,' 'pledge' and similar expressions which are found throughout this report on Form 6-K. We include forward-looking statements throughout this report on Form 6-K, including but not limited to, the 'Quantitative Analysis About Market Risk' section and the emissions and other climate-related performance data, statistics, metrics and/or targets. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

Written and/or oral forward-looking statements may also be made in the periodic reports to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, shareholder' and investors' reports, offering circulars, prospectuses, press releases and other written materials, and in oral statements made by our directors, officers or employees to third parties, including financial analysts.

You should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those discussed under 'Item 4. Risk Factors', 'Item 5. Information on the Company', 'Part 1. Consolidated Directors’ Report—Group Financial Information', 'Part 1. Consolidated Directors’ Report—Financial Information by Segments', and elsewhere in this report on Form 6-K, could affect our future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statement:

162 January - June 2024

Economic and Industry Conditions

•general economic or industry conditions in Spain, the UK, the US, other European countries, Brazil, other Latin American countries and the other areas where we have significant operations or investments;

•effects of wars and conflicts (including the war in Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East) or the outbreak of public health emergencies on the global economy;

•climate-related conditions, regulations, targets and weather events;

•uncertainty over the scope of actions that may be required by us, governments and others to achieve goals relating to climate, environmental and social matters, as well as the evolving nature of underlying science and industry and governmental standards and regulations;

•exposure to various market risks, principally including interest rate risk, foreign exchange rate risk, equity price risk and risks associated with new benchmark indices;

•a worsening of the economic environment in Spain, the UK, the US, other European countries, Brazil, other Latin American countries and the other areas where we have significant operations or investments, and increase of the volatility in the capital markets;

•the effects of a decline in real estate prices, particularly in Spain and the UK;

•the effects of results of UK political developments, including the UK’s exit from the European Union;

•monetary and interest rate policies of the ECB and various central banks;

•inflation or deflation;

•the effects of non-linear market behaviour that cannot be captured by linear statistical models, such as the VaR model we use;

•changes in competition and pricing environments;

•the inability to hedge some risks economically;

•changes in demographics, consumer spending, investment or saving habits;

•changes in energy prices;

•potential losses from early repayments on our loan and investment portfolio, declines in value of collateral securing our loan portfolio, and counterparty risk; and

•changes in competition and pricing environments as a result of the progressive adoption of the internet for conducting financial services and/or other factors.

Political and Governmental Factors

•political stability in Spain, the UK, other European countries, the US, Brazil, other Latin American countries and the other areas where we have significant operations or investments;

•changes in Spanish, UK, EU, US, Latin American, or other jurisdictions’ legislation, regulations or taxes, including changes in regulatory capital and liquidity requirements, especially in view of the UK exit of the EU; and

•increased regulation in response to financial crises.

Transaction and Commercial Factors

•damage to our reputation;

•acquisitions or restructurings of businesses that may not perform in accordance with our expectations and our ability to integrate successfully our acquisitions and related challenges that result from the inherent diversion of management’s focus and resources from other strategic opportunities and operational matters; and

•the outcome of our negotiations with business partners and governments.

Operating Factors

•the adequacy of loss reserves;

•potential losses associated with an increase in the level of impairment by counterparties to other types of financial instruments;

•technical difficulties and/or failure to adequately improve or upgrade our information technology;

•changes in our access to liquidity and funding on acceptable terms, including as a result of credit spread shifts or downgrades in our credit ratings or those of our more significant subsidiaries;

•our exposure to operational losses (e.g., failed internal or external processes, people and systems);

•changes in our ability to recruit, retain and develop appropriate senior management and skilled personnel;

•the occurrence of force majeure, such as natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics, that impact our operations or impair the asset quality of our loan portfolio;

•the impact of changes in the composition of our balance sheet on future interest income / (charges);

•potential losses associated with cyberattacks, data breaches, data losses and other cybersecurity incidents; and

•our own decisions and actions including those affecting or changing our practices, operations, priorities, strategies, policies or procedures.

The forward-looking statements contained in this report on Form 6-K speak only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after that date or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

January - June 2024 163

ITEM 3. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

We have selected the following financial information from our consolidated financial statements. You should read this information in connection with, and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of this report on Form 6-K.

From 1 January 2023 we apply retrospectively IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts and amendments to IFRS 17' which did not have material equity impacts except for a balance sheet reclassification for an amount of approximately EUR 16 billion as of 31 December 2022 (EUR 18 billion as of 31 December 2021) from a portfolio of products registered in 'Customer deposits' to 'Liabilities covered by insurance or reinsurance contracts'. See note 1.b to our consolidated financial statements in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F.

Our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that we believe are necessary to state such information fairly for the six months ended 30 June 2024 and 2023. All those adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Our results for the six months ended 30 June 2024 are not necessarily indicative of what our results will be for the full year or any other period.

164 January - June 2024

	Year ended 31 December,
BALANCE SHEET (EUR million)	2023		2022		2021		30 June 2024		30 June 2023
Total assets	1,797,062		1,734,659		1,595,835		1,786,261		1,780,493
Loans and advances to customers	1,036,349		1,036,004		972,682		1,065,596		1,045,044
Customer deposits	1,047,169		1,009,722		900,554		1,037,646		1,013,778
Total customer funds (A)	1,306,942		1,239,981		1,135,866		1,309,903		1,255,783
Total equity	104,241		97,585		97,053		103,648		102,044
CAPITALIZATION (EUR million)
Shareholders' equity	130,443		124,732		119,649		132,836		127,258
Other comprehensive income	(35,020)		(35,628)		(32,719)		(36,963)		(33,789)
Stockholders' equity (B)	95,423		89,104		86,930		95,873		93,469
Non-controlling interest (including net income of the period)	8,818		8,481		10,123		7,775		8,575
Total equity	104,241		97,585		97,053		103,648		102,044
Subordinated debt issued by Banco Santander, S.A. or issued by subsidiaries and guaranteed by Banco Santander, S.A., excluding preferred securities and preferred shares	15,070		11,900		11,845		12,847		13,319
Other Subordinated debt (C)	6,559		5,930		5,541		11,100		5,722
Preferred securities (D)	9,081		7,898		8,601		8,281		7,864
Preferred shares (D)	202		198		209		207		205
Total subordinated debt	30,912		25,926		26,196		32,435		27,110
Total capitalization	135,153		123,511		123,249		136,081		129,154
Stockholders’ Equity per average share (B) (N)	5.90		5.29		5.03		6.12		5.74
Stockholders’ Equity per share at period end (B) (N)	6.01		5.38		5.09		6.19		5.78
INCOME STATEMENT (EUR million)
Interest income / (charges)	43,261		38,619		33,370		23,457		20,920
Total income	57,423		52,117		46,404		30,715		28,010
Net operating income (E)	31,998		28,214		24,989		17,802		15,531
Operating profit/(loss) before tax	16,459		15,250		14,547		9,508		8,090
Profit from continuing operations	12,183		10,764		9,653		6,592		5,809
Profit attributable to the Parent	11,076		9,605		8,124		6,059		5,241
PERFORMANCE (%)
ROE (F) (H)	11.9	%	10.7	%	9.7	%	12.6	%	11.5	%
RoTE (G) (H)	15.1	%	13.4	%	12.0	%	15.9	%	14.5	%
ROA (H)	0.69	%	0.63	%	0.62	%	0.74	%	0.67	%
SOLVENCY RATIOS (%)
Fully loaded CET1 (I)	12.3	%	12.0	%	12.1	%	12.5	%	12.2	%
Phased-in CET1 (I)	12.3	%	12.2	%	12.5	%	12.5	%	12.3	%
CREDIT QUALITY DATA (%)
Loans and advances to customers
Allowances for total balances as a percentage of total gross loans	2.15	%	2.14	%	2.31	%	2.08	%	2.17	%
Credit impaired balances as a percentage of total gross loans (J)	3.22	%	3.11	%	3.18	%	3.09	%	3.12	%
Allowances for total balances as a percentage of credit impaired balances (J)	67	%	69	%	73	%	67	%	69	%
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of total gross loans	1.16	%	1.02	%	0.77	%	1.04	%	1.12	%
Ratios adding contingent liabilities to loans and advances to customers (K)
Allowances for total balances as a percentage of total loans and contingent liabilities	2.07	%	2.08	%	2.25	%	2.00	%	2.10	%

January - June 2024 165

Credit impaired balances as a percentage of total loans and contingent liabilities (J) (L)	3.14	%	3.08	%	3.16	%	3.02	%	3.07	%
Allowances for total balances as a percentage of credit impaired balances (J) (L)	66	%	68	%	71	%	66	%	68	%
Net loan and contingent liabilities charge-offs as a percentage of total loans and contingent liabilities	1.08	%	0.96	%	0.73	%	0.97	%	1.05	%
MARKET CAPITALIZATION AND SHARES
Number of shareholders	3,662,377		3,915,388		3,936,922		3,526,649		3,802,161
Shares (millions)	16,184		16,794		17,341		15,494		16,184
Share price (euros)	3.780		2.803		2.941		4.331		3.385
Market capitalization (EUR million)	61,168		47,066		50,990		67,098		54,783
Payout ratio (%) (M)	25	%	20	%	20.00		—		—
PER SHARE INFORMATION
Average number of shares (EUR thousands) (N)	16,172,085		16,848,345		17,272,055		15,664,707		16,279,041
Basic earnings per share (euros)	0.65		0.54		0.44		0.37		0.31
Basic earnings per share continuing operation (euros)	0.65		0.54		0.44		0.37		0.31
Diluted earnings per share (euros)	0.65		0.54		0.44		0.37		0.31
Diluted earnings per share continuing operation (euros)	0.65		0.54		0.44		0.37		0.31
Remuneration (euros) (O)	0.1760		0.1178		0.1000		0.0950		0.0595
Remuneration (US$) (O)	0.1945		0.1258		0.1133		0.1020		0.0649
OPERATING DATA
Number of employees	212,764		206,462		199,177		209,553		212,409
Number of branches	8,518		9,019		9,229		8,285		8,823

(A) Total customer funds includes customer deposits, mutual funds, pension funds and managed portfolios. See notes 21 and 35 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F.

(B) Equals the sum of the amounts included at the end of each year as 'Shareholders’ Equity' and 'Other comprehensive income' as stated in our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of this report. We have deducted the book value of treasury stock from stockholders’ equity.

(C) Other Subordinated debt includes issuances by subsidiaries not guaranteed by Banco Santander, S.A. excluding preferred securities and preferred shares.

(D) In our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of this report, preferred securities and preferred shares are included under 'Subordinated liabilities'.

(E) Net Operating Income is used for the Group’s internal reporting and management reporting purposes but is not a line item in the statutory consolidated income statement. Net operating income equals the sum of 'Total income', 'Administrative expenses' and 'Depreciation and amortization' as stated in our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of this report.

(F) The Return on average stockholders’ equity ratio is calculated as profit attributable to the Parent divided by average stockholders’ equity.

(G) The Return on average tangible equity ratio (ROTE) is calculated as profit attributable to the Parent excluding goodwill impairment divided by the monthly average of: capital + reserves + retained earnings + other comprehensive income (excluding non-controlling interests) - goodwill - other intangible assets. We provide this non-GAAP financial measure as an additional measure to return on equity to provide a way to look at our performance which is closely aligned to our capital position.

(H) Consolidated profit and profit attributable to the Parent for the six months ended 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 have been annualized by doubling the recurring results, that is, assuming that non-recurring results registered during the first half of the year (if any) will not be repeated in the second half of the year. In the first half of 2024 and the first half of 2023 there were no non-recurring results. We believe that annualizing the profits by doubling only the recurring amounts presents an accurate picture of the evolution of our profitability. Consolidated profit and profit attributable to the Parent for the first half of any year are not necessarily indicative of the results for that full year.

	(million euros, except percentages)
	2023	2022	2021	30 June 2024	30 June 2023
Profit attributable to the parent (H)	11,076	9,605	8,124	12,118	10,482
Profit attributable to the parent excluding goodwill impairment (H)	11,096	9,605	8,130	12,118	10,482
Average equity	93,035	89,986	84,133	96,151	91,368
Effect of goodwill and other intangible assets	(19,361)	(18,164)	(16,169)	(19,755)	(19,051)
Average tangible equity	73,675	71,822	67,964	76,396	72,317
Return on equity (ROE) (%)	11.9	10.7	9.7	12.6	11.5
Return on tangible equity (ROTE) (%)	15.1	13.4	12.0	15.9	14.5

166 January - June 2024

(I) Fully loaded CET1 ratios are calculated without application of the transitory IFRS 9 provisions nor the subsequent amendments introduced by Regulation 2020/873 of the European Union. The phased-in CET1 ratios reflect the application of the transitory provisions and subsequent amendments introduced by Regulation 2020/873 of the European Union.

(J) Reflect Bank of Spain classifications. These classifications differ from the classifications applied by US banks in reporting loans as non-accrual, past due, restructured and potential problem loans. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F.

(K) We disclose these ratios because our credit risk exposure comprises loans and advances to customers as well as contingent liabilities, all of which are subject to impairment and, therefore, allowances are taken in respect thereof.

(L) Credit impaired balances include credit impaired loans and advances, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted.

(M) Pay-out information for the six months ended 30 June 2024 and 2023 and for the year-end is not comparable. The interim figures for the six months ended 30 June 2024 and 2023 include in the numerator cash dividends paid during the first half of the year on account of that year (therefore zero, given that the first interim dividend on account of every year is paid in the second half of that year) while the full-year figures include in the numerator all cash dividends paid or to be paid on account of that year.

(N) Average number of shares has been calculated on a monthly basis as the weighted average number of shares outstanding in the relevant year, net of treasury stock.

(O) With regard to the 2021 shareholder remuneration policy, on 28 September 2021 the board announced its intention to pay out an interim distribution of approximately 40% of the Group's underlying profit, split in equal parts in cash dividend and share buybacks.

Interim remuneration. Accordingly, the board authorized the payment of an interim dividend of EUR 4.85 cents per share (i.e., 20% of the Group's underlying profit for the first half of 2021), in cash and charged against 2021 profits. The interim dividend was paid on 2 November 2021. The board also voted to launch the First 2021 Buyback Programme worth 841 million euros (20% of the Group's underlying profit for the first half of 2021) once the ECB approved it on 28 September 2021. The First 2021 Buyback Programme was completed on 26 November 2021, and resulted in the acquisition of a total of 259,930,273 shares.

Final remuneration. On 24 February 2022, pursuant to the 2021 shareholder remuneration policy, the board of directors voted to: (i) submit a resolution at the 1 April 2022 AGM (the '2022 AGM') to approve a final cash dividend in the gross amount of EUR 5.15 cents per share (approximately 20% of the Group’s underlying profit for the second half of 2021); and (ii) implement a Second 2021 Buyback Programme worth 865 million euros (approximately 20% of the Group’s underlying profit for the second half of 2021). After approval at the 2022 AGM, the cash dividend was paid on 2 May 2022, and the Second 2021 Buyback Programme was completed on 6 May 2022, resulting in the acquisition of a total of 286,309,445 shares. As a result, total shareholder remuneration totalled approximately EUR 3.4 billion, equivalent to approximately 40% of 2021 underlying attributable profit.

With regard to the remuneration policy against the 2022 earnings, the board continued the policy of allocating approximately 40% of the Group's underlying profit to shareholder remuneration, split in approximately equal parts in cash dividends and share buybacks.

Interim remuneration. On 27 September 2022, the board authorized the payment of an interim cash dividend against 2022 results of 5.83 euro cents per share (equivalent to approximately 20% of the Group's underlying profit in the first half 2022). The interim dividend was paid on 2 November 2022. The board also agreed to implement the First 2022 Buyback Programme worth approximately 979 million euros (approximately 20% of the Group's underlying profit in first half 2022) following the ECB approval on 17 November 2022. The First 2022 Buyback Programme was completed on 31 January 2023, and resulted in the acquisition of a total of 340,406,572 shares.

Final remuneration. On 27 February 2023, per the 2022 shareholder remuneration policy, the board of directors voted to: (i) submit a resolution at the 31 March 2023 AGM to approve a final cash dividend in the gross amount of 5.95 euro cents per share entitled to receive dividends (following the approval at the AGM, the dividend was paid on 2 May 2023); and (ii) implement a Second 2022 Buyback Programme worth 921 million euros, that commenced on 1 March 2023 and was completed on 21 April 2023, resulting in the acquisition of a total of 269,848,953 shares. After the above-mentioned actions, the shareholders' remuneration for 2022 amounted to 3,842 million euros (approximately 40% of the underlying profit in 2022) split in approximately equal parts in cash dividends (1,942 million euros) and share buybacks (1,900 million euros).

With regard to the remuneration policy against the 2023 earnings, the board followed a policy of allocating 50% of the Group’s reported profit, excluding non-cash, non-capital ratios impact items, to shareholder remuneration, distributed in approximately 50% in cash dividend and 50% in share buybacks.

Interim remuneration. On 26 September 2023, the board resolved to pay an interim cash dividend against the 2023 results of 8.10 euro cents per share entitled to the dividend (equivalent to approximately 25% of the Group's reported profit in the first half of 2023). The interim dividend was paid on 2 November 2023. The board also agreed to implement the First 2023 Buyback Programme worth approximately EUR 1,310 million (equivalent to approximately 25% of the Group's reported profit in the first half of 2023). The First 2023 Buyback Programme was completed on 25 January 2024, and resulted in the acquisition of a total of 358,567,487 shares.

Final remuneration. Under the 2023 shareholder remuneration policy, on 19 February 2024, the board of directors resolved to submit a resolution at the 22 March 2024 AGM to approve a final cash dividend in the gross amount of 9.50 euro cents per share entitled to dividends. Following the approval at the AGM, the dividend was paid from 2 May 2024. The board of directors also resolved to implement the Second 2023 Buyback Programme worth 1,459 million euros, which commenced on 20 February 2024 and was completed on 17 June 2024 resulting in the acquisition of a total of 331,305,000 shares. Once the above-mentioned actions were completed, total shareholder remuneration for 2023 amounted to 5,538 million euros (approximately 50% of the Group's reported profit in 2023), distributed in approximately 50% in cash dividend and 50% in share buybacks.

Remuneration per share for the six months ended 30 June 2024 and 2023 and for the year-end is not comparable. The remuneration per share disclosed for each financial year includes all dividends paid or to be paid on account of that financial year. The remuneration per share disclosed for the periods ended 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 includes the cash dividends paid in those periods; that is, EUR 9.50 cents per share paid during the first half of 2024 on account of the 2023 financial year, and EUR 5.95 cents per share paid during the first half of 2023 on account of the 2022 financial year.

Set forth below is a table showing our allowances for credit impaired balances broken down by various categories as disclosed and discussed throughout this report on Form 6-K:

January - June 2024 167

	2023	2022	2021	30 June 2024	30 June 2023
Allowances refers to:	(in millions of euros)
Allowances for total balances (A)	23,490	23,418	23,698	23,323	23,902
Allowances for contingent liabilities and commitments	702	734	734	698	756
Allowances for total balances (excluding contingent liabilities and commitments):	22,788	22,684	22,964	22,625	23,146
Other allowances (B)	295	232	222	391	280
Allowances for total balances (excluding contingent liabilities and commitments)	23,083	22,916	23,186	23,016	23,426
Of which:
Allowances for customers	22,788	22,684	22,964	22,625	23,146
Allowances for credit institutions and other financial assets	9	6	7	4	7
Allowances for Debt instruments	286	226	215	387	273
Allowances for Financial assets at amortised cost	22,950	22,888	23,164	22,815	23,355
Allowances for Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	133	28	22	201	71

(A)   Allowances for credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted.

(B) Includes mainly allowances for debt instruments.

168 January - June 2024

ITEM 4. RISK FACTORS

For a description of risks associated with Banco Santander and the Group, see the section entitled 'Risk Factors' in our 2023 Form 20-F. Set out below are certain risk factors which could have a material adverse effect on Banco Santander’s and the Group’s business, operations, financial condition or prospects and cause future results to be materially different from expected results. The risks appearing below update and supplement certain risks highlighted in the 2023 Form 20-F. These risks should be read in conjunction with the other risks appearing in the 2023 Form 20-F and all of the other information appearing in this report on Form 6-K and should not be regarded as a complete and comprehensive statement of all potential risks and uncertainties that Banco Santander and the Group face. In addition, Banco Santander’s results could be affected by competition and other factors, there may be additional risks that Banco Santander currently considers not to be material or of which they are not currently aware, and any of these risks could also have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition or prospects. All of these factors are contingencies which may or may not occur and Banco Santander is not in a position to express a view on the likelihood of any such contingency occurring.

We are exposed to risk of loss from legal and regulatory proceedings.

We face risk of loss from legal and regulatory proceedings, including tax proceedings, that could subject us to monetary judgements, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and penalties. The current regulatory and tax enforcement environment in the jurisdictions in which we operate reflects an increased supervisory focus on enforcement, combined with uncertainty about the evolution of the regulatory regime, and may lead to material operational and compliance costs.

We are from time to time subject to regulatory investigations and civil and tax claims, and party to certain legal proceedings incidental to the normal course of our business, including, among others, in connection with conflicts of interest, lending and derivatives activities, relationships with our employees and other commercial, data protection or tax matters. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of legal matters, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, or where the cases present novel legal theories, involve a large number of parties or are in the early stages of investigation or discovery, we cannot state with certainty what the eventual outcome of these pending matters will be or what the eventual loss, fines or penalties related to each pending matter may be.

The amount of our reserves in respect of these matters, which considers the likelihood of future cash outflows associated with each of such claims, is substantially less than the total amount of the claims asserted against us, and, in light of the uncertainties involved in such claims and proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves currently accrued by us. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to our operating results for a particular period. As of 31 December 2023, we had provisions for taxes, other legal contingencies and other provisions for EUR 4,634 million (EUR 4,873 million as of 30 June 2024). See more information in note 10.b) to our 'Interim consolidated financial statements' included in Part 1 of this report.

For example, in Poland we are exposed to significant litigation in connection with CHF indexed and CHF denominated loans in which we are facing claims that those loans or clauses included in them are abusive. Whilst the Court of Justice of the European Union ('CJEU') and the Polish Supreme Court have issued several rulings on this matter (including the CJEU ruling of 15 June 2023), sufficient case law has not yet been developed. The case law of the Polish national courts implementing the CJEU rulings (including the ruling of 15 June 2023) and the possible position of the Polish Supreme Court will be crucial for the final assessment of the legal risk related to this matter. On 25 April 2024, the Supreme Court issued a resolution on CHF loans, in which it considered contract invalidation to be the primary consequence of finding abusive contractual clauses. At the same time, nine judges of the Supreme Court declined to participate in the resolution raising questions of a constitutional nature and six judges submitted dissenting opinions mainly on issues related to the maintenance of the agreement after the elimination of abusive clauses. The full text of the resolution has not yet been released. See note 10.c) to our 'Interim consolidated financial statements' included in Part 1 of this report.

As of the date of this report, it is not possible to predict the Polish Supreme Court’s and CJEU’s decisions on individual cases. As of 31 December 2023, Santander Bank Polska S.A. and Santander Consumer Bank S.A. maintained a portfolio of mortgages denominated in or indexed to CHF for an approximate gross amount of PLN 6,398.1 million or EUR 1,473.1 million (PLN 5,739.4 million or EUR 1,332.2 million as of 30 June 2024) and the total value of the adjustments to gross carrying amount in accordance with IFRS9 as well as the provisions recorded under IAS37, amount to PLN 5,030.3 million or EUR 1,158.2 million (PLN 5,815.2 million or EUR 1,349.8 million as of 30 June 2024). The provisions and adjustments recorded are deemed sufficient to cover the risks associated with the legal claims against us. However, in the event that we are required to make higher payments than estimated, either with respect to existing or new claims, there could be a significant adverse effect on our results and financial situation.

Any failure or disruption of our operational processes or systems, or data breaches and other security incidents with respect to our or our third-party vendors’ systems could adversely affect our business or reputation, and create significant legal, regulatory or financial exposure.

Like other financial institutions, in conducting our banking operations, we receive, manage, hold, transmit and otherwise process certain proprietary, sensitive or confidential information, including personal information of customers and employees, as well as a large number of assets. Accordingly, our business relies on our ability to process a large number of transactions efficiently and accurately, and on our ability to rely on our digital technologies, computer and email services, software and networks, as well as on the secure storage, transmission and other processing of proprietary confidential, sensitive and personal data, and other information using our computer systems and networks or those of our third-party vendors. Our operations must also comply with complex and evolving laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate. The proper and secure functioning of our financial controls, accounting and other data collection and processing systems is critical to our business and to our ability to compete effectively. Data breaches, data losses and other security incidents, including fraudulent withdrawal of money, can result from, among other things, inadequate personnel, inadequate or failed internal control processes and systems, or external events or actors that interrupt normal business operations and may include

January - June 2024 169

cyberattacks, disruptions, failures, unauthorized access or misuse, software bugs, server malfunctions, software and hardware failure, malware and ransomware, social engineering and phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks, misconduct, fraud, and other events that could have a serious impact on us. We also face the risk that the design of our or our third-party vendors’ cybersecurity controls and procedures prove to be inadequate or are circumvented such that our data or client records are incomplete, not recoverable or not securely stored. Moreover, it is not always possible to deter or prevent employee errors or misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not always be effective. Any material disruption or slowdown of our systems could cause information, including data related to customer requests, to be lost or to be delivered to our clients with delays or errors, which could reduce demand for our services and products, produce customer claims and materially and adversely affect us.

We prioritize early identification, monitoring and mitigation of risks (including those resulting from our interactions with third parties) in our goal to provide a resilient and secure operational environment. In this regard, although (i) we have policies, procedures and controls in place designed to safeguard proprietary, sensitive and confidential information, including personal information, (ii) we take protective technical measures and monitor and develop our systems and networks to protect our technology infrastructure, data and information from misappropriation or corruption, and (iii) we work with our clients, vendors, service providers, counterparties and other third parties to develop secure data and information processing, collection, authentication, management, usage, storage and transmission capabilities and to ensure the eventual destruction of proprietary, sensitive and confidential information, including personal information, we, our third-party vendors or other third parties with which we do business have been and may continue to be subject to cyberattacks and other cybersecurity incidents. For example, on 14 May 2024, we announced that we had become aware of an unauthorized access to a Santander database that included certain customer and employee information hosted by a third-party provider (the '2024 Unauthorized Access'). For more information on the legal and regulatory risks arising from the data privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations we are subject to, which, among other things, impose certain obligations with respect to cyberattacks, data breaches, data losses, and other cybersecurity incidents, see risk factor ‘2.1.2 We are subject to extensive regulation and regulatory and governmental oversight which could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition – Data privacy and cybersecurity’ in our 2023 Form 20-F).

The implementation of our cybersecurity policies, procedures, controls and technical measures is designed to reduce the risk of such cybersecurity incidents but does not guarantee full protection against potential threats or cyberattacks or a risk-free environment. This is especially applicable in the current global environment, with the war in Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East resulting in an increased risk of cyberattacks, and other disruptions in response to, or retaliation for, the sanctions and costs imposed on Russia and certain other countries directly or indirectly involved in the wars. Additionally, the shift to remote work policies for a significant portion of our workforce, as they access our secure systems and networks remotely, and our customers’ increased reliance on digital banking products and other digital services, including mobile payment products, has also increased the risk of cyberattacks (see risk factor '1.3 The global covid-19 pandemic materially impacted our business, and the continuance of this pandemic or any future outbreak of any other highly contagious diseases or other public health emergencies, could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations' in our 2023 Form 20-F).

While we generally perform cybersecurity due diligence on our key vendors, because we do not control our vendors and our ability to monitor their cybersecurity is limited, we cannot ensure the cybersecurity measures they take will be sufficient to protect any information we share with them. Due to applicable laws and regulations or contractual obligations, we may be held responsible for security breaches, cyberattacks or other similar incidents attributed to our vendors as they relate to the information we share with them.

In addition, we may also be impacted by cyberattacks against national critical infrastructures of the countries where we operate, such as telecommunications networks. Our information technology systems are dependent on such critical infrastructure and any cyberattack against such critical infrastructure could negatively affect our ability to service our customers. As we do not operate such critical infrastructure, we have limited ability to protect our information technology systems from the adverse effects of a cyberattack. For further information see the 'Risk, compliance and conduct management' chapter in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F.

We have seen in recent years the information technology systems and networks of companies and organizations being increasingly targeted, and the techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to such information technology systems and networks have become increasingly complex and sophisticated, including through the use of AI. Furthermore, such techniques change frequently and are often not recognized or detected until after they have been launched and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including organized crime, hackers, activists, terrorists, nation-states, nation-state supported actors and others, any of which may see their effectiveness enhanced by the use of AI. As attempted attacks continue to evolve in scope and sophistication, we may incur significant costs in order to modify or enhance our protective measures against such attacks, or to investigate or remediate any vulnerability or resulting breach, or in communicating cyberattacks or other security incidents to our customers, affected individuals or regulators, as applicable.

If we cannot maintain effective and secure proprietary, confidential, sensitive and personal data, or if we or our third-party vendors fall victim to successful cyberattacks, penetrations, compromises, breaches or circumventions of our information technology systems or networks, such as the 2024 Unauthorized Access, or experience other security incidents in the future, we may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences, such as disruption to our operations, misappropriation of personal, proprietary, confidential or sensitive information, remediation costs (including liabilities for stolen assets or information, repairs of system damage, among others), increased cybersecurity protection costs, lost revenues arising from the unauthorized use of personal, proprietary, confidential or sensitive information or the failure to retain or attract our customers following an operational or security incident, litigation and legal risks (including claims from customers, employees or other third parties, regulatory action, reporting obligations, investigation, fines and penalties), increased insurance premiums, reputational damage affecting our customers’ and the investors’ confidence, as well as damages to our competitiveness, stock price and long-term shareholder value. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful, and we may not have adequate insurance to cover these losses. While we maintain insurance coverage, we cannot assure you that such coverage will be adequate or otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages with respect to claims alleging compromises of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or personal data or otherwise relating to data privacy and cybersecurity matters. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or at all, or that our insurers will not deny coverage to

170 January - June 2024

any future claim. Moreover, even when a failure of or interruption in our or our third-party vendors’ systems or facilities is resolved in a timely manner or an attempted cyberattack, data breach or security incident is successfully avoided or thwarted, substantial resources and management attention are expended in doing so, and to successfully avoid or resolve any such incidents, we may be required to take actions that could adversely affect customer satisfaction or retention, as well as harm our reputation.

Any of the cyberattacks, data breaches, data losses and other security incidents described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Credit, market and liquidity risk may have an adverse effect on our credit ratings and our cost of funds. Any downgrade in our credit rating would likely increase our cost of funding, require us to post additional collateral or take other actions under some of our derivative and other contracts and adversely affect our interest margins and results of operations.

Credit ratings affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to obtain funding. Rating agencies regularly evaluate us, and their ratings of our debt are based on a number of factors, including our financial strength and conditions affecting the financial services industry. In addition, due to the methodology of the main rating agencies, our credit rating is affected by the rating of Spanish sovereign debt. If Spain’s sovereign debt is downgraded our credit rating would also likely be downgraded.

Any downgrade in our debt credit ratings would likely increase our borrowing costs and require us to post additional collateral or take other actions under some of our derivative and other contracts, and could limit our access to capital markets and adversely affect our commercial business. For example, a ratings downgrade could adversely affect our ability to sell or market some of our products, engage in certain longer-term and derivatives transactions and retain our customers, particularly customers who need a minimum rating threshold in order to invest. In addition, under the terms of certain of our derivative contracts and other financial commitments, we may be required to maintain a minimum credit rating or terminate such contracts or require the posting of collateral. Any of these results of a ratings downgrade could reduce our liquidity and have an adverse effect on us, including our operating results and financial condition.

We have the following ratings by the major rating agencies as of the report dates indicated below:

Banco Santander, S.A.
Rating agency	Long term	Short term	Last report date	Outlook
Fitch Ratings	A- (Senior A)	F2 (Senior F1)	Mar 2024	Stable
Moody's	A2	P-1	Apr 2024	Positive
Standard & Poor's	A+	A-1	Apr 2024	Stable
DBRS	A (High)	R-1 (Middle)	Sep 2023	Stable

Santander UK, plc
Rating agency	Long term	Short term	Last report date	Outlook
Fitch Ratings	A+	F1	May 2024	Stable
Moody's	A1	P-1	Feb 2024	Stable
Standard & Poor's	A	A-1	Jun 2023	Stable

Banco Santander (Brasil)		(Foreign currency)
Rating agency	Long term	Short term	Last report update	Outlook
Moody's	Ba1	-	May 2024	Positive
Standard & Poor's	BB	B	Dec 2023	Stable

We conduct substantially all of our material derivative activities through Banco Santander and Santander UK. We estimate that as of 31 December 2023, if all the rating agencies were to downgrade Banco Santander’s long-term senior debt ratings by one notch, we would be required to post up to EUR 210 million in additional collateral pursuant to derivative and other financial contracts. A hypothetical two-notch downgrade would result in a further requirement to post up to EUR 178 million in additional collateral. We estimate that as of 31 December 2023, if all the rating agencies were to downgrade Santander UK’s long-term credit ratings by one notch, and thereby trigger a short-term credit rating downgrade, this could result in contractual outflows from Santander UK’s total liquid assets of £1.2 billion (equivalent to EUR 1.4 billion) of cash and additional collateral that Santander UK would be required to post under the terms of secured funding and derivatives contracts. A hypothetical two-notch downgrade would result in a further outflow of £0.8 billion (equivalent to EUR 0.9 billion) of cash and collateral under secured funding and derivatives contracts.

January - June 2024 171

While certain potential impacts of these downgrades are contractual and quantifiable, the full consequences of a credit rating downgrade are inherently uncertain, as they depend on numerous dynamic, complex and inter-related factors and assumptions, including market conditions at the time of any downgrade, whether any downgrade of our long-term credit rating precipitates downgrades to our short-term credit rating, and assumptions about the potential behaviours of various customers, investors and counterparties. Actual outflows could be higher or lower than the preceding hypothetical examples, depending upon certain factors including which credit rating agency downgrades our credit rating, any management or restructuring actions that could be taken to reduce cash outflows and the potential liquidity impact from loss of unsecured funding (such as from money market funds) or loss of secured funding capacity. Although unsecured and secured funding stresses are included in our stress testing scenarios and a portion of our total liquid assets is held against these risks, a credit rating downgrade could still have a material adverse effect on us.

In addition, if we were required to cancel our derivatives contracts with certain counterparties and were unable to replace such contracts, our market risk profile could be altered.

There can be no assurance that the rating agencies will maintain the current ratings or outlooks. In general, the future evolution of Santander's ratings is linked, to a large extent, to the general macroeconomic outlook which includes the impact of the continuance or escalation of the war in Ukraine and of the conflict in the Middle East on our asset quality, profitability and capital. Failure to maintain favourable ratings and outlooks could increase our cost of funding and adversely affect interest margins, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

172 January - June 2024

ITEM 5. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

5.1. Average balance sheets and interest rates

The following tables include, by domicile of the Group entity at which the relevant asset or liability is accounted for, our average balances and interest rates for the six months ended 30 June 2024 and 2023. Domestic balances are those of Group entities domiciled in Spain, which reflect our domestic activities, and international balances are those of Group entities domiciled outside of Spain, which reflect our foreign activities.

To better understand the behaviour of average balance sheets and interest rates, we have split our foreign activities into ‘International – Mature markets’ which include Europe (except for Spain and Poland) and the United States and ‘International – Developing markets’ which include South America, Mexico and Poland.

You should read the following tables and the tables included under '—Changes in Net Interest Income/(charges)—Volume and Rate Analysis' and '—Assets—Earning Assets—Yield Spread' considering the following:

•We have included in interest income loan arrangement fees and other similar items;

•We have not recalculated tax-exempt income on a tax-equivalent basis because the effect of doing so would not be significant;

•We have included income and expenses from interest-rate hedging transactions as a separate line item under interest income and expenses if these transactions qualify for hedge accounting under IFRS-IASB. If these transactions do not qualify for such treatment, we have included income and expenses on these transactions elsewhere in our income statement. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F for a discussion of our accounting policies for hedging activities;

•We have stated average balances on a net basis, netting our allowances for credit losses; and

•All average data have been calculated as the simple average of month-end balances over the relevant date range, which is not significantly different from having used daily averages.

January - June 2024 173

Average Balance Sheet - Assets and Interest Income

	Six months ended 30 June,
	2024				2023
ASSETS	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate		Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate
	(in millions of euros, except percentages)
Cash balances at central banks and other deposits on demand, and loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions	288,984	8,716	6.03	%	303,126	7,148	4.72	%
Domestic	103,463	2,499	4.83	%	105,806	1,855	3.51	%
International - Mature markets	119,017	3,067	5.15	%	131,697	2,583	3.92	%
International - Developing markets	66,504	3,150	9.47	%	65,623	2,710	8.26	%
Of which
Reverse repurchase agreements	61,845	2,876	9.30	%	49,616	1,853	7.47	%
Domestic	30,942	942	6.09	%	21,202	461	4.35	%
International - Mature markets	7,259	259	7.14	%	4,087	86	4.21	%
International - Developing markets	23,644	1,675	14.17	%	24,327	1,306	10.74	%
Loans and advances to customers	1,048,063	38,767	7.40	%	1,037,399	33,816	6.52	%
Domestic	266,252	6,096	4.58	%	266,716	4,798	3.60	%
International - Mature markets	552,388	16,641	6.03	%	549,421	13,471	4.90	%
International - Developing markets	229,423	16,030	13.97	%	221,262	15,547	14.05	%
Of which
Reverse repurchase agreements	54,563	2,831	10.38	%	46,619	1,925	8.26	%
Domestic	11,673	241	4.13	%	7,847	76	1.94	%
International - Mature markets	42,104	2,534	12.04	%	37,497	1,780	9.49	%
International - Developing markets	786	56	14.25	%	1,275	69	10.82	%
Debt securities	257,977	7,936	6.15	%	212,081	7,430	7.01	%
Domestic	91,123	1,815	3.98	%	65,869	1,059	3.22	%
International - Mature markets	60,020	1,021	3.40	%	48,654	644	2.65	%
International - Developing markets	106,834	5,100	9.55	%	97,558	5,727	11.74	%
Income from hedging operations		1,420				1,478
Domestic		22				(11)
International - Mature markets		1,155				1,232
International - Developing markets		243				257
Other interest		(1)				50
Domestic		(36)				(30)
International - Mature markets		21				28
International - Developing markets		14				52
Total Interest-earning assets	1,595,024	56,838	7.13	%	1,552,606	49,922	6.43	%
Domestic	460,838	10,396	4.51	%	438,391	7,671	3.50	%
International - Mature markets	731,425	21,905	5.99	%	729,772	17,958	4.92	%
International - Developing markets	402,761	24,537	12.18	%	384,443	24,293	12.64	%
Other non-interest-earning assets	197,404				201,601
Assets from discontinued operations	—				—
Total Average Assets	1,792,428	56,838			1,754,207	49,922

Note: As of 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023, Total Average Assets attributed to international activities accounted for 70% and 70%, respectively, of the Group's Total Average Assets. (International - Mature markets accounted for 44% and 45% and International - Developing markets accounted for 26% and 25%, respectively).

174 January - June 2024

Average Balance Sheet - Liabilities and Interest Expense

	Six months ended 30 June,
	2024				2023
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate		Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate
	(in millions of euros, except percentages)
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions	153,105	4,876	6.37	%	178,633	4,353	4.87	%
Domestic	57,248	1,468	5.13	%	59,089	1,069	3.62	%
International - Mature markets	46,989	1,327	5.65	%	71,397	1,444	4.04	%
International - Developing markets	48,868	2,081	8.52	%	48,147	1,840	7.64	%
Of which
Repurchase agreements	57,697	2,273	7.88	%	52,075	1,706	6.55	%
Domestic	32,868	948	5.77	%	31,471	637	4.05	%
International - Mature markets	8,291	260	6.27	%	5,513	133	4.82	%
International - Developing markets	16,538	1,065	12.88	%	15,091	936	12.40	%
Customer Deposits	1,033,642	18,273	3.54	%	998,553	15,466	3.10	%
Domestic	310,990	2,400	1.54	%	294,069	1,312	0.89	%
International - Mature markets	473,110	8,226	3.48	%	472,502	5,342	2.26	%
International - Developing markets	249,542	7,647	6.13	%	231,982	8,812	7.60	%
Of which
Repurchase agreements	79,120	4,042	10.22	%	70,209	3,164	9.01	%
Domestic	9,549	272	5.70	%	3,614	103	5.70	%
International - Mature markets	46,363	2,671	11.52	%	46,863	1,908	8.14	%
International - Developing markets	23,208	1,099	9.47	%	19,732	1,153	11.69	%
Marketable debt securities (A)	308,632	7,213	4.67	%	281,936	6,008	4.26	%
Domestic	147,482	2,641	3.58	%	129,633	1,839	2.84	%
International - Mature markets	115,438	2,568	4.45	%	107,534	1,856	3.45	%
International - Developing markets	45,712	2,004	8.77	%	44,769	2,313	10.33	%
Of which
Commercial paper	27,283	675	4.95	%	27,860	566	4.06	%
Domestic	18,739	417	4.45	%	20,835	380	3.65	%
International - Mature markets	6,905	166	4.81	%	4,651	71	3.05	%
International - Developing markets	1,639	92	11.23	%	2,374	115	9.69	%
Other interest-bearing liabilities	22,777	340	2.99	%	23,139	314	2.71	%
Domestic	16,936	243	2.87	%	16,024	228	2.85	%
International - Mature markets	3,690	10	0.54	%	4,953	1	0.04	%
International - Developing markets	2,151	87	8.09	%	2,162	85	7.86	%
Expenses from hedging operations		1,685				2,140
Domestic		615				478
International - Mature markets		712				791
International - Developing markets		358				871
Other interest		994				721
Domestic		459				208
International - Mature markets		153				165
International - Developing markets		382				348
Total interest-bearing liabilities	1,518,156	33,381	4.40	%	1,482,261	29,002	3.91	%

January - June 2024 175

	Six months ended 30 June,
	2024				2023
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate		Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate
	(in millions of euros, except percentages)
Domestic	532,656	7,826	2.94	%	498,815	5,134	2.06	%
International - Mature markets	639,227	12,996	4.07	%	656,386	9,599	2.92	%
International - Developing markets	346,273	12,559	7.25	%	327,060	14,269	8.73	%
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities	169,631				171,998
Non-Controlling interest	8,490				8,580
Stockholders' Equity	96,151				91,368
Liabilities from discontinued operations	—				—
Total average liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	1,792,428	33,381			1,754,207	29,002

Note: As of 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023, Total average liabilities attributed to international activities accounted for 64% and 66%, respectively, of the Group's Total average liabilities. (International - Mature markets accounted for 40% and 42% and International - Developing markets accounted for 24% and 24%, respectively).

(A) Does not include contingently convertible preference shares and perpetual subordinated notes because they do not accrue interests. We include them under “Other non-interest-bearing liabilities”.

Changes in Interest Income / (Charges)—Volume and Rate Analysis

The following tables include, by domicile of the Group entity at which the relevant asset or liability is accounted for, changes in our net interest income attributable to changes in average volume and changes in average rate for the first six months of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023. We have calculated volume variances based on changes in average balances over the period and rate variances based on changes in interest rates on average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities, as applicable, over the period. You should read the following tables and the footnotes thereto in light of our observations noted in the preceding sub-section entitled '—Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates'.

176 January - June 2024

Volume and Rate Analysis

	Six months ended 30 June
	2024 / 2023
	Increase (Decrease) due to changes in
INTEREST INCOME	Volume (1)	Rate (2)	Net Change
	(in millions of euros)
Cash balances at central banks and other deposits on demand, and loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions	(272)	1,840	1,568
Domestic	(42)	686	644
International - Mature markets	(267)	751	484
International - Developing markets	37	403	440
Of which
Reverse repurchase agreements	310	713	1,023
Domestic	257	224	481
International - Mature markets	91	82	173
International - Developing markets	(38)	407	369
Loans and advances to customers	636	4,315	4,951
Domestic	(8)	1,306	1,298
International - Mature markets	73	3,097	3,170
International - Developing markets	571	(88)	483
Of which
Reverse repurchase agreements	256	650	906
Domestic	50	115	165
International - Mature markets	237	517	754
International - Developing markets	(31)	18	(13)
Debt securities	1,146	(640)	506
Domestic	466	290	756
International - Mature markets	170	207	377
International - Developing markets	510	(1,137)	(627)
Income from hedging operations	(58)	—	(58)
Domestic	33	—	33
International - Mature markets	(77)	—	(77)
International - Developing markets	(14)	—	(14)
Other interest	(51)	—	(51)
Domestic	(6)	—	(6)
International - Mature markets	(7)	—	(7)
International - Developing markets	(38)	—	(38)
Total Interest-earning assets	1,401	5,515	6,916
Domestic	443	2,282	2,725
International - Mature markets	(108)	4,055	3,947
International - Developing markets	1,066	(822)	244

January - June 2024 177

	Six months ended 30 June,
	2024 / 2023
	Increase (Decrease) due to changes in
INTEREST CHARGES	Volume (1)	Rate (2)	Net Change
	(in millions of euros)
Deposits from central banks and credit institutions	(590)	1,113	523
Domestic	(34)	433	399
International - Mature markets	(584)	467	(117)
International - Developing markets	28	213	241
Of which
Repurchase agreements	201	366	567
Domestic	29	282	311
International - Mature markets	80	47	127
International - Developing markets	92	37	129
Customer Deposits	718	2,089	2,807
Domestic	80	1,008	1,088
International - Mature markets	7	2,877	2,884
International - Developing markets	631	(1,796)	(1,165)
Of which
Repurchase agreements	333	545	878
Domestic	169	0	169
International - Mature markets	(21)	784	763
International - Developing markets	185	(239)	(54)
Marketable debt securities	468	737	1,205
Domestic	276	526	802
International - Mature markets	144	568	712
International - Developing markets	48	(357)	(309)
Of which
Commercial paper	(37)	146	109
Domestic	(41)	78	37
International - Mature markets	43	52	95
International - Developing markets	(39)	16	(23)
Other interest-bearing liabilities	13	13	26
Domestic	13	2	15
International - Mature markets	0	9	9
International - Developing markets	0	2	2
Expenses from hedging operations	(455)	—	(455)
Domestic	137	—	137
International - Mature markets	(79)	—	(79)
International - Developing markets	(513)	—	(513)
Other interest	273	—	273
Domestic	251	—	251
International - Mature markets	(12)	—	(12)
International - Developing markets	34	—	34
Total interest-bearing liabilities	427	3,952	4,379
Domestic	723	1,969	2,692
International - Mature markets	(524)	3,921	3,397
International - Developing markets	228	(1,938)	(1,710)

178 January - June 2024

(1) We calculate the volume variance as the result of the average interest rate of the earlier period multiplied by the difference between the average balances of both periods.

(2) We calculate the rate variance as the result of the average balance of the earlier period multiplied by the difference between the average interest rates of both periods.

Assets

Interest-earning Assets—Yield Spread

The following table analyses our average interest-earning assets, interest and similar income and net interest income by domicile of the Group entity at which they are accounted for. Furthermore, it shows gross yields, net yields and yield spreads for each of the periods indicated. You should read this table and the footnotes thereto in light of our observations noted in the preceding sub-section entitled '—Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates', and the footnotes thereto.

	Six months ended 30 June
	2024	2023
	(in millions of euros, except percentages)
Average interest-earning assets	1,595,024	1,552,606
Domestic	460,838	438,391
International - Mature markets	731,425	729,772
International - Developing markets	402,761	384,443
Interest and similar income	56,838	49,922
Domestic	10,396	7,671
International - Mature markets	21,905	17,958
International - Developing markets	24,537	24,293
Interest income / (charges) (A)	23,457	20,920
Domestic	2,570	2,537
International - Mature markets	8,909	8,359
International - Developing markets	11,978	10,024
Gross yield (B) (%)	7.13	6.43
Domestic	4.51	3.50
International - Mature markets	5.99	4.92
International - Developing markets	12.18	12.64
Net yield (C) (%)	2.94	2.69
Domestic	1.12	1.16
International - Mature markets	2.44	2.29
International - Developing markets	5.95	5.21
Yield spread (D) (%)	2.73	2.52
Domestic	1.57	1.44
International - Mature markets	1.92	2.00
International - Developing markets	4.93	3.91

(A) Interest income / (charges) is the net amount of interest and similar income and interest expense and similar charges. See 'Income Statement' in the consolidated financial statements included in Part 1 of this report on Form 6-K. For a discussion of the changes in interest income / (charges) over the periods presented, see 'Part 1. Consolidated Director’s Report—Group Financial information—Income statement and balance sheet'.

(B) Gross yield is the quotient of interest income divided by average earning assets.

(C) Net yield is the quotient of net interest income divided by average earning assets.

(D) Yield spread is the difference between gross yield on earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

January - June 2024 179

Interest-earning assets-composition

The following table shows, by domicile of the Group entity at which the relevant asset is accounted for, the percentage mix of our average interest-earning assets for the periods indicated. You should read this table in light of our observations noted in the preceding sub-section entitled '—Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates', and the footnotes thereto.

	Six months ended 30 June
	2024	2023
Cash balances at central banks and other deposits on demand, and loans and advances to central banks and credit institutions (%)	18.12	19.52
Domestic	6.49	6.81
International - Mature markets	7.46	8.48
International - Developing markets	4.17	4.23
Loans and advances to customers (%)	65.71	66.82
Domestic	16.69	17.18
International - Mature markets	34.64	35.39
International - Developing markets	14.38	14.25
Debt securities (%)	16.17	13.66
Domestic	5.71	4.24
International - Mature markets	3.76	3.14
International - Developing markets	6.70	6.28

180 January - June 2024

5.2. Other statistical disclosure requirements

Credit Ratios

The following table sets out the impairment losses to total loans outstanding ratio and the net charge-offs to average loans outstanding ratios for the periods ended 31 December 2023, 2022 and 2021 and 30 June 2024 and 2023 (see note 5 to our interim consolidated financial statements in Part 1 of this report and note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023 included in Part 1 of the 2023 Form 20-F):

	31 December						Six Months Ended 30 June
	2023		2022		2021		2024		2023
	(in millions of euros, except percentages)						(in millions of euros, except percentages)
Impairment losses to total loans outstanding	2.15	%	2.14	%	2.31	%	2.08	%	2.17	%
Allowances for credit losses	22,788		22,684		22,964		22,625		23,146
Total loans outstanding	1,059,137		1,058,688		995,646		1,088,220		1,068,190
Net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding:
Commercial credit	0.28	%	0.38	%	0.23	%	0.31	%	0.23	%
Net charge-offs during the period	141		197		89		75		57
Average loans outstanding	49,673		51,535		39,513		48,888		50,143
Secured loans	0.63	%	0.85	%	0.69	%	0.56	%	0.50	%
Net charge-offs during the period	3,652		4,990		3,702		1,608		1,474
Average loans outstanding	582,007		583,899		538,935		576,787		584,355
Reverse repurchase agreements	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a
Net charge-offs during the period	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a
Average loans outstanding	46,382		43,505		36,660		54,563		46,619
Other term loans	2.21	%	1.43	%	1.06	%	1.98	%	2.37	%
Net charge-offs during the period	6,730		4,308		3,020		3,085		3,600
Average loans outstanding	304,776		301,252		284,235		311,993		303,306
Finance leases	0.11	%	0.31	%	0.10	%	0.24	%	0.13	%
Net charge-offs during the period	44		125		37		48		25
Average loans outstanding	38,764		39,829		38,348		39,734		38,919
Receivables on demand	1.49	%	1.73	%	0.36	%	0.81	%	1.03	%
Net charge-offs during the period	196		207		35		56		66
Average loans outstanding	13,132		11,964		9,640		13,751		12,797
Credit card receivables	6.01	%	4.12	%	4.25	%	6.06	%	6.17	%
Net charge-offs during the period	1,492		949		823		764		745
Average loans outstanding	24,832		23,039		19,360		25,193		24,162
Total loans	1.16	%	1.02	%	0.80	%	1.05	%	1.13	%
Net charge-offs during the period	12,255		10,776		7,706		5,636		5,968
Average loans outstanding	1,059,566		1,055,023		966,690		1,070,909		1,060,301

For the purpose of calculating the net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding ratio, net charge-offs consist of charge-offs against credit loss allowance less recoveries of loans previously charged-off and loans outstanding refer to gross loans and advances to customers. Reverse repurchase agreements are collateralized and therefore cannot be charged-off. Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding ratios at 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 reflect year-to-date net charge-offs annualized.

January - June 2024 181

Credit impaired balances ratios

The following table shows the total amount of our computable credit risk, our credit impaired loans and contingent liabilities, our allowances for credit impaired balances, our net loans and contingent liabilities charged-off, the NPL ratio, the coverage ratio and the net charge-offs to computable credit risk ratio at the dates indicated:

	Year Ended 31 December			Six Months Ended 30 June
	2023	2022	2021	2024	2023
	(in millions of euros, except percentages)
Computable credit risk (A)	1,133,898	1,124,121	1,051,115	1,163,654	1,137,823
Credit impaired balances	35,620	34,673	33,234	35,091	34,949
Allowances for credit impaired balances	23,490	23,418	23,698	23,323	23,902
Net loans charged-off	12,255	10,776	7,706	5,636	5,968
Ratios: (%)
NPL ratio (B)	3.14	3.08	3.16	3.02	3.07
Coverage ratio (C)	66	68	71	66	68
Net loans charged-off to computable credit risk (D)	1.08	0.96	0.73	0.97	1.05

(A) Computable credit risk is the sum of the face amounts of loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted, including those that are credit impaired. Excluding country risk.

(B) Credit impaired balances (credit impaired loans and advances to customers, customer guarantees and customer commitments granted) to computable credit risk.

(C) Allowances for credit impaired balances as a percentage of credit impaired balances.

(D) Ratios at 30 June 2024 and 30 June 2023 reflect year-to-date net charge-offs annualized. Ratios at year end reflect full year net charge-offs.

182 January - June 2024

ITEM 6. TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations by remaining maturity at 30 June 2024:

Contractual obligations		More than	More than
	Less than	1 year but	3 years but	More than
(in millions of euros)	1 year	less than 3 years	less than 5 years	5 years	Total
Deposits from credit institutions (A)	73,611	27,421	9,549	7,171	117,752
Customer deposits (A)	938,770	30,859	11,545	7,934	989,108
Marketable debt securities (A)	92,394	93,143	58,006	61,593	305,136
Liabilities under insurance contracts	2,585	3,432	2,938	8,637	17,592
Lease obligations	547	892	419	388	2,246
Other long-term liabilities (B)	1,575	2,955	3,565	5,606	13,701
Contractual interest payment (C)	21,133	14,152	14,858	36,784	86,927
Total	1,130,615	172,854	100,880	128,113	1,532,462

(A) Financial liabilities at amortized cost.

(B) Other long-term liabilities relate to pensions and similar obligations and include the estimated benefit payable for the next ten years.

(C) Calculated for the amortized cost portfolios of Deposits from credit institutions, Customer deposits and Marketable debt securities, based on average interest rates at 30 June 2024 for all maturities, and assuming that obligations maturing in more than five years have an average life of ten years.

The table above excludes the 'fixed payments' of our derivatives since derivative contracts executed by the Group apply close-out netting across all outstanding transactions, that is, these agreements provide for settlements to be made on a maturity or settlement date for the differences that arise, and as such, the obligation to be settled in the future is not fixed at the present date and is not determined by the fixed payments.

January - June 2024 183

ITEM 7. RISK DISCLOSURES

Higher-Risk Loans

Grupo Santander’s loan portfolio is focused mainly on retail banking with a medium-low risk profile, with a broad diversified geographical footprint well-balanced between emerging and developed markets. In addition, our business diversification between customer segments is a key factor to remain resilient. Grupo Santander does not have any significant exposure to higher-risk loans.

Some of the Group’s portfolios require specific monitoring due to the inherent nature of their business and particular risk profile, including for instance the auto loans business in the consumer subsidiary in the US (SC USA). Other less relevant portfolios in terms of size are also explicitly monitored through the risk appetite and the applicable monitoring policies.

It should be noted that, at 30 June 2024, 65% of the Group’s net customer loans are secured, mostly by real estate collateral.

Mortgages to individuals represent approximately 34% of the Group’s loan book, with low risk profile and low non-performing ratios, along with appropriate provisions coverage. Among other factors, this is due to the fact that these are mainly first residence mortgage loans, which are subject to a rigorous assessment of credit risk and affordability. The admission process evaluates the current and future payment capacity of the customer, evaluating if the client’s disposable income will be sufficient to meet the loans’ instalments even in a more stressed but feasible scenario.

Certain mortgage portfolios that may present higher risks (interest only, flexible loans, loans with loan-to-value greater than 100% or buy to let), are subject to even stricter lending policies to mitigate their risks. Nevertheless, they represent a low percentage of the Group’s portfolio, and their performance is continuously monitored to guarantee close and effective control.

Changes in Practices

In the first half of 2024, Grupo Santander conducted its business in an environment marked by inflation’s soft landing (high inflation slowly declining or without improving in core inflation) in several geographies, ongoing geopolitical tensions and the different electoral processes in Europe and Latin America.

Grupo Santander reinforced the monitoring of all risks. In general, the most significant impacts are related to higher interest rates for longer, which may potentially affect credit growth; new cyberattacks and other cybersecurity incidents, such as the 2024 Unauthorized Access, which may also derive in an increase of reputational risk; the evolution and potential impacts of the Swiss francs mortgage portfolio in Poland, following the ruling of the CJEU on 15 June 2023 and the resolution issued by the Supreme Court on 25 April 2024; and the CRE portfolio, especially the Office segment, which has been impacted by persistent lower demand as a result of both the structural and the pandemic-related changes, mainly in the US market.

In addition, due to future implementation of regulatory requirements, Santander is assessing to improve the disclosure regarding the management of risks that may arise from the Group’s relationship with end-users, employees and suppliers.

Other

Grupo Santander's exposure to complex structured instruments and assets is very limited; this is a reflection of our robust risk culture and prudent risk management.

Santander uses credit derivatives to cover loans and to serve our customer needs regarding their trading activities in financial markets. Trading volume is small in terms of our notional value (0.4% of total counterparty risk notional value as of 30 June 2024) and is subject to a solid set of internal controls and procedures to minimize operational risk.

Exposures related to complex structured assets

We have a very limited exposure to complex structured assets. See 'Quantitative Analysis About Market Risk' below.

Quantitative Analysis About Market Risk

A.    Activities subject to market risk and types of market risk

Activities exposed to market risk encompass transactions where risk is assumed as a consequence of potential changes in interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, stock prices, credit spreads, commodity prices, volatility and other market factors, the liquidity risk from our products and markets, and the balance sheet liquidity risk. Therefore, they include trading risks and structural risks.

•Interest rate risk arises from changes in interest rates that could adversely affect the value of a financial instrument, a portfolio or the Group as a whole. It can affect loans, deposits, debt securities, most assets and liabilities held for trading and derivatives.

•Inflation rate risk originates from changes in inflation rates that could adversely affect the value of a financial instrument, a portfolio or the Group as a whole. It can affect instruments such as loans, debt securities and derivatives, where the returns are linked to future inflation values or a change in the current rate.

•Exchange rate risk is the possibility of loss in the value of a position not denominated in the base currency to shifts in exchange rates. A long or open position in a foreign currency may produce a loss if it depreciates against the base currency. Exposures affected by this risk include non-euro currencies investments in subsidiaries and transactions in foreign currency.

184 January - June 2024

•Equity risk is the possibility of loss from open positions in equities to adverse movements in their market prices or expectations about future dividends. This affects positions in shares, stock market indices, convertible bonds and derivatives with shares as the underlying asset (put, call, equity swaps, etc.).

•Credit spread risk is the possibility of loss from open positions in fixed income securities or credit derivatives to adverse movements in credit spread curves or recovery rates associated with specific issuers and types of debt. The spread is the yield difference between financial instruments with a quoted margin over other benchmark instruments, mainly the internal rate of return (IRR) of government bonds and interbank interest rates.

•Commodity price risk is the possibility of loss from adverse movements in commodity prices. Our exposure to this risk is minor and stems mainly from commodity derivatives.

•Volatility risk is the possibility of loss caused by adverse movements in the volatility of interest rates, exchange rates, shares, credit spreads and other factors affecting the value of our portfolio. It is inherent to all financial instruments whose value is affected by volatility (especially options contracts).

These market risks can be partly or fully mitigated with derivatives such as options, futures, forwards and swaps. However, there are other types of market risks that require more complex hedging:

•Correlation risk is the possibility of loss due to an adverse change in the relationship between risk factors (correlation) of the same type (e.g. two exchange rates) or different type (e.g. an interest rate and a commodity price).

•Market liquidity risk originates when Santander or a subsidiary cannot reverse or close a position without an impact on the market price or the transaction cost. Market liquidity risk can arise from a reduction in market makers or institutional investors, the execution of a large volume of transactions or market instability. It could also increase depending on how exposures are distributed among products and currencies.

•Pre-payment or cancellation risk originates when mortgages, deposits and other on-balance-sheet instruments give holders the option to buy or sell them, altering future cash flows. Potential mismatches on the balance sheet pose a risk since cash flows may have to be reinvested at an interest rate that is potentially lower (assets) or higher (liabilities).

•Underwriting risk arises when an entity underwrites or places securities and other types of debt and assumes the risk of having to acquire issued securities partially if buyers have not taken them up.

In addition to the above market risks, balance sheet liquidity risk (unlike market liquidity risk) is the possibility of meeting payment obligations late or at an excessive cost. Losses may be caused by forced sales of assets or margin impacts due to the mismatch between expected cash inflows and outflows.

On the other hand, pension and actuarial risks also depend on shifts in market factors. Further details are provided in this chapter.

Finally, in recent years there has been an increased focus on climate and environmental risks, which arise from the possibility that changes in climate may adversely affect the value of a financial instrument, a portfolio or the Group as a whole. Changes in climate include both extreme weather scenarios as well as gradual climate change and other situations where there is environmental degradation. This risk may have an impact both on financial instruments value or portfolios and on Santander's liquidity. The Group measures this risk through stress scenarios for both market and liquidity risk.

We aim to comply with the Basel Committee’s Fundamental Review of the Trading Book, and the EBA's Guidelines on the management of interest rate risk arising from non-trading book activities. Through several projects, we aim to provide risk managers and control teams with the best tools to manage market risks under the right governance framework for the models we use, to report risk metrics, and help satisfy requirements on these risks.

B.    Trading market risk management

Management limits and control system

The market risk function daily monitoring makes sure market risk positions remain within approved limits. It assesses the performance of, and major changes in, market risk metrics, and distributes regular reports to senior management and other internal and external stakeholders so market risk activities can be properly monitored.

The market risk limits are established based on different metrics and are intended to cover all activities subject to market risk from many perspectives, applying a prudent approach. The main ones are:

• Value at Risk (VaR) and Stressed VaR limits

• Limits of equivalent and/or nominal positions

• Interest rate sensitivity limits

• Vega limits

• Delivery risk limits for short positions in securities (fixed income and securities)

• Limits to constrain the volume of effective losses or protect results generated during the period:

• Loss trigger

• Stop loss

January - June 2024 185

• Credit limits:

• Total exposure limit

• Jump to default limit by issuer

• Others

• Limits for origination transactions

Those general limits include sub-limits that make the structure granular enough to control market risks from Santander's trading operations. We monitor subsidiaries' positions daily, checking changes in portfolios and at trading desks in order to detect events that may necessitate immediate mitigation.

The Group establishes global approval and control limits, global approval limits with local control, and local approval and local control limits. They are requested by each subsidiary's business manager in consideration of particular circumstances of the business, budgetary targets and the risk/reward ratio. Limits are then approved by risk bodies according to internal governance processes.

Subsidiaries must comply with the approved limits. On the day a limit breach occurs, subsidiary business managers must provide a written explanation with an action plan and corrective measures, such as reducing the position within the limits or formulating a strategy that justifies raising limits.

Methodologies

a) Value at Risk (VaR)

Value at Risk (VaR), our standard methodology for managing and controlling market risk, measures maximum expected loss with a certain confidence level over a given time.

For standard historical simulation, the confidence level is 99% and the time horizon is one day. We also make statistical adjustments efficiently to incorporate recent developments affecting our levels of risk. Our time frame is two years or at least 520 days from the reference date of the VaR calculation. We report the higher of two VaR figures we calculate daily. One applies an exponential decay factor that allocates less weight to the oldest observations; the other has the same weight for all observations.

We also simultaneously calculate Value at Earnings (VaE). It measures the maximum potential gain with a certain level of confidence and specific time frame under the same methodology for VaR.

VaR by historic simulation has many advantages as a risk metric. It states a portfolio's market risk in a single figure according to market movements, without assumptions about functions, forms or correlations between market factors.

However, the VaR metric has some limitations, regardless of the methodology to calculate it. In particular:

• As VaR calculation has a certain confidence level, it does not indicate the levels of possible losses beyond it.

• The liquidity horizon of some products in the portfolio is longer than that of the VaR model.

• VaR is a static measure of risk subject to significant (albeit unlikely) changes in the following day.

Historical simulation methodology also has limitations:

• High sensitivity to time frame used;

• Inability to capture plausible high-impact events if these do not occur during the time frame used.

• Valuation parameters with no market input (such as correlations, dividend and recovery rates).

• Slow adjustment to new volatility and correlation, as the weighting of the newest and oldest data is the same.

Using Stressed VaR and expected shortfall (ES) help overcome some of these limitations. We calculate VaR with exponential decay, apply conservative valuation adjustments, and regularly conduct analyses and backtesting to assess the accuracy of the VaR calculation model.

b) Stressed VaR (sVaR) and expected shortfall (ES)

We calculate sVaR daily for our main portfolios with the same methodology as for VaR, with these exceptions:

• We use a window of 260 observations (as opposed to 520 for VaR) over a continuous period of stress on a portfolio. For each portfolio, we review the history of a subset of selected market risk factors based on expert judgement and the most significant positions in the books.

• Unlike VaR, we obtain sVaR by using the percentile with uniform weighting, and not with the higher of the percentiles with exponential and uniform weightings.

To calculate the ES we estimate expected potential loss above the level obtained from VaR and assign uniform weights to all observations. Unlike VaR, ES has the advantage of capturing the risk of large losses with a low probability (tail risk) and being a sub-additive metric. According to the Basel Committee, an ES with a 97.5% confidence interval delivers a level of risk similar to VaR at a 99% confidence interval.

c) Scenario analysis

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Santander's risk measures are based on normal market conditions, price stability, sufficient liquidity and other assumptions used in daily risk management and decision-making. However, it is possible that extreme movements and strong unforeseen changes will not be properly anticipated. Therefore, we run scenario analyses, which prove important to predict the outcome of a wide range of risks and estimate the capital needed to absorb any losses in case such unexpected events occur.

These stress scenarios are important to estimate future risk, overcome the limitations of models and historical data, support liquidity and capital plans, report on risk tolerance levels and develop risk reduction and contingency plans under stress conditions.

We regularly calculate and analyse stress scenarios for our subsidiaries with trading activities which include historical scenarios, hypothetical scenarios and reverse stress test scenarios.

d) Analysis of positions, sensitivities and results

Santander uses positions to quantify the market values of transactions in the portfolio, grouped by main risk factor and considering the delta value of any futures or options. We can express risk positions in our subsidiaries' base currency and in the currency used for standardized information. We monitor positions daily to detect incidents and correct them immediately.

Measurements of market risk sensitivity estimate the variation of an instrument or portfolio's market value to changes in a risk factor with analytical approximations given through partial derivatives or a complete revaluation of the portfolio.

The daily profit and loss (P&L) statement prepared by the market risk function is an excellent indicator of the impact of changes of financial variables on portfolios.

e) Derivatives activities and credit management

We run controls over derivative activities and credit management daily with specific measures due to their atypical nature. We control and monitor underlying asset's sensitivity to price movements (Delta and Gamma), volatility (Vega) and time (Theta). Also, we systematically review measurements such as sensitivity to the spread, jump-to-default and concentrations of positions by rating.

For credit risk in trading portfolios, we also calculate Incremental Risk Charge (IRC), an additional metric recommended by the Basel Committee and current regulations. IRC covers default risks and rating migrations not adequately captured in VaR through variations in credit spreads.

We apply this metric to government and corporate bonds, derivatives on bonds (forward, options, etc.) and credit derivatives (credit default swaps, asset backed securities, etc.). We calculate IRC using direct measurements of loss distribution tails at an appropriate percentile (99.9%), over a one-year horizon. We follow the Montecarlo methodology, applying one million simulations.

f) Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) and Debt Valuation Adjustment (DVA)

Santander calculates trading portfolio results with credit valuation adjustment (CVA) and debit valuation adjustment (DVA). The CVA is for over the-counter (OTC) derivatives and results from the risk associated with the credit exposure assumed with each counterparty.

The CVA for a particular counterparty is the total CVA for all its maturities. To calculate it, we consider inputs such as expected exposure, loss given default, probability of default and a discount factor curve.

DVA is similar to CVA but results from the risk our counterparties assume in OTC derivatives traded with us.

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C.    Key metrics (Trading Market Risk)

In the first half of 2024, markets remained volatile supported by the geopolitical tensions maintained in Ukraine and Middle East coupled with elections in several countries and the European Union Parliament. Additionally, market focus remained on inflation evolution and the uncertainty over the timing and path of monetary easing cycle from major Central Banks. In this challenging environment, Santander’s trading risk profile remained low, in line with previous years, due to the fact that risks of trading activities arise mainly from activities with customers in non-complex instruments, concentrated in hedging of interest rate and exchange rate risks.

Value at Risk (VaR) analysis

During the first half of 2024, Santander continued its strategy of focusing its trading activity on customer business, minimising where possible, exposure to directional risk in net terms and maintaining its diversification by geography and risk factor.

Evolution of VaR for the first half of 2024.

EUR million. VaR at 99% over a one day horizon.

VaR during the first half of 2024 fluctuated between EUR 11.6 million and EUR 22.5 million, with an average VaR for the period of EUR 16.8 million and ending in June at EUR 14.9 million. Most of the time , daily VaR was above the average of the last three years, mainly due to market volatility spikes and a larger exposure to interest rates.

The following histogram shows the distribution of risk in terms of VaR in the first six months of 2024. The accumulation of days with levels up to EUR 21.5 million (98%) is shown. Values higher than EUR 21.5 million (2%) largely occur in periods affected by temporary spikes in volatility or punctual increases of exposure, mainly in interest rates and exchange rates.

VaR Histogram

VaR at 99%, over a one-day horizon. Number of days (%) in each range for the first half of 2024.

Risk by factor

The minimum, average, maximum and final values in VaR terms at 99% for the first six months of 2024 are displayed in the following table:

VaR statistics by risk factor

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EUR million. VaR at 99%, with one day time horizon

	VaR (99%)
	Minimum	Average	Maximum	Latest
Total trading
Total	11.6	16.8	22.5	14.9
Diversification effect	(11.0)	(17.8)	(25.3)	(18.9)
Interest rate	11.4	17.3	23.1	16.4
Equities	2.8	4.0	6.0	5.1
Exchange rate	2.8	5.6	8.4	5.2
Credit spread	3.6	4.7	6.2	4.3
Commodities	2.0	3.0	4.1	2.8
Europe
Total	9.0	12.4	16.8	12.0
Diversification effect	(9.9)	(13.9)	(20.3)	(15.0)
Interest rate	8.8	12.4	17.6	12.5
Equities	3.3	4.4	6.8	4.8
Exchange rate	3.1	4.6	6.2	5.2
Credit spread	3.6	4.7	6.2	4.3
Commodities	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2
South America
Total	4.4	8.6	15.0	10.6
Diversification effect	(2.6)	(7.2)	(14.5)	(7.0)
Interest rate	4.5	8.7	14.7	10.3
Equities	0.1	1.2	2.9	1.5
Exchange rate	0.4	2.9	7.3	2.7
Credit Spread	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.2
Commodities	2.0	3.0	4.1	2.9
North America
Total	5.3	7.1	9.1	8.1
Diversification effect	(0.2)	(1.1)	(2.4)	(1.6)
Interest rate	5.1	7.2	9.1	7.9
Equities	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.2
Exchange rate	0.4	0.9	2.1	1.6
Credit Spread	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commodities	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

The average VaR in the first half of 2024, EUR 16.8 million, was higher than the average VaR in the first half of 2023, EUR 11.7 million, mostly in interest rate mainly due to a larger exposure in the period.

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VaR evolution by risk factor

EUR million. VaR at 99% with one day time horizon (15 day moving average)

Gauging and backtesting measures

Regulations dictate that the VaR model should accurately capture market risks. VaR uses statistical techniques under normal conditions. Therefore, for a certain confidence level and for a defined time horizon, the estimated maximum loss can differ from actual losses. Santander reviews and contrasts the VaR calculation model on a regular basis to verify its accuracy.

The market risk function runs tests such as internal backtesting, VaR contrast measures and hypothetical portfolio analysis for subsidiaries covered by the internal market risk model. For subsidiaries with an approved internal model, we also perform regulatory backtesting to count overshootings (when daily loss or profit exceeds VaR or VaE) affecting the calculation of market risk regulatory capital requirements.

Our backtesting assesses the general quality and effectiveness of the risk measurement model and compares the daily VaR/VaE obtained on D-1 with these P&Ls obtained on D:

•Economic P&L: is calculated on the basis of end-of-day mark-to-market or mark-to-model values. This test checks whether the VaR/VaE methodology used to measure and aggregate risk is appropriate.

•Actual P&L: is calculated based on the difference between the portfolio's end-of-day value and actual value at the end of the subsequent day. It includes the profit and loss stemming from intraday operations, minus fees, commissions, and net interest income. It is used to count regulatory overshootings.

•Hypothetical P&L: is calculated daily by comparing the portfolio's end-of-day value and its value at the end of subsequent day, assuming unchanged positions. It does not account for the time effect to be consistent with VaR. This backtesting helps us make sure portfolios are regularly subject to an intraday risk not reflected in closing positions and therefore, not reflected in VaR. We also use it to count regulatory overshootings.

•Theoretical P&L: is calculated with the market risk calculation engine, without intraday results, changes in portfolio positions or time (theta). We use it exclusively to test the quality of our internal VaR model.

We run regulatory backtesting on our subsidiaries every day. We also run internal (not regulatory) backtesting daily, weekly and monthly based on the granularity of a given portfolio level. The number (or proportion) of overshootings we register is one of the most intuitive indicators of a model's goodness of fit. We calculate regulatory backtesting for one year (250 days) and at a VaR confidence level of 99%.

In the last twelve months, for Hypothetical P&L backtesting and for the total portfolio, there were no overshootings in VaR at 99%. There was an overshooting in VaE at 99% on 13 December as a result of the devaluation of the Argentine peso. The results are consistent with the assumptions specified in the VaR calculation model.

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Derivatives risk management

Our derivatives business primarily involves selling investment products and hedging risks for customers. Our risk management aims to keep open net risk as low as possible. Transactions include options on equities, fixed income and exchange rates, mainly in Spain, Brazil and the UK.

Risk of derivatives (in terms of VaR Vega at 99%, over a one-day horizon) moved in the first half of 2024 in a range between EUR 1.9 million and EUR 4.2 million, with an average value of EUR 2.7 million.

Santander's exposure to complex structured instruments and assets is very limited, this reflects our risk culture and prudent risk management. The Risk Appetite of the Group limits the total of level 3 assets and liabilities (those which fair value is calculated using significant inputs not observable in market data) to 5% of Group's total assets and liabilities measured at fair value. On the other hand, at the end of the first half of 2024, our exposures in hedge funds was EUR 106 million (all indirect), acting as counterparty in derivative transactions. We analyse the risk related to this type of counterparty on a case-by-case basis, setting collateralization ratios based on each fund's characteristics and assets.

Our policy on approving new derivatives transactions remains extremely prudent and conservative. It is closely monitored by senior management.

Scenario analysis

Various stress scenarios were calculated and analysed regularly in the first half of 2024 (at least monthly) for all the trading portfolios.

Worst-case scenario

This is a hypothetical scenario which combines movements in risk factors with their respective volatilities. The construction of these scenarios is based on historical volatilities, assuming a variation of ±3 and ± 6 daily standard deviations, irrespective of the historical correlation between them. Its aim is to analyse the risk profile and potential maximum losses of trading portfolios, identifying the most unfavourable scenario.

At the end of June 2024, the stress test revealed that the economic loss in trading portfolios would be EUR 92 million (market price) if the stress movements in the worst-case scenario materialized in the market. The loss would mainly affect Europe (mostly in interest rate under a scenario of increases, in equities under a scenario of decreases and in exchange rates under a scenario of depreciation of the Euro).

Stress scenario: worst case. EUR million

	Interest rate	Equities	Exchange rate	Credit spread	Commodities	Total
Total trading	(37.0)	(17.9)	(28.6)	(8.1)	0.0	(91.6)
Europe	(21.7)	(15.7)	(12.8)	(7.7)	0.0	(57.9)
North America	(7.4)	(0.5)	(6.0)	0.0	0.0	(13.9)
South America	(7.8)	(1.8)	(9.8)	(0.4)	0.0	(19.8)

Other global stress test scenarios

‘Abrupt crisis’: an ad-hoc scenario with sharp market movements in all risk factors: rise in interest rate curves, sharp falls in stock markets, strong appreciation of USD against other currencies, increase in volatility and credit spreads and default of main debt and equity positions.

‘Subprime crisis’: historical scenario based on 2007-2008 events arising from the US subprime mortgage crisis. This financial crisis led to a sharp increase in volatility and a sharp reduction in liquidity in all financial markets worldwide. The worst 1-day and 10-day market shocks are identified for each market risk factor.

‘Forward Looking Scenario’: a plausible hypothetical scenario based on current portfolios and expert judgement regarding the short term expected movements in market risk factors that may negatively affect trading positions.

‘EBA adverse scenario’: hypothetical scenario based on the adverse macroeconomic scenario applied to all market risk factors, as proposed by the EBA to perform the 'EU wide stress test' exercise every two years.

'Covid-19 crisis': scenario based in the sharp movements in the financial markets as a result of the health crisis. Its calculation is based on the identification of the 10-day period with higher losses in the trading portfolio during the first half of 2020.

Reverse stress test scenarios, which identify market variable shifts that can lead to a loss that will endanger our survival. They complement traditional stress scenarios and help signal business vulnerabilities, hidden risks and interactions between risk factors. They begin with a known stress result (such as a failure to achieve certain capital, liquidity or solvency ratios) and identify extreme scenarios.

D.    Structural balance sheet risk management

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System for controlling limits

Like with trading market risk, annual limits planning sets limits for balance sheet structural risks based on risk appetite.

The main limits we use are:

• Balance sheet structural interest rate risk:

• Limit on net interest income (NII) over a 1-year horizon.

• Limit on the sensitivity of the economic value of equity (EVE).

• Limit on the market value variations of ALCO portfolios under stress scenarios.

• Structural exchange rate risk:

• Limit on the potential impact of the net foreign currency permanent position in the Core Capital Ratio.

• Limit on the individual hedge required by each currency.

Financial Management must explain why limits or sub-limit breaches occur and provide action plans to correct them.

Methodologies

a) Structural interest rate risk

We analyse the potential impact of changes in interest rate levels on EVE and NII. Depending on the changes in rates, impacts will be different and therefore various subtypes of interest rate risk need to be monitored and managed, such as repricing, curve or basis risk, among others.

Based on the balance sheet interest rate position and the market situation and outlook, financial actions (such as transacting positions or setting interest rate for products we market) may be needed to achieve our desired risk profile.

The suite of metrics we use to monitor interest rate risks includes the sensitivity of NII and EVE to changes in interest rates:

- Net interest income (NII) sensitivity

NII is the difference between income from interest on assets and the cost of liabilities in the banking book over a typical one-to three-year horizon (one year being standard in Santander). NII sensitivity is the difference between the NII calculated under a selected scenario and the NII calculated under a base scenario. There can be as many NII sensitivities as scenarios. This metric helps identify short-term risk and it is complementary to EVE sensitivity. Scenarios of -100 basis points parallel changes and +100 basis points are considered, choosing the worst one (hereinafter figures show the result under these scenarios).

-Economic value of equity (EVE) sensitivity

EVE is the difference between the net current value of assets and the net current value of outstanding liabilities in the banking book at a certain point in time. EVE sensitivity is the difference in EVE calculated under a selected scenario and under a base scenario. There can be as many EVE sensitivities as scenarios considered. This metric helps identify long-term risk and it is complementary to NII sensitivity. Scenarios of -100 basis points parallel changes and +100 basis points are considered, choosing the worst one (hereinafter figures show the result under these scenarios).

b) Interest rate models

Interest rate risk metrics consider the behaviour of financial products under stressed scenarios where uncertainty is common and contractual terms may not be met. We have methodologies that help to explain products' behaviour. Key interest rate risk models are:

-Treatment of liabilities without stated maturity

Our model uses variables such as stable and unstable volumes, the rate of settlement over time and the difference between customer rates and market rates to model non-maturity account balances.

- Pre-payment treatment for certain assets

Pre-payment risk mainly affects fixed-rate mortgages in subsidiaries where contractual rates are low relative to market levels. We model this risk and include it in risk appetite metrics.

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c) Structural foreign exchange rate risk/hedging of results

We monitor these activities daily via position measurements, VaR and results.

d) Structural equity risk

We monitor these activities monthly via position measurements, VaR and results.

E. Structural balance sheet risks key metrics

Consistent with previous years, the market risk profile of Santander's balance sheet remained moderated in the first half of 2024 in terms of asset, shareholders’ equity and net interest income volumes.

Each subsidiary's finance division manages its interest rate risk from commercial banking and is responsible for managing structural risk caused by fluctuating interest rates.

We use statistical models to measure interest rate risk and different strategies to manage structural risk with interest rate instruments, such as fixed income bond portfolios and derivative instruments to keep the risk profile within risk appetite.

Structural interest rate risk

Europe

At the end of June, the EVE sensitivity of our balance sheets in Europe was positive to interest rate decreases. In the case of NII, the sensitivity of our balance sheets in Santander Spain, Santander UK, Santander Poland and Santander Portugal, was positive to interest rate increases.

Exposure levels in all countries was moderate in relation to the annual budget and capital levels.

At June 2024, considering the scenarios previously mentioned, the most significant risk of NII sensitivity was in the Euro interest rate curve at EUR 783 million, followed by the British pound at EUR 128 million, the US dollar at EUR 116 million and the Polish zloty at EUR 61 million, all relating to the risk of rate decreases.

Net interest income (NII) sensitivity

% of the total

Others: Portugal and SCF.

The most significant risk in EVE was in the Euro interest rate curve at EUR 1,319 million, followed by the British pound at EUR 750 million, the Polish zloty at EUR 267 million and the US dollar at EUR 250 million, all relating to the risk of rate increases.

Economic value of equity (EVE) sensitivity

% of the total

Others: Portugal, Poland and SCF.

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South America

At the end of June, the EVE in our South American balance sheets was positioned for interest rate decreases. In the case of NII, our core South American balance sheets (Brazil, Chile and Argentina) were positioned for interest rate decreases. In the first half of 2024, exposure levels in all countries was moderate in relation to the annual budget and capital levels.

At the end of June, the most significant risk to NII was located in Brazil (EUR 132 million) and Chile (EUR 11 million).

Net interest income (NII) sensitivity

% of the total

Others: Argentina, Peru and Uruguay.

The most significant risk to the EVE, was also in Brazil (EUR 454 million) and Chile (EUR 295 million).

Economic value of equity (EVE) sensitivity

% of the total

Others: Argentina, Peru and Uruguay.

North America

At the end of June, the NII of our North American balance sheets showed positive sensitivities to interest rate increases, while in the case of EVE, negative sensitivities to interest rate increases were shown.

In the first half of 2024, exposure levels in all countries were moderate in relation to the annual budget and capital levels.

At the end of June, the most significant risk to NII was mainly in the US (EUR 153 million).

Net interest income (NII) sensitivity

% of the total

The most significant risk to the EVE was also in the US (EUR 661 million).

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Economic value of equity (EVE) sensitivity

% of the total

Structural foreign exchange rate risk/hedging of results

Our structural exchange rate risk is driven by exposures in foreign currencies related to permanent financial investments, their results and related hedges.

Our dynamic management of this risk seeks to limit the impact on the core capital ratio from foreign exchange rate movements. At the end of June 2024, the largest exposures of permanent investments (with their potential impact on equity) were (in order), in Brazilian reais, US dollars, UK pounds sterling, Mexican pesos, Polish zlotys and Chilean pesos. We hedge some of these positions (which are permanent in nature) with foreign exchange-rate derivatives.

The Financial division is responsible for foreign exchange rate risk management, hedging expected results and dividends in subsidiaries where the base currency is not the euro.

Structural equity risk

We hold equity positions in its banking book as equity instruments or equity stakes depending on the percentage owned or control.

We diversified the equity portfolio in the banking book at the end of June 2024 between securities in Spain, China, Morocco, Poland and other countries. Most of the portfolio invests in the finance and insurance industries, and also include real estate.

Structural equity positions have market risk exposure. We calculate VaR for these positions with market price data series or proxies. By the end of June 2024, the VaR at 99% over a one-day time horizon was EUR 141 million (EUR 171 and EUR 195 million at the end of 2023 and 2022, respectively).

F.    Pension and actuarial risks

Pension risk

Santander assumes the financial, market, credit and liquidity risks in the assets and investments of defined benefit employee pension funds, as well as the actuarial risks from pension obligations. Our main goal in the pension risk control and management is to identify, measure, monitor, mitigate and disclose all sources of pension risk.

We annually estimate combined losses in assets and liabilities under a stress scenario that includes changes in interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, stock markets, real estate prices and credit spread.

Actuarial risk

Actuarial risk stems from biometric changes in the life expectancy of defined benefit pension scheme beneficiaries; from life insurance holders; unforeseen non-life insurance payments; and unexpected changes in holders' behaviour when filing claims covered in insurance contracts.

We distinguish these actuarial risks:

Life liability risk is the risk of loss if fluctuations in risk factors changes the value of pension liabilities:

•Mortality/longevity risk: risk of loss in variations in insured parties' estimated probability of death/survival parties changes the value of liabilities.

•Morbidity risk: risk of loss if insured parties' estimated probability of disability/incapacity changes the value of liabilities.

•Surrender/lapse risk: risk of loss caused by changes in the value of liabilities because of the early termination or changes in policyholders' rights in regard to surrender, extraordinary contributions and/or paid up options.

•Expense risk: risk of loss if an adverse deviation in expected expenses changes the value of liabilities.

•Catastrophe risk: losses if catastrophic events increase pension liabilities.

Non-life liability risk is the risk of losses from changes in the value of Santander's non-life benefit liabilities with employees, caused by fluctuations in related risk factors:

•Premium risk: loss from insufficient premiums to pay for claims that might be made in the future.

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•Reserve risk: loss from insufficient reserves for unsettled claims, including related costs.

•Catastrophe risk: losses if catastrophic events increase non-life liabilities.

G.    Management of structural liquidity

Structural liquidity management aims to finance the Group’s recurring activity in optimum conditions of maturity and cost and avoid assuming undesired liquidity risks.

Given the retail nature of the Group, commercial branches have continued taking deposits following the selective financing strategy of the Group considering their costs.

Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the different Group companies have maintained frequent issuance activity in the different wholesale funding markets during the year in order to continue strengthening their liquidity position and presence in the markets, taking advantage of favourable market conditions. The Group issued in the first half of 2024 €30,323 million of medium- and long-term issues, of which €12,053 million was senior debt, €6,272 million was covered bonds and €11,998 million were TLAC (Total Loss Absorbing Capacity) eligible instruments of which €8,092 million was senior non-preferred, €2,406 million was subordinated debt and €1,500 million was additional Tier 1. Maturities of medium- and long-term debt amounted to €25,682 million in the first half of 2024, of which €15,587 million was senior debt, €3,349 million was covered bonds, €5,053 million was senior non-preferred, €0 million was subordinated debt and €1,693 million was additional Tier 1. Additionally, securitizations placed in the market amounted to €13,713 million while maturities followed a similar pattern.

In short, all these actions have contributed to strengthen the Group’s balance sheet and capital base and helped to maintain an appropriate liquidity position.

The main aspects in relation to structural management of liquidity during the first half of 2024 were:

•Adequate position of structural liquidity. We are essentially a retail bank. Therefore, customer deposits are the main source of funds in our financing structure. These deposits, together with capital and similar instruments, enable us to address most of the Group’s liquidity needs.

Diversification of markets and instruments to obtain liquidity. We have an active presence in several wholesale markets, across the different countries where the Group operates. This strategy limits our dependence on specific markets and allows us to maintain a comfortable capacity of recourse to the markets.

•As of 30 June 2024, the balance sheet of the Group was solid, as befits the Group’s retail nature. Lending, which accounted for around 70% of net assets, was fully financed by customer deposits and medium and long-term funding. The Group has an adequate structure of medium and long-term issuances, well diversified by products (including, senior debt, senior non-preferred debt, covered bond, subordinated debt and additional Tier 1) with a moderately conservative maturity (4.3 years as of 30 June 2024). All of this results in moderate needs of recourse to short term wholesale funding at the Group level.

Excluding securitizations, most medium- and long-term issuance activity has been concentrated on the Eurozone and the UK, with a moderate contribution from USA.

On 30 June 2024, the Group's structural liquidity surplus stood at €316.7 billion on a consolidated basis. This surplus is based mainly on fixed income securities (€232.1 billion), equities (€19.7 billion) and net lent deposits to central banks and credit entities (€106.1 billion), partially offset by short term funding balance (€41.2 billion).

•High capacity to obtain liquidity on the balance sheet. The reserve includes deposits in central banks and cash, unencumbered sovereign debt, undrawn credit lines granted by central banks, as well as other assets eligible as collateral and other undrawn credit lines in official institutions (FHLB, etc.), all of which reinforce the solid liquidity position of the Group and its subsidiaries. As a proof of this sound and ample liquidity position, the Group as a whole exhibits both a Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) well above the 100% regulatory limit and a Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), also well above 100%. Compared with 2023 year-end, LCR has slightly diminished and NSFR has not substantially changed during the first half of 2024.

•Access to wholesale markets for liquidity based on short and long-term ratings.

•Independence of the subsidiaries in funding within a coordinated liquidity management. The most important subsidiaries obtain their funding in wholesale markets in accordance with their needs, establishing their own liquidity and contingency plans, without recourse to lines from the parent Bank to finance their activity.

•Moderate use of assets as security for structural balance-sheet funding sources that has not materially changed since the end of 2023.

Santander Group performs a continuous internal process to ensure the adequacy of both, its liquidity position and the management, measurement, monitoring and control of its liquidity risk (Group Internal Liquidity Adequacy and Assessment Process). However, in accordance to Santander’s model for liquidity management based on autonomous subsidiaries, this adequacy assessment process in fact encompasses separate adequacy assessment processes at the subsidiary level (each of them an Internal Liquidity Adequacy and Assessment Process), which are complemented and overseen by corporate processes, governance and coordination functions.

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All these processes, which are forward looking and integrated into the decision-making and management process, risk management and risk appetite, liquidity planning and overall strategy, have the ultimate objective of ensuring that the Group's entities have and will have adequate liquidity resources to meet their obligations under both normal and stressed conditions and over an appropriate set of time horizons, taking into account all material sources of liquidity risk.

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ITEM 8. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

In addition to the second quarter 2024 information disclosed in 'Part 1. Consolidated Directors’ Report—Corporate Governance', the following are other significant corporate governance events occurred during 2024:

2024 Ordinary general shareholders’ meeting

Banco Santander held its 2024 ordinary general shareholders’ meeting on second call on 22 March 2024 at Centro de Formación El Solaruco (Ciudad Grupo Santander), in Boadilla del Monte. Shareholders were able to attend in person and by telematic means.

617,739 shareholders, owning 66.65% of the share capital, attended the general meeting on their own behalf or by proxy.

The proposed resolutions submitted by the board passed with an average of 97.16% votes in favour 99.36% of voting shareholders approved the Bank’s management for the 2023 financial year.

Detailed information on the resolutions that passed at the general meeting can be found published on our corporate website (www.santander.com).

Changes to the board of directors

At the ordinary general meeting, shareholders approved the appointments of Carlos Barrabés and Antonio Weiss (to fill the vacancies left by Bruce Carnegie-Brown and Ramiro Mato, respectively) as independent directors.

Changes to the board committees

The following changes to the composition of Banco Santander's committees took place on 23 March 2024:

•Audit committee: Germán de la Fuente was appointed Chair to replace Pamela Walkden, who will remain as a member of the committee.

•Nomination committee: Belén Romana was appointed Chair to replace Bruce Carnegie-Brown, who stepped down as a member of the committee.

•Remuneration committee: Bruce Carnegie-Brown stepped down as a member of the committee.

•Risk supervision, regulation and compliance committee: Pamela Walkden was appointed Chair to replace Belén Romana, who will remain as a member of the committee.

•Responsible banking, sustainability and culture committee: Pamela Walkden was appointed as a member of the committee and Belén Romana stepped down as a member of the committee.

•Innovation and technology committee: Glenn Hutchins was appointed Chair to replace Ana Botín, who will remain as a member of the committee.

The updated composition of the board committees is available on our corporate website (www.santander.com).

Changes to the organizational structure of the Group's Senior Management

On 1 March 2024 we announced the appointment of David Hazell as Group Chief Compliance Officer to succeed Marjolein van Hellemondt. In 2012, Mr. Hazell joined the Group as Chief Compliance Officer of Santander UK and has been the Chief Compliance Officer of Santander US since 2018.

On 21 March 2024, the board of directors appointed Julia Bayón as the new Group Chief Audit Executive and Head of the Internal Audit division to succeed Juan Guitard, who was appointed vice president of PagoNxt, S.L. Ms. Bayón led the Group’s Business and Corporate & Investment Banking Legal Service and was deputy secretary of the board of directors of Banco Santander. She has been a director of Santander Perú since 2021.

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ITEM 9. OTHER DISCLOSURES

Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers

The following table shows the repurchases of shares made by the Bank or any of its affiliates during the first six months of 2024:

2024	Total number of  shares -or units purchased (A)	Average price paid per share (or  unit) in euros	Total number of shares (or  units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or  programs (B)	Euro value of the maximum number of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (B)
January	76,348,721	3.78	71,725,171	0
February	86,304,285	3.76	36,600,000	1,319,433,276
March	79,513,484	4.02	71,200,000	1,034,154,094
April	102,438,974	4.50	88,800,000	629,044,877
May	78,180,558	4.72	69,700,000	299,704,073
June	86,859,914	4.56	65,005,000	0
Total	509,645,936		403,030,171

A) The number of shares purchased does not include securities lending and short positions.

(B) Purchases related to the First and Second 2023 Buyback Programmes. For more information see 'Corporate Governance. Section 2.5 Treasury shares' in Part 1 of our 2023 Form 20-F and note 11 to our interim consolidated financial statements in Part 1 of this report on Form 6-K.

During the first six months of 2024, all purchases and sales of equity securities were made in open-market transactions.

January - June 2024 199

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Banco Santander, S.A.
Date:    26 July 2024	By:	/s/ José García Cantera
	Name:	José García Cantera
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer