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Debt securities (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure Of Debt Instruments [Abstract]  
Disclosure of detailed information about debt instruments explanatory
The detail, by classification, type and currency, of Debt securities in the consolidated balance sheets is as follows:
EUR million
202220212020
Classification
Financial assets held for trading41,403 26,750 37,894 
Non-trading financial assets mandatorily at fair value through profit or loss1,134 957 700 
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss2,542 2,516 2,979 
Financial assets designated at fair value through other comprehensive income75,083 97,922 108,903 
Financial assets at amortised cost73,554 35,708 26,078 
193,716 163,853 176,554 
Type
Spanish government debt securities26,876 20,638 30,397 
Foreign government debt securities121,018 102,976 110,570 
Issued by financial institutions10,176 12,324 10,133 
Other fixed-income securities35,468 27,850 25,337 
Impaired financial assets404 280 401 
Impairment losses(226)(215)(284)
193,716 163,853 176,554 
Currency
Euro63,903 45,197 58,850 
Pound sterling6,732 6,304 7,372 
US dollar37,749 34,229 29,009 
Brazilian real35,841 35,907 35,139 
Other currencies49,717 42,431 46,468 
Debt securities excluding impairment adjustments193,942 164,068 176,838 
Impairment losses(226)(215)(284)
193,716 163,853 176,554 
Schedule of debt instruments by origin of issuer
The breakdown, by origin of the issuer, of debt securities at 31 December 2022, 2021 and 2020, net of impairment losses, is as follows:
EUR million
202220212020
Private fixed-incomePublic fixed-incomeTotal%Private fixed-incomePublic fixed-incomeTotal%Private fixed-incomePublic fixed-incomeTotal%
Spain1,015 26,876 27,891 14.40 %3,773 20,638 24,411 14.90 %1,588 30,397 31,985 18.12 %
United Kingdom2,545 3,013 5,558 2.87 %3,334 2,097 5,431 3.31 %3,099 2,795 5,894 3.34 %
Portugal2,572 3,603 6,175 3.19 %3,008 3,845 6,853 4.18 %3,095 6,462 9,557 5.41 %
Italy1,948 8,329 10,277 5.31 %1,215 1,531 2,746 1.68 %1,047 4,688 5,735 3.25 %
Ireland6,141 11 6,152 3.18 %4,759 52 4,811 2.94 %2,924 2 2,926 1.66 %
Poland2,830 9,443 12,273 6.34 %2,848 12,727 15,575 9.51 %3,126 11,400 14,526 8.23 %
Other European countries8,161 9,655 17,816 9.20 %8,922 3,422 12,344 7.53 %8,211 2,891 11,102 6.29 %
United States8,950 22,318 31,268 16.14 %5,634 21,465 27,099 16.54 %6,386 14,645 21,031 11.91 %
Brazil9,201 28,191 37,392 19.30 %5,446 29,251 34,697 21.18 %5,179 33,316 38,495 21.80 %
Mexico481 17,578 18,059 9.32 %517 14,572 15,089 9.21 %435 19,053 19,488 11.04 %
Chile28 10,009 10,037 5.18 %51 9,467 9,518 5.81 %41 8,082 8,123 4.60 %
Other American countries1,560 5,960 7,520 3.88 %655 2,128 2,783 1.70 %274 3,098 3,372 1.91 %
Rest of the world390 2,908 3,298 1.70 %77 2,419 2,496 1.52 %182 4,138 4,320 2.44 %
45,822 147,894 193,716 100 %40,239 123,614 163,853 100 %35,587 140,967 176,554 100 %
Schedule of debt instruments by issuer rating
Following are the main aggregates relating to credit risk from our activities with customers:
Main credit risk performance metrics from activity with customersA
December data
Credit risk with customers
(EUR million)B
Credit impaired loans
(EUR million)		NPL ratio (%)
202220212020202220212020202220212020
Europe639,996636,123606,99715,18619,82220,2722.37 3.12 3.34 
Spain293,197283,953272,1549,59813,40314,0533.27 4.72 5.16 
UK253,455262,869252,2553,0593,7663,1381.21 1.43 1.24 
Portugal41,75541,94140,6931,2471,4421,5842.99 3.44 3.89 
Poland33,35033,49731,5781,2681,2101,4963.80 3.61 4.74 
North America185,614149,792131,6265,6293,6322,9383.03 2.42 2.23 
US140,452112,80899,1354,5712,6242,0253.25 2.33 2.04 
Mexico45,10736,98432,4761,0471,0099132.32 2.73 2.81 
South America167,348141,874129,59010,3816,3875,6886.20 4.50 4.39 
Brazil101,80185,70274,7127,7054,1823,4297.57 4.88 4.59 
Chile47,81141,47942,8262,3841,8382,0514.99 4.43 4.79 
Argentina5,8445,4814,418122198932.08 3.61 2.11 
Digital Consumer Bank125,339116,989116,3812,5832,4902,5252.06 2.13 2.17 
Corporate Centre5,8246,3374,86289490334415.35 14.38 7.08 
Total Group1,124,1211,051,115989,45634,67333,23431,7673.08 3.16 3.21 
A.Management perimeter according to the reported segments
B.Includes gross lending to customers, guarantees and documentary credits.
Schedule of breakdown by type of instrument
The detail, by type of financial instrument, of private fixed-income securities at 31 December 2022, 2021 and 2020, net of impairment losses, is as follows:
EUR million
202220212020
Securitised mortgage bonds9,222 5,806 5,926 
Other asset-backed bonds7,120 6,304 5,479 
Floating rate debt12,397 8,081 7,829 
Fixed rate debt17,083 20,048 16,353 
Total45,822 40,239 35,587 
Schedule of changes in impairment losses on debt instruments
The changes in the impairment losses on debt securities are summarised below:
EUR million
202220212020
Balance at beginning of year215 284 474 
Net impairment losses for the yearA
16 28 79 
Of which:
Impairment losses charged to income 30 49 91 
Impairment losses reversed with a credit to income(14)(21)(12)
Exchange differences and other items(5)(97)(269)
Balance at end of year226 215 284 
Of which:
By geographical location of risk:
European Union26 25 21 
Latin America200 190 263 
A.Of the EUR 16 million corresponding to net provisions for the year ended 31 December 2022 (EUR 28 million and EUR 79 million at 31 December 2021 and 2020, respectively), EUR 17 million relates to financial assets at amortized cost (EUR 31 million and EUR 77 million at 31 December 2021 and 2020, respectively) and EUR -1 million relates to financial assets designated at fair value through other comprehensive income (EUR -3 million and EUR 2 million at 31 December 2021 and 2020, respectively).
Following is the movement of the loan loss provision broken down by impairment stage of loans and advances to customers during 2022, 2021 and 2020:
2022
EUR million
Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Total
Loss allowance at the beginning of the year4,188 5,226 13,550 22,964 
Transfers
To stage 2 from stage 1(713)3,046 2,333 
To stage 3 from stage 1(557)4,586 4,029 
To stage 3 from stage 2(1,802)3,182 1,380 
To stage 1 from stage 2215 (894)(679)
To stage 2 from stage 3400 (933)(533)
To stage 1 from stage 39 (161)(152)
Net changes of the exposure and modifications in the credit risk414 (1,056)5,940 5,298 
Write-offs— — (12,235)(12,235)
FX and other movements70 207 2 279 
Loss allowance at the end of the year3,626 5,127 13,931 22,684 
2021
EUR million
Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Total
Loss allowance at the beginning of the year4,265 5,672 13,658 23,595 
Transfers
To stage 2 from stage 1(578)2,968 2,390 
To stage 3 from stage 1(237)2,209 1,972 
To stage 3 from stage 2(1,086)2,474 1,388 
To stage 1 from stage 2254 (1,025)(771)
To stage 2 from stage 3216 (760)(544)
To stage 1 from stage 38 (67)(59)
Net changes of the exposure and modifications in the credit risk617 (1,557)5,326 4,386 
Write-offs— — (9,089)(9,089)
FX and other movements(141)38 (201)(304)
Loss allowance at the end of the year4,188 5,226 13,550 22,964 
2020
EUR million
Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Total
Loss allowance at the beginning of the year3,835 4,474 13,933 22,242 
Transfers
To stage 2 from stage 1(1,040)2,880 1,840 
To stage 3 from stage 1(255)2,386 2,131 
To stage 3 from stage 2(971)2,066 1,095 
To stage 1 from stage 2294 (976)(682)
To stage 2 from stage 3303 (727)(424)
To stage 1 from stage 353 (138)(85)
Net changes of the exposure and modifications in the credit risk1,966 535 7,009 9,510 
Write-offs— — (8,930)(8,930)
FX and other movements(588)(573)(1,941)(3,102)
Loss allowance at the end of the year4,265 5,672 13,658 23,595 
The changes in gross property development loans to customers were as follows:
EUR million
202220212020
Balance at beginning of year2,6252,8712,939
Foreclosed assets—(1)(6)
Reductions(295)(230)(24)
Written-off assets(3)(15)(38)
Balance at end of year2,3272,6252,871