Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies CTI BioPharma Corp., together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, also referred to collectively in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “CTI,” is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel targeted therapies covering a spectrum of blood-related cancers that offer a unique benefit to patients and health care providers. Our goal is to build a profitable company by generating income from products we develop and commercialize, either alone or with partners. We are currently concentrating our efforts on treatments that target blood-related cancers where there is an unmet medical need. In particular, we are primarily focused on evaluating pacritinib for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis and the further development of PIXUVRI worldwide, for which our partner Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, or collectively Servier, has commercialization rights outside the United States, or the U.S. We operate in a highly regulated and competitive environment. The manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products require approval from, and are subject to, ongoing oversight by the Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, in the U.S., the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, in the European Union, or the E.U., and comparable agencies in other countries. Obtaining approval for a new therapeutic product is never certain, may take many years and may involve expenditure of substantial resources. Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited financial information of CTI as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. for interim financial information and with the instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, such financial information includes all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position at such date and the operating results and cash flows for such periods. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year or for any other subsequent interim period. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted pursuant to the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. These unaudited financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2017. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. for complete financial statements. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CTI and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, which include Systems Medicine LLC and CTI Life Sciences Limited, or CTILS. We also retain ownership of our branch, CTI BioPharma Corp.– Sede Secondaria, or CTI (Europe); however, we ceased operations related to this branch in September 2009. As of March 31, 2017, we also had an approximately 60% interest in our majority-owned subsidiary, Aequus Biopharma, Inc., or Aequus. The remaining interest in Aequus not held by CTI is reported as noncontrolling interest in the condensed consolidated financial statements. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Reverse Stock Split On January 1, 2017, we effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split, or the Stock Split. All impacted amounts included in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been retroactively adjusted for the Stock Split. Unless otherwise noted, impacted amounts include shares of common stock authorized and outstanding, share issuances and cancellations, shares underlying warrants and stock options, shares reserved, conversion prices of convertible securities, exercise prices of warrants and options, and (loss) income per share. Additionally, the Stock Split impacted preferred stock authorized (but not outstanding because there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of the time of the Stock Split). Liquidity The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within one year after the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), our management evaluates whether there are conditions or events, considered in aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. We will need to continue to conduct research, development, testing and regulatory compliance activities with respect to our compounds and ensure the procurement of manufacturing and drug supply services, the costs of which, together with projected general and administrative expenses, is expected to result in operating losses for the foreseeable future. Additionally, we have resumed primary responsibility for the development and commercialization of pacritinib as a result of the termination of the Pacritinib License Agreement in October 2016, and we will no longer be eligible to receive cost sharing or milestone payments for pacritinib's development from Baxalta Incorporated and its affiliates, or Baxalta, which is now part of Shire plc. We have incurred a net operating loss every year since our formation. As of March 31, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.2 billion, and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. Our available cash and cash equivalents were $33.3 million as of March 31, 2017. We believe that our present financial resources, together with payments projected to be received under certain contractual agreements and our ability to control costs, will only be sufficient to fund our operations into the third quarter of 2017. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Accordingly, we will need to raise additional funds to operate our business. We may seek to raise such capital through public or private equity financings, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, disposition of assets, debt financings or restructurings, bank borrowings or other sources of financing. However, we have a limited number of authorized shares of common stock available for issuance and additional funding may not be available on favorable terms or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existing shareholders may result. If we fail to obtain additional capital when needed, our ability to operate as a going concern will be harmed, and we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, reduce our selling, general and administrative expenses, be unable to attract and retain highly-qualified personnel, be unable to obtain and maintain contracts necessary to continue our operations and at affordable rates with competitive terms, refrain from making our contractually required payments when due (including debt payments) and/or may be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include adjustments, if any, that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Accounts Receivable Our accounts receivable balance includes trade receivables related to PIXUVRI sales. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the age of outstanding receivables and our historical experience of collections, which includes adjustments for risk of loss for specific customer accounts. We periodically review the estimation process and make changes to our assumptions as necessary. When it is deemed probable that a customer account is uncollectible, the account balance is written off against the existing allowance. We also consider the customer's country of origin to determine if an allowance is required. We continue to monitor economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international economies and the sovereign debt crisis in certain European countries, and associated impacts on the financial markets and our business. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our accounts receivable did not include any material balance from a customer in a country that has exhibited financial stress. We recorded no allowance for doubtful accounts as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Receivables from Collaborative Arrangements Our receivables from collaborative arrangements relate to amounts payable or reimbursable to us under the terms of collaborative arrangements with our partners. The receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 primarily relates to a milestone receivable from Servier for the attainment of a certain enrollment event in December 2016 in connection with our PIX306 study. When it is deemed probable that an amount is uncollectible, it is written off against the existing allowance. We had no allowance for doubtful accounts from collaborative arrangements as of March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016. Value Added Tax Receivable Our European operations are subject to a value added tax, or VAT, which is usually applied to all goods and services purchased and sold throughout Europe. The VAT receivable was approximately $4.3 million and $4.4 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of which $4.2 million and $4.1 million, respectively, was included in other assets and $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The collection period of VAT receivable for our European operations ranges from approximately three months to five years. For our Italian VAT receivable, the collection period is approximately three to five years. As of March 31, 2017, the VAT receivable related to operations in Italy was approximately $4.3 million. We review our VAT receivable balance for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount might not be recoverable. Inventory We carry inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of finished goods and work in process is determined using the standard-cost method, which approximates actual cost based on a first-in, first-out method. Inventory includes the cost of materials, third-party contract manufacturing and overhead costs, quality control costs and shipping costs from the manufacturers to the final distribution warehouse associated with the distribution of PIXUVRI. Production costs for our other product candidates continue to be charged to research and development expense as incurred prior to regulatory approval or until our estimate for regulatory approval becomes probable. We review inventories on a quarterly basis for impairment and reserves are established when necessary. Estimates of excess inventory consider our projected sales of the product and the remaining shelf lives of product. In the event we identify excess, obsolete or unsalable inventory, the value is written down to the net realizable value. Based on assessment of shelf lives and net realizable value of the product, a reserve of $1.5 million was recorded as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, for excess, obsolete or unsalable inventory. Revenue Recognition We currently have conditional marketing authorization for PIXUVRI in the E.U. Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence of the existence of an agreement, delivery has occurred, prices are fixed or determinable, and collectability is assured. Where the revenue recognition criteria are not met, we defer the recognition of revenue by recording deferred revenue until such time that all criteria under the provision are met. Product sales We sell PIXUVRI primarily through a limited number of wholesale distributors. We generally record product sales upon receipt of the product by the health care providers and certain distributors at which time title and risk of loss pass. Product sales are recorded net of distributor discounts, estimated government-mandated rebates, trade discounts, and estimated product returns. Reserves are established for these deductions and actual amounts incurred are offset against the applicable reserves. We reflect these reserves as either a reduction in the related account receivable or as an accrued liability, depending on the nature of the sales deduction. These estimates are periodically reviewed and adjusted as necessary. Collaboration Agreements Milestone payments under collaboration agreements are generally aggregated into three categories for reporting purposes: (i) development milestones, (ii) regulatory milestones, and (iii) sales milestones. Development milestones are typically payable when a product candidate initiates or advances into different clinical trial phases. Regulatory milestones are typically payable upon submission for marketing approval with the FDA, or with the regulatory authorities of other countries, or on receipt of actual marketing approvals for the compound or for additional indications. Sales milestones are typically payable when annual sales reach certain levels. At the inception of each agreement that includes milestone payments, we evaluate whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether (a) the consideration is commensurate with either (1) the entity's performance to achieve the milestone, or (2) the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the entity's performance to achieve the milestone, (b) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (c) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. We evaluate factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement in making this assessment. Non-refundable development and regulatory milestones that are expected to be achieved as a result of our efforts during the period of substantial involvement are considered substantive and are recognized as revenue upon the achievement of the milestone, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. We follow Accounting Standard Codification, or ASC, 605-25, Revenue Recognition – Multiple-Element Arrangements, and ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, if applicable, to determine the accounting of reimbursement arrangements under collaborative research and development and commercialization agreements. Cost of Product Sold Cost of product sold includes third-party manufacturing costs, shipping costs, contractual royalties and other costs of PIXUVRI product sold. Cost of product sold also includes allowances, if any, for excess inventory that may expire and become unsalable. Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains and Losses We record foreign currency translation adjustments and transaction gains and losses in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. For our operations that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, gains and losses resulting from the translation of the functional currency into U.S. dollars for financial statement presentation are not included in determining net loss, but are accumulated in the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment account as a separate component of shareholders’ (deficit) equity, except for intercompany transactions that are of a short-term nature with entities that are consolidated, combined or accounted for by the equity method in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We and our subsidiaries also have transactions in foreign currencies other than the functional currency. We record transaction gains and losses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations related to the recurring measurement and settlement of such transactions. The intercompany balance due from CTILS is considered to be of a long-term nature. An unrealized foreign exchange gain of $0.5 million and $1.5 million was recorded in the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment account for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, the intercompany balance due from CTILS was €29.1 million (or $31.1 million upon conversion from euros as of March 31, 2017). As of December 31, 2016, the intercompany balance due from CTILS was €29.7 million (or $31.2 million upon conversion from euros as of December 31, 2016). Net (Loss) Income Per Share Basic net (loss) income per share, or EPS, is calculated based on the net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period excluding dilutive effects, if any, of options, warrants, unvested share awards and convertible securities. Diluted EPS assumes the conversion of all dilutive convertible securities, such as convertible debt and convertible preferred stock, using the if-converted method, and assumes the exercise or vesting of other dilutive securities, such as options, warrants and restricted stock, using the treasury stock method. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In July 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on simplifying the measurement of inventory which requires that inventory within the scope of the guidance be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Prior to the issuance of the standard, inventory was measured at the lower of cost or market (where market was defined as replacement cost, with a ceiling of net realizable value and floor of net realizable value less a normal profit margin). The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2017 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued a new accounting standard which requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for each annual and interim reporting period and to provide related footnote disclosures in certain circumstances. The accounting standard is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this standard in the fourth quarter of 2016 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance for employee share-based payments accounting. The accounting standard primarily affects the accounting for forfeitures, minimum statutory tax withholding requirements, and income tax effects related to share-based payments at settlement (or expiration). The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 (including interim periods within those periods). We have historically maintained a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2017 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, and we will continue to estimate expected forfeitures. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In May 2014, the FASB issued a new financial accounting standard which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and which supersedes current revenue recognition guidance. In March 2016, the FASB issued an amendment to clarify the implementation guidance around considerations of whether an entity is a principal or an agent, impacting whether an entity reports revenue on a gross or net basis. In April 2016, the FASB issued an amendment to clarify guidance on identifying performance obligations and the implementation guidance on licensing. In May 2016, the FASB issued amendments to certain aspects of the new revenue guidance (including transition, collectability, noncash consideration and the presentation of sales and other similar taxes) and provided certain practical expedients. The accounting standard is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard on recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. The accounting standard primarily affects the accounting for equity investments and financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. In addition, it includes a clarification related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for the provision to record fair value changes for financial liabilities under the fair value option resulting from instrument-specific credit risk in other comprehensive income. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on accounting for leases which requires lessees to recognize virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease) on the balance sheet. The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued an amendment to add or clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows with the objective of reducing diversity in practice regarding eight types of cash flows. The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our statements of cash flows. Reclassifications Certain prior year items have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

CTI BioPharma Corp., together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, also referred to collectively in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “CTI,” is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel targeted therapies covering a spectrum of blood-related cancers that offer a unique benefit to patients and health care providers. Our goal is to build a profitable company by generating income from products we develop and commercialize, either alone or with partners. We are currently concentrating our efforts on treatments that target blood-related cancers where there is an unmet medical need. In particular, we are primarily focused on evaluating pacritinib for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis and the further development of PIXUVRI worldwide, for which our partner Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, or collectively Servier, has commercialization rights outside the United States, or the U.S.

We operate in a highly regulated and competitive environment. The manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products require approval from, and are subject to, ongoing oversight by the Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, in the U.S., the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, in the European Union, or the E.U., and comparable agencies in other countries. Obtaining approval for a new therapeutic product is never certain, may take many years and may involve expenditure of substantial resources.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited financial information of CTI as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. for interim financial information and with the instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, such financial information includes all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position at such date and the operating results and cash flows for such periods. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year or for any other subsequent interim period.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted pursuant to the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. These unaudited financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2017.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. for complete financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CTI and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, which include Systems Medicine LLC and CTI Life Sciences Limited, or CTILS. We also retain ownership of our branch, CTI BioPharma Corp.– Sede Secondaria, or CTI (Europe); however, we ceased operations related to this branch in September 2009.

As of March 31, 2017, we also had an approximately 60% interest in our majority-owned subsidiary, Aequus Biopharma, Inc., or Aequus. The remaining interest in Aequus not held by CTI is reported as noncontrolling interest in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Reverse Stock Split

On January 1, 2017, we effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split, or the Stock Split. All impacted amounts included in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been retroactively adjusted for the Stock Split. Unless otherwise noted, impacted amounts include shares of common stock authorized and outstanding, share issuances and cancellations, shares underlying warrants and stock options, shares reserved, conversion prices of convertible securities, exercise prices of warrants and options, and (loss) income per share. Additionally, the Stock Split impacted preferred stock authorized (but not outstanding because there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of the time of the Stock Split).

Liquidity

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within one year after the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), our management evaluates whether there are conditions or events, considered in aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

We will need to continue to conduct research, development, testing and regulatory compliance activities with respect to our compounds and ensure the procurement of manufacturing and drug supply services, the costs of which, together with projected general and administrative expenses, is expected to result in operating losses for the foreseeable future. Additionally, we have resumed primary responsibility for the development and commercialization of pacritinib as a result of the termination of the Pacritinib License Agreement in October 2016, and we will no longer be eligible to receive cost sharing or milestone payments for pacritinib's development from Baxalta Incorporated and its affiliates, or Baxalta, which is now part of Shire plc. We have incurred a net operating loss every year since our formation. As of March 31, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.2 billion, and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future.

Our available cash and cash equivalents were $33.3 million as of March 31, 2017. We believe that our present financial resources, together with payments projected to be received under certain contractual agreements and our ability to control costs, will only be sufficient to fund our operations into the third quarter of 2017. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Accordingly, we will need to raise additional funds to operate our business. We may seek to raise such capital through public or private equity financings, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, disposition of assets, debt financings or restructurings, bank borrowings or other sources of financing. However, we have a limited number of authorized shares of common stock available for issuance and additional funding may not be available on favorable terms or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existing shareholders may result. If we fail to obtain additional capital when needed, our ability to operate as a going concern will be harmed, and we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, reduce our selling, general and administrative expenses, be unable to attract and retain highly-qualified personnel, be unable to obtain and maintain contracts necessary to continue our operations and at affordable rates with competitive terms, refrain from making our contractually required payments when due (including debt payments) and/or may be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include adjustments, if any, that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Accounts Receivable

Our accounts receivable balance includes trade receivables related to PIXUVRI sales. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the age of outstanding receivables and our historical experience of collections, which includes adjustments for risk of loss for specific customer accounts. We periodically review the estimation process and make changes to our assumptions as necessary. When it is deemed probable that a customer account is uncollectible, the account balance is written off against the existing allowance. We also consider the customer's country of origin to determine if an allowance is required. We continue to monitor economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international economies and the sovereign debt crisis in certain European countries, and associated impacts on the financial markets and our business.

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our accounts receivable did not include any material balance from a customer in a country that has exhibited financial stress. We recorded no allowance for doubtful accounts as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Receivables from Collaborative Arrangements

Our receivables from collaborative arrangements relate to amounts payable or reimbursable to us under the terms of collaborative arrangements with our partners. The receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 primarily relates to a milestone receivable from Servier for the attainment of a certain enrollment event in December 2016 in connection with our PIX306 study. When it is deemed probable that an amount is uncollectible, it is written off against the existing allowance. We had no allowance for doubtful accounts from collaborative arrangements as of March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.

Value Added Tax Receivable

Our European operations are subject to a value added tax, or VAT, which is usually applied to all goods and services purchased and sold throughout Europe. The VAT receivable was approximately $4.3 million and $4.4 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of which $4.2 million and $4.1 million, respectively, was included in other assets and $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The collection period of VAT receivable for our European operations ranges from approximately three months to five years. For our Italian VAT receivable, the collection period is approximately three to five years. As of March 31, 2017, the VAT receivable related to operations in Italy was approximately $4.3 million. We review our VAT receivable balance for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount might not be recoverable.

Inventory

We carry inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of finished goods and work in process is determined using the standard-cost method, which approximates actual cost based on a first-in, first-out method. Inventory includes the cost of materials, third-party contract manufacturing and overhead costs, quality control costs and shipping costs from the manufacturers to the final distribution warehouse associated with the distribution of PIXUVRI. Production costs for our other product candidates continue to be charged to research and development expense as incurred prior to regulatory approval or until our estimate for regulatory approval becomes probable. We review inventories on a quarterly basis for impairment and reserves are established when necessary. Estimates of excess inventory consider our projected sales of the product and the remaining shelf lives of product. In the event we identify excess, obsolete or unsalable inventory, the value is written down to the net realizable value. Based on assessment of shelf lives and net realizable value of the product, a reserve of $1.5 million was recorded as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, for excess, obsolete or unsalable inventory.

Revenue Recognition

We currently have conditional marketing authorization for PIXUVRI in the E.U. Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence of the existence of an agreement, delivery has occurred, prices are fixed or determinable, and collectability is assured. Where the revenue recognition criteria are not met, we defer the recognition of revenue by recording deferred revenue until such time that all criteria under the provision are met.

Product sales

We sell PIXUVRI primarily through a limited number of wholesale distributors. We generally record product sales upon receipt of the product by the health care providers and certain distributors at which time title and risk of loss pass. Product sales are recorded net of distributor discounts, estimated government-mandated rebates, trade discounts, and estimated product returns. Reserves are established for these deductions and actual amounts incurred are offset against the applicable reserves. We reflect these reserves as either a reduction in the related account receivable or as an accrued liability, depending on the nature of the sales deduction. These estimates are periodically reviewed and adjusted as necessary.

Collaboration Agreements

Milestone payments under collaboration agreements are generally aggregated into three categories for reporting purposes: (i) development milestones, (ii) regulatory milestones, and (iii) sales milestones. Development milestones are typically payable when a product candidate initiates or advances into different clinical trial phases. Regulatory milestones are typically payable upon submission for marketing approval with the FDA, or with the regulatory authorities of other countries, or on receipt of actual marketing approvals for the compound or for additional indications. Sales milestones are typically payable when annual sales reach certain levels.

At the inception of each agreement that includes milestone payments, we evaluate whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether (a) the consideration is commensurate with either (1) the entity's performance to achieve the milestone, or (2) the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the entity's performance to achieve the milestone, (b) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (c) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. We evaluate factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement in making this assessment. Non-refundable development and regulatory milestones that are expected to be achieved as a result of our efforts during the period of substantial involvement are considered substantive and are recognized as revenue upon the achievement of the milestone, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

We follow Accounting Standard Codification, or ASC, 605-25, Revenue Recognition – Multiple-Element Arrangements, and ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, if applicable, to determine the accounting of reimbursement arrangements under collaborative research and development and commercialization agreements.

Cost of Product Sold

Cost of product sold includes third-party manufacturing costs, shipping costs, contractual royalties and other costs of PIXUVRI product sold. Cost of product sold also includes allowances, if any, for excess inventory that may expire and become unsalable.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains and Losses

We record foreign currency translation adjustments and transaction gains and losses in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. For our operations that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, gains and losses resulting from the translation of the functional currency into U.S. dollars for financial statement presentation are not included in determining net loss, but are accumulated in the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment account as a separate component of shareholders’ (deficit) equity, except for intercompany transactions that are of a short-term nature with entities that are consolidated, combined or accounted for by the equity method in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We and our subsidiaries also have transactions in foreign currencies other than the functional currency. We record transaction gains and losses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations related to the recurring measurement and settlement of such transactions.

The intercompany balance due from CTILS is considered to be of a long-term nature. An unrealized foreign exchange gain of $0.5 million and $1.5 million was recorded in the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment account for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, the intercompany balance due from CTILS was €29.1 million (or $31.1 million upon conversion from euros as of March 31, 2017). As of December 31, 2016, the intercompany balance due from CTILS was €29.7 million (or $31.2 million upon conversion from euros as of December 31, 2016).

Net (Loss) Income Per Share

Basic net (loss) income per share, or EPS, is calculated based on the net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period excluding dilutive effects, if any, of options, warrants, unvested share awards and convertible securities. Diluted EPS assumes the conversion of all dilutive convertible securities, such as convertible debt and convertible preferred stock, using the if-converted method, and assumes the exercise or vesting of other dilutive securities, such as options, warrants and restricted stock, using the treasury stock method.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In July 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on simplifying the measurement of inventory which requires that inventory within the scope of the guidance be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Prior to the issuance of the standard, inventory was measured at the lower of cost or market (where market was defined as replacement cost, with a ceiling of net realizable value and floor of net realizable value less a normal profit margin). The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2017 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued a new accounting standard which requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for each annual and interim reporting period and to provide related footnote disclosures in certain circumstances. The accounting standard is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this standard in the fourth quarter of 2016 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance for employee share-based payments accounting. The accounting standard primarily affects the accounting for forfeitures, minimum statutory tax withholding requirements, and income tax effects related to share-based payments at settlement (or expiration). The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 (including interim periods within those periods). We have historically maintained a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2017 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, and we will continue to estimate expected forfeitures.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In May 2014, the FASB issued a new financial accounting standard which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and which supersedes current revenue recognition guidance. In March 2016, the FASB issued an amendment to clarify the implementation guidance around considerations of whether an entity is a principal or an agent, impacting whether an entity reports revenue on a gross or net basis. In April 2016, the FASB issued an amendment to clarify guidance on identifying performance obligations and the implementation guidance on licensing. In May 2016, the FASB issued amendments to certain aspects of the new revenue guidance (including transition, collectability, noncash consideration and the presentation of sales and other similar taxes) and provided certain practical expedients. The accounting standard is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard on recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. The accounting standard primarily affects the accounting for equity investments and financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. In addition, it includes a clarification related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for the provision to record fair value changes for financial liabilities under the fair value option resulting from instrument-specific credit risk in other comprehensive income. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on accounting for leases which requires lessees to recognize virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease) on the balance sheet. The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued an amendment to add or clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows with the objective of reducing diversity in practice regarding eight types of cash flows. The accounting guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our statements of cash flows.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year items have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.