Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill for our funeral and cemetery reporting units are as follows: (in thousands):



	2017									2016
	Funeral			Cemetery			Total			Funeral			Cemetery			Total
	(In thousands)
Balance as of January 1	$	1,493,655		$	305,426		$	1,799,081		$	1,490,502		$	305,838		$	1,796,340

Increase (decrease) in goodwill related to acquisitions	8,013			1,215			9,228			26,809			(151		)	26,658
Reduction of goodwill related to divestitures	(5,413		)	(224		)	(5,637		)	(26,554		)	(270		)	(26,824		)
Held for sale	(3,082		)	(177		)	(3,259		)	—			—			—
Effect of foreign currency	6,568			—			6,568			2,898			9			2,907
Activity	6,086			814			6,900			3,153			(412		)	2,741
Balance as of December 31	$	1,499,741		$	306,240		$	1,805,981		$	1,493,655		$	305,426		$	1,799,081

The components of intangible assets at December 31 were as follows:



	Useful Life
	Minimum		Maximum	2017		2016
	(Years)			(In thousands)
Amortizing intangibles:
Covenants-not-to-compete	2	-	20	$	214,628	$	211,549
Customer relationships	10	-	20	129,516		146,876
Tradenames	5	-	5	9,150		9,150
Other	5	-	40	11,927		11,927
				365,221		379,502
Less: accumulated amortization:
Covenants-not-to-compete				192,296		186,430
Customer relationships				61,321		71,903
Tradenames				7,320		5,490
Other				4,830		4,238
				265,767		268,061

Amortizing intangibles, net				99,454		111,441

Non-amortizing intangibles:
Tradenames			Indefinite	263,880		245,984
Other			Indefinite	10,765		10,640
Non-amortizing intangibles				274,645		256,624

Intangible assets, net				$	374,099	$	368,065

As part of our annual recoverability testing process during 2017, we recognized $0.6 million of impairment on tradenames. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $27.7 million, $31.0 million, and $31.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The following is estimated amortization expense, excluding certain intangibles for which we are unable to provide an estimate because they are amortized based on specific identification in the performance of a preneed contract, for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



2018	$	11,718
2019	9,100
2020	7,371
2021	6,613
2022	5,554
Total estimated amortization expense	$	40,356