Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill for our funeral and cemetery reporting units are as follows: (in thousands):



	2016									2015
	Funeral			Cemetery			Total			Funeral			Cemetery			Total
	(In thousands)
Balance as of January 1	$	1,490,502		$	305,838		$	1,796,340		$	1,510,879		$	299,974		$	1,810,853

Increase (decrease) in goodwill related to acquisitions	26,809			(151		)	26,658			6,460			6,201			12,661
Reduction of goodwill related to divestitures	(26,554		)	(270		)	(26,824		)	(8,908		)	(262		)	(9,170		)
Effect of foreign currency	2,898			9			2,907			(17,929		)	(75		)	(18,004		)
Activity	3,153			(412		)	2,741			(20,377		)	5,864			(14,513		)
Balance as of December 31	$	1,493,655		$	305,426		$	1,799,081		$	1,490,502		$	305,838		$	1,796,340

The components of intangible assets at December 31 were as follows:



	Useful Life
	Minimum		Maximum	2016		2015
	(Years)			(In thousands)
Amortizing intangibles:
Covenants-not-to-compete	2	-	20	$	211,549	$	206,822
Customer relationships	10	-	20	146,876		154,364
Tradenames	5	-	5	9,150		12,750
Other	5	-	40	11,927		11,927
				379,502		385,863
Less: Accumulated amortization				268,061		257,157
Amortizing intangibles, net				111,441		128,706

Non-amortizing intangibles:
Tradenames			Indefinite	245,984		230,659
Other			Indefinite	10,640		10,640
Non-amortizing intangibles				256,624		241,299

Intangible assets, net				$	368,065	$	370,005

As part of our annual recoverability-testing process during 2016, we recognized $1.2 million of impairment on four tradenames. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $31.0 million, $31.5 million, and $36.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The following is estimated amortization expense, excluding certain intangibles for which we are unable to provide an estimate because they are amortized based on specific identification in the performance of a preneed contract, for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2016 (in thousands):



2017	$	11,718
2018	$	10,961
2019	$	7,711
2020	$	6,613
2021	$	6,504