Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill for our funeral and cemetery reporting units are as follows: (in thousands):



	2015									2014
	Funeral			Cemetery			Total			Funeral			Cemetery			Total
	(In thousands)
Balance as of January 1,	$	1,510,879		$	299,974		$	1,810,853		$	1,526,011		$	299,710		$	1,825,721

Increase in goodwill related to acquisitions	6,460			6,201			12,661			292			3,238			3,530
Reduction of goodwill related to divestitures	(8,908		)	(262		)	(9,170		)	(5,959		)	(2,960		)	(8,919		)
Effect of foreign currency	(17,929		)	(75		)	(18,004		)	(9,465		)	(14		)	(9,479		)
Activity	(20,377		)	5,864			(14,513		)	(15,132		)	264			(14,868		)
Balance as of December 31,	$	1,490,502		$	305,838		$	1,796,340		$	1,510,879		$	299,974		$	1,810,853

The components of intangible assets at December 31 were as follows:



	Useful life
	Minimum		Maximum	2015		2014
	(Years)			(In thousands)
Amortizing intangibles:
Covenants-not-to-compete	2	-	20	$	206,822	$	209,920
Customer relationships	10	-	20	154,364		148,351
Tradenames	5	-	5	12,750		12,750
Other	5	-	40	11,927		11,927
				385,863		382,948
Less: Accumulated amortization				257,157		220,682
Amortizing intangibles, net				128,706		162,266

Non-amortizing intangibles:
Tradenames			Indefinite	230,659		220,875
Other			Indefinite	10,640		10,640
Non-amortizing intangibles				241,299		231,515

Intangible assets, net				$	370,005	$	393,781

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $31.5 million, $36.6 million, and $21.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The following is estimated amortization expense, excluding certain intangibles for which we are unable to provide an estimate because they are amortized based on specific identification in the performance of a preneed contract, for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2015 (in thousands):



2016	$	14,490
2017	$	11,876
2018	$	11,119
2019	$	7,869
2020	$	6,772