Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill for our funeral and cemetery reporting units are as follows (in thousands):



	2013									2012
	Funeral			Cemetery			Total			Funeral			Cemetery			Total

Balance as of January 1:	$	1,319,308		$	63,102		$	1,382,410		$	1,298,350		$	63,143		$	1,361,493

Increase in goodwill related to acquisitions	322,118			260,108			582,226			20,289			—			20,289
Reduction of goodwill related to divestitures	(2,774		)	—			(2,774		)	(2,210		)	(41		)	(2,251		)
Held for Sale	(29,070		)	(2,027		)	(31,097		)
Effect of foreign currency and other	(8,663		)	—			(8,663		)	2,879			—			2,879
Activity in 2013	281,611			258,081			539,692			20,958			(41		)	20,917

Balance as of December 31	$	1,600,919		$	321,183		$	1,922,102		$	1,319,308		$	63,102		$	1,382,410

The components of intangible assets at December 31 were as follows:



	Useful life
	Minimum		Maximum	2013		2012
	(Years)			(In thousands)
Amortizing intangibles:
Covenants-not-to-compete	2	-	20	$	218,771	$	208,594
Customer relationships	10	-	20	174,282		102,481
Tradenames	5	-	5	12,750		3,600
Other	5	-	40	17,027		6,050
				422,830		320,725
Less: Accumulated amortization				227,119		207,985
Amortizing intangibles, net				195,711		112,740

Non-amortizing intangibles:
Tradenames			Indefinite	215,135		134,823
Other			Indefinite	11,640		10,140
Non-amortizing intangibles				226,775		144,963

Intangible assets, net				$	422,486	$	257,703

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $21.9 million, $23.9 million, and $25.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, respectively. The following is estimated amortization expense, excluding certain intangibles for which we are unable to provide an estimate because they are amortized based on specific identification in the performance of a preneed contract, for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2013 (in thousands):



2014	$	17,572
2015	14,884
2016	14,065
2017	11,525
2018	10,722