Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Income Tax Provision

Components of the income tax provision applicable to federal, state and foreign income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

	2022			2021			2020
Federal income tax expense (benefit):
Current	$	480		$	—		$	(1,977	)
Deferred		11,820			(86,878	)		(107,334	)
		12,300			(86,878	)		(109,311	)
State income tax expense (benefit):
Current		2,647			144			225
Deferred		(4,896	)		23,028			(17,949	)
		(2,249	)		23,172			(17,724	)
Foreign income tax expense (benefit):
Current		2,750			134			(291	)
Deferred		403			870		—
		3,153			1,004			(291	)
Total income tax expense (benefit):
Current		5,877			278			(2,043	)
Deferred		7,327			(62,980	)		(125,283	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	13,204		$	(62,702	)	$	(127,326	)

Difference Between Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate

The difference between the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is summarized as follows:

	2022			2021			2020
Statutory tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%
State income taxes - net of the federal income tax benefit		3.0			3.0			1.7
State deferred tax remeasurement		9.4			(0.8	)		—
Goodwill impairment		—			—			(8.2	)
Valuation allowance		(33.4	)		(13.3	)		(0.2	)
U.S. impact of foreign operations		1.3			—			—
Effect of foreign taxes		1.6			(0.1	)		(0.1	)
Non-deductible compensation		4.3			(0.3	)		—
Share-based compensation		(1.9	)		(0.3	)		(0.5	)
Non-deductible expenses		1.2			(0.2	)		(0.1	)
Other differences, net		1.4			(0.3	)		0.1
Effective tax rate		7.9	%		8.7	%		13.7	%

Tax Effect of Temporary Differences and Tax Attributes Representing Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effect of temporary differences and tax attributes representing deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):

	2022			2021
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	382,936		$	457,362
Tax credits		4,222			4,453
Expense associated with stock options and restricted stock		8,178			9,364
Workers’ compensation allowance		15,770			14,833
Other deferred tax asset		25,020			26,483
		436,126			512,495
Less:
Allowance to reduce deferred tax asset to expected realizable value		(91,685	)		(189,737	)
Total deferred tax assets		344,441			322,758
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment basis difference		(355,129	)		(335,980	)
Other		(14,840	)		(12,037	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(369,969	)		(348,017	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(25,528	)	$	(25,259	)