Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

(12) Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements” clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements are separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The three levels are defined as follows: level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Effective January 2018 we have elected to use the fair value method to value our portfolio of finance receivables acquired in January 2018 and thereafter.

Our valuation policies and procedures have been developed by our Accounting department in conjunction with our Risk department and with consultation with outside valuation experts. Our policies and procedures have been approved by our Chief Executive and our Board of Directors and include methodologies for valuation, internal reporting, calibration and back testing. Our periodic review of valuations includes an analysis of changes in fair value measurements and documentation of the reasons for such changes. There is little available third-party information such as broker quotes or pricing services available to assist us in our valuation process.

Our level 3, unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about the factors that market participants use in pricing similar receivables and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. They include such inputs as estimates for the magnitude and timing of net charge-offs and the rate of amortization of the portfolio of finance receivable. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation would have a significant impact on our fair value measurement.

The table below presents a reconciliation of the finance receivables measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs:

	Twelve Months Ended
	December 31,
	2023			2022
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,476,617		$	1,749,098
Finance receivables at fair value acquired during period		1,251,020			1,673,166
Payments received on finance receivables at fair value		(823,434	)		(825,783	)
Net interest income accretion on fair value receivables		(193,541	)		(135,147	)
Mark to fair value		12,000			15,283
Balance at end of period	$	2,722,662		$	2,476,617

The table below compares the fair values of these finance receivables to their contractual balances for the periods shown:

	December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Contractual		Fair		Contractual		Fair
	Balance		Value		Balance		Value
	(In thousands)
Finance receivables measured at fair value	$	2,941,915	$	2,722,662	$	2,701,184	$	2,476,617

The following table provides certain qualitative information about our level 3 fair value measurements:

Financial Instrument	Fair Values as of					Inputs as of
	December 31,					December 31,
	2023		2022		Unobservable Inputs	2023	2022
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Finance receivables measured at fair value	$	2,722,662	$	2,476,617	Discount rate	11.0%-11.7%	11.0%-11.3%
					Cumulative net losses	10.0%-21.7%	13.4%-19.4%

The following table summarizes the delinquency status using the contractual balance of these finance receivables measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Delinquency Status
Current	$	2,520,158	$	2,375,271
31 - 60 days		204,574		184,968
61 - 90 days		101,057		72,390
91 + days		49,541		29,048
Repo		66,585		39,507
	$	2,941,915	$	2,701,184

Repossessed vehicle inventory, which is included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheet, is measured at fair value using level 2 assumptions based on our actual loss experience on sale of repossessed vehicles. At December 31, 2023, the finance receivables related to the repossessed vehicles in inventory totaled $597,000. We have applied a valuation adjustment, or loss allowance, of $472,000, which is based on a recovery rate of approximately 20%, resulting in an estimated fair value and carrying amount of $125,000. The fair value and carrying amount of the repossessed inventory at December 31, 2022 was $1.9 million after applying a valuation adjustment of $1.3 million.

There were no transfers in or out of level 1 or level 2 assets and liabilities for 2023 and 2022. We have no level 3 assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

The estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
Financial Instrument	(In thousands)
	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,174	$	6,174	$	–	$	–	$	6,174
Restricted cash and equivalents		119,257		119,257		–		–		119,257
Finance receivables, net		24,684		–		–		20,848		20,848
Accrued interest receivable		292		–		–		292		292
Liabilities:
Warehouse lines of credit	$	234,025	$	–	$	–	$	234,025	$	234,025
Accrued interest payable		7,928		–		–		7,928		7,928
Securitization trust debt		2,265,446		–		–		2,183,331		2,183,331
Subordinated renewable notes		17,188		–		–		17,188		17,188

	As of December 31, 2022
Financial Instrument	(In thousands)
	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,490	$	13,490	$	–	$	–	$	13,490
Restricted cash and equivalents		149,299		149,299		–		–		149,299
Finance receivables, net		70,551		–		–		60,063		60,063
Accrued interest receivable		649		–		–		649		649
Liabilities:
Warehouse lines of credit	$	285,328	$	–	$	–	$	285,328	$	285,328
Accrued interest payable		6,190		–		–		6,190		6,190
Securitization trust debt		2,108,744		–		–		1,957,995		1,957,995
Subordinated renewable notes		25,263		–		–		25,263		25,263