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Benefit Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Benefit Plans Benefit Plans
 
The Company has Company-sponsored and mandatory defined benefit pension plans covering employees in the United Kingdom ("U.K."), Germany, the Philippines, China, Japan, Mexico, Italy and France. The amount of the retirement benefits provided under the plans is generally based on years of service and final average pay.

On April 7, 2020, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to purchase a group annuity contract, under which an insurance company is required to directly pay and administer pension payments to certain of the Company’s U.K. pension plan participants, or their designated beneficiaries. The Company completed the buy-out of this U.K. pension plan during the fourth quarter of 2021 and as a result recorded a non-cash pension settlement charge of $19.9 million (£14.9 million), inclusive of the accelerated recognition of prior service cost of $0.5 million (£0.4 million).
 
Benefit plan related information is as follows for the years 2022 and 2021:
 
(in thousands)
20222021
Change in benefit obligation:  
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$86,570 $148,992 
Service cost3,072 2,785 
Interest cost2,529 1,761 
Net actuarial gain(19,327)(11,016)
Benefits paid from the plan assets(1,474)(3,121)
Benefits paid directly by the Company(1,853)(2,692)
Settlements(1,565)(48,927)
Acquisitions3,812 1,797 
Effect of exchange rate movements(5,839)(3,218)
Plan amendment and other(1,399)209 
Benefit obligation at end of year$64,526 $86,570 
Change in plan assets at fair value:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$48,325 $100,478 
Actual loss on plan assets(9,217)(2,824)
Employer contributions2,288 2,150 
Benefits paid from the plan assets(1,474)(3,121)
Settlements— (47,111)
Effect of exchange rate movements(4,489)(1,247)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year35,433 48,325 
Net amount unfunded status$(29,093)$(38,245)
 
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022 consist of the following:
 
(in thousands)
20222021
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:  
Noncurrent assets$262 $40 
Current benefit liability(1,318)(1,248)
Noncurrent benefit liability(28,037)(37,037)
Net liability recognized$(29,093)$(38,245)

The amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding tax effects, that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022 were as follows:
(in thousands)
20222021
Net actuarial (gain) loss$(631)$9,221 
Prior service cost1,496 3,340 
Total$865 $12,561 
 
The pre-tax amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
 20222021
(in thousands)
Amortization of: 
Prior service cost$150 $179 
Net actuarial loss228 1,136 
Amount arising during the period:
Prior service cost (credit)1,399 (209)
Net actuarial gain9,899 6,734 
Net settlement (gain) loss(820)19,855 
Foreign currency adjustments840 966 
Total$11,696 $28,661 

In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company recorded a non-cash pension settlement charge of $19.9 million (£14.9 million), inclusive of the accelerated recognition of prior service cost of $0.5 million (£0.4 million). In addition, the net actuarial gain and change in benefit obligation during 2022 as compared to 2021 were also impacted by higher discount rates in 2022 as compared to 2021.


The components of net periodic benefit costs for the fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows: 
 
   
(in thousands)
202220212020
Components of net periodic benefit cost:   
Service cost$3,072 $2,785 $2,462 
Interest cost2,529 1,761 2,173 
Expected return on plan assets(1,507)(1,458)(1,972)
Amortization of prior service and net actuarial loss378 1,315 963 
Net periodic benefit cost4,472 4,403 3,626 
Net settlement (gain) loss(820)19,855 236 
Total expense for the year$3,652 $24,258 $3,862 
 
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows:

 202220212020
Discount rate3.1 %1.2 %2.3 %
Expected return on plan assets3.3 %1.4 %3.7 %
Compensation increase rate4.8 %4.9 %4.7 %
 
The accumulated benefit obligation for the plans was $53.9 million and $75.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, respectively.
 
The following table provides a summary of under-funded or unfunded pension benefit plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022:
 
(in thousands)
20222021
Projected benefit obligation$42,676 $86,228 
Fair value of plan assets13,650 47,942 
 
The following table provides a summary of under-funded or unfunded pension benefit plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022:
 
(in thousands)
20222021
Accumulated benefit obligation$26,540 $68,643 
Fair value of plan assets4,948 39,060 
 
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022 and December 26, 2020 are as follows:
 
 202220212020
Discount rate5.8 %3.1 %1.2 %
Compensation increase rate4.7 %4.8 %4.9 %
 
Expected benefit payments to be paid to participants for the fiscal year ending are as follows:
(in thousands)Expected Benefit Payments
2023$4,155 
20243,334 
20253,869 
20264,053 
20274,286 
2028-2032 and thereafter30,645 
 
The Company expects to make approximately $2.0 million of contributions to the plans and pay $1.9 million of benefits directly in 2023.
 
The Company also sponsors certain post-employment plans in foreign countries and other statutory benefit plans. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and December 26, 2020, the Company recorded $1.9 million, $2.1 million, $2.0 million expense, respectively, in Cost of Sales and Other expense (income), net within the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. As of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, the Company reported benefit liabilities of $4.0 million and $4.1 million for these plans, of which $1.5 million and $1.5 million was recorded in Accrued liabilities and $2.5 million and $2.6 million was recorded in Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, the pre-tax amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for these plans were $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the expense reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings was $1.7 million, including $1.3 million net settlement loss. For the fiscal year ended January 1, 2022, the expense reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings was $0.7 million.

Defined Benefit Plan Assets
 
Based upon analysis of the target asset allocation and historical returns by type of investment, the Company has assumed that the expected long-term rate of return will be 5.2% on plan assets. Assets are invested to maximize long-term return taking into consideration timing of settlement of the retirement liabilities and liquidity needs for benefits payments. Pension plan assets were invested as follows, and were not materially different from the target asset allocation:
 
 Asset Allocation
 20222021
Cash and cash equivalents, and other13 %15 %
Equity securities14 %19 %
Fixed income securities73 %66 %
 100 %100 %

The Company segregated its plan assets by the following major categories and level for determining their fair value as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022. All plan assets that are valued using the net asset value per share (“NAV”) practical expedient have not been included within the fair value hierarchy but are separately disclosed.

Cash and cash equivalents – Carrying value approximates fair value. As such, these assets were classified as Level 1. The Company also invests in certain short-term investments which are valued using the amortized cost method. Lastly, the Company has certain pooled pension funds that have short-term investments with third party mutual funds that are valued at unit value per share at measurement date. As such, these assets were classified as Level 2.

Equity – The values of individual equity securities were based on quoted prices in active markets. As such, these assets are classified as Level 1. The Company has certain pooled pension funds which have mutual funds with underlying investments in certain equity securities that are not quoted on active markets; therefore, they were classified as Level 2.

Fixed income – Fixed income securities are typically priced based on a last trade basis and are exchange-traded. Accordingly, the Company classified fixed income securities as Level 1. The Company has certain pooled pension funds which have mutual funds with underlying investments in fixed income securities and funds priced based on a valuation model rather than a last trade basis and are not exchange-traded. As such, they were classified as Level 2. The Company also invests in certain fixed income funds which are valued at NAV.

Insurance Contracts and other – This category includes pooled pension funds which have mutual funds with underlying investments in other assets and liabilities including alternatives priced based on a valuation model and are not exchange-traded. These were classified as Level 2. This category includes also insurance contracts that are valued by the re-insurer with the valuation inputs being not highly observable or traded on an open market. Accordingly, insurance contracts were categorized as Level 3. Lastly, this category includes other assets and liabilities including futures or swaps.

For any Level 2 and Level 3 plan assets, management reviews significant investments on a periodic basis including investigation of unusual fluctuations in price or returns and obtaining an understanding of the pricing methodology to assess the reliability of third-party pricing estimates.
The valuation methodologies described above may generate a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or future fair values. While the Company believes the valuation methodologies used are appropriate, the use of different methodologies or assumptions in calculating fair value could result in different amounts. The Company invests in assets in which valuation is determined by NAV. The Company believes that the NAV is representative of fair value at the reporting date, as there are no significant restrictions on redemption of these investments or other reasons to indicate that the investment would be redeemed at an amount different than the NAV.

The following table presents the Company’s pension plan assets measured at fair value by classification within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2022:
 Fair Value Measurements Using  
(in thousands)
Level 1Level 2Level 3NAVTotal
Insurance contracts and other$— $1,153 $328 $— $1,481 
Cash and cash equivalents594 2,475 — — 3,069 
Equities2,425 2,435 — — 4,860 
Fixed income5,930 14,940 — 5,153 26,023 
Total pension plan assets$8,949 $21,003 $328 $5,153 $35,433 
 
The following table presents the Company’s pension plan assets measured at fair value by classification within the fair value hierarchy as of January 1, 2022:
 
 Fair Value Measurements Using  
(in thousands)
Level 1Level 2Level 3NAVTotal
Insurance contracts and other$— $1,917 $343 $— $2,260 
Cash and cash equivalents384 4,632 — — 5,016 
Equities2,559 6,604 — — 9,163 
Fixed income5,999 20,280 — 5,607 31,886 
Total pension plan assets$8,942 $33,433 $343 $5,607 $48,325 

The fair value measurement of plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) changed during 2022 and 2021 due to the following:
(in thousands)
Level 3
Balance at December 26, 2020$53,778 
Level 3 assets transferred in from Level 1 and 2 assets valued at NAV:
Settlements(47,111)
Actual loss on plan assets(4,943)
Benefits paid from the plan assets(1,238)
Foreign currency adjustments(143)
Balance at January 1, 2022$343 
Level 3 assets transferred in from Level 1 and 2 assets valued at NAV:
Employer contribution2 
Actual return on assets3 
Foreign currency adjustments(20)
Balance at December 31, 2022$328 

Defined Contribution Plan
 
The Company also maintains a 401(k) savings plan covering substantially all U.S. employees. The Company matches 100% of the employee’s annual contributions for the first 4% of the employee’s eligible compensation. The Company may provide an additional discretionary match to participants and made discretionary matches of 2% of the employee’s eligible compensation for each of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022 and December 26, 2020. Employees are immediately
vested in their contributions plus actual earnings thereon, as well as the Company contributions. Company matching contributions amounted to $5.5 million, $5.0 million, and $4.6 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
 
Non-qualified Supplemental Retirement and Savings Plan
 
The Company has a non-qualified Supplemental Retirement and Savings Plan which provides additional retirement benefits for certain management employees and named executive officers by allowing participants to defer a portion of their annual compensation. The Company maintains accounts for participants through which participants make investment elections. The investments are subject to the claims of the Company’s creditors and the Company is responsible for the payment of all benefits under the plan from its general assets. As of December 31, 2022, there was $14.1 million of marketable securities related to the plan included in Other assets and $14.1 million of accrued compensation benefits included in Other long-term liabilities. The marketable securities are classified as Level 1 under the fair value hierarchy as they are maintained in mutual funds with readily determinable fair value. The Company made matching contributions to the plan of $0.2 million, $0.2 million, and $0.5 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.