12. Income Taxes

Income tax expense (benefit) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $87 and $334 compared to ($97) and $358 for the same period in 2018. The expense was largely due to our foreign operations. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Due to the new tax legislation, there are limitations on the use of certain of the carryforwards. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset as of September 30, 2019.

The following was the income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and discontinued operations for each jurisdiction in which the Company has operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.



	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
United States	$	(261)	$	1,575	$	(3,015)	$	4,876
Singapore		(90)		378		131		724
Indonesia		18		18		58		60
Germany		130		134		329		247
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and discontinued operations	$	(203)	$	2,105	$	(2,497)	$	5,907

The Company expects impairment losses to be an adjustment to the net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 for income tax purposes.