Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit

We record an allowance to recognize management’s estimate of credit losses incurred in the loan portfolio at each balance sheet date. We have used the same methodology for allowance calculations during the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

The following tables show a detailed analysis of the allowance for loans for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:



	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision (Recovery)			Ending Balance		Specific Reserve		General Allocation
Year Ended December 31, 2017	(in thousands)
Commercial business:
Secured	$	36,050	$	(7,524	)	$	4,283	$	(3,468	)	$	29,341	$	1,867	$	27,474
Unsecured	960		(89		)	553		576			2,000		3		1,997
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	599		(460		)	568		(6		)	701		103		598
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	1,797		—			53		2,415			4,265		—		4,265
Income property	7,342		(287		)	498		(1,881		)	5,672		185		5,487
Owner occupied	6,439		—			124		(1,104		)	5,459		3		5,456
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	316		(14		)	72		589			963		—		963
Residential construction	669		—			106		2,934			3,709		—		3,709
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	404		—			1		6,648			7,053		—		7,053
Owner occupied	1,192		—			—		3,221			4,413		—		4,413
Consumer	3,534		(1,474		)	1,187		1,916			5,163		199		4,964
Purchased credit impaired	10,515		(6,812		)	6,187		(2,983		)	6,907		—		6,907
Unallocated	226		—			—		(226		)	—		—		—
Total	$	70,043	$	(16,660	)	$	13,632	$	8,631		$	75,646	$	2,360	$	73,286



	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision (Recovery)			Ending Balance		Specific Reserve		General Allocation
Year Ended December 31, 2016	(in thousands)
Commercial business:
Secured	$	32,321	$	(9,993	)	$	2,483	$	11,239		$	36,050	$	664	$	35,386
Unsecured	1,299		(75		)	162		(426		)	960		—		960
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	916		(35		)	171		(453		)	599		12		587
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	1,178		(26		)	2		643			1,797		—		1,797
Income property	6,616		—			966		(240		)	7,342		27		7,315
Owner occupied	5,550		(63		)	434		518			6,439		—		6,439
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	339		(88		)	57		8			316		1		315
Residential construction	733		—			234		(298		)	669		—		669
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	388		—			109		(93		)	404		—		404
Owner occupied	1,006		—			—		186			1,192		—		1,192
Consumer	3,531		(1,238		)	933		308			3,534		57		3,477
Purchased credit impaired	13,726		(9,944		)	7,004		(271		)	10,515		—		10,515
Unallocated	569		—			—		(343		)	226		—		226
Total	$	68,172	$	(21,462	)	$	12,555	$	10,778		$	70,043	$	761	$	69,282



	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision (Recovery)			Ending Balance		Specific Reserve		General Allocation
Year ended December 31, 2015	(in thousands)
Commercial business:
Secured	$	25,923	$	(7,486	)	$	2,069	$	11,815		$	32,321	$	321	$	32,000
Unsecured	927		(780		)	267		885			1,299		—		1,299
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	2,281		(376		)	307		(1,296		)	916		314		602
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	799		—			291		88			1,178		—		1,178
Income property	9,159		(390		)	3,568		(5,721		)	6,616		—		6,616
Owner occupied	5,007		(115		)	116		542			5,550		—		5,550
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	1,197		—			103		(961		)	339		—		339
Residential construction	1,860		—			90		(1,217		)	733		3		730
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	622		—			8		(242		)	388		—		388
Owner occupied	434		—			—		572			1,006		—		1,006
Consumer	3,180		(2,066		)	931		1,486			3,531		15		3,516
Purchased credit impaired	16,336		(13,854		)	7,329		3,915			13,726		—		13,726
Unallocated	1,844		—			—		(1,275		)	569		—		569
Total	$	69,569	$	(25,067	)	$	15,079	$	8,591		$	68,172	$	653	$	67,519

Changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit, a component of “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are summarized as follows:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2017		2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	2,705	$	2,930		$	2,655
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit	425		(225		)	275
Ending balance	$	3,130	$	2,705		$	2,930

Risk Elements

The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit products to individuals and businesses is one of our principal business activities. Our policies and applicable laws and regulations require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.

Risk ratings are reviewed and updated whenever appropriate, with more periodic reviews as the risk and dollar value of loss on the loan increases. In the event full collection of principal and interest is not reasonably assured, the loan is appropriately downgraded and, if warranted, placed on nonaccrual status even though the loan may be current as to principal and interest payments. Additionally, we assess whether an impairment of a loan warrants specific reserves or a write-down of the loan.

Pass rated loans are generally considered to have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention rated loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Loans with a risk rating of Substandard or worse are reported as classified loans in our allowance analysis. We review these loans to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating may be adjusted accordingly. Loans risk rated as Substandard reflect loans where a loss is possible if loan weaknesses are not corrected. Doubtful loans have a high probability of loss; however, the amount of loss has not yet been determined. Loss rated loans are considered uncollectable and when identified, are charged off.

The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our loan portfolio, excluding PCI loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2017	(in thousands)
Loans, excluding PCI loans
Commercial business:
Secured	$	3,049,031	$	64,600	$	122,030	$	—	$	—	$	3,235,661
Unsecured	123,621		—		554		—		—		124,175
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	183,312		1,186		2,056		—		—		186,554
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	283,673		5,204		7,104		—		—		295,981
Income property	1,857,832		17,181		31,323		—		—		1,906,336
Owner occupied	1,546,775		7,380		45,831		—		—		1,599,986
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	9,882		—		25		—		—		9,907
Residential construction	187,863		—		1,828		—		—		189,691
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	293,028		—		—		—		—		293,028
Owner occupied	68,393		—		4,050		—		—		72,443
Consumer	323,129		—		9,096		—		—		332,225
Total	$	7,926,539	$	95,551	$	223,897	$	—	$	—	8,245,987
Less:
Allowance for loan losses											68,739
Loans, excluding PCI loans, net											$	8,177,248



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2016	(in thousands)
Loans, excluding PCI loans
Commercial business:
Secured	$	2,289,307	$	65,846	$	96,437	$	—	$	—	$	2,451,590
Unsecured	93,721		800		216		—		—		94,737
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	164,797		395		2,740		—		—		167,932
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	263,195		3,228		4,391		—		—		270,814
Income property	1,341,978		17,902		9,866		—		—		1,369,746
Owner occupied	1,027,019		6,608		26,351		—		—		1,059,978
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	11,541		—		15		—		—		11,556
Residential construction	108,941		—		688		—		—		109,629
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	103,779		—		—		—		—		103,779
Owner occupied	98,948		88		4,444		—		—		103,480
Consumer	317,728		—		6,794		—		—		324,522
Total	$	5,820,954	$	94,867	$	151,942	$	—	$	—	6,067,763
Less:
Allowance for loan losses											59,528
Loans, excluding PCI loans, net											$	6,008,235

The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our PCI loan portfolio as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2017	(in thousands)
PCI loans:
Commercial business:
Secured	$	11,918	$	—	$	723	$	—	$	—	$	12,641
Unsecured	1,045		—		67		—		—		1,112
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	13,817		—		793		—		—		14,610
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	9,460		349		—		—		—		9,809
Income property	25,981		—		35		—		—		26,016
Owner occupied	42,617		—		769		—		—		43,386
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	169		—		8		—		—		177
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	595		—		—		—		—		595
Owner occupied	—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer	11,705		—		707		—		—		12,412
Total	$	117,307	$	349	$	3,102	$	—	$	—	120,758
Less:
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting											8,088
Allowance for loan losses											6,907
PCI loans, net											$	105,763



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2016	(in thousands)
PCI loans:
Commercial business:
Secured	$	18,824	$	92	$	1,954	$	—	$	—	$	20,870
Unsecured	736		—		—		—		—		736
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	19,293		—		1,350		—		—		20,643
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	7,333		—		213		—		—		7,546
Income property	31,042		—		1,678		—		—		32,720
Owner occupied	53,623		—		906		—		—		54,529
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	744		—		88		—		—		832
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	1,217		—		—		—		—		1,217
Owner occupied	509		—		—		—		—		509
Consumer	17,202		—		447		—		—		17,649
Total	$	150,523	$	92	$	6,636	$	—	$	—	157,251
Less:
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting											11,591
Allowance for loan losses											10,515
PCI loans, net											$	135,145