Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit

We record an allowance for loan and lease losses (the “allowance”) to recognize management’s estimate of credit losses incurred in the loan portfolio at each balance sheet date. We have used the same methodology for allowance calculations during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

The following tables show a detailed analysis of the allowance for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:



	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision (Recovery)			Ending Balance		Specific Reserve		General Allocation
Three months ended March 31, 2017	(in thousands)
Commercial business:
Secured	$	36,050	$	(1,109	)	$	297	$	434		$	35,672	$	—	$	35,672
Unsecured	960		(18		)	68		178			1,188		—		1,188
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	599		(307		)	117		236			645		11		634
Commercial & multifamily residential:
Commercial land	1,797		—			—		491			2,288		—		2,288
Income property	7,342		—			35		(574		)	6,803		26		6,777
Owner occupied	6,439		—			43		52			6,534		—		6,534
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	316		(14		)	20		187			509		—		509
Residential construction	669		—			9		431			1,109		—		1,109
Commercial & multifamily residential:
Income property	404		—			—		378			782		—		782
Owner occupied	1,192		—			—		576			1,768		—		1,768
Consumer	3,534		(428		)	285		(31		)	3,360		57		3,303
Purchased credit impaired	10,515		(1,939		)	1,144		(325		)	9,395		—		9,395
Unallocated	226		—			—		742			968		—		968
Total	$	70,043	$	(3,815	)	$	2,018	$	2,775		$	71,021	$	94	$	70,927



	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision (Recovery)			Ending Balance		Specific Reserve		General Allocation
Three months ended March 31, 2016	(in thousands)
Commercial business:
Secured	$	32,321	$	(3,770	)	$	611	$	2,952		$	32,114	$	2,500	$	29,614
Unsecured	1,299		(3		)	51		(47		)	1,300		—		1,300
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	916		—			41		(303		)	654		—		654
Commercial & multifamily residential:
Commercial land	1,178		—			—		84			1,262		—		1,262
Income property	6,616		—			61		725			7,402		—		7,402
Owner occupied	5,550		—			8		528			6,086		—		6,086
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	339		—			51		250			640		—		640
Residential construction	733		—			203		513			1,449		—		1,449
Commercial & multifamily residential:
Income property	388		—			1		326			715		—		715
Owner occupied	1,006		—			—		204			1,210		—		1,210
Consumer	3,531		(266		)	165		(62		)	3,368		15		3,353
Purchased credit impaired	13,726		(2,866		)	1,551		653			13,064		—		13,064
Unallocated	569		—			—		(569		)	—		—		—
Total	$	68,172	$	(6,905	)	$	2,743	$	5,254		$	69,264	$	2,515	$	66,749

Changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit, a component of “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are summarized as follows:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2017		2016
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,705	$	2,930
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit	850		—
Balance at end of period	$	3,555	$	2,930

Risk Elements

The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit products to individuals and businesses is one of our principal business activities. Our policies and applicable laws and regulations require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.

Risk ratings are reviewed and updated whenever appropriate, with more periodic reviews as the risk and dollar value of loss on the loan increases. In the event full collection of principal and interest is not reasonably assured, the loan is appropriately downgraded and, if warranted, placed on nonaccrual status even though the loan may be current as to principal and interest payments. Additionally, we assess whether an impairment of a loan warrants specific reserves or a write-down of the loan.

Pass rated loans are generally considered to have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention rated loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Loans with a risk rating of Substandard or worse are reported as classified loans in our allowance analysis. We review these loans to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating may be adjusted accordingly. Loans risk rated as Substandard reflect loans where a loss is possible if loan weaknesses are not corrected. Doubtful rated loans have a high probability of loss; however, the amount of loss has not yet been determined. Loss rated loans are considered uncollectable and when identified, are charged off.

The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our loan portfolio, excluding PCI loans, as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
March 31, 2017	(in thousands)
Loans, excluding PCI loans:
Commercial business:
Secured	$	2,297,687	$	40,267	$	126,506	$	—	$	—	$	2,464,460
Unsecured	89,171		850		452		—		—		90,473
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	169,158		—		1,041		—		—		170,199
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	270,840		5,199		7,252		—		—		283,291
Income property	1,345,290		6,321		18,464		—		—		1,370,075
Owner occupied	1,077,648		3,673		30,003		—		—		1,111,324
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	6,799		—		—		—		—		6,799
Residential construction	107,571		—		213		—		—		107,784
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	106,227		—		—		—		—		106,227
Owner occupied	60,315		—		4,050		—		—		64,365
Consumer	307,559		1		6,675		—		—		314,235
Total	$	5,838,265	$	56,311	$	194,656	$	—	$	—	6,089,232
Less:
Allowance for loan and lease losses											61,626
Loans, excluding PCI loans, net											$	6,027,606



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2016	(in thousands)
Loans, excluding PCI loans:
Commercial business:
Secured	$	2,289,307	$	65,846	$	96,437	$	—	$	—	$	2,451,590
Unsecured	93,721		800		216		—		—		94,737
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	164,797		395		2,740		—		—		167,932
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	263,195		3,228		4,391		—		—		270,814
Income property	1,341,978		17,902		9,866		—		—		1,369,746
Owner occupied	1,027,019		6,608		26,351		—		—		1,059,978
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	11,541		—		15		—		—		11,556
Residential construction	108,941		—		688		—		—		109,629
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	103,779		—		—		—		—		103,779
Owner occupied	98,948		88		4,444		—		—		103,480
Consumer	317,728		—		6,794		—		—		324,522
Total	$	5,820,954	$	94,867	$	151,942	$	—	$	—	6,067,763
Less:
Allowance for loan and lease losses											59,528
Loans, excluding PCI loans, net											$	6,008,235

The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our PCI loan portfolio as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
March 31, 2017	(in thousands)
PCI loans:
Commercial business:
Secured	$	18,443	$	89	$	1,022	$	—	$	—	$	19,554
Unsecured	738		—		—		—		—		738
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	16,571		—		1,037		—		—		17,608
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	8,703		2,032		—		—		—		10,735
Income property	27,857		—		138		—		—		27,995
Owner occupied	53,380		—		820		—		—		54,200
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	401		—		78		—		—		479
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	799		—		—		—		—		799
Owner occupied	290		—		—		—		—		290
Consumer	16,045		—		440		—		—		16,485
Total	$	143,227	$	2,121	$	3,535	$	—	$	—	148,883
Less:
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting											9,979
Allowance for loan losses											9,395
PCI loans, net											$	129,509



	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2016	(in thousands)
PCI loans:
Commercial business:
Secured	$	18,824	$	92	$	1,954	$	—	$	—	$	20,870
Unsecured	736		—		—		—		—		736
Real estate:
One-to-four family residential	19,293		—		1,350		—		—		20,643
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Commercial land	7,333		—		213		—		—		7,546
Income property	31,042		—		1,678		—		—		32,720
Owner occupied	53,623		—		906		—		—		54,529
Real estate construction:
One-to-four family residential:
Land and acquisition	744		—		88		—		—		832
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and multifamily residential:
Income property	1,217		—		—		—		—		1,217
Owner occupied	509		—		—		—		—		509
Consumer	17,202		—		447		—		—		17,649
Total	$	150,523	$	92	$	6,636	$	—	$	—	157,251
Less:
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting											11,591
Allowance for loan losses											10,515
PCI loans, net											$	135,145