10.FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting standards related to fair value measurements include a hierarchy for information and valuations used in measuring fair value that is broken down into the following three levels based on reliability:

Level 1 valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that the Company can access at the measurement date.

Level 2 valuations are based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the instrument, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability including the following:

quoted prices for similar, but not identical, instruments in active markets;

quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active;

inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the instrument; or

inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3 valuations are based on information that is unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The book values of our financial instruments at August 31, 2018 and 2017 approximated their fair values. The assessment of the fair values of our financial instruments is based on a variety of factors and assumptions. Accordingly, the fair values may not represent the actual values of the financial instruments that could have been realized at August 31, 2018 or 2017, or that will be realized in the future, and do not include expenses that could be incurred in an actual sale or settlement. The following methods and assumptions were used to determine the fair values of our financial instruments, none of which were held for trading or speculative purposes:

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Accounts Receivable – The carrying amounts of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable approximate their fair values due to the liquidity and short-term maturity of these instruments.

Other Assets – Our other assets, including notes receivable, were recorded at the net realizable value of estimated future cash flows from these instruments.

Debt Obligations – At August 31, 2018, our debt obligations consisted of variable-rate term notes payable and borrowings on our variable-rate revolving line of credit. The term notes payable and revolving line of credit (Note 5) are negotiated components of our Restated Credit Agreement, which is renewed on a regular basis to maintain the long-term borrowing capability of the agreement. Accordingly, the applicable interest rates on the term loans and revolving line of credit are reflective of current market conditions, and the carrying value of term loan and revolving line of credit obligations therefore approximate their fair value.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities from Business Acquisitions

We have contingent consideration liabilities resulting from our fiscal 2017 business acquisitions (Note 2). We measure the fair values of our contingent consideration liabilities at each reporting date based on various valuation models as described below. Changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities are recorded as components of our selling, general, and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations in the period of adjustment. The fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities from the acquisition of RGP and Jhana changed as follows during fiscal 2018 (in thousands):



			Increase in
AUGUST 31,	2017		Fair Value		Payments		2018
RGP Acquisition	$	913	$	693	$	(1,000)	$	606
Jhana Acquisition		6,052		321		(2,431)		3,942
	$	6,965	$	1,014	$	(3,431)	$	4,548

The fair values of contingent consideration liabilities are recorded as components of accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities based on expected payment dates.

Robert Gregory Partners – On May 15, 2017, we acquired the assets of RGP. The purchase price included contingent consideration payments to the former owners of RGP of up to $4.5 million, based on the achievement of specified levels of earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expense (EBITDA) and the delivery of “add-on coaching services content” for our AAP as set forth in the purchase agreement. The specified levels of EBITDA include measures for RGP coaching services plus earnings from add-on coaching services sold through the AAP. The fair value of the RGP contingent liability is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation method, which considers numerous potential financial outcomes using estimated variables such as expected revenues, growth rates, and a discount rate. This fair value measurement is considered a Level 3 measurement because we estimate revenues and corresponding expected growth rates each period. The following range of growth rates were used to calculate the initial fair value of the contingent consideration:



	Likely		Minimum		Maximum
RGP growth rate - Year 1	14.8	%	(12.0)	%	35.0	%
RGP growth rate - Year 2	10.0	%	(12.0)	%	35.0	%
RGP growth rate - Year 3	10.0	%	(12.0)	%	35.0	%

Add-on services growth rate - Year 1	60.0	%	(20.0)	%	130.0	%
Add-on services growth rate - Year 2	50.0	%	(20.0)	%	130.0	%
Add-on services growth rate - Year 3	40.0	%	(20.0)	%	130.0	%

Jhana Education – On July 11, 2017, we acquired the stock of Jhana Education. The purchase price included potential contingent consideration of $7.2 million through the measurement period, which ends in July 2026. The fair value of the contingent consideration was calculated using a probability weighted expected return methodology, which is a Level 3 measurement because we estimate projected consolidated Company and AAP sales over the measurement period. Probabilities were applied to each potential sales outcome and the resulting values were discounted using a rate that considered Jhana’s weighted average cost of capital and specific risk premiums associated with the potential contingent consideration.