The Company is authorized to issue up to 250,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in one or more series, of which shares are currently issued and designated as Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (referred to herein as “Series D Preferred Stock”), Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (referred to herein as “Series C Preferred Stock”) and 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (referred to herein as “Series B Preferred Stock”).

On August 27, 2018, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. (the “Underwriter”), relating to an underwritten offering (the “Offering”) of the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. Subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Underwriting Agreement, the Underwriter agreed to purchase, and the Company agreed to sell, 30,680 shares of Series D Preferred Stock, which were initially convertible into 1,852,657 shares of the Company’s common stock (without regard to any limitation on conversion set forth in the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Series D Preferred Stock of the Company (the “Series D Certificate of Designation”)), at an initial conversion price of $16.56 per share, subject to certain adjustments (“Series D Conversion Price”).

The Offering closed on August 29, 2018. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series D Preferred Stock, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses payable by the Company, were approximately $25.3 million.

In conjunction with the closing of the Offering, on August 29, 2018, the Company filed the Series D Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, designating 30,680 shares of the Company’s preferred stock as Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (such shares, the “Series D Preferred Shares”) and establishing the rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, restrictions, and limitations relating to the Series D Preferred Stock, as described below.

As of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, there were 18,462 and 30,680 shares, respectively, of Series D Preferred Stock issued and outstanding with a carrying value of $20.5 million and $27.4 million, respectively.

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, holders of the Series D Preferred Stock converted 6,964 and 12,218 Series D Preferred Shares into 1,994,413 and 2,926,557 shares of common stock, respectively, through installment conversions and acceleration of future installment amounts resulting in a reduction of $6.3 million and $10.6 million, respectively, to the carrying value being recorded to equity. Installment conversions in which the conversion price was below $16.56 (the conversion price of the Series D Preferred Stock as of April 30, 2019 and during the quarter ended April 30, 2019) resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and are treated as a partial redemption of the Series D Preferred Shares. Installment conversions during the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $1.0 million and $2.9 million, respectively. The deemed dividends represent the difference between the fair value of the shares of common stock issued to settle the installment amounts and the carrying value of the Series D Preferred Shares.

The Series D Preferred Stock redemption accretion of $3.8 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019 reflects the accretion of the difference between the carrying value and the amount that would have been redeemed if stockholder approval had not been obtained for common stock issuance equal to 20.0% or more of the Company’s outstanding voting stock prior to the issuance of the Series D Preferred Stock. Additionally, prior to receiving stockholder approval of the issuance of 20.0% or more of the Company’s outstanding voting stock immediately preceding the issuance of the Series D Preferred Stock, the holders were prohibited from converting Series D Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if such conversion would have caused the Company to issue pursuant to the terms of the Series D Preferred Stock a number of shares in excess of the maximum number of shares permitted to be issued thereunder without breaching the Company’s obligations under the rules or regulations of Nasdaq. The Company received stockholder approval of such issuance at the annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders on April 4, 2019.

Based on review of pertinent accounting literature including ASC 470 – Debt, ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815 - Derivative and Hedging, the Series D Preferred Shares are classified outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were recorded at fair value on the issuance date (proceeds from the issuance, net of direct issuance cost).

Any failure to pay any amounts due to the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares, as well as certain other “triggering events,” including, without limitation, the Company’s failure to timely deliver shares, the suspension of trading of the Company’s common stock, the Company’s failure to keep reserved for issuance an adequate number of shares of common stock to cover conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares, breaches of certain agreements that permit the other party to such agreement to declare a default or accelerate amounts due, the existence of a circumstance or event that would result in a default under another agreement that would or is reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect, and breaches of certain covenants that are not timely cured, where a cure period is permitted, would permit the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares to require the Company to redeem such Series D Preferred Shares, in cash at a price equal to the greater of (i) 125% of the stated value of the Series D Preferred Shares being redeemed, as the case may be, plus accrued dividends, if any, and (ii) the market value of the number of shares issuable on conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares valued at the greatest closing sales price during the period from the date immediately before the triggering event through the date we make the redemption payment. If, for any reason, we are required to repurchase the Series D Preferred Shares in cash prior to maturity, no assurance can be given that we would have the cash or financial resources available to us to make such a payment (or that we would be permitted to make such a payment under the terms of our indebtedness), and such an acceleration could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Alternatively, in the event of such a triggering event, the holders of Series D Preferred Shares may elect to convert such shares (subject to the beneficial ownership limitations provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation) into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of the Series D Conversion Price in effect on the Trading Day (as such term is defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation) immediately preceding the delivery of the conversion notice and 85% of the lowest VWAP of the common stock on any of the five consecutive Trading Days ending on the Trading Day immediately prior to delivery of the applicable conversion notice.

A description of certain terms and provisions of the Series D Preferred Shares is as follows:

Conversion Right. The Series D Preferred Shares are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to the beneficial ownership limitation provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation, at a conversion price equal to $16.56 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment as provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation, including adjustments if the Company sells shares of common stock or equity securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock, at prices below $16.56 per share, in certain types of transactions. The holders are prohibited from converting Series D Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 4.99% of the total number of shares of common stock then issued and outstanding. Each holder has the right to increase its maximum percentage up to 9.99% upon 60 days’ notice to the Company.

The Series D Conversion Price is subject to adjustment under certain circumstances in accordance with the Series D Certificate of Designation, including the following:

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The conversion price may be proportionately reduced in the event of a subdivision of the Company’s common stock into a greater number of shares or proportionately increased in the event of a combination of the Company’s common stock into a smaller number of shares.

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In the event that the Company in any manner issues or sells or enters into any agreement to issue or sell Variable Price Securities (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation), which generally includes any common stock, options or convertible securities that are issuable at a price which varies or may vary with the market price of the shares of common stock, including by way of one or more reset(s) to a fixed price, but excluding customary anti-dilution provisions (each of the formulations for such variable price being referred to as, the “Variable Price”), each holder of Series D Preferred Shares will have the right (in its sole discretion) to substitute the Variable Price for the Conversion Price upon conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares. Sales of common stock pursuant to the Company’s Sales Agreement will be deemed Variable Price Securities with a Variable Price equal to the lowest price per share at which common stock is sold pursuant to that agreement. Under the Series D Certificate of Designation, the term “options” means any rights, warrants or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of common stock or convertible securities, and the term “convertible securities” means any stock or other security (other than options) that is at any time and under any circumstances, directly or indirectly, convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any shares of common stock.

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At any time any Series D Preferred Shares remain outstanding, the Company may reduce the then current conversion price to any amount for any period of time deemed appropriate by the Company’s board of directors.

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The Series D Conversion Price or redemption amounts paid by the Company may also be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain triggering events as set forth in the Series D Certificate of Designation and summarized below under “Conversion Upon a Triggering Event” and “Redemption Upon a Triggering Event.” Refer to Note 18. “Subsequent Events” for information on the occurrence of triggering events subsequent to April 30, 2019.

Conversion Upon a Triggering Event. Subject to the beneficial ownership limitations provided in the Series D Certificate of Designation, in the event of a triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation and summarized below), the holders of Series D Preferred Shares may elect to convert such shares into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of the Series D Conversion Price in effect on the Trading Day (as such term is defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation) immediately preceding the delivery of the conversion notice and 85% of the lowest VWAP of the common stock on any of the five consecutive Trading Days ending on the Trading Day immediately prior to delivery of the applicable conversion notice. This conversion right commences on the date of the triggering event and ends on the later of (i) the date the triggering event is cured and (ii) ten Trading Days after the Company delivers notice of the triggering event.

A triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation) includes, without limitation:

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the suspension of the Company’s common stock from trading or failure to be trading or listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, without obtaining a listing on another national securities exchange, for a period of five consecutive Trading Days;

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subject to limited exceptions, the Company’s failure for more than ten consecutive days to keep reserved for issuance 150% of the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the outstanding Series D Preferred Shares;

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the failure to pay certain indebtedness, a breach or violation of an agreement for monies owed in excess of $750,000 that permits the other party to such agreement to declare a default or accelerate amounts due, or the existence of a circumstance or event that would, with or without the passage of time or the giving of notice, result in a default under an agreement that would or is reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect; and

Redemption. Commencing on December 1, 2018, and on the sixteenth day and first day of each calendar month thereafter until March 1, 2020, subject to extension in certain circumstances (the “Series D Maturity Date”), the Company will redeem the stated value of Series D Preferred Stock, or $30,680,000, in thirty-one equal installments of approximately $989,677 (each installment amount, a “Series D Installment Amount” and the date of each such payment, a “Series D Installment Date”). The holders will have the ability to defer installment payments, but not beyond the Series D Maturity Date. In addition, during each period commencing on the 11th Trading Day prior to a Series D Installment Date and prior to the immediately subsequent Series D Installment Date, the holders may elect to accelerate the conversion of Series D Preferred Shares at then applicable installment conversion price, provided that the holders may not elect to effect any such acceleration during such installment period if either (a) in the aggregate, all the accelerations in such installment period exceed the sum of three other Series D Installment Amounts, or (b) the number of Series D Preferred Shares subject to prior accelerations exceeds in the aggregate twelve Series D Installment Amounts.

Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the Company may elect to pay the Series D Installment Amounts in cash or shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock, except that the Company’s right to make payment in shares of common stock, or an installment conversion, is dependent upon satisfying certain equity conditions set forth in the Series D Certificate of Designation. The failure to satisfy such equity conditions is referred to herein as an equity conditions failure. Among other things, these equity conditions include the Company’s continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market or another permitted exchange, the Company reserving 150% of the number of shares of common stock necessary to effect the conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares that then remain outstanding (without regard to any limitations on conversions, such as beneficial ownership limitations) during the applicable measurement period, and the Company’s common stock maintaining certain minimum average prices and trading volumes during the applicable measurement period. Upon an equity conditions failure, a holder of Series D Preferred Shares may waive such failure (subject to certain exceptions) and receive the Series D Installment Amount in shares of our common stock based on the installment conversion price (calculated as described in the following paragraph). Alternatively, a holder of Series D Preferred Shares may elect to receive all or part of the Series D Installment Amount due in cash, which shall include an 8% premium to the Series D Installment Amount.

Series D Installment Amounts paid in shares will be that number of shares of common stock equal to (a) the applicable Series D Installment Amount, to be paid in common stock divided by (b) the lesser of (i) the then existing conversion price, (ii) 87.5% of the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the common stock on the Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Series D Installment Date, and (iii) 87.5% of the arithmetic average of the two lowest VWAPs of the common stock during the ten consecutive Trading Day period ending and including the Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Series D Installment Date as applicable, provided that the Company meets standard equity conditions. The Company shall make such election no later than the eleventh Trading Day immediately prior to the applicable Series D Installment Date.

If the Company elects or is required to pay a Series D Installment Amount in whole or in part in cash, the amount paid will be equal to 108% of the applicable Series D Installment Amount.

Redemption Upon a Triggering Event. In the event of a triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation and summarized above), the holders of Series D Preferred Shares may require the Company to redeem such Series D Preferred Shares in cash at a price equal to the greater of (a) 125% of the stated value of the Series D Preferred Shares being redeemed plus accrued dividends, if any, and (b) the market value of the number of shares issuable on conversion of the Series D Preferred Shares, valued at the greatest closing sales price during the period from the date immediately before the triggering event through the date the Company makes the redemption payment.

Redemption Upon a Change of Control. In the event of a change of control, as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation, the holders of Series D Preferred Shares can force redemption at a price equal to the greater of (a) the conversion amount to be redeemed multiplied by 125%, (b) the product of (i) the conversion amount being redeemed multiplied by (ii) the quotient determined by dividing (A) the greatest closing sale price of the common stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing immediately preceding the earlier to occur of (1) the consummation of the applicable change of control and (2) the public announcement of such change of control and ending on the date such holder delivers the change of control redemption notice, by (B) the conversion price then in effect and (c) the product of (i) the conversion amount being redeemed multiplied by (ii) the quotient determined by dividing (A) the aggregate value of the cash and non-cash consideration per share of common stock being paid to holders of common stock in the change of control transaction by (B) the conversion price then in effect. Redemptions of the Series D Preferred Shares required under the Series D Certificate of Designation in connection with a change of control will have priority over payments to all other stockholders of the Company in connection with such change of control.

Dividends. Each holder of Series D Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive dividends (a) if no triggering event, as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation, has occurred and is continuing when and as declared by the Company’s board of directors, in its sole and absolute discretion or (b) if a triggering event has occurred and until such triggering event has been cured, a dividend of 15% per annum based on the holder’s outstanding number of Series D Preferred Shares multiplied by the stated value. The holders of Series D Preferred Shares also have the right to participate in any dividend or other distribution made to holders of common stock to the same extent as if they had converted their Series D Preferred Shares.

Liquidation Preference. In the event of the liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company, prior to distribution to holders of securities ranking junior to the Series D Preferred Stock, holders of Series D Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive the amount of cash, securities or other property equal to the greater of (a) the stated value thereof on the date of such payment plus accrued dividends, if any and (b) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such Series D Preferred Shares into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment.

Ranking. Shares of Series D Preferred Stock rank with respect to dividend rights and rights upon the liquidation, winding up or dissolution of the Company:

Limited Voting Rights. The holders of Series D Preferred Shares have no voting rights, except as required by law; provided, however, that any amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws or the Series D Certificate of Designation that adversely affects the powers, preferences and rights of the Series D Preferred Stock requires the approval of the holders of a majority of the Series D Preferred Shares then outstanding.

Participation Rights. Until August 29, 2019, the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares have the right to receive notice of and to participate in any offering, issuance or sale of equity or equity-equivalent securities by the Company or its subsidiaries, other than issuances under certain employee benefit plans, upon the conversion of certain options or other convertible securities, or pursuant to certain acquisitions or strategic transactions. Pursuant to such participation rights, the Company must offer to issue and sell to such holders at least 35% of the offered securities.

Consent and Waiver. On February 21, 2019, the Company entered into a Consent and Waiver with each of the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares, pursuant to which the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares consented to the adjustments to the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock set forth in the Waiver Agreement (as defined below) and waived certain anti-dilution rights and conversion price adjustments under the Series D Certificate of Designation that may have resulted from the conversion price adjustments set forth in the Waiver Agreement. The holders of the Series D Preferred Shares further acknowledged that no anti-dilution or other adjustments under the Series D Certificate of Designation would result from the exchange of the Series A Warrant for shares of, or the issuance of shares of, the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Exchange Agreement.

The Company issued an aggregate of 33,500 shares of its Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock” and such shares, the “Series C Preferred Shares”), $0.01 par value and $1,000 stated value per share, during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017. As of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, there were 1,618 and 8,992 shares, respectively, of Series C Preferred Stock issued and outstanding with a carrying value of $3.2 million and $7.5 million, respectively. See Note 18, “Subsequent Events” for information regarding the conversion of all of the remaining shares of Series C Preferred Stock after the end of the quarter.

On February 21, 2019, the Company entered into a waiver agreement (the “Waiver Agreement”) with the holder of the Series C Preferred Stock (such holder, the “Series C Holder”). Under the Waiver Agreement, the Series C Holder waived any equity conditions failures that may have occurred under the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Series C Preferred Stock (the “Series C Certificate of Designations”). The Series C Holder further waived any triggering event occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement, as well as its right to demand, require or otherwise receive cash payments under the Series C Certificate of Designations, which waiver would have terminated upon the occurrence of certain key triggering events (failure to provide freely tradable shares, suspension from trading on Nasdaq or another eligible market, or failure to convert or deliver shares under certain circumstances), the occurrence of a fundamental transaction, a breach of the Waiver Agreement, or the occurrence of a bankruptcy triggering event. In addition, the Company agreed in the Waiver Agreement, pursuant to Section 8(d) of the Series C Certificate of Designations, to adjust the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock in connection with future conversions, such that, when the Series C Holder converted its Series C Preferred Stock into common stock, it would receive approximately 25% more shares than it would have received upon conversion prior to the execution of the Waiver Agreement. Under the Waiver Agreement, the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock is stated to be the lowest of (i) $4.45, (ii) 85% of the lowest closing bid price of the Company’s common stock during the period beginning on and including the fifth trading day prior to the date on which the applicable conversion notice is delivered to the Company and ending on and including the date on which the applicable conversion notice is delivered to the Company, and (iii) 85% of the quotient of (A) the sum of the five lowest VWAPs of the Company’s common stock during the twenty consecutive trading day period ending and including the trading day immediately preceding the applicable conversion date divided by (B) five (5). To determine the number of shares of common stock to be issued upon conversion, 125% of the value of the Series D Preferred Shares being converted is divided by the applicable conversion price. The parties further agreed to waive the installment payment/conversion provisions in Section 9 of the Series C Certificate of Designations, which required installment conversions or payments to be made on the 1^st and 16^th of each month (as described in additional detail below). Under the Waiver Agreement, conversions of Series C Preferred Stock were permitted to occur and did occur after the original March 1, 2019 maturity date, and the Company further agreed to reserve specific numbers of shares for issuance to the Series C Holder and the holders of the Series C Preferred Stock until the Company effected a reverse stock split, which occurred on May 8, 2019, or increased its authorized shares of common stock.

Under the Waiver Agreement, the Company was also deemed to have reduced the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares converted between the time of the equity conditions failures and the date of the Waiver Agreement as necessary to cause the number of shares of common stock delivered upon such conversions to equal the number of shares issuable upon conversion at such times.

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2019, holders of the Series C Preferred Stock converted 5,852 and 7,374 Series C Preferred Shares, respectively, into shares of common stock through conversions resulting in a reduction of $10.4 million and $12.3 million, respectively, to the carrying value being recorded to equity. In order to resolve different interpretations of the provisions of the Series C Certificate of Designations that governed adjustments to the conversion price in connection with sales of common stock under the Company’s at-the-market stock sales plan below the initial conversion price $22.08 and whether such sales constituted sales of variable priced securities under the Series C Certificate of Designations, the Company’s board of directors agreed to reduce the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares from $22.08 to $18.00 effective August 27, 2018 in exchange for a waiver of certain anti-dilution and price adjustment rights under the Series C Certificate of Designations for future at-the-market sales of common stock. The conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares was adjusted again on December 3, 2018 to $6.96, on December 17, 2018 to $6.00 and on January 2, 2019 to $5.16. During the three months ended April 30, 2019, the conversion price was further adjusted on eleven occasions to prices ranging from $4.45 to $2.51, the conversion price as of April 30, 2019. Conversions occurring during the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 in which the installment conversion price was below the adjusted conversion prices in effect on applicable installment conversion dates resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares. Conversions during the three and six months ended April 30, 2019 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as partial redemptions resulted in a deemed contribution of $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The deemed contributions represent the difference between the fair value of the common shares issued to settle the installment amounts and the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Shares. Additionally, as discussed in more detail below the net loss attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended April 30, 2019 was impacted by a $0.5 million decrease in the loss resulting from accounting for the Waiver Agreement in February 2019 and the net loss attributable to common stockholders for the six months ended April 30, 2019 also includes the $8.6 million redemption value adjustment recorded during the three months ended January 31, 2019.

Based on review of pertinent accounting literature including Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470 – Debt, ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815 - Derivative and Hedging, the Series C Preferred Shares are classified outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were recorded at fair value on the issuance date (proceeds from the issuance, net of direct issuance cost). The decline in the Company’s stock price during the three months ended January 31, 2019 and between January 31, 2019 and the execution of the Waiver Agreement in February 2019 resulted in equity conditions failures under the Series C Certificate of Designations, which were waived by the Series C Holder in the Waiver Agreement, as described above. Prior to the execution of such Waiver Agreement, the conversion price was adjusted in December 2018 and January 2019 as described in the paragraph above. This contingent beneficial conversion feature resulted in a $6.6 million reduction in the Series C Preferred Shares carrying value. Because the equity conditions failures were continuing as of January 31, 2019 (prior to the execution of the Waiver Agreement), the Series C Preferred Shares were adjusted to 108% of stated redemption value as of January 31, 2019 with a corresponding charge to common stockholders of $8.6 million.

The Waiver Agreement was treated for accounting purposes to be an extinguishment of the Series C Preferred Stock instrument as of February 21, 2019. The Series C Preferred Stock remains classified in mezzanine equity, however, the carrying value was adjusted to reflect the estimated fair value of the post-modification Series C Preferred Shares which incorporated the new terms outlined in the Waiver Agreement. The valuation utilized a Binomial Lattice Model (“Lattice Model”) which is a commonly used methodology to value path-dependent options or stock units in order to capture their potential early conversion. The Lattice Model produces an estimated fair value based on changes in the underlying stock price over successive periods of time. The assumptions used in the model such as stock price, conversion price and conversion ratio were consistent with date of execution and terms in the Waiver Agreement. Other assumptions included the volatility of the Company’s stock which was assumed to be 75% and a discount rate of 20% which was estimated based on various indices consistent with the Company’s profile, venture capital rates of return and the Company’s borrowing rate. The Lattice Model resulted in an estimated fair value as of February 21, 2019 of $13.5 million whereby the Series C Preferred Stock carrying value was adjusted to this amount. As discussed above, a beneficial conversion feature was recorded during the three months ended January 31, 2019 due to reductions in the conversion price. Upon extinguishment during the three months ended April 30, 2019, the Company first allocated $6.6 million to the reacquisition of the embedded conversion option equal to the intrinsic value that was previously recognized during the three months ended January 31, 2019 for the embedded conversion option. Because the remaining estimated fair value of the instrument on February 21, 2019 was less than the carrying amount of the Series C Preferred Stock, the amount of the shortfall resulted in a decrease in loss available to common stockholders for purposes of computing loss per share of $0.5 million.

A summary of certain terms, including terms in effect prior to the date of the Waiver Agreement, of the Series C Preferred Stock is as follows.

Conversion Rights. As of April 30, 2019, the Series C Preferred Shares were convertible into shares of common stock, subject to the beneficial ownership limitations provided in the Series C Certificate of Designations, at a conversion price equal to $2.51 per share. The conversion price was subject to adjustment as provided in the Series C Certificate of Designations, including adjustments if the Company sold shares of common stock or equity securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock, at variable prices below the conversion price then in effect. Under the Series C Certificate of Designations, in the event of a triggering event, as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations, the Series C Preferred Shares would have been convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of the conversion price then in effect and 85% of the lowest VWAP of the common stock of the five trading days immediately prior to delivery of the applicable conversion notice. The holders were prohibited from converting Series C Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 8.99% of the total number of shares of common stock then issued and outstanding. Each holder had the right to increase its maximum percentage up to 9.99% upon 60 days’ notice to the Company.

As described above, under the Waiver Agreement, the holder waived any triggering event occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement, as well as its right to demand, require or otherwise receive cash payments under the Series C Certificate of Designations, which waiver would have terminated upon the occurrence of certain key triggering events, the occurrence of a fundamental transaction, a breach of the Waiver Agreement, or the occurrence of a bankruptcy triggering event.

Installment Payments Prior to Execution of Waiver Agreement. On November 1, 2017 and on the sixteenth day and first day of each calendar month thereafter until March 1, 2019, subject to extension in certain circumstances (the “Series C Maturity Date”), inclusive, the Company was required to redeem the stated value of Series C Preferred Shares in thirty-three equal installments of approximately $1.0 million (each bimonthly amount, a “Series C Installment Amount” and the date of each such payment, a “Series C Installment Date”). The holders had the ability to defer installment payments, but not beyond the Series C Maturity Date. In addition, during each period commencing on the 11th trading day prior to a Series C Installment Date and prior to the immediately subsequent Series C Installment Date, the holders could elect to accelerate the conversion of Series C Preferred Shares at the then applicable installment conversion price, provided that the holders could not elect to effect any such acceleration during such installment period if either (a) in the aggregate, all the accelerations in such installment period would exceed the sum of three other Series C Installment Amounts, or (b) the number of Series C Preferred Shares subject to prior accelerations would exceed in the aggregate twelve Series C Installment Amounts.

Subject to certain conditions as provided in the Series C Certificate of Designations, the Company could elect to pay the Series C Installment Amounts in cash or shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock.

Series C Installment Amounts paid in shares were to be that number of shares of common stock equal to (a) the applicable Series C Installment Amount, to be paid in common stock divided by (b) the least of (i) the then existing conversion price, (ii) 87.5% of the VWAP of the common stock on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Series C Installment Date, and (iii) 87.5% of the arithmetic average of the two lowest VWAPs of the common stock during the ten consecutive trading day period ending and including the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Series C Installment Date as applicable, provided that the Company met standard equity conditions. The Company was to make such election no later than the eleventh trading day immediately prior to the applicable Series C Installment Date.

If the Company elected or was required to pay a Series C Installment Amount in whole or in part in cash, the amount paid would be equal to 108% of the applicable Series C Installment Amount.

Under the Waiver Agreement, the Company was no longer obligated to make installment payments under Section 9 of the Series C Certificate of Designations, and the holder was permitted to convert at any time, in its discretion, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations.

Dividends. Each holder of the Series C Preferred Shares was entitled to receive dividends (a) if no triggering event, as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations, had occurred and was continuing when and as declared by the Company’s board of directors, in its sole and absolute discretion or (b) if a triggering event had occurred and until such triggering event had been cured, a dividend of 15% per annum based on the holder’s outstanding number of Series C Preferred Shares multiplied by the stated value. There were no triggering events or dividends declared in fiscal year 2017, fiscal year 2018 or during the six months ended April 30, 2019.

As described above, under the Waiver Agreement, the holder waived, subject to certain conditions and limitations, all triggering events occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement.

Redemption. In the event of a triggering event, as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations, the holders of the Series C Preferred Shares could force redemption at a price equal to the greater of (a) the conversion amount to be redeemed multiplied by 125% and (b) the product of (i) the conversion rate with respect to the conversion amount in effect at such time as such holder delivers a triggering event redemption notice multiplied by (ii) the greatest closing sale price of the common stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such triggering event and ending on the date the Company makes the entire payment required.

As described above, under the Waiver Agreement, the holder waived, subject to certain conditions and limitations, all triggering events occurring after the date of the Waiver Agreement.

Liquidation. In the event of the Company’s liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, prior to distribution to holders of securities ranking junior to the Series C Preferred Shares, holders of Series C Preferred Shares would have been entitled to receive the amount of cash, securities or other property equal to the greater of (a) the stated value thereof on the date of such payment plus accrued dividends, if any and (b) the amount per share such holder would have received if such holder had converted such Series C Preferred Shares into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment.

Ranking and Voting Rights. Shares of Series C Preferred Stock ranked with respect to dividend rights and rights upon the Company’s liquidation, winding up or dissolution:

The holders of the Series C Preferred Shares had no voting rights, except as required by law, provided, however, that any amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws or the Series C Certificate of Designations that adversely affected the powers, preferences and rights of the Series C Preferred Shares would have required the approval of the holders of a majority of the Series C Preferred Shares then outstanding.

As of April 30, 2019, the Company had 105,875 shares of 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (Liquidation Preference $1,000.00 per share) (“Series B Preferred Stock”) authorized for issuance. As of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, there were 64,020 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $59.9 million. Dividends of $0.8 million and $1.6 million were paid in cash for each of the three and six month periods ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

As of April 30, 2019, FCE FuelCell Energy Ltd. had 1,000,000 Class A Cumulative Redeemable Exchangeable Preferred Shares (the “Series 1 Preferred Shares”) issued and outstanding, which are held by Enbridge, Inc. (“Enbridge”), which is a related party. The Company made payments of Cdn. $0.3 million and Cdn. $0.6 million, respectively, for the six month periods ended April 30, 2019 and 2018 under the terms of the Company’s agreement with Enbridge. The Company also recorded interest expense, which reflects the amortization of the fair value discount of approximately Cdn $0 and $0.7 million for the three months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and Cdn. $0.7 million and Cdn. $1.4 million for the six months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of April 30, 2019 and October 31, 2018, the carrying value of the Series 1 Preferred Shares was Cdn. $21.3 million (U.S. $15.9 million) and Cdn. $20.9 million (U.S. $15.9 million), respectively, and is classified as a preferred stock obligation of subsidiary on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.