We address market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates through risk management programs which include the use of derivative and nonderivative financial instruments. We manage concentration of counterparty credit risk by limiting acceptable counterparties to major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of credit exposure to individual counterparties and by actively monitoring counterparty credit ratings and the amount of individual credit exposure. We also employ master netting arrangements that limit the risk of counterparty non-payment on a particular settlement date to the net gain that would have otherwise been received from the counterparty. Although not completely eliminated, we do not consider the risk of counterparty default to be significant as a result of these protections. Further, none of our derivative instruments are subject to collateral or other security arrangements, nor do they contain provisions that are dependent on our credit ratings from any credit rating agency.

Our risk from changes in currency exchange rates consists primarily of monetary assets and liabilities; forecasted intercompany and third-party transactions; and net investments in certain subsidiaries. We manage currency exchange rate risk at a consolidated level to reduce the cost of hedging by taking advantage of offsetting transactions. We employ derivative and nonderivative instruments, primarily forward currency contracts, to reduce the risk to our earnings and cash flows associated with changes in currency exchange rates.

The success of our currency risk management program depends, in part, on forecasted transactions denominated primarily in euro, Chinese renminbi, Japanese yen, British pound sterling, Australian dollar and Swiss franc. We may experience unanticipated currency exchange gains or losses to the extent the actual activity is different than forecasted. In addition, changes in currency exchange rates related to any unhedged transactions may impact our earnings and cash flows.

Certain of our currency derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (FASB ASC Topic 815), and are intended to protect the U.S. dollar value of forecasted transactions. The gain or loss on a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is recorded in the Net change in derivative financial instruments component of Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (OCI) within our unaudited consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying third-party transaction occurs. When the underlying third-party transaction occurs, we recognize the gain or loss in earnings within Cost of products sold within our unaudited consolidated statements of operations. In the event the hedging relationship is no longer effective, or if the occurrence of the hedged forecast transaction becomes no longer probable, we reclassify the gains or losses within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (AOCI) to earnings at that time. The cash flows related to the derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are reported as operating activities within our unaudited consolidated statements of cash flows.

We also designate certain forward currency contracts as net investment hedges to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our entities with functional currencies denominated in the Chinese renminbi and Japanese yen. For these derivative instruments, we elected to use the spot method to assess hedge effectiveness. We also elected to exclude the spot-forward difference, referred to as the excluded component, from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately, as calculated at the date of designation, on a straight-line basis over the term of the currency forward contracts. As such, we defer recognition of foreign currency gains and losses within the Foreign currency translation adjustment (CTA) component of OCI, and we reclassify amortization of the excluded component from AOCI to current period earnings within Interest expense within our unaudited consolidated statements of operations.

We designate certain euro-denominated debt as net investment hedges to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our entities with functional currencies denominated in the euro. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we designated as a net investment hedge our €900 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.625% senior notes issued in November 2019 and due in 2027 (2027 Notes). For these nonderivative instruments, we defer recognition of the foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses within the CTA component of OCI. We reclassify these gains and losses to current period earnings within Other, net within our accompanying unaudited consolidated statements of operations only when the hedged item affects earnings, which would occur upon disposal or substantial liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary.

We also use forward currency contracts that are not part of designated hedging relationships as a part of our strategy to manage our exposure to currency exchange rate risk related to monetary assets and liabilities and related forecast transactions. These non-designated currency forward contracts have an original time to maturity consistent with the hedged currency transaction exposures, generally less than one year, and are marked-to-market with changes in fair value recorded to earnings within Other, net within our accompanying unaudited consolidated statements of operations.

Our interest rate risk relates primarily to U.S. dollar and euro-denominated borrowings partially offset by U.S. dollar cash investments. We use interest rate derivative instruments to mitigate the risk to our earnings and cash flows associated with exposure to changes in interest rates. Under these agreements, we and the counterparty, at specified intervals, exchange the difference between fixed and floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. We designate these derivative instruments either as fair value or cash flow hedges in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815.

We had no interest rate derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges outstanding as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. In the event that we designate outstanding interest rate derivative instruments as cash flow hedges, we record the changes in the fair value of the derivatives within OCI until the underlying hedged transaction occurs.

We had no interest rate derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges outstanding as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. In the event that we designate outstanding interest rate derivative instruments as fair value hedges, we record the changes in the fair values of interest-rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges and of the underlying hedged debt instruments in Interest expense, which generally offset.


(in millions)	FASB ASC Topic 815 Designation	As of
		March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Forward currency contracts	Cash flow hedge	$	2,242	$	2,284
Forward currency contracts	Net investment hedge	645		333
Foreign currency-denominated debt(1)	Net investment hedge	997		997
Forward currency contracts	Non-designated	3,070		3,282

Total Notional Outstanding		$	6,954	$	6,896

The remaining time to maturity as of March 31, 2024 is within 36 months for all forward currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges and generally less than one year for all non-designated forward currency contracts. The forward currency contracts designated as net investment hedges generally mature between one and two years. The euro-denominated debt principal designated as a net investment hedge has a contractual maturity of December 1, 2027.

The following presents the effect of our derivative and nonderivative instruments designated as cash flow and net investment hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815 within our accompanying unaudited consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note M – Changes in Other Comprehensive Income for the total amounts relating to derivative and nonderivative instruments presented within our accompanying unaudited consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).


	Effect of Hedging Relationships on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
	Amount Recognized in OCI on Hedges						Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations(1)			Amount Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
(in millions)	Pre-Tax Gain (Loss)		Tax Benefit (Expense)		Gain (Loss) Net of Tax		Location of Amount Reclassified and Total Amount of Line Item			Pre-Tax (Gain) Loss		Tax (Benefit) Expense		(Gain) Loss Net of Tax
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Forward currency contracts
Cash flow hedges	$	76	$	(17)	$	59	Cost of products sold	$	1,209	$	(49)	$	11	$	(38)
Net investment hedges(2)	27		(6)		21		Interest expense	69		(4)		1		(3)
Foreign currency-denominated debt
Net investment hedges(3)	23		(5)		18		Other, net	(2)		—		—		—
Interest rate derivative contracts
Cash flow hedges	—		—		—		Interest expense	69		1		(0)		0


	Effect of Hedging Relationships on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
	Amount Recognized in OCI on Hedges						Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations(1)			Amount Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
(in millions)	Pre-Tax Gain (Loss)		Tax Benefit (Expense)		Gain (Loss) Net of Tax		Location of Amount Reclassified and Total Amount of Line Item			Pre-Tax (Gain) Loss		Tax (Benefit) Expense		(Gain) Loss Net of Tax
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Forward currency contracts
Cash flow hedges	$	13	$	(3)	$	10	Cost of products sold	$	1,040	$	(69)	$	16	$	(54)
Net investment hedges(2)	6		(1)		4		Interest expense	65		(3)		1		(2)
Foreign currency-denominated debt
Net investment hedges(3)	(19)		4		(14)		Other, net	43		—		—		—
Interest rate derivative contracts
Cash flow hedges	—		—		—		Interest Expense	65		1		—		1

(2) For our outstanding forward currency contracts designated as net investment hedges, the net gain or loss reclassified from AOCI to earnings as a reduction of Interest expense represents the straight-line amortization of the excluded component as calculated at the date of designation. This initial value of the excluded component has been excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815. In the current and prior periods, we did not recognize any gains or losses on the components included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness in earnings.

(3) For our outstanding euro-denominated debt principal designated as a net investment hedge, the change in fair value attributable to changes in the spot rate is recorded in the CTA component of OCI. No amounts were reclassified from AOCI to current period earnings.

As of March 31, 2024, pre-tax net gains or losses for our derivative instruments designated, or previously designated, as cash flow and net investment hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815 that may be reclassified from AOCI to earnings within the next twelve months are presented below (in millions):

FASB ASC Topic 815 Designation

Location on Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations

Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) that may be Reclassified to Earnings

Designated Hedging Instrument

Forward currency contracts

Cash flow hedge

Cost of products sold

173

Forward currency contracts

Net investment hedge

Interest expense

Interest rate derivative contracts

Cash flow hedge

Interest expense

(1)


	Location on Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)		2024		2023
Net gain (loss) on currency hedge contracts	Other, net	$	15	$	(8)
Net gain (loss) on currency transaction exposures	Other, net	(20)		(6)
Net currency exchange gain (loss)		$	(5)	$	(14)

FASB ASC Topic 815 requires all derivative and nonderivative instruments to be recognized at their fair values as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet. We determine the fair value of our derivative and nonderivative instruments using the framework prescribed by FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (FASB ASC Topic 820), and considering the estimated amount we would receive or pay to transfer these instruments at the reporting date with respect to current currency exchange rates, interest rates, the creditworthiness of the counterparty for unrealized gain positions and our own creditworthiness for unrealized loss positions. In certain instances, we may utilize financial models to measure fair value of our derivative and nonderivative instruments. In doing so, we use inputs that include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, other observable inputs for the asset or liability and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means. The following are the balances of our derivative and nonderivative assets and liabilities:


	Location on Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets(1)	As of
(in millions)		March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Derivative and Nonderivative Assets:
Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current assets	$	160	$	140
Forward currency contracts	Other long-term assets	125		107
		285		246
Non-Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current assets	17		20

Total Derivative and Nonderivative Assets		$	302	$	266

Derivative and Nonderivative Liabilities:
Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current liabilities	$	3	$	15
Forward currency contracts	Other long-term liabilities	1		9
Foreign currency-denominated debt(2)	Long-term debt	966		988

		969		1,012
Non-Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current liabilities	17		38
Total Derivative and Nonderivative Liabilities		$	986	$	1,050

(2) Foreign currency-denominated debt is the €900 million debt principal associated with our 2027 Notes designated as a net investment hedge. A portion of this notional is subject to de-designation and re-designation based on changes in the underlying hedged item.

On a recurring basis, we measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value based upon quoted market prices. Where quoted market prices or other observable inputs are not available, we apply valuation techniques to estimate fair value. FASB ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The category of a financial asset or a financial liability within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:


	As of
	March 31, 2024								December 31, 2023
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market funds and time deposits	$	1,979	$	—	$	—	$	1,979	$	454	$	—	$	—	$	454
Publicly-held equity securities	20		—		—		20		18		—		—		18
Hedging instruments	—		302		—		302		—		266		—		266
Licensing arrangements	—		—		66		66		—		—		77		77
	$	1,999	$	302	$	66	$	2,367	$	472	$	266	$	77	$	816
Liabilities
Hedging instruments	$	—	$	986	$	—	$	986	$	—	$	1,050	$	—	$	1,050
Contingent consideration liability	—		—		273		273		—		—		404		404
Licensing arrangements	—		—		71		71		—		—		90		90
	$	—	$	986	$	344	$	1,330	$	—	$	1,050	$	494	$	1,545

Our investments in money market funds and time deposits are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. These investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents or Other current assets within our accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets, in accordance with GAAP and our accounting policies. In addition to $1.979 billion invested in money market funds and time deposits as of March 31, 2024 and $454 million as of December 31, 2023, we held $384 million in interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing bank accounts as of March 31, 2024 and $411 million as of December 31, 2023.

Our recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs include those related to our contingent consideration liability. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for a discussion of the changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability. In addition, our recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs related to our licensing arrangements, including the contractual right to receive future royalty payments related to the Zytiga™ Drug. We maintain a financial asset and associated liability for our licensing arrangements measured at fair value within our unaudited consolidated balance sheets in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. We elected the fair value option to measure the financial asset and associated liability as it provides for consistency and comparability of these financial instruments with others. Refer to Note D – Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements to our audited financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.


Licensing Arrangements	Fair Value as of March 31, 2024	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range				Weighted Average (1)
Financial Asset	$66 million	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate	15%				15%

			Projected Year of Payment	2024		-	2025	2025
Financial Liability	$71 million	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate	12	%	-	15%	13%

			Projected Year of Payment	2024		-	2026	2025

(1) Unobservable inputs relate to a single financial asset and liability. As such, unobservable inputs were not weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments. For projected year of payment, the amount represents the median of the inputs and is not a weighted average.

We hold certain assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in periods after initial recognition. The fair value of a measurement alternative investment is not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for a discussion of our strategic investments and Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for a discussion of the fair values of our intangible assets including goodwill.

The fair value of our outstanding debt obligations, excluding finance leases, was $10.224 billion as of March 31, 2024 and $8.735 billion as of December 31, 2023. We determined fair value by using quoted market prices for our publicly registered senior notes, classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, and face value for commercial paper, term loans and credit facility borrowings outstanding. Refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments for a discussion of our debt obligations.