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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
NOTE D – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The gross carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets and the related accumulated amortization for intangible assets subject to amortization and accumulated goodwill impairment charges are as follows:
 As of December 31, 2020As of December 31, 2019
(in millions)Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated
Amortization/Goodwill Impairment Charges		Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated
Amortization/Goodwill Impairment Charges
Technology-related$11,059 $(6,179)$12,020 $(5,706)
Patents511 (407)525 (408)
Other intangible assets1,775 (1,220)1,754 (1,081)
Amortizable intangible assets$13,345 $(7,806)$14,299 $(7,195)
Goodwill$19,924 $(9,973)$20,076 $(9,900)
IPR&D257 662 
Technology-related120 120 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets$377 $782 

During 2020, following receipt of regulatory approvals, we reclassified certain of our IPR&D intangible assets to amortizable technology-related assets and began amortization to reflect their use over their remaining lives.

Intangible asset impairment charges were $460 million in 2020, $105 million in 2019 and $35 million in 2018. The impairment charges recorded in 2020 were primarily associated with our acquisitions of Apama Medical Inc. and nVision Medical Corporation (nVision) following management’s decision to cancel the programs due to cost to complete, time to market, overall economic viability or, specific to nVision, our understanding of the clinical evidence necessary to commercialize the technology. Intangible asset impairment charges in 2020 also included charges related to our acquisition of Sadra Medical, Inc. (Sadra Medical) as a result of lower sales forecasts, as well as the cost of quality remediation efforts following the voluntary recall of our LOTUS Edge™ Aortic Valve System and subsequent discontinuation of the LOTUS platform.
The following represents our goodwill balance by global reportable segment and our separately presented Specialty Pharmaceuticals operating segment:
(in millions)MedSurgRhythm and NeuroCardiovascularSpecialty PharmaceuticalsTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2018$2,063 $1,924 $3,925 $— $7,911 
Foreign currency fluctuations and other changes(1)— 58 9 66 
Goodwill acquired— 268 1,712 238 2,218 
Goodwill divested— — (19)— (19)
Balance as of December 31, 2019$2,061 $2,192 $5,676 $247 $10,176 
Foreign currency fluctuations and other changes(2)3 22 — 22 
Goodwill impairment charges— — — (73)(73)
Goodwill reclassified to Current assets held for sale
— — — (175)(175)
Balance as of December 31, 2020$2,059 $2,194 $5,697 $— $9,951 

In 2020, we recorded Goodwill impairment charges of $73 million related to our Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. We did not record any Goodwill impairment charges in 2019 or 2018. Refer to Note A – Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion of our goodwill and intangible asset impairment testing.

Estimated Amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years based upon our amortizable intangible asset portfolio as of December 31, 2020 is as follows (in millions):
Fiscal Year
2021$689 
2022664 
2023651 
2024613 
2025560