(in thousands)	GES North America			GES EMEA			Pursuit			Total
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	155,276		$	30,829		$	101,878		$	287,983
Goodwill impairment		(41,887	)		(29,042	)		(1,757	)		(72,686	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(534	)		(1,787	)		(8,363	)		(10,684	)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	112,855		$	—		$	91,758		$	204,613

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 31, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We use a discounted expected future cash flow methodology (income approach) in order to estimate the fair value of our reporting units for purposes of goodwill impairment testing.

In early March 2020, as a result of COVID-19 concerns, we began to see event postponements and cancellations at GES, as well as some cancelled bookings at Pursuit. This quickly escalated into the shut-down of event activity and tourism as government mandated closures and stay-at-home orders went more broadly into effect around the world. As demand halted, we essentially placed our businesses into a state of hibernation to preserve cash. As select areas of the global economy have begun to re-open, primarily at the discretion of local authorities, we are beginning to restart our business with enhanced health and safety protocols in place. On May 7, 2020, we re-opened FlyOver Iceland, and we have begun and expect to continue to re-open other Pursuit experiences in June as restrictions are eased. However, exhibition and event activity has yet to resume. For GES, we believe that as governments lift restrictions, events in certain geographies will start to take place again during the third quarter and we stand ready to reactivate areas of that business when it makes sense to do so.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we determined that an interim triggering event had occurred due to the deteriorating macroeconomic environment, disruptions to our operations, and the sustained decline in our stock price caused by COVID-19. As such, we performed an interim evaluation of goodwill as of March 31, 2020. As a result of the interim impairment test, we recorded non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $41.9 million associated with GES U.S., $29.0 million associated with GES EMEA, and $1.8 million associated with Pursuit’s Glacier Park Collection. We recorded an income tax benefit of $12.4 million related to these goodwill impairment charges.

Given the evolving, uncertain nature of COVID-19, and the uncertain government and consumer reactions, the estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and terminal values used in our goodwill impairment analysis require considerable judgment and are based on our current estimates of market conditions, financial forecasts, and industry trends. These estimates, however, have inherent uncertainties and different assumptions could lead to materially different results including additional impairment charges in the future.

		March 31, 2020							December 31, 2019
(in thousands)	Useful Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
Customer contracts and relationships	6.6	$	39,395	$	(25,144	)	$	14,251	$	72,219	$	(40,866	)	$	31,353
Operating contracts and licenses	37.2		37,924		(1,757	)		36,167		43,329		(1,881	)		41,448
In-place lease	13.7		13,897		(280	)		13,617		15,044		(231	)		14,813
Tradenames	7.4		5,397		(1,688	)		3,709		9,423		(4,338	)		5,085
Non-compete agreements	1.8		697		(453	)		244		2,077		(1,775	)		302
Other	7.9		742		(70	)		672		802		(66	)		736
Total amortized intangible assets			98,052		(29,392	)		68,660		142,894		(49,157	)		93,737
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Business licenses			562		—			562		571		—			571
Other intangible assets		$	98,614	$	(29,392	)	$	69,222	$	143,465	$	(49,157	)	$	94,308

Intangible asset amortization expense was $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. We recorded an impairment charge to intangible assets of $15.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 related to our U.S. audio-visual production business.

At March 31, 2020, the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:

The duration and impact of COVID-19 may result in additional future impairment charges as facts and circumstances evolve.