Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

The Roper Technologies, Inc. 2016 Incentive Plan (“2016 Plan”) is a stock-based compensation plan used to grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights or equivalent instruments to Roper’s employees, officers and directors. At December 31, 2020, 3.254 shares were available to grant under the 2016 Plan.

Under the Roper Technologies, Inc., Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), previously allowed employees in the U.S. and Canada to designate up to 10% of eligible earnings to purchase Roper’s common stock at a 5% discount to the average closing price of the stock at the beginning and end of a quarterly offering period. Common stock sold to employees pursuant to the stock purchase plan may be either treasury stock, stock purchased on the open market, or newly issued shares.

We amended the Roper stock purchase plan effective July 1, 2020, which allows employees in the U.S. and Canada to designate up to 10% of eligible earnings to purchase Roper’s common stock at a 10% discount on the lower of the closing price of the stock on the first and last day of each quarterly offering period. Common stock sold to employees pursuant to the stock purchase plan may be either treasury stock, stock purchased on the open market, or newly issued shares.

Stock based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:


	2020		2019		2018
Stock based compensation	$	121.7	$	104.5	$	133.8
Tax benefit recognized in net earnings	25.5		22.0		28.1

During 2019, in connection with the sale of Gatan we recognized $9.6 associated with accelerated vestings, which was recognized within “Gain on disposal of businesses” within the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. In 2018, this expense included $29.4 associated with accelerated vesting due to the passing of our former executive chairman.

Stock Options – Stock options are typically granted at prices not less than 100% of market value of the underlying stock at the date of grant. Stock options typically vest over a weighted average period of 3 years from the grant date and expire 10 years after the grant date. The Company recorded $41.4, $32.0, and $23.2 of compensation expense relating to outstanding options during 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expenses at Corporate.

The Company estimates the fair value of its option awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The stock volatility for each grant is measured using the weighted-average of historical daily price changes of the Company’s common stock over the most recent period equal to the expected life of the grant. The expected term of options granted is derived from historical data to estimate option exercises and employee forfeitures, and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The weighted-average fair value of options granted in 2020, 2019 and 2018 were calculated using the following weighted-average assumptions:


	2020	2019	2018
Weighted-average fair value ($)	63.22	68.05	57.75
Risk-free interest rate (%)	0.81	2.37	2.65
Average expected option life (years)	5.64	5.42	5.32
Expected volatility (%)	20.39	19.22	18.05
Expected dividend yield (%)	0.62	0.58	0.59

The following table summarizes the Company’s activities with respect to its share-based compensation plans for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:


	Number of shares	Weighted-average exercise price per share		Weighted-average contractual term	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	3.205	$	180.69
Granted	0.764	320.65
Exercised	(0.527)	122.94
Canceled	(0.093)	273.64
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	3.349	219.40		6.66	$	452.8
Granted	0.762	333.45
Exercised	(0.670)	157.85
Canceled	(0.075)	304.56
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3.366	255.32		6.79	$	591.7
Exercisable at December 31, 2020	1.431	$	178.23	4.75	$	361.9

The following table summarizes information for stock options outstanding at December 31, 2020:


	Outstanding options				Exercisable options
Exercise price	Number	Average exercise price		Average remaining life (years)	Number	Average exercise price
$73.56 - $146.02	0.397	$	123.73	2.3	0.397	$	123.73
$146.03 - $170.66	0.398	166.28		4.7	0.398	166.28
$170.67 - $212.18	0.469	196.34		5.9	0.415	194.53
$212.19 - $279.31	0.316	264.83		7.3	0.121	254.54
$279.32 -$279.44	0.406	279.39		7.2	0.075	279.39
$279.45 - $321.52	0.080	291.04		8.0	0.025	290.10
$321.53 - $323.36	0.588	323.09		9.2	—	—
$323.37 - $327.91	0.487	326.33		8.2	—	—
$327.92 - $432.45	0.225	368.13		8.9	—	—
$73.56 - $432.45	3.366	$	255.32	6.8	1.431	$	178.23

At December 31, 2020, there was $61.9 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested options granted under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. The total intrinsic value of options exercised in 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $155.4, $109.4 and $124.6, respectively. Cash received from option exercises under all plans in 2020 and 2019 was $105.5 and $64.9, respectively.

Restricted Stock Grants - During 2020 and 2019, the Company granted 0.285 and 0.321 shares, respectively, of restricted stock to certain employee and director participants under its share-based compensation plans. Restricted stock grants generally vest over a period of 1 to 4 years. The Company recorded $79.4, $72.5 and $109.7 of compensation expense related to outstanding shares of restricted stock held by employees and directors during 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In 2018, this expense included $29.4 associated with accelerated vesting due to the passing of our former executive chairman. A summary of the Company’s nonvested shares activity for 2020 and 2019 is as follows:


	Number of shares	Weighted-average grant date fair value
Nonvested at December 31, 2018	0.739	$	225.93
Granted	0.321	318.75
Vested	(0.290)	209.05
Forfeited	(0.061)	225.23
Nonvested at December 31, 2019	0.709	$	275.00
Granted	0.285	358.07
Vested	(0.308)	254.02
Forfeited	(0.085)	309.28
Nonvested at December 31, 2020	0.601	$	320.36

At December 31, 2020, there was $89.8 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested awards granted to both employees and directors under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested shares of restricted stock grants is recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in stockholder’s equity at December 31, 2020.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan - During 2020, 2019 and 2018, participants of the ESPP purchased 0.031, 0.021 and 0.020 shares, respectively, of Roper’s common stock for total consideration of $10.5, $6.8, and $5.4, respectively. All of these shares were purchased from Roper’s treasury shares.