Securities Trading Policy: General Edition

January 2005

Dear Employee:

The highest standards of ethical business practices and unwavering loyalty to our customers have been the cornerstones of our culture since Mellon was founded in 1869. Our Shared Values – Integrity, Teamwork and Excellence – are our guiding principles and underscore our commitment to conduct Mellon’s business honorably at all times.

Building a reputation of integrity in business takes the hard work of many people over many years. But reputations are fragile. As recent events in our industry have illustrated, we can never let down our guard. Every Mellon employee must accept personal responsibility for our good reputation and must work each day to maintain it.

One area of particular importance is the continued emphasis we place on ensuring that our personal investments are free from conflicts of interest and in full compliance with the laws and regulations of all jurisdictions in which Mellon does business. This matter is important to our clients, shareholders and the regulatory community, and it is fundamentally important to the maintenance of Mellon’s reputation.

Mellon’s role as an adviser and servicer in the investment industry carries with it special responsibilities for each of us to preserve the integrity and credibility of the industry in which we work. To respond to new regulations and satisfy our desire to demonstrate to all stakeholders our commitment to the highest ethical business standards, the Securities Trading Policy has recently been revised.

I urge you to take the time to fully understand the policy and consult it whenever you are unsure about appropriate activity regarding your investments. We are all responsible for following the procedures and respecting the limitations placed on our personal investments as described in the Securities Trading Policy.

The Securities Trading Policy and our Code of Conduct are designed to protect our hard earned reputation for integrity by requiring that we avoid even the appearance of impropriety in our business activities. Ensuring that our personal investments are free from conflict and as transparent as our Securities Trading Policy requires is an important step in protecting that reputation.

Table of Contents
	Page #
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………….		1 – 2
CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES…………………………………………………………………….….		3 – 4
Insider Risk Employee…………………………………………………………………………………….….			3
Investment Employee…………………………………………………………………………………….…		3 – 4
Access Decision Maker (ADM)…………………………………………………………………………..…			4
Other Employee…………………………………………………………………………………………….…			4
Consultants, Independent Contractors and Temporary Employees………………………………….….			4
PERSONAL SECURITIES TRADING PRACTICES
Section One – Applicable to Insider Risk Employees…………………………………………………	5	–	19
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………			5
Quick Reference – Insider Risk Employees……………………………………………………….…			6
Standards of Conduct for Insider Risk Employees……………………………………………….….	7	–	12
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities………………………………………………..….	13	–	14
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities………………………………………………….…	15	–	17
Protecting Confidential Information…………………………………………………………………	18	–	19
Section Two – Applicable to Investment Employees…………………………………………………	20	–	39
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………			20
Quick Reference – Investment Employees……….…………………………………………………			21
Standards of Conduct for Investment Employees……………………………………………………	22	–	29
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities…………………………………………………	30	–	31
Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares………………………………………………………	32	–	34
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities……………………………………………….……	35	–	37
Protecting Confidential Information……………………………………………………………………	38	–	39
Special Procedures for Access Decision Makers……………………………………………………			39
Section Three – Applicable to Other Employees………………………………………………………	40	–	51
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….………………….			40
Quick Reference – Other Employees…………………………………………………………………			41
Standards of Conduct for Other Employees………………………………………………………….	42	–	43
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities……………………………….…………………	44	–	45
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities…………………………………………………….	46	–	49
Protecting Confidential Information……………………………………………………………………	50	–	51
GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS……………………………………………………………………………………	52	–	56

EXHIBIT A – SAMPLE LETTER TO BROKER 57

Note that a more detailed Table of Contents is contained in Sections One, Two and Three

Introduction

The Securities Trading Policy (the “Policy”) is designed to reinforce Mellon Financial Corporation’s (“Mellon’s”) reputation for integrity by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety in the conduct of Mellon’s business. The Policy sets forth procedures and limitations which govern the personal securities transactions of every Mellon employee.

Mellon and its employees are subject to certain laws and regulations governing personal securities trading, including the securities laws of various jurisdictions. Mellon expects its employees to adhere to such laws and has developed this Policy to promote the highest standards of behavior and ensure compliance with applicable laws.

This Policy covers the personal trading activities of all employees in their own accounts and in accounts in which they have indirect ownership. While employees should consult the Glossary for a complete definition of the terms “security” and “indirect ownership”, in general they mean:

• security – any investment that represents an ownership stake or debt stake in a company or government. While the Policy provides for exemptions for certain securities, if not expressly exempt in the Policy, all securities are covered (see Glossary for definition of Exempt securities)
• indirect ownership – you are presumed to have indirect ownership of accounts held by members of your family with whom you share a household. This includes your spouse, your children, and any other family members in your home.
  Generally, you are deemed to be the indirect owner of securities if you have the opportunity to directly or indirectly share, at any time, in profits derived from transactions in such securities

Employees should be aware that they may be held personally liable for any improper or illegal acts committed during the course of their employment and that “ignorance of the law” is not a defense. Employees may be subject to civil penalties such as fines, regulatory sanctions including suspensions, as well as criminal penalties.

The provisions of the Policy have worldwide applicability and cover trading in any part of the world. Employees are also subject to applicable laws of jurisdictions in those countries in which they conduct business. To the extent any particular portion of the Policy is inconsistent with, or in particular less restrictive than such laws, employees should consult the General Counsel or the Manager of the Ethics Office.

The Policy may be amended and any provision waived or exempted only at the discretion of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Any such waiver or exemption will be evidenced in writing and maintained in the Ethics Office.

Employees must read the Policy and must comply with it – in this regard, employees should comply with the spirit of the Policy as well as the strict letter of its provisions. Failure to comply with the Policy may result in the imposition of serious sanctions, including but not limited to disgorgement of profits, cancellation of trades, selling of positions, dismissal, substantial personal liability and referral to law enforcement agencies or other regulatory agencies. Known violations of the Policy must be reported to the Ethics Office. The Ethics Help Line (see page 2) may be used for this purpose. Any questions regarding the Policy should be referred to the Manager of the Ethics Office or his/her designee.

Employees must also comply with Mellon’s Code of Conduct, which addresses compliance with laws, conflicts of interest, respecting confidential information and other ethical issues.

Mellon will provide all employees with copies of the Policy and all amendments. This may be through on-line access. Periodically, you will be required to acknowledge your receipt of the Policy and any amendments. This may be through on-line certification.

Page 1

Introduction

Mellon has established the Ethics Help Line which is available to all employees to:

• ask questions about the Policy, Code of Conduct and related Corporate Policies;
• provide information about possible violations of the Policy, Code of Conduct, policies or law; and
• voice concerns about activities that may place our reputation at risk.

Contacts may be anonymous. Employees can contact the Ethics Office by:

Mellon Ethics Help Line:

in the United States or Canada, 1-888-MELLON2 (1-888-635-5662)
in countries outside the United States and Canada, dial your country access code, then dial one of the following:
	- Asia (except Japan): 001-800-710-63562
	- Australia: 0011-800-710- 63562
	- Brazil: 0800-891-3813
	- Europe: 00-800-710-63562
	- Japan: access code + 800-710-63562
Common country access codes:
	- 00 – United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland
	- 0011 – Australia
	- 001 – Hong Kong and Singapore
	- 001010, 00330010, 0041010 or 0061010 – in Japan

· All other locations: Call collect to 412-236-7519
E-mail: ethics@mellon.com
Mail: Mellon’s Ethics Office, P.O. Box 535026 Pittsburgh, PA	15253-5026	USA
AIM #: 153-3300

Page 2

Classification of Employees

The Policy is applicable to all employees of Mellon and all of its subsidiaries which are more than 50% owned by Mellon. This includes all full-time, part-time, benefited and non-benefited, exempt and non-exempt employees. In general, it does not include employees of subsidiaries which are 50% or less owned by Mellon. The Policy’s applicability to consultants and contract or temporary employees will be determined on a case-by-case basis.

Employees are engaged in a wide variety of activities for Mellon. In light of the nature of their activities and the impact of various laws and regulations, the Policy imposes different requirements and limitations on employees based on the nature of their activities for Mellon. To assist employees in complying with the requirements and limitations imposed on them in light of their activities, employees are classified into one of four categories:

• Insider Risk Employee
• Investment Employee
• Access Decision Maker
• Other Employee

Appropriate requirements and limitations are specified in the Policy based upon an employee’s classification.

Business line management, in conjunction with the Manager of the Ethics Office, will determine the classification of each employee based on the following guidelines. Employees should confirm their classification with their Preclearance Compliance Officer or the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Insider Risk Employee

You are considered to be an Insider Risk Employee if, in the normal conduct of your Mellon responsibilities, you are likely to receive or be perceived to possess or receive, material nonpublic information concerning Mellon’s customers. This will typically include certain employees in the Corporate & Institutional Services business group, certain members of Shared Services Departments, and all members of the Senior Management Committee who are not Investment Employees.

Investment Employee

You are considered to be an Investment Employee if, in the normal conduct of your Mellon responsibilities, you:

• have access (or are likely to be perceived to have access) to nonpublic information regarding any advisory client’s purchase or sale of securities or nonpublic information regarding the portfolio holdings of any Proprietary Fund,
  or
• are involved in making securities recommendations to advisory clients or have access to such recommendations that are nonpublic.

Page 3

Classification of Employees

Investment Employee (continued)

This will typically include employees in the Asset Management business group, such as:

certain employees in fiduciary securities sales and trading, investment management and advisory services, investment research and various trust or fiduciary functions; an employee of a Mellon entity regulated by certain investment company laws. Examples are as follows:
	- in the US, includes employees who are “advisory persons” or “access persons” under Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 or “access persons” under Rule 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
	- in the UK, includes employees in companies undertaking specified activities under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities), Order 2001 and therefore regulated by the Financial Services Authority

• any member of Mellon’s Senior Management Committee who, as part of his/her usual duties, has management responsibility for fiduciary activities or routinely has access to information about advisory customers’ securities transactions.

Access Decision Maker (ADM)

A person designated as such by the Investment Ethics Committee. Generally, these will be portfolio managers and research analysts who make recommendations or decisions regarding the purchase or sale of equity, convertible debt, and non-investment grade debt securities for mutual funds and other managed accounts. See further details in the Access Decision Maker edition of the Policy.

Other Employee

You are considered to be an Other Employee if you are an employee of Mellon Financial Corporation or any of its direct or indirect subsidiaries who is not an Insider Risk Employee, Investment Employee, or an ADM.

Consultants, Independent Contractors and Temporary Employees

Managers should inform consultants, independent contractors and temporary employees of the general provisions of the Policy (such as the prohibition on trading while in possession of material nonpublic information). Whether or not a consultant, independent contractor or temporary employee will be required to preclear trades or report their personal securities holdings will be determined on a case-by-case basis. If one of these persons would be considered an Insider Risk Employee, Investment Employee or Access Decision Maker if he/she were a Mellon employee, the person’s manager should advise the Manager of the Ethics Office who will determine whether such individual should be subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements of the Policy.

Page 4

Personal Securities Trading Practices
Section One – Applicable to Insider Risk Employees
Table of Contents
	Page #
Quick Reference - Insider Risk Employees…………………………………………………………		6
Standards of Conduct for Insider Risk Employees…………………………………………………	7 –	12
- Conflict of Interest……………………………………………………………………………………		7
- Material Nonpublic Information………………………………………………………………………		7
- Personal Securities Transaction Reports…………………………………………………………		7
- Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings…………………………………………………		8
- Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions……………………………………………….		9
- Exemptions from Requirement to Preclear…………………………………………………………		10
- Gifting of Securities……………………………………………………………………………………		11
- Ownership………………………………………………………………………………………………		11
- Non-Mellon Employee Benefit Plans………………………………………………………………		11
- Investment Clubs and Private Investment Companies…………………………………………….		12
- Restricted List………………………………………………………………………………………….		12
- Confidential Treatment………………………………………………………………………………		12
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities………………………………………………….	13 –	14
- General Restrictions…………………………………………………………………………………		13
- Mellon 401(k) Plan……………………………………………………………………………………		13
- Mellon Employee Stock Options……………………………………………………………………		14
- Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)……………………………………………………		14
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities……………………………………………………	15 –	17
- Credit, Consulting or Advisory Relationship…………………………………………………………		15
- Customer Transactions……………………………………………………………………………….		15
- Excessive Trading, Naked Options…………………………………………………………………		15
- Front Running…………………………………………………………………………………………		15
- Initial Public Offerings………………………………………………………………………………….		15
- Material Nonpublic Information……………………………………………………………………….		15
- Private Placements…………………………………………………………………………………….		16
- Short-Term Trading…………………………………………………………………………………….		16
- Mutual Funds…………………………………………………………………………………………		16
- Spread Betting………………………………………………………………………………………….		16
- Prohibition on Investments in Securities of Financial Services Organizations…………………		17
Protecting Confidential Information……………………………………………………………………	18 –	19
- Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions…………………………………………………….	18 –	19
- Mellon’s Policy………………………………………………………………………………………….		19
- Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon ("Securities Fire Walls”)……………..…		19
Glossary Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………	52 –	56
Exhibit A - Sample Letter to Broker…………………………………………………………………….		57

Page 5

Quick Reference-Insider Risk Employees

Some Things You Must Do

Duplicate Statements & Confirmations - Instruct your broker, trust account manager or other entity through which you have a securities trading account to send directly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee:

• trade confirmations summarizing each transaction
• periodic statements

Exhibit A can be used to notify your broker. Contact the Preclearance Compliance Officer for the correct address. This applies to all accounts in which you have direct or indirect ownership (see Glossary).

Preclearance - Before initiating a securities transaction, written preclearance must be obtained from the Preclearance Compliance Officer. Contact the Preclearance Compliance Officer for applicable approval procedures.

If preclearance approval is received, the trade must be executed before the end of the 3rd business day (with the date of approval being the 1st business day), at which time the preclearance approval will expire.

Special Approvals

Private Placements - Acquisition of securities in a Private Placement must be precleared by the Mellon Senior Management Committee Member who represents the employee’s line of business or department, the Manager of the Ethics Office and the Preclearance Compliance Officer. To initiate approval, contact the Ethics Office.

IPOs - Acquisition of securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) is prohibited without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Approval can be given only when the allocation is the result of a direct family relationship.

Some Things You Must Not Do

Mellon Securities - The following transactions in Mellon securities are prohibited for all Mellon employees:

• short sales
• purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing within 60 calendar days
• margin purchases or options other than employee options

Non-Mellon Securities – New investments in financial services organizations are prohibited for certain employees only – see Page 17.

Other restrictions are detailed throughout Section One. Read the Policy!

Exemptions

Preclearance is NOT required for:

• transactions in Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• transactions in municipal bonds
• transactions in shares of open-end investment companies and variable capital companies
• transactions in non-financial commodities (such as agricultural futures, metals, oil, gas, etc.), currency futures, financial futures
• transactions in index securities
• transactions in approved accounts in which the employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the investment decision making process
• involuntary transactions on the part of an employee (such as stock dividends or sales of fractional shares)
• changes in elections under Mellon’s 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan
• enrollment, changes in salary withholding percentages and sales of shares held in Mellon’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP); sales of shares previously withdrawn from the ESPP do require preclearance
• receipt and exercise of an employee stock option administered through Human Resources
• transactions done pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• sales pursuant to bona fide tender offers and sales or exercises of “rights” (see Page 10)

Questions?

Contact Mellon’s Ethics Office at:

Securities Trading Policy Help Line: 412-234-1661
Mellon’s Ethics Help Line
-	Toll Free Telephone
		Asia (except Japan): 001-800-710-63562
		Australia: 0011-800-710-63562
		Brazil: 0800-891-3813
		Europe: 00-800-710-63562
		Japan: access code + 800-710-63562 (access codes are: 0061010, 001010, 0041010 or 0033010)
		US and Canada: 1-888-MELLON2 (1-888- 635-5662)
		All other locations: call collect 412-236-7519
-	Email: ethics@mellon.com
-	Postal Mail: P.O. Box 535026, Pittsburgh, PA 15253-5026 USA

This page is for reference purposes only. Employees are reminded they must read the Policy and comply with its provisions.

Page 6

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INSIDER RISK EMPLOYEES

Because of their unique responsibilities, Insider Risk Employees are subject to preclearance and personal securities reporting requirements, as discussed below.

Every Insider Risk Employee must follow these procedures or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal. If you have any questions about these procedures, you should consult the Ethics Office or your Preclearance Compliance Officer. Interpretive issues that arise under these procedures shall be decided by, and are subject to the discretion of, the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Conflict of Interest

No employee may engage in or recommend any securities transaction that places, or appears to place, his or her own interests above those of any customer to whom financial services are rendered, including mutual funds and managed accounts, or above the interests of Mellon.

Material Nonpublic Information

No employee may engage in or recommend a securities transaction, for his or her own benefit or for the benefit of others, including Mellon or its customers, while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding such securities or the issuer of such securities. No employee may communicate material nonpublic information to others unless it is properly within his or her job responsibilities to do so.

Personal Securities Transaction Reports

Statements and Confirmations - All Insider Risk Employees are required to instruct their broker, trust account manager or other entity through which they have a securities trading account to submit directly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee, copies of all trade confirmations and statements relating to each account of which they are an owner (direct or indirect) regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, even if the account contains only mutual funds or Exempt Securities as that term is defined by the Policy, but the account has the capability to have reportable securities traded in it, the Insider Risk Employee must arrange for duplicate account statements and trade confirmations to be sent to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. An example of an instruction letter to such entities is contained in Exhibit A. Statements and confirmations need not be delivered for accounts that can only hold items that are not securities (such as bank deposit accounts) or securities that are exempt from preclearance (such as mutual fund accounts).

Other securities transactions which were not completed through an account, such as gifts, inheritances, spin-offs from securities held outside accounts, or other transfers must be reported to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 10 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction occurs. These quarterly statements need not be filed for:

• any transaction effected in a non-discretionary account (see Glossary),
• any transaction in Exempt Securities (see Glossary),
• any transactions that is exempt from preclearance for Insider Risk Employees,
• any transaction effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary), or
• any transaction to the extent information on the transaction is already included in a brokerage confirmation or statement previously delivered to the Preclearance Compliance Officer in compliance with the above requirements.

Page 7

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INSIDER RISK EMPLOYEES (continued)

Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings

Within 10 calendar days of becoming an Insider Risk Employee and on an annual basis thereafter, all Insider Risk Employees must submit to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee:

• a listing of all accounts that may trade securities (other than securities exempt from preclearance) in which the employee is a direct or indirect owner regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, for example, even if the account contains only mutual funds or Exempt Securities (see Glossary) but has the capability of holding reportable securities, the account must be disclosed
• a listing of all securities held in the above accounts
• a listing of all securities held outside of securities trading accounts in which the employee presently has any direct or indirect ownership other than Exempt Securities (see Glossary).

The information contained in the initial holding report must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days prior to becoming an Insider Risk Employee.

The annual statement must be completed upon the request of the Ethics Office, and the information submitted must be current within 45 calendar days of the date the statement is submitted. The annual statement contains an acknowledgment that the Insider Risk Employee has read and complied with the Policy.

Your Preclearance Compliance Officer may periodically ask for holding reports in addition to the initial and annual reports.

Page 8

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INSIDER RISK EMPLOYEES (continued)

Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions

Insider Risk Employees must notify the Preclearance Compliance Officer in writing and receive preclearance before they engage in any purchase or sale of a security for their own accounts or in accounts in which they are an indirect owner. Insider Risk Employees should refer to the provisions under " Ownership” on Page 11, which are applicable to these provisions.

All requests for preclearance for a securities transaction shall be submitted by completing a Preclearance Request Form.

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will notify the Insider Risk Employee whether the request is approved or denied, without disclosing the reason for such approval or denial.

Notifications may be given in writing or orally by the Preclearance Compliance Officer to the Insider Risk Employee. A record of such notification will be maintained by the Preclearance Compliance Officer. However, it shall be the responsibility of the Insider Risk Employee to obtain a written record of the Preclearance Compliance Officer’s notification within 24 hours of such notification. The Insider Risk Employee should retain a copy of this written record for at least two years.

As there could be many reasons for preclearance being granted or denied, Insider Risk Employees should not infer from the preclearance response anything regarding the security for which preclearance was requested.

Although making a preclearance request does not obligate an Insider Risk Employee to do the transaction, it should be noted that:

• preclearance requests should not be made for a transaction that the Insider Risk Employee does not intend to make
• preclearance authorization will expire at the end of the third business day after it is received. The day authorization is granted is considered the first business day
• Insider Risk Employees should not discuss with anyone else, inside or outside Mellon, the response they received to a preclearance request. If the Insider Risk Employee is preclearing as an indirect owner of another’s account, the response may be disclosed to the other owner
• standard orders to trade at certain prices (sometimes called “limit”, “stop-loss”, “good-until-cancelled”, or “standing buy/sell” orders) must be precleared, and security transactions receiving preclearance authorization must be executed before the preclearance expires. At the end of the three-day preclearance authorization period, any unexecuted order must be canceled or a new preclearance authorization must be obtained

Page 9

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INSIDER RISK EMPLOYEES (continued)

Exemptions from Requirement to Preclear

Preclearance by Insider Risk Employees is not required for the following transactions:

• purchases or sales of Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• purchases or sales of securities issued by open-end investment companies (i.e., mutual funds and variable capital companies), regardless of whether they are Proprietary Funds
• purchases or sales of municipal bonds
• purchase or sales of non-financial commodities (such as agricultural futures, metals, oil, gas, etc.), currency futures, financial futures
• purchases or sales of index securities (sometimes referred to as exchange traded funds)
• purchases or sales effected in accounts in which an employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the investment decision making process (“non- discretionary accounts”). Non-discretionary accounts may only be exempted from preclearance procedures, when the Manager of the Ethics Office, after a thorough review, is satisfied that the account is truly non-discretionary to the employee (that is, the employee has given total investment discretion to an investment manager and retains no ability to influence specific trades). Standard broker accounts generally are not deemed to be non-discretionary to the employee, even if the broker is given some discretion to make investment decisions
• transactions that are involuntary on the part of an employee (such as stock dividends or sales of fractional shares); however, sales initiated by brokers to satisfy margin calls are not considered involuntary and must be precleared
• the sale of Mellon stock received upon the exercise of an employee stock option if the sale is part of a "netting of shares" or "cashless exercise" administered through the Human Resources Department
• changes to elections in the Mellon 401(k) plan
• enrollment, changes in salary withholding percentages and sales of shares held in the Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP); sales of shares previously withdrawn from the ESPP do require preclearance
• purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer
• sales of rights acquired from an issuer, as described above
• sales effected pursuant to a bona fide tender offer
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)

Page 10

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INSIDER RISK EMPLOYEES (continued)

Gifting of Securities

Insider Risk Employees desiring to make a bona fide gift of securities or who receive a bona fide gift, including an inheritance, of securities do not need to preclear the transaction. However, Insider Risk Employees must report such bona fide gifts to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. The report must be made within 10 calendar days of making or receiving the gift and must disclose the following information: the name of the person receiving (giving) the gift, the date of the transaction, and the name of the broker through which the transaction was effected. A bona fide gift is one where the donor does not receive anything of monetary value in return. An Insider Risk Employee who purchases a security with the intention of making a gift must preclear the purchase transaction.

Ownership

The preclearance, reporting and other provisions of the Policy apply not only to securities held in the employee's own name but also to all other securities indirectly owned by the employee (see Glossary for definition of indirect owner). Generally you are the indirect owner of securities if you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share in any profits from a transaction in those securities. This could include:

• securities held by members of your family who share the same household with you
• securities held by a trust in which you are a settler, trustee, or beneficiary
• securities held by a partnership in which you are a general partner
• securities in which any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship gives you direct or indirect economic interest

Non-Mellon Employee Benefit Plans

The provisions discussed above do not apply to transactions in an employer’s securities done under a bona fide employee benefit plan of an organization not affiliated with Mellon by an employee of that organization who is a member of your immediate family (see “Indirect Ownership – Family Members” in the Glossary for the definition of “immediate family”). This means if a Mellon employee’s family member is employed at a non-Mellon company, the Mellon employee is not required to obtain approval for transactions in the employer’s securities done by the family member as part of the family member’s employee benefit plan.

In such situations, the family member’s employer has primary responsibility for providing adequate supervision with respect to conflicts of interest and compliance with securities laws regarding trading in its own securities under its own employee benefit plans.

However, employee benefit plans which allow the employee to buy and sell securities other than those of their employer are subject to the Policy, including the preclearance and reporting provisions.

Page 11

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INSIDER RISK EMPLOYEES (continued)

Investment Clubs and Private Investment Companies

Certain organizations create a unique means of investing:

• Investment Clubs – a membership organization where investors make joint decisions on which securities to buy or sell. The securities are generally held in the name of the investment club. Since each member of the investment club participates in the investment decision making process, each Insider Risk employee belonging to such a club must obtain approval from their Preclearance Compliance Officer before participating in any investment club and must thereafter preclear and report the securities transactions of the club.
• Private Investment Company – an investment company (see Glossary) whose shares are not deemed to be publicly held (sometimes called “hedge funds”).
  Insider Risk employees investing in such a private investment company are not required to preclear any of the securities transactions made by the private investment company.
  However, Insider Risk employees’ investments in Private Investment Companies are considered to be private placements and approval must be received prior to investing. Employees should refer to the Private Placement provision of the Policy on Page 16 for approval requirements.

Restricted List

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will maintain a list (the "Restricted List") of companies whose securities are deemed appropriate for implementation of trading restrictions for Insider Risk Employees. The Restricted List will not be distributed outside of the Preclearance Compliance Office. From time to time, such trading restrictions may be appropriate to protect Mellon and its Insider Risk Employees from potential violations, or the appearance of violations, of securities laws. The inclusion of a company on the Restricted List provides no indication of the advisability of an investment in the company's securities or the existence of material nonpublic information on the company. Nevertheless, the contents of the Restricted List will be treated as confidential information to avoid unwarranted inferences.

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will retain copies of the restricted lists for six years.

Confidential Treatment

The Manager of the Ethics Office and/or the Preclearance Compliance Officer will use his or her best efforts to assure that requests for preclearance, personal securities transaction reports and reports of securities holdings are treated as "Personal and Confidential." However, Mellon is required by law to review, retain and, in certain circumstances, disclose such documents. Therefore, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies and by other parties within and outside Mellon as are necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under the Policy or other requirements applicable to Mellon.

Page 12

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES

General Restrictions

Insider Risk employees who engage in transactions involving Mellon securities should be aware of their unique responsibilities with respect to such transactions arising from the employment relationship and should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety.

The following restrictions apply to all transactions in Mellon's publicly traded securities occurring in the employee's own account and in all other accounts over which the employee has indirect ownership. These restrictions are to be followed in addition to any restrictions that apply to particular senior officers or directors of Mellon, such as restrictions under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

• Short Sales - Short sales of Mellon securities by employees are prohibited.
• Short-Term Trading - Employees are prohibited from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing, Mellon securities within any 60-calendar day period.
• Margin Transactions - Purchases on margin of Mellon's publicly traded securities by employees is prohibited. Margining Mellon securities in connection with a cashless exercise of an employee stock option through the Human Resource Department is exempt from this restriction. Further, Mellon securities may be used to collateralize loans for non-securities purposes or for the acquisition of securities other than those issued by Mellon.
• Option Transactions - Option transactions involving Mellon's publicly traded securities are prohibited. Transactions under Mellon's Long-Term Incentive Plan or other employee option plans are exempt from this restriction.
• Major Mellon Events - Employees who have knowledge of major Mellon events that have not yet been announced are prohibited from buying or selling Mellon's publicly traded securities before such public announcements, even if the employee believes the event does not constitute material nonpublic information.

Mellon 401(k) Plan

Actions regarding your interest in Mellon Stock under the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated as follows:

Elections regarding future contributions to Mellon Stock are not deemed to be transactions in Mellon Stock and therefore are not subject to preclearance and reporting requirements or to the short-term trading prohibition.

Payroll deduction contributions to Mellon Stock are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. They are not subject to preclearance and reporting requirements or to the short-term trading prohibition.

Movements of balances into or out of Mellon Stock are not subject to preclearance but are deemed to be purchases or sales of Mellon Stock for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. This means employees are prohibited from increasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then decreasing it within 60 calendar days. Similarly, employees are prohibited from decreasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then increasing it within 60 calendar days. However, changes to existing account balance allocations in the 401(k) plan will not be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside the 401(k) for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. (Note: This does not apply to members of the Executive Management Group, who should consult with the Legal Department.)

Page 13

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES (continued)

Mellon Employee Stock Options

Receipt or Exercise of an employee stock option from Mellon is exempt from the reporting and preclearance requirements and does not constitute a purchase or sale for the purpose of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Sales - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received in the exercise of an employee stock option is treated like any other sale under the Policy (regardless of how little time has elapsed between the option exercise and the sale). Thus, such sales are subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

Enrollment and Changing Salary Withholding Percentages in the ESPP are exempt from preclearance and reporting requirements and do not constitute a purchase for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Selling Shares Held in the ESPP – Insider Risk employees are not required to preclear or report sales of stock held in the ESPP, including shares acquired upon reinvestment of dividends. However, sale of stock held in the ESPP is considered a sale for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition and will be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside of the ESPP.

Selling Shares Previously Withdrawn - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received as a withdrawal from the ESPP is treated like any other sale under the Policy, regardless of how little time has elapsed between the withdrawal and the sale. Thus, such sales are subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Page 14

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES

Purchases or sales by an employee of the securities of issuers with which Mellon does business, or other third-party issuers, could result in liability on the part of such employee. Employees should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety in connection with their personal securities transactions. Employees should refer to “Ownership” on Page 11, which is applicable to the following restrictions.

The Mellon Code of Conduct contains certain restrictions on investments in parties that do business with Mellon. Employees should refer to the Code of Conduct and comply with such restrictions in addition to the restrictions and reporting requirements set forth below.

The following restrictions apply to all securities transactions by Insider Risk Employees:

• Credit, Consulting or Advisory Relationship - Employees may not buy, hold or trade securities of a company if they are considering granting, renewing, modifying or denying any credit facility to that company, acting as a benefits consultant to that company, or acting as an adviser to that company with respect to the company’s own securities without the prior permission of the Ethics Office. In addition, lending employees who have assigned responsibilities in a specific industry group are not permitted to trade securities in that industry. This prohibition does not apply to transactions in open-end mutual funds.
• Customer Transactions - Trading for customers and Mellon accounts should always take precedence over employees’ transactions for their own or related accounts.
• Excessive Trading, Naked Options – Mellon discourages all employees from engaging in short-term or speculative trading, writing naked options, trading that could be deemed excessive or trading that could interfere with an employee’s job responsibilities.
• Front Running - Employees may not engage in “front running,” that is, the purchase or sale of securities for their own or Mellon’s accounts on the basis of their knowledge of Mellon’s trading positions or plans or those of their customers.
• Initial Public Offerings – Insider Risk Employees are prohibited from acquiring securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Approval can be given only when the allocation comes through an employee of the issuer who is a direct family relation of the Insider Risk Employee. Due to certain laws and regulations (for example, NASD rules in the US), this approval may not be available to employees of registered broker-dealers.
• Material Nonpublic Information - Employees possessing material nonpublic information regarding any issuer of securities must refrain from purchasing or selling securities of that issuer until the information becomes public or is no longer considered material.

Page 15

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

• Private Placements – Insider Risk Employees are prohibited from acquiring any security in a private placement unless they obtain the prior written approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office, the Preclearance Compliance Officer and the Mellon Senior Management Committee Member representing the employee’s line of business or department. Employees should contact the Ethics Office to initiate approval. Approval must be given by all three persons for the acquisition to be considered approved.
  Private placements include certain co-operative investments in real estate, co- mingled investment vehicles such as hedge funds, and investments in family owned businesses. For purposes of the Policy, time-shares and cooperative investments in real estate used as a primary or secondary residence are not considered to be private placements.
  After receipt of the necessary approvals and the acquisition, Insider Risk employees are required to disclose that investment if they participate in any subsequent consideration of credit for the issuer, or of an investment in the issuer for an advised account. Final decision to acquire such securities for an advised account will be subject to independent review.
• Short-Term Trading – All employees are discouraged from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing, the same (or equivalent) securities within any 60 calendar day period.
• Mutual Funds – No employee should knowingly participate in or facilitate late trading, market timing or any other activity with respect to any fund in violation of applicable law or the provisions of the fund’s disclosure documents.
• Spread Betting – Employees may not engage in “spread betting” (essentially taking bets on securities pricing to reflect market movements) or similar activities as a mechanism for avoiding the restrictions on personal securities trading arising under the provisions of the Policy. Such transactions themselves constitute transactions in securities for the purposes of the Policy and are subject to all of the provisions applicable to other non-exempted transactions.

Page 16

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

Prohibition on Investments in

Securities of Financial Services Organizations

You are prohibited from acquiring any security issued by a financial services organization if you are:

a member of the Mellon Senior Management Committee
employed in any of the following departments:
	- Corporate Strategy & Development
	- Legal (Mellon headquarters only)
	- Finance (Mellon headquarters only)
an employee specifically designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and informed that this prohibition is applicable to you

Financial Services Organizations - The phrase "security issued by a financial services organization" includes any security issued by:

• Commercial Banks other than Mellon
• Financial Holding Companies (or Bank Holding Companies) other than Mellon
• Insurance Companies
• Investment Advisers
• Shareholder Servicing Companies
• Thrifts
• Savings and Loan Associations
• Broker-Dealers
• Transfer Agents
• Other Depository Institutions

The phrase "securities issued by a financial services organization” does not include Exempt Securities (see Glossary). Further, for purposes of determining whether a company is a financial services organization, subsidiaries and parent companies are treated as separate issuers.

Effective Date - Securities of financial services organizations properly acquired before the employee is subject to this prohibition may be maintained or disposed of at the owner's discretion consistent with the Policy.

Any acquisition of financial service organization securities that is exempt from preclearance pursuant to the express provision of the Policy is also exempt from this prohibition. This includes (assuming full compliance with the applicable preclearance exemption):

• Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• acquisition in a non-discretionary account
• involuntary acquisitions
• securities received as gifts
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• acquisitions through a non-Mellon employee benefit plan

Within 30 calendar days of becoming subject to this prohibition, all holdings of securities of financial services organizations must be disclosed in writing to the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Page 17

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

As an employee you may receive information about Mellon, its customers and other parties that, for various reasons, should be treated as confidential. All employees are expected to strictly comply with measures necessary to preserve the confidentiality of information. Employees should refer to the Mellon Code of Conduct.

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions

Securities laws generally prohibit the trading of securities while in possession of "material nonpublic" information regarding the issuer of those securities (insider trading). Any person who passes along material nonpublic information upon which a trade is based (tipping) may also be liable.

Information is “material” if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy, sell or hold securities. Obviously, information that would affect the market price of a security (price sensitive information) would be material. Examples of information that might be material include:

• a proposal or agreement for a merger, acquisition or divestiture, or for the sale or purchase of substantial assets
• tender offers, which are often material for the party making the tender offer as well as for the issuer of the securities for which the tender offer is made
• dividend declarations or changes
• extraordinary borrowings or liquidity problems
• defaults under agreements or actions by creditors, customers or suppliers relating to a company's credit standing
• earnings and other financial information, such as significant restatements, large or unusual write-offs, write-downs, profits or losses
• pending discoveries or developments, such as new products, sources of materials, patents, processes, inventions or discoveries of mineral deposits
• a proposal or agreement concerning a financial restructuring
• a proposal to issue or redeem securities, or a development with respect to a pending issuance or redemption of securities
• a significant expansion or contraction of operations
• information about major contracts or increases or decreases in orders
• the institution of, or a development in, litigation or a regulatory proceeding
• developments regarding a company's senior management
• information about a company received from a director of that company
• information regarding a company's possible noncompliance with environmental protection laws

This list is not exhaustive. All relevant circumstances must be considered when determining whether an item of information is material.

Page 18

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Insider Risk Employees

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (continued)

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions (continued)

“Nonpublic” - Information about a company is nonpublic if it is not generally available to the investing public. Information received under circumstances indicating that it is not yet in general circulation and which may be attributable, directly or indirectly, to the company or its insiders is likely to be deemed nonpublic information.

If you obtain material nonpublic information, you may not trade related securities until you can refer to some public source to show that the information is generally available (that is, available from sources other than inside sources) and that enough time has passed to allow wide dissemination of the information. While information appearing in widely accessible sources--such as in newspapers or on the internet--becomes public very soon after publication, information appearing in less accessible sources--such as regulatory filings, may take up to several days to be deemed public. Similarly, highly complex information might take longer to become public than would information that is easily understood by the average investor.

Mellon's Policy

Employees who possess material nonpublic information about a company--whether that company is Mellon, another Mellon entity, a Mellon customer or supplier, or other company--may not trade in that company's securities, either for their own accounts or for any account over which they exercise investment discretion. In addition, employees may not recommend trading in those securities and may not pass the information along to others, except to employees who need to know the information in order to perform their job responsibilities with Mellon. These prohibitions remain in effect until the information has become public.

Employees who have investment responsibilities should take appropriate steps to avoid receiving material nonpublic information. Receiving such information could create severe limitations on their ability to carry out their responsibilities to Mellon's fiduciary customers.

Employees managing the work of consultants and temporary employees who have access to the types of confidential information described in the Policy are responsible for ensuring that consultants and temporary employees are aware of Mellon's policy and the consequences of noncompliance.

Questions regarding Mellon's policy on material nonpublic information, or specific information that might be subject to it, should be referred to the General Counsel.

Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon (“Securities Fire Walls”)

As a diversified financial services organization, Mellon faces unique challenges in complying with the prohibitions on insider trading and tipping of material nonpublic information, and misuse of confidential information. This is because one Mellon unit might have material nonpublic information about a company while other Mellon units may have a desire, or even a fiduciary duty, to buy or sell that company's securities or recommend such purchases or sales to customers. To engage in such broad-ranging financial services activities without violating laws or breaching Mellon's fiduciary duties, Mellon has established a “Securities Fire Wall” policy applicable to all employees. The "Securities Fire Wall" separates the Mellon units or individuals that are likely to receive material nonpublic information (potential Insider Risk functions) from the Mellon units or individuals that either trade in securities, for Mellon's account or for the accounts of others, or provide investment advice (Investment functions). Employees should refer to CPP 903-2(C) Securities Fire Walls.

Page 19

Personal Securities Trading Practices
Section Two – Applicable to Investment Employees
Table of Contents
	Page #
Quick Reference - Investment Employees…………………………………………………………….		21
Standards of Conduct for Investment Employees………………………………………………….	22 –	29
- Conflict of Interest……………………………………………………………………………………		22
- Material Nonpublic Information………………………………………………………………………		22
- Fiduciary Duties……………………………………………………………………………………….		22
- Legal Compliance……………………………………………………………………………………		22
- Personal Securities Transaction Reports……………………………………………………………		23
- Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings……………………………………………………		24
- Exemption from Requirement to File Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings………		24
- Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions………………………………………………	24 –	25
- Special Standards for Preclearance Of De Minimis Transactions………………………………		26
- Exemptions from Requirement to Preclear………………………………………………………….		27
- Gifting of Securities…………………………………………………………………………………….		27
- Ownership………………………………………………………………………………………………		28
- Non-Mellon Employee Benefit Plans………………………………………………………………		28
- Investment Clubs and Private Investment Companies…………………………………………….		29
- Restricted List…………………………………………………………………………………………		29
- Confidential Treatment………………………………………………………………………………		29
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities…………………………………………………	30 –	31
- General Restrictions…………………………………………………………………………………		30
- Mellon 401(k) Plan……………………………………………………………………………………		31
- Mellon Employee Stock Options……………………………………………………………………		31
- Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)……………………………………………………		31
Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares……………………………………………………….	32 –	34
- All Funds………………………………………………………………………………………………		32
- Mellon Proprietary Funds……………………………………………………………………………	32 –	33
- Mellon 401(k) Plan (Non Self-Directed Accounts)………………………………………………….		34
- Mellon 401(k) Plan (Self-Directed Accounts).……………………………………………………….		34
- Indirect Ownership of Proprietary Funds…………………………………………………………….		34
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities…………………………………………………	35 –	37
- Customer Transactions……………………………………………………………………………….		35
- Excessive Trading, Naked Options………………………………………………………………….		35
- Front Running………………………………………………………………………………………….		35
- Initial Public Offerings…………………………………………………………………………………		35
- Material Nonpublic Information………………………………………………………………………		35
- Private Placements……………………………………………………………………………………		35
- Scalping………………………………………………………………………………………………		36
- Short-Term Trading……………………………………………………………………………………		36
- Spread Betting…………………………………………………………………………………………		36
- Prohibition on Investments in Securities of Financial Services Organizations…………………		37
Protecting Confidential Information……………………………………………………………………	38 –	39
- Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions…………………………………………………….	38 –	39
- Mellon’s Policy………………………………………………………………………………………….		39
- Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon ("Securities Fire Walls”)………………		39
Special Procedures for Access Decision Makers……………………………………………………		39
Glossary Definitions………………………………………………………………………………………	52 –	56
Exhibit A - Sample Letter to Broker…………………………………………………………………….		57

Page 20

Quick Reference-Investment Employees

Some Things You Must Do

Statement of Accounts and Holdings - Provide to the

Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee a statement of all securities and Proprietary Fund accounts and holdings within 10 calendar days of becoming an Investment Employee and again annually on request.

Duplicate Statements & Confirmations - Instruct your broker, trust account manager or other entity through which you have a securities or Proprietary Fund trading account to send directly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee:

• trade confirmations summarizing each transaction
• periodic statements

Exhibit A can be used to notify such entities. Contact the Preclearance Compliance Officer for the correct address. This applies to all accounts in which you have direct or indirect ownership (see Glossary).

Quarterly Transaction Statements – Provide to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 10 calendar days after the end of each quarter a statement of securities or Proprietary Fund transactions not covered by filed confirmations from brokers or other entities.

Preclearance - Before initiating a transaction in securities or Proprietary Funds, written preclearance must be obtained from the Preclearance Compliance Officer. Contact the Preclearance Compliance Officer for applicable approval procedures.

If preclearance approval is received, the trade must be communicated to the broker or other entity on the same day and executed before the end of the next business day, at which time the preclearance approval will expire.

Proprietary Funds – Trading a Proprietary Fund within 60 calendar days of a previous trade in the opposite direction is prohibited without prior approval of the Preclearance Compliance Officer.

Private Placements - Acquisition of securities in a Private

Placement must be precleared by the Mellon Senior Management Committee Member who represents the employee’s line of business or department, the Manager of the Ethics Office and the Preclearance Compliance Officer. To initiate approval, contact the Ethics Office.

IPOs - Acquisition of securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) is prohibited without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Approval can be given only when the allocation is the result of a direct family relationship.

This page is for reference purposes only. Employees are reminded they must read the Policy and comply with its provisions

Other restrictions are detailed in Section Two. Read the Policy!

Some Things You Must Not Do

Mellon Securities - The following transactions in Mellon securities are prohibited for all Mellon employees:

• short sales
• purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing within 60 calendar days
• margin purchases or options other than employee options

Non-Mellon Securities

· purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing the same or equivalent security within 60 calendar days is discouraged, and any profits must be disgorged

• new investments in financial services organizations are prohibited for certain employees - see Page 37

Exemptions

Preclearance is NOT required for:

• transactions in Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• transactions in non-financial commodities (such as agricultural futures, metals, oil, gas, etc.), currency futures, financial futures
• transactions in index securities (this does not include Proprietary Funds)
• transactions in approved accounts over which the employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the investment decision making process
• involuntary transactions on the part of an employee (such as stock dividends or sales of fractional shares)
• enrollment, changes in salary withholding percentages and sales of shares held in Mellon’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP); sales of shares previously withdrawn from the ESPP do require preclearance
• receipt and exercise of an employee stock option administered through Human Resources
• transactions done pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• sales pursuant to bona fide tender offers and sales or exercises of “rights” (see Page 27)

Questions?

Contact Mellon’s Ethics Office at:

Securities Trading Policy Help Line: 412-234-1661
Mellon’s Ethics Help Line
-	Toll Free Telephone
		Asia (except Japan): 001-800-710-63562
		Australia: 0011-800-710-63562
		Brazil: 0800-891-3813
		Europe: 00-800-710-63562
		Japan: access code + 800-710-63562 (access codes: 0061010, 001010, 0041010 or 0033010)
		US and Canada: 1-888-MELLON2 (1-888- 635-5662)
		All other locations: call collect 412-236-7519
-	Email: ethics@mellon.com
-	Postal Mail: P.O. Box 535026, Pittsburgh, PA 15253-5026 USA

Page 21

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES

Because of their unique responsibilities, Investment Employees are subject to preclearance and personal securities reporting requirements, as discussed below.

Every Investment Employee must follow these procedures or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal. If you have any questions about these procedures, you should consult the Ethics Office or the Preclearance Compliance Officer. Interpretive issues that arise under these procedures shall be decided by, and are subject to the discretion of, the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Conflict of Interest

No employee may engage in or recommend any securities transaction that places, or appears to place, his or her own interests above those of any customer to whom financial services are rendered, including mutual funds and managed accounts, or above the interests of Mellon.

Material Nonpublic Information

No employee may divulge the current portfolio positions, or current or anticipated portfolio transactions, programs or studies, of Mellon or any Mellon customer to anyone unless it is properly within his or her job responsibilities to do so.

No employee may engage in or recommend a securities transaction, for his or her own benefit or for the benefit of others, including Mellon or its customers, while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding such securities or the issuer of such securities. No employee may communicate material nonpublic information to others unless it is properly within his or her job responsibilities to do so.

Fiduciary Duties

Mellon and its employees owe fiduciary duties to certain clients. Every Investment Employee must be mindful of these fiduciary duties, must use his or her best efforts to fulfill them and must promptly report to their Preclearance Compliance Officer any failure by any Mellon employee to fulfill them.

Legal Compliance

In carrying out their job responsibilities, Investment Employees must, at a minimum, comply with all applicable legal requirements, including applicable securities laws.

Page 22

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Personal Securities Transaction Reports

Statements & Confirmations - All Investment Employees are required to instruct their broker, trust account manager or other entity through which they have a securities or Proprietary Fund account to submit directly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee, copies of all trade confirmations and statements relating to each account of which they are an owner (direct or indirect) regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, even if the account contains only non-proprietary funds or other Exempt Securities as that term is defined by the Policy, but the account has the capability to have reportable securities traded in it, the Investment Employee must arrange for duplicate account statements and trade confirmations to be sent to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. Exhibit A is an example of an instruction letter to such entities. Duplicate confirmations and statements need not be submitted for non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary).

Other securities transactions which were not completed through an account, such as gifts, inheritances, spin-offs from securities held in outside accounts, transactions through employee benefit plans or transactions through variable annuities, must be reported to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 10 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction occurs.

These quarterly statements need not be filed for:

• any transaction effected in a non-discretionary account (see Glossary),
• any transaction in Exempt Securities (see Glossary),
• any transaction effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary), or
• any transaction to the extent information on the transaction is already included in a brokerage confirmation or statement previously delivered to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee in compliance with the above requirements.

See Proprietary Funds – For more information regarding the reporting requirements for Proprietary Funds, see section titled “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares”.

Page 23

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings

Within 10 calendar days of becoming an Investment Employee and on a quarterly basis thereafter, all Investment Employees must submit to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee:

• a listing of all accounts that may trade reportable securities in which the employee is a direct or indirect owner regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, for example, even if the account contains only non- proprietary funds or other Exempt securities (see Glossary) but has the capability of holding reportable securities, the account must be disclosed
• a listing of all securities held in the above accounts
• a listing of all securities held outside of securities accounts in which the employee presently has any direct or indirect ownership other than Exempt securities (see Glossary).

The information contained in the initial holding report must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days prior to becoming an Investment Employee.

The quarterly statement must be completed upon the request of the Ethics Office, and the information submitted must be current within 45 calendar days of the date the statement is submitted. The quarterly statement contains an acknowledgment that the Investment Employee has read and complied with the Policy.

Your Preclearance Compliance Officer may periodically ask for holding reports in addition to the initial and quarterly reports.

See “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for more information regarding the reporting requirements for Proprietary Funds.

Exemption from Requirement to File Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings

Statements of accounts (initial or quarterly) need not include non-discretionary accounts, and statements of holdings (initial or quarterly) need not include securities held in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary).

Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions

All Investment Employees must notify the Preclearance Compliance Officer in writing and receive preclearance before they engage in any purchase or sale of a security for their own accounts or in accounts in which they are an indirect owner. Investment Employees should refer to the provisions under " Ownership” on Page 28, which are applicable to these provisions.

See “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for more information regarding the preclearance requirements for Proprietary Funds.

All requests for preclearance for a securities transaction shall be submitted by completing a Preclearance Request Form. The Preclearance Compliance Officer or is/her designee will notify the Investment Employee whether the request is approved or denied, without disclosing the reason for such approval or denial.

Notifications may be given in writing or orally by the Preclearance Compliance Officer to the Investment Employee. A record of such notification will be maintained by the Preclearance Compliance Officer. However, it shall be the responsibility of the Investment Employee to obtain a written record of the Preclearance Compliance Officer's notification within 24 hours of such notification. The Investment Employee should retain a copy of this written record for at least two years.

Page 24

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions (continued)

As there could be many reasons for preclearance being granted or denied, Investment Employees should not infer from the preclearance response anything regarding the security for which preclearance was requested.

Although making a preclearance request does not obligate an Investment Employee to do the transaction, it should be noted that:

• preclearance requests should not be made for a transaction that the Investment Employee does not intend to make
• the order for a transaction must be placed with the broker or other entity on the same day that preclearance authorization is received. The broker or other entity must execute the trade by the close of business on the next business day, at which time the preclearance authorization will expire
• Investment Employees should not discuss with anyone else, inside or outside

Mellon, the response they received to a preclearance request. If the Investment Employee is preclearing as an indirect owner of another’s account, the response may be disclosed to the other owner

• standard orders to trade at certain prices (sometimes called “limit”, “stop-loss”, “good-until-cancelled”, or “standing buy/sell” orders) must be precleared, and security transactions receiving preclearance authorization must be executed before the preclearance expires. At the end of the preclearance authorization period, any unexecuted order must be canceled or a new preclearance authorization must be obtained

Page 25

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Special Standards For Preclearance of De Minimis Transactions

Investment Employees will generally not be given clearance to execute a transaction in any security that is on the restricted list maintained by the Preclearance Compliance Officer, or for which there is a pending buy or sell order for an affiliated account (other than an index fund). The Preclearance Compliance Officer may approve certain de minimus transactions even when the firm is trading such securities. However, de minimus transactions require preclearance approval. The following transaction limits are available for this exception:

In the US,

purchase or sale of up to $50,000 of securities of:
	- the top 200 issuers on the Russell list of largest publicly traded companies
	- other companies with a market capitalization of $20 billion or higher
purchase or sale of up to the greater of 100 shares or $10,000 of securities:
	- ranked 201 to 500 on the Russell list of largest publicly traded companies
	- other companies with a market capitalization of $5 billion or higher

In the UK,

purchase or sale of up to £30,000 of securities of:
	- top 100 companies on the FTSE All Share Index
	- other companies with a market capitalization of £10 billion or higher
purchase or sale of up to the greater of 100 shares or £6 thousand of securities of:
	- companies ranked 101 to 250 on the FTSE All Share Index
	- other companies with a market capitalization of £3 billion or higher

In Japan,

purchase or sale of up to ¥5 million of securities of:
	- the top 100 companies on the TOPIX
	- other companies with a market capitalization of ¥2 trillion or higher
purchase or sale of up to ¥1 million of securities:
	- companies ranked 100 to 250 on the TOPIX
	- other companies with a market capitalization of ¥500 billion or higher

The following restrictions or conditions are imposed upon the above described transactions:

• employees must cooperate with the Preclearance Compliance Officer’s request to document market capitalization amounts
• approval is limited to two such trades in the securities of any one issuer in any calendar month
• short-term profit disgorgement is not waived for such transactions
• preclearance is required prior to executing the transaction

Page 26

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Exemptions from Requirement to Preclear

Preclearance under this section by Investment Employees is not required for the following transactions:

• purchases or sales of Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• purchase or sales of non-financial commodities (such as agricultural futures, metals, oil, gas, etc.), currency futures, financial futures
• purchases or sales of index securities (sometimes referred to as exchange traded funds), unless they are Proprietary Funds
• purchases or sales effected in accounts in which an employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the investment decision making process (“non- discretionary accounts”). Non-discretionary accounts may only be exempted from preclearance procedures, when the Manager of the Ethics Office, after a thorough review, is satisfied that the account is truly non-discretionary to the employee (that is, the employee has given total investment discretion to an investment manager and retains no ability to influence specific trades). Standard broker accounts generally are not deemed to be non-discretionary to the employee, even if the broker is given some discretion to make investment decisions
• transactions that are involuntary on the part of an employee, such as stock dividends or sales of fractional shares; however, sales initiated by brokers to satisfy margin calls are not considered involuntary and must be precleared
• the sale of Mellon stock received upon the exercise of an employee stock option if the sale is part of a "netting of shares" or "cashless exercise" administered through the Human Resources Department
• enrollment, changes in salary withholding percentages and sales of shares held in the Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP); sales of shares previously withdrawn from the ESPP do require preclearance
• purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer
• sales of rights acquired from an issuer, as described above
• sales effected pursuant to a bona fide tender offer
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)

Gifting of Securities

Investment Employees desiring to make a bona fide gift of securities or who receive a bona fide gift of securities, including an inheritance, do not need to preclear the transaction. However, Investment Employees must report such bona fide gifts to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. The report must be made within 10 calendar days of making or receiving the gift and must disclose the following information: the name of the person receiving (giving) the gift, the date of the transaction, and the name of the broker through which the transaction was effected. A bona fide gift is one where the donor does not receive anything of monetary value in return. An Investment Employee who purchases a security with the intention of making a gift must preclear the purchase transaction.

Page 27

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Ownership

The preclearance, reporting and other provisions of the Policy apply not only to securities held in the employee's own name but also to all other securities indirectly owned by the employee (see Glossary for the definition of indirect owner). Generally you are the indirect owner of securities if you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share in any profits from a transaction in those securities. This could include:

• securities held by members of your family who share the same household with you
• securities held by a trust in which you are a settler, trustee, or beneficiary
• securities held by a partnership in which you are a general partner
• securities in which any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship gives you direct or indirect economic interest

Non-Mellon Employee Benefit Plans

The provisions discussed above do not apply to transactions in an employer’s securities done under a bona fide employee benefit plan of an organization not affiliated with Mellon by an employee of that organization who is a member of your immediate family (see “Indirect Ownership – Family Members” in the Glossary for the definition of “immediate family”). This means if a Mellon employee’s family member is employed at a non-Mellon company, the Mellon employee is not required to obtain approval for transactions in the employer’s securities done by the family member as part of the family member’s employee benefit plan.

In such situations, the family member’s employer has primary responsibility for providing adequate supervision with respect to conflicts of interest and compliance with securities laws regarding trading in its own securities under its own employee benefit plans.

However, employee benefit plans that allow the employee to buy or sell securities other than those of their employer are subject to the Policy, including the preclearance and reporting provisions. Employee benefit plans that include Mellon Proprietary Funds as investment options are subject to the requirements in “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares”.

Page 28

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTMENT EMPLOYEES (continued)

Investment Clubs and Private Investment Companies

Certain organizations create a unique means of investing:

• Investment Clubs – a membership organization where investors make joint decisions on which securities to buy or sell. The securities are generally held in the name of the investment club. Since each member of the investment club participates in the investment decision making process, each Investment Employee must obtain approval from their Preclearance Compliance Officer before participating in any investment club and must thereafter preclear and report securities transactions of the club.
• Private Investment Company – an investment company (see Glossary) whose shares are not deemed to be publicly held (sometimes called “hedge funds”).
  Investment Employees investing in such a private investment company are not required to preclear any of the securities transactions made by the private investment company.

However, Investment Employees’ investments in Private Investment Companies are considered to be private placements and approval must be received prior to investing. Employees should refer to the Private Placement provision of the Policy on Page 35 for approval requirements.

Restricted List

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will maintain a list (the "Restricted List") of companies whose securities are deemed appropriate for implementation of trading restrictions for Investment Employees in his/her area. From time to time, such trading restrictions may be appropriate to protect Mellon and its Investment Employees from potential violations, or the appearance of violations, of securities laws. The inclusion of a company on the Restricted List provides no indication of the advisability of an investment in the company’s securities or the existence of material nonpublic information on the company. Nevertheless, the contents of the Restricted List will be treated as confidential information to avoid unwarranted inferences.

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will retain copies of the restricted lists for six years.

Confidential Treatment

The Manager of the Ethics Office and/or Preclearance Compliance Officer will use his or her best efforts to assure that requests for preclearance, personal securities transaction reports and reports of securities holdings are treated as "Personal and Confidential." However, Mellon is required by law to review, retain and, in certain circumstances, disclose such documents. Therefore, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies and by other parties within and outside Mellon as are necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under the Policy or other requirements applicable to Mellon. Documents received from Investment Employees are also available for inspection by the boards of directors, trustees or managing general partners of any Mellon entity regulated by investment company laws.

Page 29

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES

General Restrictions

Investment Employees who engage in transactions involving Mellon securities should be aware of their unique responsibilities with respect to such transactions arising from the employment relationship and should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety.

The following restrictions apply to all transactions in Mellon's publicly traded securities occurring in the employee's own account and in all other accounts over which the employee has indirect ownership. These restrictions are to be followed in addition to any restrictions that apply to particular senior officers or directors of Mellon such as restrictions under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

• Short Sales - Short sales of Mellon securities by employees are prohibited.
• Short-Term Trading – Investment Employees are prohibited from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing Mellon securities within any 60 calendar day period. In addition to any other sanction, any profits realized on such short- term trades must be disgorged in accordance with procedures established by senior management.
• Margin Transactions - Purchases on margin of Mellon's publicly traded securities by employees is prohibited. Margining Mellon securities in connection with a cashless exercise of an employee stock option through the Human Resource Department is exempt from this restriction. Further, Mellon securities may be used to collateralize loans for non-securities purposes or for the acquisition of securities other than those issued by Mellon.
• Option Transactions - Option transactions involving Mellon's publicly traded securities are prohibited. Transactions under Mellon's Long-Term Incentive Plan or other employee option plans are exempt from this restriction.
• Major Mellon Events - Employees who have knowledge of major Mellon events that have not yet been announced are prohibited from buying or selling Mellon's publicly traded securities before such public announcements, even if the employee believes the event does not constitute material nonpublic information.

Page 30

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES (continued)

Mellon 401(k) Plan

Actions regarding your interest in Mellon Stock under the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated as follows:

Elections regarding future contributions to Mellon Stock are not deemed to be transactions in Mellon Stock and therefore are not subject to preclearance and reporting requirements or to the short-term trading prohibition.

Payroll deduction contributions to Mellon Stock are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. They are not subject to preclearance and reporting requirements or to the short-term trading prohibition.

Movements of balances into or out of Mellon Stock are not subject to preclearance but are deemed to be purchases or sales of Mellon Stock for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. This means employees are prohibited from increasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then decreasing it within 60 calendar days. Similarly, employees are prohibited from decreasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then increasing it within 60 calendar days. However:

• any profits realized on short-term changes in Mellon Stock in the 401(k) will not have to be disgorged; and
• changes to existing account balance allocations in the 401(k) plan will not be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside the 401(k) for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. (Note: This does not apply to members of the Executive Management Group, who should consult with the Legal Department.)

Mellon Employee Stock Options

Receipt or Exercise of an employee stock option from Mellon is exempt from the reporting and preclearance requirements and does not constitute a purchase or sale for the purpose of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Sales - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received in the exercise of an employee stock option is treated like any other sale under the Policy, regardless of how little time has elapsed between the option exercise and the sale. Thus, such sales are subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

For the treatment of actions regarding Proprietary Funds under the Mellon 401(k) Plan, see “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares – Mellon 401(k) Plan”.

Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

Enrollment and Changing Salary Withholding Percentages in the ESPP are exempt from preclearance and reporting requirements and do not constitute a purchase for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Selling Shares Held in the ESPP – Investment employees are not required to preclear or report sales of stock held in the ESPP, including shares acquired upon reinvestment of dividends. However, sale of stock held in the ESPP is considered a sale for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition and will be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside of the ESPP.

Selling Shares Previously Withdrawn - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received as a withdrawal from the ESPP is treated like any other sale under the Policy, regardless of how little time has elapsed between the withdrawal and the sale. Thus, such sales are subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Page 31

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN FUND SHARES

Mellon’s role as an adviser and servicer to investment funds imposes upon it special duties to preserve the integrity and credibility of the fund industry. The restrictions below apply to Investment Employees with respect to their transactions in fund shares.

All Funds

Investment Employees should not knowingly participate in or facilitate late trading, market timing or any other activity with respect to any fund in violation of applicable law or the provisions of the fund’s disclosure documents.

Mellon Proprietary Funds

The following restrictions apply to transactions and holdings in investment companies or collective funds for which a Mellon subsidiary serves as an investment adviser, sub-adviser or principal underwriter (a “Proprietary Fund”). Money market funds are deemed not to be Proprietary Funds. From time to time, Mellon will publish a list of the Proprietary Funds. Employees should rely on the latest version of this list, rather than attempt to determine for themselves the identity of the Proprietary Funds.

The requirements below regarding Proprietary Funds are in addition to other requirements of this Policy and are not affected by the fact that Proprietary Funds may be exempt from those other requirements.

Reporting – Investment Employees must file the following reports regarding holdings and transactions in shares of Proprietary Funds:

• Initial statement of holdings of Proprietary Funds. This is to be filed with the Preclearance Compliance Officer within 10 calendar days of becoming an Investment Employee, and the information in it must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days prior to becoming an Investment Employee.
  It must identify all shares of Proprietary Funds owned directly or indirectly by the Investment Employee and the accounts through which those shares are held.
• Quarterly and annual statements of holdings of Proprietary Funds. These must be completed upon the request of the Ethics Office or its designee, and the information in them must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days before the date the statement is submitted. They must identify all shares of Proprietary Funds owned directly or indirectly by the Investment Employee and the accounts through which those shares are held.
• Quarterly statements of transactions in Proprietary Funds. These must be submitted to the Preclearance Compliance Officer no later than 10 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter and must describe all transactions during the quarter in shares of Proprietary Funds owned directly or indirectly by the Investment Employee at any time during the quarter.

Page 32

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN FUND SHARES (continued)

Mellon Proprietary Funds (continued)

Reporting (continued) –

Initial and annual holdings statements need not include:

• any information on holdings in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary), or
• any information included in the corresponding initial or annual holdings statement filed under the “Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings” section of this Policy. (In other words, if you include all information on Proprietary Fund holdings in your Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings, you need not file a separate report.)

Quarterly transactions statements need not include:

• any information on transactions in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary),
• any information on transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary),
• any information included in a trade confirmation, account statement or report previously delivered to the Preclearance Compliance Officer under the “Personal Securities Transactions Reports” section of this Policy.

Preclearance – Investment Employees must notify their Preclearance

Compliance Officer in writing and receive preclearance before they engage in any purchase or redemption of shares of Proprietary Funds for their own accounts or accounts over which they have indirect ownership (see Glossary). Preclearance is not required for:

• transactions in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary), or
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary).

Holding Period - Investment Employees’ holdings in Proprietary Funds are expected to be long-term investments, rather than the result of trading for short-term profit. Therefore, Investment Employees must not purchase and redeem, or redeem and purchase, shares of an individual Proprietary Fund within any 60 calendar day period, unless they have the prior approval of the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. The following transactions will not be deemed to be purchases or redemptions for purposes of the 60 calendar day holding period:

• transactions within non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary), or
• transactions pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary).

Page 33

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN FUND SHARES (continued)

Mellon 401(k) Plan (Non Self-Directed Accounts)

Investment Employees should not participate in or facilitate market timing or any other activity with respect to funds in the Mellon 401(k) Plan in violation of applicable law or the provisions of the fund’s disclosure documents. In addition, Investment Employees should comply with all requirements of the 401(k) Plan regarding timing of purchases and redemptions in certain Proprietary Funds.

Specific actions regarding Proprietary Funds under the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated as follows:

• Elections regarding future contributions to Proprietary Funds are not deemed to be transactions and are therefore exempt from reporting (transaction and holdings), preclearance and holding period requirements.
• Payroll deduction contributions to Proprietary Funds are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. They are therefore exempt from preclearance, transaction reporting and holding period requirements but must be included in holdings reports.
• Movements of balances into or out of Proprietary Funds are deemed to be purchases or redemptions of those Proprietary Funds for purposes of the holding period requirement but are exempt from the general preclearance requirement.
  (In other words, you do not need to preclear every such movement but must get prior approval from the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee if the movement is within 60 calendar days of an opposite transaction in shares of the same fund.) In lieu of transaction reporting, employees are deemed to consent to Mellon obtaining transaction information from Plan records. Such movements must be reflected in holdings reports.

For the treatment of actions regarding your Mellon Common Stock account under the Mellon 401(k) Plan, see “Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities – Mellon 401(k) Plan” on page 31.

Mellon 401(k) Plan (Self-Directed Accounts)

Holdings and transactions of Proprietary Funds within a Self-Directed Account in the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated like any other Mellon Proprietary Fund. This means that the reporting, preclearance and holding period requirements apply. For further guidance on the treatment of Mellon Proprietary Funds in a Self-Directed Account of the Mellon 401(k) Plan, refer to pages 32-33.

Indirect Ownership of Proprietary Funds

Indirect interests in Proprietary Funds (such as through a spouse’s 401(k) plan or other retirement plan) are subject to the preclearance, reporting (transaction and holdings) and holding period requirements. Please note that Proprietary Funds are a common investment vehicle in employee benefit plans in which your family members may participate.

Page 34

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES

Purchases or sales by an employee of the securities of issuers with which Mellon does business, or other third-party issuers, could result in liability on the part of such employee. Employees should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety in connection with their personal securities transactions. Employees should refer to “Ownership” on Page 28 which is applicable to the following restrictions.

The Mellon Code of Conduct contains certain restrictions on investments in parties that do business with Mellon. Employees should refer to the Code of Conduct and comply with such restrictions in addition to the restrictions and reporting requirements set forth below.

The following restrictions apply to all securities transactions by Investment Employees:

• Customer Transactions - Trading for customers and Mellon accounts should always take precedence over employees’ transactions for their own or related accounts.
• Excessive Trading, Naked Options – Mellon discourages all employees from engaging in short-term or speculative trading, writing naked options, trading that could be deemed excessive or trading that could interfere with an employee’s job responsibilities.
• Front Running - Employees may not engage in “front running,” that is, the purchase or sale of securities for their own or Mellon’s accounts on the basis of their knowledge of Mellon’s trading positions or plans or those of their customers.
• Initial Public Offerings - Investment Employees are prohibited from acquiring securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Approval can be given only when the allocation comes through an employee of the issuer who is a direct family relation of the Investment Employee. Due to certain laws and regulations (for example, NASD rules in the US), this approval may not be available to employees of registered broker-dealers.
• Material Nonpublic Information - Employees possessing material nonpublic information regarding any issuer of securities must refrain from purchasing or selling securities of that issuer until the information becomes public or is no longer considered material.
• Private Placements – Investment Employees are prohibited from acquiring any security in a private placement unless they obtain the prior written approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office, the Preclearance Compliance Officer and the Mellon Senior Management Committee Member representing the employee’s line of business or department. Employees should contact the Ethics Office to initiate approval. Approval must be given by all three persons for the acquisition to be considered approved.
  Private placements include certain co-operative investments in real estate, co- mingled investment vehicles such as hedge funds, and investments in family owned businesses. For purposes of the Policy, time-shares and cooperative investments in real estate used as a primary or secondary residence are not considered to be private placements.
  After receipt of the necessary approvals and the acquisition, Investment Employees are required to disclose that investment if they participate in any subsequent consideration of credit for the issuer or of an investment in the issuer for an advised account. Final decision to acquire such securities for an advised account will be subject to independent review.

Page 35

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

• Scalping - Employees may not engage in "scalping", that is, the purchase or sale of securities for their clients for the purpose of affecting the value of a security owned or to be acquired by the employee or Mellon.
• Short-Term Trading – All Investment Employees are discouraged from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing, the same (or equivalent) securities within any 60 calendar day period. Any profits realized on such short-term trades must be disgorged in accordance with procedures established by senior management. Transactions that are exempt from preclearance and transactions in Proprietary Funds will not be considered purchases or sales for purposes of profit disgorgement (see “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for a description of the separate holding period requirement for Proprietary Funds.) Investment Employees should be aware that for purposes of profit disgorgement, trading in derivatives (such as options) is deemed to be trading in the underlying security.
  (See Page 55 in the Glossary for an explanation of option transactions.) Therefore, certain investment strategies may be difficult to implement without being subject to profit disgorgement. Furthermore, Investment Employees should also be aware that profit disgorgement from 60 calendar day trading may be greater than the economic profit or greater than the profit reported for purposes of income tax reporting.
• Spread Betting – Employees may not engage in “spread betting” (essentially taking bets on securities pricing to reflect market movements) or similar activities as a mechanism for avoiding the restrictions on personal securities trading arising under the provisions of the Policy. Such transactions themselves constitute transactions in securities for the purposes of the Policy and are subject to all of the provisions applicable to other non-exempted transactions.

Page 36

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

Prohibition on Investments in

Securities of Financial Services Organizations

You are prohibited from acquiring any security issued by a financial services organization if you are:

a member of the Mellon Senior Management Committee
employed in any of the following departments:
	- Corporate Strategy & Development
	- Legal (Mellon headquarters only)
	- Finance (Mellon headquarters only)

• an employee specifically designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and informed that this prohibition is applicable to you

Financial Services Organizations - The phrase "security issued by a financial services organization" includes any security issued by:

• Commercial Banks other than Mellon
• Financial Holding Companies (or Bank Holding Companies) other than Mellon
• Insurance Companies
• Investment Advisers
• Shareholder Servicing Companies
• Thrifts
• Savings and Loan Associations
• Broker-Dealers
• Transfer Agents
• Other Depository Institutions

The phrase "securities issued by a financial services organization” does not include Exempt Securities (see Glossary). Further, for purposes of determining whether a company is a financial services organization, subsidiaries and parent companies are treated as separate issuers.

Effective Date – Securities of financial services organizations properly acquired before the employee was subject to this prohibition may be maintained or disposed of at the owner's discretion consistent with the Policy.

Any acquisition of financial service organization securities that is exempt from preclearance pursuant to the express provision of the Policy is also exempt from this prohibition. This includes (assuming full compliance with the applicable preclearance exemption):

• Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• acquisition in a non-discretionary account
• involuntary acquisitions
• securities received as gifts
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• acquisitions through a non-Mellon employee benefit plan

Within 30 calendar days of becoming subject to this prohibition, all holdings of securities of financial services organizations must be disclosed in writing to the Ethics Office.

Page 37

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

As an employee you may receive information about Mellon, its customers and other parties that, for various reasons, should be treated as confidential. All employees are expected to strictly comply with measures necessary to preserve the confidentiality of information. Employees should refer to the Mellon Code of Conduct.

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions

Securities laws generally prohibit the trading of securities while in possession of "material nonpublic" information regarding the issuer of those securities (insider trading). Any person who passes along material nonpublic information upon which a trade is based (tipping) may also be liable.

Information is “material” if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy, sell or hold securities. Obviously, information that would affect the market price of a security (price sensitive information) would be material. Examples of information that might be material include:

• a proposal or agreement for a merger, acquisition or divestiture, or for the sale or purchase of substantial assets
• tender offers, which are often material for the party making the tender offer as well as for the issuer of the securities for which the tender offer is made
• dividend declarations or changes
• extraordinary borrowings or liquidity problems
• defaults under agreements or actions by creditors, customers or suppliers relating to a company's credit standing
• earnings and other financial information, such as significant restatements, large or unusual write-offs, write-downs, profits or losses
• pending discoveries or developments, such as new products, sources of materials, patents, processes, inventions or discoveries of mineral deposits
• a proposal or agreement concerning a financial restructuring
• a proposal to issue or redeem securities, or a development with respect to a pending issuance or redemption of securities
• a significant expansion or contraction of operations
• information about major contracts or increases or decreases in orders
• the institution of, or a development in, litigation or a regulatory proceeding
• developments regarding a company's senior management
• information about a company received from a director of that company
• information regarding a company's possible noncompliance with environmental protection laws

This list is not exhaustive. All relevant circumstances must be considered when determining whether an item of information is material.

“Nonpublic” - Information about a company is nonpublic if it is not generally available to the investing public. Information received under circumstances indicating that it is not yet in general circulation and which may be attributable, directly or indirectly, to the company or its insiders is likely to be deemed nonpublic information.

Page 38

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Investment Employees

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (continued)

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions (continued)

If you obtain material nonpublic information, you may not trade related securities until you can refer to some public source to show that the information is generally available (that is, available from sources other than inside sources) and that enough time has passed to allow wide dissemination of the information. While information appearing in widely accessible sources--such as in newspapers or on the internet--becomes public very soon after publication, information appearing in less accessible sources--such as regulatory filings, may take up to several days to be deemed public. Similarly, highly complex information might take longer to become public than would information that is easily understood by the average investor.

Mellon's Policy

Employees who possess material nonpublic information about a company--whether that company is Mellon, another Mellon entity, a Mellon customer or supplier, or other company--may not trade in that company's securities, either for their own accounts or for any account over which they exercise investment discretion. In addition, employees may not recommend trading in those securities and may not pass the information along to others, except to employees who need to know the information in order to perform their job responsibilities with Mellon. These prohibitions remain in effect until the information has become public.

Employees who have investment responsibilities should take appropriate steps to avoid receiving material nonpublic information. Receiving such information could create severe limitations on their ability to carry out their responsibilities to Mellon's fiduciary customers.

Employees managing the work of consultants and temporary employees who have access to the types of confidential information described in the Policy are responsible for ensuring that consultants and temporary employees are aware of Mellon's policy and the consequences of noncompliance.

Questions regarding Mellon's policy on material nonpublic information, or specific information that might be subject to it, should be referred to the General Counsel.

Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon (“Securities Fire Walls”)

As a diversified financial services organization, Mellon faces unique challenges in complying with the prohibitions on insider trading and tipping of material nonpublic information, and misuse of confidential information. This is because one Mellon unit might have material nonpublic information about a company while other Mellon units may have a desire, or even a fiduciary duty, to buy or sell that company's securities or recommend such purchases or sales to customers. To engage in such broad ranging financial services activities without violating laws or breaching Mellon's fiduciary duties, Mellon has established a "Securities Fire Wall" policy applicable to all employees. The "Securities Fire Wall" separates the Mellon units or individuals that are likely to receive material nonpublic information (potential Insider Risk functions) from the Mellon units or individuals that either trade in securities, for Mellon's account or for the accounts of others, or provide investment advice (Investment functions). Employees should refer to CPP 903-2(C) Securities Fire Walls.

SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS

Certain Portfolio Managers and Research Analysts in the fiduciary businesses have been designated as Access Decision Makers and are subject to additional procedures which are discussed in a separate edition of the Securities Trading Policy. If you have reason to believe that you may be an Access Decision Maker, contact your supervisor, Preclearance Compliance Officer or the Ethics Office.

Page 39

Personal Securities Trading Practices
Section Three – Applicable to Other Employees
Table of Contents
	Page #
Quick Reference - Other Employees……………………………………………………………………		41
Standards of Conduct for Other Employees………………………………………………………….	42 –	43
- Conflict of Interest……………………………………………………………………………………		42
- Material Nonpublic Information……………………………………………………………………….		42
- Personal Securities Transaction Reports……………………………………………………………		42
- Account Statements……………………………………………………………………………………		42
- Ownership………………………………………………………………………………………………		43
- Confidential Treatment………………………………………………………………………………		43
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities………………………………………………….	44 –	45
- General Restrictions…………………………………………………………………………………		44
- Mellon 401(k) Plan……………………………………………………………………………………		44
- Mellon Employee Stock Options……………………………………………………………………		45
- Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)……………………………………………………		45
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities……………………………………………………	46 –	49
- Credit, Consulting or Advisory Relationship…………………………………………………………		46
- Customer Transactions………………………………………………………………………………		46
- Excessive Trading, Naked Options…………………………………………………………………		46
- Front Running…………………………………………………………………………………………		46
- Initial Public Offerings………………………………………………………………………………….		46
- Material Nonpublic Information……………………………………………………………………….		46
- Private Placements…………………………………………………………………………………….		47
- Short-Term Trading…………………………………………………………………………………….		47
- Mutual Funds…………………………………………………………………………………………		47
- Spread Betting………………………………………………………………………………………….		47
- Prohibition on Investments in Securities of Financial Services Organizations………………….	48 –	49
Protecting Confidential Information……………………………………………………………………	50 –	51
- Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions…………………………………………………….	50 –	51
- Mellon’s Policy…………………………………………………………………………………………		51
- Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon ("Securities Fire Walls”)……..…………		51
Glossary Definitions………………………………………………………………………………………	52 –	56
Exhibit A - Sample Letter to Broker…………………………………………………………………….		57

Page 40

Quick Reference-Other Employees

Some Things You Must Do

If you buy or sell Mellon Financial Corporation securities you must provide a report of the trade and a copy of the trade confirmation within 10 calendar days of transaction to the Ethics Office or to your Compliance Officer. This does not apply to changes in elections under Mellon’s 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, transactions in Mellon’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) or the exercise of Mellon’s employee stock options. However, the reporting provisions do apply to sales of Mellon stock previously acquired through the exercise of employee stock options or the ESPP.
Due to certain laws and regulations (for example, NASD rules in the US) there may be additional reporting requirements for Other Employees who are employees of registered broker-dealers. Check with the Manager of the Ethics Office or your Compliance Officer to determine if this impacts you.
For employees who are subject to the prohibition on new investments in financial services organizations (certain employees only - see Pages 48-49), you must instruct your broker, trust account manager or other entity where you have a securities trading account to send directly to the Manager of the Ethics Office:
	- trade confirmations summarizing each transaction
	- periodic statements

Exhibit A can be used to notify your broker or account manager.

Special Approvals

• Private Placements – Acquisition of securities in a Private Placement must approved by the Mellon Senior Management Committee Member who represents your line of business or department, the Compliance Officer and the Manager of the Ethics Office. Contact the Manager of the Ethics Office to initiate approval.
• IPOs - Acquisition of securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) is prohibited without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office.
  Approval can be given only when the allocation is the result of a direct family relationship.

Some Things You Must Not Do

Mellon Securities - The following transactions in Mellon securities are prohibited for all Mellon employees:

• short sales
• purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing within 60 calendar days
• margin purchases or options other than employee options.

Non-Mellon Securities

• new investments in financial services organizations (certain employees only - see Pages 48-49)

Other restrictions are detailed throughout Section Three. Read the Policy!

Questions?

Contact Mellon’s Ethics Office at:

234-1661
Mellon’s Ethics Help Line
	- Toll Free Telephone
		Asia (except Japan): 001-800-710-63562
		Australia: 0011-800-710-63562
		Brazil: 0800-891-3813
		Europe: 00-800-710-63562
		Japan: access code + 800-710-63562 (access codes are: 0061010, 001010, 0041010 or 0033010)
		US and Canada: 1-888-MELLON2 (1-888- 635-5662)
		All other locations: call collect 412-236- 7519
	- Email: ethics@mellon.com
	- Postal Mail: P.O. Box 535026 Pittsburgh, PA 15253-5026 USA

This page is for reference purposes only. Employees are reminded they must read the Policy and comply with its provisions.

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR OTHER EMPLOYEES

Every “Other Employee” must follow these procedures or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal. If you have any questions about these procedures, you should consult the Ethics Office. Interpretive issues that arise under these procedures shall be decided by, and are subject to the discretion of, the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Conflict of Interest

No employee may engage in or recommend any securities transaction that places, or appears to place, his or her own interests above those of any customer to whom financial services are rendered, including mutual funds and managed accounts, or above the interests of Mellon.

Material Nonpublic Information

No employee may engage in or recommend a securities transaction, for his or her own benefit or for the benefit of others, including Mellon or its customers, while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding such securities or the issuer of such securities. No employee may communicate material nonpublic information to others unless it is properly within his or her job responsibilities to do so.

Personal Securities Transaction Reports

“Other Employees” must report in writing to the Ethics Office or the Compliance Officer within 10 calendar days of the transaction whenever they purchase or sell Mellon securities. Purchases and sales include optional cash purchases under Mellon's Dividend Reinvestment and Common Stock Purchase Plan (the "Mellon DRIP"). Due to certain laws and regulations (for example, NASD rules in the US), there may be additional reporting requirements for “Other Employees” who are employees of registered broker-dealers. Contact the Manager of the Ethics Office or your Compliance Officer for guidance.

It should be noted that the reinvestment of dividends under the DRIP, changes in elections under Mellon's 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, the receipt of stock under Mellon's Restricted Stock Award Plan, transactions under Mellon’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan and the receipt or exercise of options under Mellon's employee stock option plans are not considered purchases or sales for the purpose of this reporting requirement.

Account Statements

Certain “Other Employees” are subject to the restriction on investments in financial services organizations and are required to instruct their brokers and/or securities account managers to send statements directly to the Ethics Office. See Pages 48 - 49.

An example of an instruction letter to a broker or account manager is contained in Exhibit A.

Page 42

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR OTHER EMPLOYEES (continued)

Ownership

The provisions of the Policy apply not only to securities held in the employee's own name but also to all other securities indirectly owned by the employee (see Glossary for definition of indirect ownership). Generally you are the indirect owner of securities if you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share in any profits from a transaction in those securities. This could include:

• securities held by members of your family who share the same household with you
• securities held by a trust in which you are a settler, trustee, or beneficiary
• securities held by a partnership in which you are a general partner
• securities in which any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship gives you direct or indirect economic interest

Confidential Treatment

The Manager of the Ethics Office and the Compliance Officer will use his or her best efforts to assure that personal securities transaction reports and reports of securities holdings are treated as "Personal and Confidential." However, Mellon is required by law to review, retain and, in certain circumstances, disclose such documents. Therefore, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies and by other parties within and outside Mellon as are necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under the Policy or other requirements applicable to Mellon.

Page 43

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES

General Restrictions

Employees who engage in transactions involving Mellon securities should be aware of their unique responsibilities with respect to such transactions arising from the employment relationship and should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety.

The following restrictions apply to all transactions in Mellon's publicly traded securities occurring in the employee's own account and in all other accounts over which the employee has indirect ownership. These restrictions are to be followed in addition to any restrictions that apply to particular senior officers or directors of Mellon such as restrictions under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

• Short Sales - Short sales of Mellon securities by employees are prohibited.
• Short-Term Trading - Employees are prohibited from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing, Mellon securities within any 60 calendar day period.
• Margin Transactions - Purchases on margin of Mellon's publicly traded securities by employees is prohibited. Margining Mellon securities in connection with a cashless exercise of an employee stock option through the Human Resource Department is exempt from this restriction. Further, Mellon securities may be used to collateralize loans for non-securities purposes or for the acquisition of securities other than those issued by Mellon.
• Option Transactions - Option transactions involving Mellon's publicly traded securities are prohibited. Transactions under Mellon's Long-Term Incentive Plan or other employee option plans are exempt from this restriction.
• Major Mellon Events - Employees who have knowledge of major Mellon events that have not yet been announced are prohibited from buying or selling Mellon's publicly traded securities before such public announcements, even if the employee believes the event does not constitute material nonpublic information.

Mellon 401(k) Plan

Actions regarding your interest in Mellon Stock under the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated as follows:

Elections regarding future contributions to Mellon Stock are not deemed to be transactions in Mellon Stock and therefore are not subject to the short-term trading prohibition.

Payroll deduction contributions to Mellon Stock are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan and therefore are not subject to the short-term trading prohibition.

Movements of balances into or out of Mellon Stock are deemed to be purchases or sales of Mellon Stock for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. This means employees are prohibited from increasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then decreasing it within 60 calendar days. Similarly, employees are prohibited from decreasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then increasing it within 60 calendar days. However, changes to existing account balance allocations in the 401(k) plan will not be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside the 401(k) for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. (Note: This does not apply to members of the Executive Management Group, who should consult with the Legal Department.)

Page 44

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES (continued)

Mellon Employee Stock Options

Receipt and Exercise of an employee stock option from Mellon is exempt from reporting requirements and does not constitute a purchase for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Sales - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received in the exercise of an employee stock option is treated like any other sale under the Policy (regardless of how little time has elapsed between the option exercise and the sale). Thus, such sales are subject to the reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

Enrollment and Changing Salary Withholding Percentages in the ESPP are exempt from reporting requirements and do not constitute a purchase for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Selling Shares Held in the ESPP – Sales of stock held in the ESPP, including shares acquired upon reinvestment of dividends, are exempt from the reporting requirements. However, sale of stock held in the ESPP is considered a sale for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition and will be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside of the ESPP.

Selling Shares Previously Withdrawn - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received as a withdrawal from the ESPP is treated like any other sale under the Policy, regardless of how little time has elapsed between the withdrawal and the sale. Thus, such sales are subject to the reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Page 45

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES

Purchases or sales by an employee of the securities of issuers with which Mellon does business, or other third-party issuers, could result in liability on the part of such employee. Employees should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety in connection with their personal securities transactions. Employees should refer to “Ownership” on Page 43, which is applicable to the following restrictions.

The Mellon Code of Conduct contains certain restrictions on investments in parties that do business with Mellon. Employees should refer to the Code of Conduct and comply with such restrictions in addition to the restrictions and reporting requirements set forth below.

The following restrictions apply to all securities transactions by employees:

• Credit, Consulting or Advisory Relationship - Employees may not buy, hold or trade securities of a company if they are considering granting, renewing, modifying or denying any credit facility to that company, acting as a benefits consultant to that company, or acting as an adviser to that company with respect to the company’s own securities without the prior permission of the Ethics Office. In addition, lending employees who have assigned responsibilities in a specific industry group are not permitted to trade securities in that industry. This prohibition does not apply to transactions in open-end mutual funds.
• Customer Transactions - Trading for customers and Mellon accounts should always take precedence over employees’ transactions for their own or related accounts.
• Excessive Trading, Naked Options – Mellon discourages all employees from engaging in short-term or speculative trading, writing naked options, trading that could be deemed excessive or trading that could interfere with an employee’s job responsibilities.
• Front Running - Employees may not engage in “front running,” that is, the purchase or sale of securities for their own or Mellon’s accounts on the basis of their knowledge of Mellon’s trading positions or plans or those of their customers.
• Initial Public Offerings - Other Employees are prohibited from acquiring securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Approval can be given only when the allocation comes through an employee of the issuer who is a direct family relation of the Other Employee. Due to certain laws and regulations (for example, NASD rules in the US), this approval may not be available to employees of registered brokers- dealers.
• Material Nonpublic Information - Employees possessing material nonpublic information regarding any issuer of securities must refrain from purchasing or selling securities of that issuer until the information becomes public or is no longer considered material.

Page 46

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

• Private Placements – Other Employees are prohibited from acquiring any security in a private placement unless they obtain the prior written approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office, the Compliance Officer and the Mellon Senior Management Committee Member representing the employee’s line of business or department.
  Employees should contact the Ethics Office to initiate approval. Approval must be given by all three persons for the acquisition to be considered approved.
  Private placements include certain co-operative investments in real estate, co- mingled investment vehicles such as hedge funds, and investments in family owned businesses. For purposes of the Policy, time-shares and cooperative investments in real estate used as a primary or secondary residence are not considered to be private placements.
  After receipt of the necessary approvals and the acquisition, “Other Employees” are required to disclose that investment if they participate in any subsequent consideration of credit for the issuer or of an investment in the issuer for an advised account. Final decision to acquire such securities for an advised account will be subject to independent review.
• Short-Term Trading – Employees are discouraged from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing, the same (or equivalent) securities within any 60 calendar day period.
• Mutual Funds – No employee should knowingly participate in or facilitate late trading, market timing or any other activity with respect to any fund in violation of applicable law or the provisions of the fund’s disclosure documents.
• Spread Betting – Employees may not engage in “spread betting” (essentially taking bets on securities pricing to reflect market movements) or similar activities as a mechanism for avoiding the restrictions on personal securities trading arising under the provisions of the Policy. Such transactions themselves constitute transactions in securities for the purposes of the Policy and are subject to all of the provisions applicable to other non-exempted transactions.

Page 47

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

Prohibition on Investments in

Securities of Financial Services Organizations

You are prohibited from acquiring any security issued by a financial services organization if you are:

a member of the Mellon Senior Management Committee
employed in any of the following departments:
	- Corporate Strategy & Development
	- Legal (Mellon headquarters only)
	- Finance (Mellon headquarters only)
an employee specifically designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and informed that this prohibition is applicable to you

Securities Accounts - All employees subject to this restriction on investments in financial services organizations are required to instruct their broker, trust account manager or other entity through which they have a securities account to submit directly to the Ethics Office copies of all trade confirmations and statements relating to each account of which they are an owner, direct or indirect, regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, even if the account contains only mutual funds or other exempt securities as that term is defined by the Policy but the account has the capability to have reportable securities traded in it, the employee must arrange for duplicate account statements and trade confirmations to be sent to the Ethics Office. An example of an instruction letter to the broker is contained in Exhibit A.

Financial Services Organizations - The phrase "security issued by a financial services organization" includes any security issued by:

• Commercial Banks other than Mellon
• Financial Holding Companies (or Bank Holding Companies) other than Mellon
• Insurance Companies
• Investment Advisers
• Shareholder Servicing Companies
• Thrifts
• Savings and Loan Associations
• Brokers-Dealers
• Transfer Agents
• Other Depository Institutions

The phrase "securities issued by a financial services organization” does not include Exempt Securities (see Glossary). Further, for purposes of determining whether a company is a financial services organization, subsidiaries and parent companies are treated as separate issuers.

Effective Date - Securities of financial services organizations properly acquired before the employee is subject to this prohibition may be maintained or disposed of at the owner's discretion consistent with the Policy.

Page 48

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

Prohibition on Investments in

Securities of Financial Services Organizations (continued)

The acquisition of financial service organization securities through any of the following means is exempt from this prohibition:

• Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• acquisition in a non-discretionary account
• involuntary acquisitions
• securities received as gifts
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• acquisitions through a non-Mellon employee benefit plan

Within 30 calendar days of becoming subject to this prohibition, all holdings of securities of financial services organizations must be disclosed in writing to the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Page 49

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

As an employee you may receive information about Mellon, its customers and other parties that, for various reasons, should be treated as confidential. All employees are expected to strictly comply with measures necessary to preserve the confidentiality of information. Employees should refer to the Mellon Code of Conduct.

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions

Securities laws generally prohibit the trading of securities while in possession of "material nonpublic" information regarding the issuer of those securities (insider trading). Any person who passes along material nonpublic information upon which a trade is based (tipping) may also be liable.

Information is “material” if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy, sell or hold securities. Obviously, information that would affect the market price (price sensitive information) of a security would be material. Examples of information that might be material include:

• a proposal or agreement for a merger, acquisition or divestiture, or for the sale or purchase of substantial assets
• tender offers, which are often material for the party making the tender offer as well as for the issuer of the securities for which the tender offer is made
• dividend declarations or changes
• extraordinary borrowings or liquidity problems
• defaults under agreements or actions by creditors, customers or suppliers relating to a company's credit standing
• earnings and other financial information, such as significant restatements, large or unusual write-offs, write-downs, profits or losses
• pending discoveries or developments, such as new products, sources of materials, patents, processes, inventions or discoveries of mineral deposits
• a proposal or agreement concerning a financial restructuring
• a proposal to issue or redeem securities, or a development with respect to a pending issuance or redemption of securities
• a significant expansion or contraction of operations
• information about major contracts or increases or decreases in orders
• the institution of, or a development in, litigation or a regulatory proceeding
• developments regarding a company's senior management
• information about a company received from a director of that company
• information regarding a company's possible noncompliance with environmental protection laws

This list is not exhaustive. All relevant circumstances must be considered when determining whether an item of information is material.

“Nonpublic” - Information about a company is nonpublic if it is not generally available to the investing public. Information received under circumstances indicating that it is not yet in general circulation and which may be attributable, directly or indirectly, to the company or its insiders is likely to be deemed nonpublic information.

Page 50

Personal Securities Trading Practices–Other Employees

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (continued)

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions (continued)

If you obtain material nonpublic information, you may not trade related securities until you can refer to some public source to show that the information is generally available (that is, available from sources other than inside sources) and that enough time has passed to allow wide dissemination of the information. While information appearing in widely accessible sources--such as in newspapers or on the internet--becomes public very soon after publication, information appearing in less accessible sources--such as regulatory filings, may take up to several days to be deemed public. Similarly, highly complex information might take longer to become public than would information that is easily understood by the average investor.

Mellon's Policy

Employees who possess material nonpublic information about a company--whether that company is Mellon, another Mellon entity, a Mellon customer or supplier, or other company--may not trade in that company's securities, either for their own accounts or for any account over which they exercise investment discretion. In addition, employees may not recommend trading in those securities and may not pass the information along to others, except to employees who need to know the information in order to perform their job responsibilities with Mellon. These prohibitions remain in effect until the information has become public.

Employees who have investment responsibilities should take appropriate steps to avoid receiving material nonpublic information. Receiving such information could create severe limitations on their ability to carry out their responsibilities to Mellon's fiduciary customers.

Employees managing the work of consultants and temporary employees who have access to the types of confidential information described in the Policy are responsible for ensuring that consultants and temporary employees are aware of Mellon's policy and the consequences of noncompliance.

Questions regarding Mellon's policy on material nonpublic information, or specific information that might be subject to it, should be referred to the General Counsel.

Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon (“Securities Fire Walls”)

As a diversified financial services organization, Mellon faces unique challenges in complying with the prohibitions on insider trading and tipping of material nonpublic information, and misuse of confidential information. This is because one Mellon unit might have material nonpublic information about a company while other Mellon units may have a desire, or even a fiduciary duty, to buy or sell that company's securities or recommend such purchases or sales to customers. To engage in such broad-ranging financial services activities without violating laws or breaching Mellon's fiduciary duties, Mellon has established a "Securities Fire Wall" policy applicable to all employees. The "Securities Fire Wall" separates the Mellon units or individuals that are likely to receive material nonpublic information (potential Insider Risk functions) from the Mellon units or individuals that either trade in securities, for Mellon's account or for the accounts of others, or provide investment advice (Investment functions). Employees should refer to CPP 903-2(C) Securities Fire Walls.

Page 51

Glossary

Definitions

access decision maker - A person designated as such by the Investment Ethics Committee. Generally, this will be portfolio managers and research analysts who make recommendations or decisions regarding the purchase or sale of equity, convertible debt, and non-investment grade debt securities for investment companies and other managed accounts. See further details in the Access Decision Maker edition of the Policy.
approval – written consent or written notice of non-objection.
automatic investment plan – a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation.
Applications to specific situations are as follows:
Dividend Reinvestment Plans (“DRIPs”). The automatic investment of dividends under a DRIP is deemed to be pursuant to an automatic investment plan. Optional cash purchases (that is, the right to buy additional shares through the DRIP) are not deemed to be pursuant to an automatic investment plan unless they are by payroll deduction, automatic drafting to a checking account or other means specifically included in this definition.
Payroll deductions. Deductions from payroll (Mellon or otherwise) directly into an investment account are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. This would include payroll deductions for contributions to 401(k) plans and other employee benefit plans.
Bank Account Drafts or Deposits. Automatic drafts from a checking or savings account directly to an investment account or automatic deposits directly from an investment account into a checking or savings account, are deemed to be made pursuant to an automatic investment plan, provided that, in either case:
	there is documentation with the investment account indicating the drafts or deposits are to be executed according to an express schedule, and
	at least two drafts or deposits were executed according to the schedule.
Automatic mutual fund exchange programs. Automatic exchanges of a fixed dollar amount out of one mutual fund to purchase shares of another mutual fund are deemed to be made pursuant to an automatic investment plan.
Automatic mutual fund withdrawal programs. Automatic withdrawals of a fixed dollar amount out of a mutual fund are deemed to be made pursuant to an automatic investment plan.
Asset-allocation accounts. Asset allocation accounts are investment accounts in which the investor chooses among predetermined asset-allocation models consisting of percentages of a portfolio allocated to fund categories (such as large-cap, mid-cap and small-cap equity funds, tax-free bond funds, international funds, etc). Once a model is chosen, new money is automatically invested according to the model, and the portfolio is automatically rebalanced periodically to keep it in line with the model. For purposes of this Policy, both the investment of new money into, and periodic rebalancings within, an asset-allocation account are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. An Investment Advisory Service account at Mellon Private Wealth Advisers is an asset-allocation account. Brokerage accounts, in which the investor has the continuing ability to direct transactions in specific securities or funds, are not asset-allocation accounts.
College Savings Plans. Many jurisdictions have college savings plans (for example, in the US these plans are referred to as “529” plans) that provide a tax-advantaged means of investing for future college expenses. These plans vary and the features of the specific plan must be analyzed to determine if it qualifies as an automatic investment plan. For example, a college savings plan could qualify as an automatic investment plan if it meets the requirements for an asset-allocation account, bank account draft or a payroll deduction (see above).
direct family relation – employee’s spouse, children (including stepchildren, foster children, sons-in-law and daughters-in-law), grandchildren, parents (including step-parents, mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law) grandparents, and siblings (including brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and step brothers and sisters). Also includes adoptive relationships.

Page 52

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

employee - an individual employed by Mellon Financial Corporation or its more-than-50%-owned direct or indirect subsidiaries; includes all full-time, part-time, benefited and non-benefited, exempt and non-exempt employees in all world-wide locations; generally, for purposes of the Policy, does not include consultants and contract or temporary employees.
Ethics Office – the group within the Audit & Risk Review Department of Mellon which is responsible for administering the ethics program at Mellon, including the Securities Trading Policy.
Exempt Securities - defined as:
	direct obligations of the sovereign governments of the United States (US employees only) and the United Kingdom (for UK employees only). Obligations of other instrumentalities of the US and UK governments or quasi-government agencies are not exempt.
	commercial paper
	high-quality, short-term debt instruments having a maturity of less than 366 days at issuance and rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or which is unrated but of comparable quality
	bankers' acceptances
	bank certificates of deposit and time deposits
	repurchase agreements
	securities issued by open-end investment companies (i.e., mutual funds and variable capital companies) that are not Proprietary Funds
	shares of money market funds (regardless of affiliation with Mellon)
	fixed annuities
	shares of unit trusts (provided they are invested exclusively in funds that are not Proprietary Funds)
	Note: The following are not Exempt Securities (whether proprietary or not):
		shares of hedge funds
		shares of closed-end funds
		shares of funds not registered in the US (for US employees only)
family relation – see direct family relation.
General Counsel - General Counsel of Mellon or any person to whom relevant authority is delegated by the General Counsel.
index fund - an investment company or managed portfolio which contains securities of an index in proportions designed to replicate the return of the index.
indirect ownership – The securities laws of most jurisdictions attribute ownership of securities to someone in certain circumstances, even though the securities are not held in that person’s name. For example, US federal securities laws contain a concept of “beneficial ownership”, and UK securities laws contain a concept of securities held by “associates” (this term includes business or domestic relationships giving rise to a “community of interest”). The definition of “indirect ownership” that follows is used to determine whether securities held other than in your name are subject to the preclearance and other provisions of the Policy. It was designed to be consistent with various securities laws; however, there can be no assurance that attempted adherence to this definition will provide a defense under any particular law. Moreover, a determination of indirect ownership requires a detailed analysis of personal and/or financial circumstances that are subject to change. It is the responsibility of each employee to apply the definition below to his/her own circumstances. If the employee determines that he/she is not an indirect owner of an account and the Ethics Office becomes aware of the account, the employee will be responsible for justifying his/her determination. Any such determination should be based upon objective evidence (such as written documents), rather than subjective or intangible factors.

Page 53

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

• indirect ownership (cont.)
  General Standard. Generally, you are the indirect owner of securities (and preclearance and other provisions of the Policy will therefore apply to those securities) if, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share at any time in any profit derived from a transaction in them (a “pecuniary interest”). The following is guidance on the application of this definition to some common situations.
  Family Members. You are presumed to be an indirect owner of securities held by members of your immediate family who share the same household with you. “Immediate family” means your spouse, your children (including stepchildren, foster children, sons-in-law and daughters-in-law), your grandchildren, your parents (including stepparents, mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law), your grandparents and your siblings (including brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and step brothers and sisters) and includes adoptive relationships. This presumption of ownership may be rebutted, but it will be difficult to do so if, with respect to the other person, you commingle any assets or share any expenses, you provide or receive any financial support, you influence investment decisions, you include them as a dependent for tax purposes or as a beneficiary under an employee benefit plan, or you are in any way financially codependent. Any attempt to disclaim indirect ownership with respect to family members who share your household must be based upon countervailing facts that you can prove in writing.
  Partnerships. If you are a general partner in a general or limited partnership, you are deemed to own your proportionate share of the securities owned by the partnership. Your “proportionate share” is the greater of your share of profits or your share of capital, as evidenced by the partnership agreement. Limited partners are not deemed to be owners of partnership securities absent unusual circumstances, such as influence over investment decisions.
  Shareholders of Corporations. You are not deemed to own the securities held by a corporation in which you are a shareholder unless you are a controlling shareholder or you have or share investment control over the corporation’s portfolio.

Trusts. Generally, parties to a trust will be deemed indirect owners of securities in the trust only if they have both a pecuniary interest in the trust and investment control over the trust. “Investment control” is the power to direct the disposition of the securities in the trust. Specific applications are as follows:

Trustees: A trustee is deemed to have investment control over the trust unless there are at least three trustees and a majority is required for action. A trustee has a pecuniary interest in the trust if (i) the trustee is also a trust beneficiary, (ii) an immediate family member of the trustee (whether or not they share the same household) is a beneficiary, or (iii) the trustee receives certain types of performance-based fees.

Settlors: If you are the settlor of a trust (that is, the person who puts the assets into the trust), you are an indirect owner of the trust’s assets if you have a pecuniary interest in the trust and you have or share investment control over the trust. You are deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the trust if you have the power to revoke the trust without anyone else’s consent or if members of your immediate family who share your household are beneficiaries of the trust.

Beneficiaries. If you or a member of your immediate family who shares your household is a beneficiary of a trust, you are deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the trust and will therefore be deemed an indirect owner of the trust’s assets if you have or share investment control over the trust.

Remainder Interests. Remainder interests are those that do not take effect until after some event that is beyond your control, such as the death of another person. Remainder interests are typically created by wills or trust instruments. You are not deemed to be an indirect owner of securities in which you only have a remainder interest provided you have no power, directly or indirectly, to exercise or share investment control or any other interest.

Derivative Securities. You are the indirect owner of any security you have the right to acquire through the exercise or conversion of any option, warrant, convertible security or other derivative security, whether or not presently exercisable.

Page 54

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

• initial public offering (IPO) - the first offering of a company's securities to the public through an allocation by the underwriter.
• investment company - a company that issues securities that represent an undivided interest in the net assets held by the company. Mutual funds are open-end investment companies that issue and sell redeemable securities representing an undivided interest in the net assets of the company.
• Investment Ethics Committee - committee that has oversight responsibility for issues related to personal securities trading and investment activity by Access Decision Makers. The committee is composed of investment, legal, risk management, audit and ethics management representatives of Mellon and its affiliates. The members of the Investment Ethics Committee are determined by the Corporate Ethics Officer.
• Manager of the Ethics Office – individual appointed by the Corporate Ethics Officer to manage the Ethics Office.
• Mellon - Mellon Financial Corporation.
• non-discretionary account - an account for which the employee has no direct or indirect control over the investment decision making process. Non-discretionary accounts may be exempted from preclearance and reporting procedures only if the Manager of the Ethics Office, after a thorough review, is satisfied that the account is truly non-discretionary to the employee (that is, the employee has given total investment discretion to an investment manager and retains no ability to influence specific trades). Standard broker accounts generally are not deemed to be non-discretionary to the employee, even if the broker is given some discretion to make investment decisions.
• option - a security which gives the investor the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific security at a specified price within a specified time frame. For purposes of compliance with the Policy, any Mellon employee who buys/sells an option, is deemed to have purchased/sold the underlying security when the option was purchased/sold.
  Four combinations are possible as described below.
  ¨ Call Options

-If a Mellon employee buys a call option, the employee is considered to have purchased the underlying security on the date the option was purchased.

-If a Mellon employee sells a call option, the employee is considered to have sold the underlying security on the date the option was sold.

¨ Put Options

-If a Mellon employee buys a put option, the employee is considered to have sold the underlying security on the date the option was purchased.

-If a Mellon employee sells a put option, the employee is considered to have bought the underlying security on the date the option was sold.

Below is a table describing the above:

	Transaction Type
Option Type	Buy	Sale
Put	Sale of Underlying Security	Purchase of Underlying Security
Call	Purchase of Underlying Security	Sale of Underlying Security

• Preclearance Compliance Officer - a person designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and/or the Investment Ethics Committee to administer, among other things, employees’ preclearance requests for a specific business unit.
• private placement - an offering of securities that is exempt from registration under various laws and rules, such as the Securities Act of 1933 in the US and the Listing Rules in the UK. Such offerings are exempt from registration because they do not constitute a public offering. Private placements can include limited partnerships.

Page 55

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

• Proprietary Fund – An investment company or collective fund for which a Mellon subsidiary serves as an investment adviser, sub-adviser or principal underwriter. From time-to-time, Mellon will publish a list of the Proprietary Funds.
  Employees should rely on the latest version of this list rather than attempt to determine for themselves the identity of the Proprietary Funds.
• security – any investment that represents an ownership stake or debt stake in a company, partnership, governmental unit, business or other enterprise. It includes stocks, bonds, notes, evidences of indebtedness, certificates of participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral trust certificates and certificates of deposit for securities. It also includes many types of puts, calls, straddles and options on any security or group of securities; fractional undivided interests in oil, gas, or other mineral rights; and investment contracts, variable life insurance policies and variable annuities whose cash values or benefits are tied to the performance of an investment account. It does not include currencies. Unless expressly exempt, all securities transactions are covered under the provisions of the Policy (see definition of Exempt securities).
• securities fire wall - procedures designed to restrict the flow of information within Mellon from units or individuals who are likely to receive material nonpublic information to units or individuals who trade in securities or provide investment advice.
• Senior Management Committee - the Senior Management Committee of Mellon Financial Corporation.
• short sale - the sale of a security that is not owned by the seller at the time of the trade.

Page 56

Exhibit A - Sample Instruction Letter to Broker

Date

Broker ABC 

Street Address 

City, State ZIP 

Re:	John Smith
	Account No. xxxxxxxxxxxx

To whom it may concern:

In connection with my existing brokerage account(s) with your firm, please be advised that my employer should be noted as an “Interested Party” with respect to my account(s). They should, therefore, be sent copies of all trade confirmations and account statements relating to my account on a regular basis.

Please send the requested documentation ensuring the account holder’s name appears on all correspondence to:

Manager of the Ethics Office 

Mellon Financial Corporation 

PO Box 3130 

Pittsburgh, PA 15230-3130 

Thank you for your cooperation in this request.

Sincerely yours,

Employee 

cc: Manager of the Ethics Office (153-3300) 

Page 57

Securities Trading Policy:

Access Decision Maker Edition

January 2005

Dear Employee:

The highest standards of ethical business practices and unwavering loyalty to our customers have been the cornerstones of our culture since Mellon was founded in 1869. Our Shared Values – Integrity, Teamwork and Excellence – are our guiding principles and underscore our commitment to conduct Mellon’s business honorably at all times.

Building a reputation of integrity in business takes the hard work of many people over many years. But reputations are fragile. As recent events in our industry have illustrated, we can never let down our guard. Every Mellon employee must accept personal responsibility for our good reputation and must work each day to maintain it.

One area of particular importance is the continued emphasis we place on ensuring that our personal investments are free from conflicts of interest and in full compliance with the laws and regulations of all jurisdictions in which Mellon does business. This matter is important to our clients, shareholders and the regulatory community, and it is fundamentally important to the maintenance of Mellon’s reputation.

Mellon’s role as an adviser and servicer in the investment industry carries with it special responsibilities for each of us to preserve the integrity and credibility of the industry in which we work. To respond to new regulations and satisfy our desire to demonstrate to all stakeholders our commitment to the highest ethical business standards, the Securities Trading Policy has recently been revised.

I urge you to take the time to fully understand the policy and consult it whenever you are unsure about appropriate activity regarding your investments. We are all responsible for following the procedures and respecting the limitations placed on our personal investments as described in the Securities Trading Policy.

The Securities Trading Policy and our Code of Conduct are designed to protect our hard earned reputation for integrity by requiring that we avoid even the appearance of impropriety in our business activities. Ensuring that our personal investments are free from conflict and as transparent as our Securities Trading Policy requires is an important step in protecting that reputation.

Table of Contents-Access Decision Makers
	Page #
Quick Reference – Access Decision Maker…………………………………………………………………	1
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………	2 – 3
Classification of Employees……………………………………………………………………………………	4
- Access Decision Maker (ADM)……………………………………………………………………………	4
- Micro-Cap Access Decision Maker…………………………………………………………………………	4
- Consultants, Independent Contractors and Temporary Employees……………………………………	4
The Investment Ethics Committee…………………………………………………………………………….	4
Standards of Conduct for Access Decision Makers……………………………………………………….	5 – 14
- Conflict of Interest……………………………………………………………………………………………	5
- Material Nonpublic Information……………………………………………………………………………	5
- Fiduciary Duties………………………………………………………………………………………………	5
- Legal Compliance…………………………………………………………………………………………….	5
- Personal Securities Transaction Reports………………………………………………………………….	6
- Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings………………………………………………………….	7
- Exemption from Requirement to File Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings………………	7
- ADM Quarterly Report……………………………………………………………………………………….	7
- Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions………………………………………………………	8
- Special Standards for Preclearance of De Minimis Transactions………………………………………	9
- Special Rules for MCADMs…………………………………………………………………………………	9
- Contemporaneous Disclosure………………………………………………………………………………	10 – 11
- 7-Day Blackout Policy………………………………………………………………………………………	11
- Exemptions from Requirement to Preclear……………………………………………………………..…	12
- Gifting of Securities…………………………………………………………………………………………	12
- O wnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………	13
- Non-Mellon Employee Benefit Plans……………………………………………………………………….	13
- Investment Clubs and Private Investment Companies…………………………………………………	14
- Restricted List…………………………………………………………………………………………………	14
- Confidential Treatment………………………………………………………………………………………	14
Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities…………………………………………………….…	15 – 16
- General Restrictions…………………………………………………………………………………………	15
- Mellon 401(k) Plan……………………………………………………………………………………………	16
- Mellon Employee Stock Options……………………………………………………………………………	16
- Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)………………………………………………………….	16
Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares………………………………………………………….……	17 – 19
- All F u n d s …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……	17
- Mellon Proprietary Funds……………………………………………………………………………..………	17 – 18
- Mellon 401(k) Plan (Non Self-Directed Accounts)…..…………………………………………….………	19
- Mellon 401(k) Plan (Self-Directed Accounts)………………...……………………………….……………	19
- Indirect Ownership of Proprietary Funds……………………………………………………………………	19
Restrictions on Transactions in Other Securities………………………………………………………….	20 – 22
- Customer Transactions……………………………………………………………………………………	20
- Excessive Trading, Naked Options………………………………………………………………………	20
- Front Running………………………………………………………………………………………………	20
- Initial Public Offerings……………………………………………………………………………………….	20
- Material Nonpublic Information……………………………………………………………………………	20
- Private Placements…………………………………………………………………………………………	20 – 21
- S c a l p i n g……………………………………………………………………………………………………….	21
- Short-Term Trading………………………………………………………………………………………….	21
- Spread Betting……………………………………………………………………………………………….	21
- Prohibition on Investments in Securities of Financial Services Organizations………………………	22
Protecting Confidential Information…………………………………………………………………………	23 – 24
- Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions…………………………………………………………	23 – 24
- Mellon’s Policy………………………………………………………………………………………………	24
- Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon ("Securities Fire Walls”)……………………	24
Glossary Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………………
	25 – 29
Exhibit A - Sample Letter to Broker…………………………………………………………………………
	30

Quick Reference – Access Decision Makers

Some Things You Must Do

Statement of Accounts and Holdings - Provide to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee a statement of all securities and Proprietary Fund accounts and holdings within 10 calendar days of becoming an ADM and again annually on request. In addition, provide to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 30 calendar days after every quarter-end thereafter a report for requested securities holdings.

Duplicate Statements & Confirmations - Instruct your broker, trust account manager or other entity through which you have a securities or Proprietary Fund trading account to send directly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee:

• trade confirmations summarizing each transaction
• periodic statements

Exhibit A can be used to notify such entities. Contact the Preclearance Compliance Officer for the correct address. This applies to all accounts in which you have direct or indirect ownership (see Glossary).

Quarterly Transaction Statements - Provide to the

Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 10 calendar days after the end of each quarter a statement of securities or Proprietary Funds transactions not covered by filed confirmations from brokers or other entities.

Preclearance - Before initiating a transaction in securities or Proprietary Funds, written preclearance must be obtained from the Preclearance Compliance Officer. Contact the

Preclearance Compliance Officer for applicable approval procedures.

If preclearance approval is received, the trade must be communicated to the broker or other entity on the same day and executed before the end of the next business day, at which time the preclearance approval will expire.

Proprietary Funds – Trading a Proprietary Fund within 60 calendar days of a previous trade in the opposite direction is prohibited without prior approval of the Preclearance Compliance Officer.

Private Placements –Acquisition of securities in a Private Placement must be precleared by the IEC. Prior holdings must be approved by the IEC within 90 calendar days of becoming an ADM. To initiate preclearance or approval, contact the Ethics Office.

IPOs - Acquisition of securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) is prohibited without the approval of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Approval can be given only when the allocation is the result of a direct family relationship.

Contemporaneous Disclosure - ADMs must obtain written authorization from the ADM’s Chief Investment Officer (CIO) or other Investment Ethics Committee (IEC) designee prior to making or acting upon a portfolio recommendation in a security which they own directly or indirectly. Contact the Preclearance Compliance Officer for available forms.

ADM Quarterly Report – Provide to the Preclearance

Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 30 calendar days of each quarter end the ADM Quarterly Report which includes information on:

• personal holdings that you recommend for client portfolios
• private placements
• micro-cap holdings

Micro-Cap Securities – Unless approved by the IEC, Micro-Cap ADMs (MCADMs) are prohibited from purchasing any security of an issuer with low common equity market capitalization (at the time of acquisition). Securities with the following market caps are subject to this prohibition:

• in the US, $100 million or less
• in the UK, £ 60 million or less
• in Japan, ¥10 billion or less

Prior holding of such securities must be approved by the CIO.

MCADMs must obtain, on their Preclearance Request Form, the written authorization of their immediate supervisor and their CIO prior to trading any security of an issuer with low common equity market capitilization. Securities with the following market caps are subject to this requirement:

• in the US, more than $100 million but less than or equal to $250 million
• in the UK, more than £60 million but less than or equal to £150 million
• in Japan, more than ¥10 billion but less than or equal to ¥20 billion

Some Things You Must Not Do

Mellon Securities - The following transactions in Mellon securities are prohibited for all Mellon employees: short sales

• purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing within 60 calendar days
• margin purchases or options other than employee options

Non-Mellon Securities

portfolio Managers are prohibited from purchasing or selling the same or equivalent security 7 calendar days before or after a fund or other advised account transaction

• for all ADMs, purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing the same or equivalent security within 60 calendar days is discouraged, and any profits must be disgorged
• new investments in financial services organizations are prohibited for certain employees– see Page 22

Exemptions
Preclearance is NOT required for:

• transactions in Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• transactions in non-financial commodities (such as agricultural futures, metals, oil, gas, etc.), currency futures, financial futures
• transactions in index securities (does not include Proprietary Funds)
• transactions in approved accounts in which the employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the investment decision making process
• involuntary transactions on the part of an employee (such as stock dividends or sales of fractional shares)
• enrollment, changes in salary withholding percentages and sales of shares held in Mellon’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP); sales of shares previously withdrawn from the ESPP do require preclearance
• receipt and exercise of an employee stock option administered through Human Resources
• transactions done pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• sales pursuant to a bona fide tender offer and sales or exercises of “rights” (see Page 12)

Questions?
Contact Mellon’s Ethics Office at:

• The Securities Trading Policy Help Line: 1-412-234-1661
• Mellon’s Ethics Help Line (see page 3 to obtain contact information)

This page is for reference purposes only. Employees are reminded they must read the Policy and comply with its provisions.

1

Introduction

The Securities Trading Policy (the "Policy") is designed to reinforce Mellon Financial Corporation’s (“Mellon’s”) reputation for integrity by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety in the conduct of Mellon’s business. The Policy sets forth procedures and limitations which govern the personal securities transactions of every Mellon employee.

Mellon and its employees are subject to certain laws and regulations governing personal securities trading, including the securities laws of various jurisdictions. Mellon expects its employees to adhere to such laws and has developed the Policy to promote the highest standards of behavior and ensure compliance with applicable laws.

This Policy covers the personal trading activities of all employees in their own accounts and in accounts in which they have indirect ownership. While employees should consult the Glossary for a complete definition of the terms “security” and “indirect ownership”, in general they mean:

• security – any investment that represents an ownership stake or debt stake in a company or government. While the Policy provides for exemptions for certain securities, if not expressly exempt in the Policy, all securities are covered (see Glossary for definition of Exempt securities)
• indirect ownership – you are presumed to have indirect ownership of accounts held by members of your family with whom you share a household. This includes your spouse, your children, and any other family members in your home. Generally, you are deemed to be the indirect owner of securities if you have the opportunity to directly or indirectly share, at any time, in profits derived from transactions in such securities

Employees should be aware that they may be held personally liable for any improper or illegal acts committed during the course of their employment and that "ignorance of the law" is not a defense. Employees may be subject to civil penalties such as fines, regulatory sanctions including suspensions, as well as criminal penalties.

The provisions of the Policy have worldwide applicability and cover trading in any part of the world. Employees are also subject to applicable laws of jurisdictions in those countries in which they conduct business. To the extent any particular portion of the Policy is inconsistent with, or in particular less restrictive than such laws, employees should consult the General Counsel or the Manager of the Ethics Office.

The Policy may be amended and any provision waived or exempted only at the discretion of the Manager of the Ethics Office. Any such waiver or exemption will be evidenced in writing and maintained in the Ethics Office.

Employees must read the Policy and must comply with it – in this regard, employees should comply with the spirit of the Policy as well as the strict letter of its provisions. Failure to comply with the Policy may result in the imposition of serious sanctions, including but not limited to disgorgement of profits, cancellation of trades, selling of positions, dismissal, substantial personal liability and referral to law enforcement agencies or other regulatory agencies. Known violations of the Policy must be reported to the Ethics Office. The Ethics Help Line (see page 3) may be used for this purpose. Any questions regarding the Policy should be referred to the Manager of the Ethics Office or his/her designee.

Employees must also comply with Mellon’s Code of Conduct, which addresses compliance with laws, conflicts of interest, respecting confidential information and other ethical issues.

Mellon will provide all employees with copies of the Policy and all amendments. This may be through on-line access. Periodically, you will be required to acknowledge your receipt of the Policy and any amendments. This may be through on-line certification.

2

Introduction

Mellon has established the Ethics Help Line which is available to all employees to:

• ask questions about the Policy, Code of Conduct and related Corporate Policies;
• provide information about possible violations of the Policy, Code of Conduct, policies or law; and
• voice concerns about activities that may place our reputation at risk.

Contacts may be anonymous. Employees can contact the Ethics Office by:

Mellon Ethics Help Line:

• in the United States or Canada, 1-888-MELLON2 (1-888-635-5662)
• in countries outside the United States and Canada, dial your country access code, then dial one of the following:

- Asia (except Japan): 001-800-710-63562

- Australia: 0011-800-710- 63562

- Brazil: 0800-891-3813

- Europe: 00-800-710-63562

- Japan: access code + 800-710-63562

• Common country access codes:

- 00 – United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland

- 0011 – Australia

- 001 – Hong Kong and Singapore

- 001010, 00330010, 0041010 or 0061010 – in Japan

• All other locations: Call collect to 412-236-7519 E-mail: ethics@mellon.com

Mail: Mellon’s Ethics Office, P.O. Box 535026 Pittsburgh, PA 15253-5026 USA

AIM #: 153-3300

Special Edition

This edition of the Policy has been prepared especially for Access Decision Makers. If you believe you are not an Access Decision Maker, please contact your supervisor, Preclearance Compliance Officer, the Manager of the Ethics Office or access Mellon’s Intranet to obtain the general edition of the Policy.

Purpose

It is imperative that Mellon and its affiliates avoid even the appearance of a conflict between the personal securities trading of its employees and its fiduciary duties to investment companies and managed account clients. Potential conflicts of interest are most acute with respect to personal securities trading by those employees most responsible for directing managed fund and account trades: portfolio managers and research analysts. To avoid even the appearance of impropriety, an Investment Ethics Committee has been formed. The Committee, in turn, has established the following practices which apply to Access Decision Makers. These practices do not limit the authority of any Mellon affiliate to impose additional restrictions or limitations.

Classification of Employees

Employees are engaged in a wide variety of activities for Mellon. In light of the nature of their activities and the impact of various laws and regulations, the Policy imposes different requirements and limitations on employees based on the nature of their activities for Mellon. To assist the employees who are portfolio managers and research analysts in complying with the requirements and limitations imposed on them in light of their activities, such employees are classified into one or both of the following categories:

• Access Decision Maker
• Micro-Cap Access Decision Maker

Appropriate requirements and limitations are specified in the Policy based upon the employee's classification. The Investment Ethics Committee will determine and designate the classification of each employee based on the following guidelines.

Access Decision Maker (ADM)

Generally this will be portfolio managers and research analysts who make recommendations or decisions regarding the purchase or sale of equity, convertible debt, and non-investment grade debt securities for mutual funds and other managed accounts. Neither traders nor portfolio managers of funds which are limited to replicating an index are ADMs.

Micro-Cap Access Decision Maker (MCADM)

Generally this will be ADMs who make recommendations or decisions regarding the purchase or sale of any security of an issuer with a low common equity market capitalization. In the US, the market cap is equal to or less than $250 million, in the UK the market cap is equal to or less than £150 million and in Japan the market cap is equal to or less than ¥20 billion. MCADMs are also ADMs.

Consultants, Independent Contractors and Temporary Employees

Managers should inform consultants, independent contractors and temporary employees of the general provisions of the Policy (such as the prohibition on trading while in possession of material nonpublic information). Whether or not a consultant, independent contractor or temporary employee will be required to preclear trades or report their personal securities holdings will be determined on a case-by-case basis. If one of these persons would be considered an ADM if he/she were a Mellon employee, the person’s manager should advise the Manager of the Ethics Office who will determine whether such individual should be subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements of the Policy.

THE INVESTMENT ETHICS COMMITTEE (IEC)

The IEC is composed of investment, legal, risk management, audit and ethics management representatives of Mellon and its affiliates. The chief executive officer, senior investment officer and the Preclearance Compliance Officer at each Mellon investment affiliate, working together, will be designees of the IEC. The IEC will meet periodically to review the actions taken by its designees and to consider issues related to personal securities trading and investment activity by ADMs.

4

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS

Because of their unique responsibilities, ADMs are subject to preclearance and personal securities reporting requirements, as discussed below.

Every ADM must follow these procedures or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal. If you have any questions about these procedures, you should consult the Ethics Office or the Preclearance Compliance Officer. Interpretive issues that arise under these procedures shall be decided by, and are subject to the discretion of, the Manager of the Ethics Office.

Conflict of Interest

No employee may engage in or recommend any securities transaction that places, or appears to place, his or her own interests above those of any customer to whom financial services are rendered, including mutual funds and managed accounts, or above the interests of Mellon.

Material Nonpublic Information

No employee may divulge the current portfolio positions, or current or anticipated portfolio transactions, programs or studies, of Mellon or any Mellon customer to anyone unless it is properly within his or her job responsibilities to do so.

No employee may engage in or recommend a securities transaction, for his or her own benefit or for the benefit of others, including Mellon or its customers, while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding such securities or the issuer of such securities. No employee may communicate material nonpublic information to others unless it is properly within his or her job responsibilities to do so.

Fiduciary Duties

Mellon and its employees owe fiduciary duties to certain clients. Every ADM must be mindful of these fiduciary duties, must use his or her best efforts to fulfill them and must promptly report to their Preclearance Compliance Officer any failure by any Mellon employee to fulfill them.

Legal Compliance

In carrying out their job responsibilities, ADMs must, at a minimum, comply with all applicable legal requirements, including applicable securities laws.

5

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Personal Securities Transaction Reports

Statements & Confirmations - All ADMs are required to instruct their broker, trust account manager or other entity through which they have a securities or Proprietary Fund account to submit directly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee, copies of all trade confirmations and statements relating to each account of which they are an owner (direct or indirect) regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, even if the account contains only non-proprietary funds or other Exempt Securities as that term is defined by the Policy, but the account has the capability to have reportable securities traded in it, the ADM must arrange for duplicate account statements and trade confirmations to be sent to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. Exhibit A is an example of an instruction letter to such entities. Duplicate confirmations and statements need not be submitted for non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary).

Other securities transactions which were not completed through an account, such as gifts, inheritances, spin-offs from securities held in outside accounts, transactions through employee benefit plans or transactions through variable annuities, must be reported to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee within 10 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction occurs. These quarterly statements need not be filed for:

• any transaction effected in a non-discretionary account (see Glossary),
• any transaction in Exempt Securities (see Glossary),
• any transaction effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary), or
• any transaction to the extent information on the transaction is already included in a brokerage confirmation or statement previously delivered to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee in compliance with the above requirements.

See “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for reporting requirements for Proprietary Funds.

6

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings

Within 10 calendar days of becoming an ADM and on a quarterly basis thereafter, all ADMs must submit to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee:

• a listing of all accounts that may trade reportable securities in which the employee is a direct or indirect owner regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts. Thus, for example, even if the account contains only non-proprietary mutual funds or other Exempt Securities (see Glossary) but has the capability of holding reportable securities, the account must be disclosed
• a listing of all securities held in the above accounts
• a listing of all securities held outside of securities trading accounts in which the employee presently has any direct or indirect ownership other than Exempt securities (see Glossary)

The information contained in the initial holdings report must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days prior to becoming an ADM.

The quarterly holdings report must be completed upon the request of the Ethics Office, and the information submitted must be current within 45 calendar days of the date the report is submitted. The quarterly holdings report contains an acknowledgment that the ADM has readand complied with the Policy. Your Preclearance Compliance Officer may periodically ask for holding reports in addition to the initial and quarterly reports.

See “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for reporting requirements for Proprietary Funds.

Exemption from Requirement to File Statement of Securities Account and Holdings ADM Quarterly Report

Statements of accounts (initial or quarterly) need not include non-discretionary accounts, and statements of holdings (initial or quarterly) need not include securities held in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary).

ADMs are required to submit quarterly to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee the ADM Quarterly Report. This report must be submitted within 30 calendar days of each quarter end and includes information on:

securities directly or indirectly owned at any time during the quarter which were also either recommended for a transaction or in the portfolio managed by the ADM during the quarter
positions obtained in private placements
securities of issuers owned directly or indirectly at any time during the quarter which at the time of acquisition or at the date designated by the Preclearance Compliance Officer (whichever is later) had a market capitalization that was equal to or less than:
	- in the US, $250 million
	- in the UK, £150 million
	- in Japan, ¥20 billion
securities transactions which were not completed through a securities account, such as gifts, inheritances, spin-offs from securities held outside securities accounts, or other transfers

A form for making this report can be obtained from the Preclearance Compliance Officer or from the Securities Trading Policy website on Mellon’s intranet.

This report need not include securities held in non-discretionary accounts.  (See Glossary) 

7

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions

All ADMs must notify the Preclearance Compliance Officer in writing and receive preclearance before they engage in any purchase or sale of a security for their own accounts or in accounts in which they are an indirect owner. ADMs should refer to the provisions under " Ownership” on Page 13, which are applicable to these provisions. See “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for more information regarding the preclearance requirements for Proprietary Funds.

All requests for preclearance for a securities transaction shall be submitted by completing a Preclearance Request Form.

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will notify the ADM whether the request is approved or denied, without disclosing the reason for such approval or denial.

Notifications may be given in writing or orally by the Preclearance Compliance Officer to the ADM. A record of such notification will be maintained by the Preclearance

Compliance Officer. However, it shall be the responsibility of the ADM to obtain a written record of the Preclearance Compliance Officer’s notification within 24 hours of such notification. The ADM should retain a copy of this written record for at least two years.

As there could be many reasons for preclearance being granted or denied, ADMs should not infer from the preclearance response anything regarding the security for which preclearance was requested.

Although making a preclearance request does not obligate an ADM to do the transaction, it should be noted that:

• preclearance requests should not be made for a transaction that the ADM does not intend to make
• the order for a transaction must be placed with the broker or other entity on the same day that preclearance authorization is received. The broker or other entity must execute the trade by the close of business on the next business day, at which time the preclearance authorization will expire
• ADMs should not discuss with anyone else, inside or outside Mellon, the response they received to a preclearance request. If the ADM is preclearing as an indirect owner of another’s account, the response may be disclosed to the other owner
• standard orders to trade at certain prices (sometimes called “limit”, “stop-loss”, “good-until-cancelled”, or “standing buy/sell” orders) must be precleared, and security transactions receiving preclearance authorization must be executed before the preclearance expires. At the end of the preclearance authorization period, any unexecuted order must be canceled or a new preclearance authorization must be obtained

8

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Special Standards For De Minimis Transactions

ADMs will generally not be given clearance to execute a transaction in any security that is on the restricted list maintained by the Preclearance Compliance Officer or for which there is a pending buy or sell order for an affiliated account (other than an index fund). The

Preclearance Compliance Officer may approve certain de minimus transactions even when the firm is trading such securities. However, de minimus transactions require preclearance approval. The following transaction limits are available for this exemption:

• in the US, transactions in the amount of $10,000 or 100 shares, whichever is greater, of the top 500 issuers on the Russell List of largest publicly traded companies or other companies with a market capitalization of $5 billion or higher
• in the UK, transactions in the amount of £6 thousand or 100 shares, whichever is greater, of companies ranked in the top 100 of the FTSE All Share Index or other companies with a market capitalization of £3 billion or higher
• In Japan, transactions in the amount of ¥1million of companies ranked in the top 100 of the TOPIX or other companies with a market capitalization of ¥500 billion or higher

The following restrictions or conditions are imposed upon the above described transactions:

• employees must cooperate with the Preclearance Compliance Officer’s request to document market capitalization amounts
• approval is limited to two such trades in the securities of any one issuer in any calendar month
• short-term profit disgorgement is not waived for such transactions
• preclearance is required prior to executing the transaction

Special Rules for MCADMs

ADMs who are designated as MCADMs have additional restrictions when voluntarily acquiring, both directly and indirectly, securities of issuers with low common equity market capitalization. The thresholds for these restrictions are:

• in the US, securities with a market cap equal to or less than $250 million
• in the UK, securities with a market cap equal to or less than £150 million
• in Japan, securities with a market cap equal to or less than ¥20 billion

Newly designated MCADMs must obtain CIO/CEO authorization to continue holding such securities. The MCADM must indicate on their next ADM Quarterly Report that approval to continue holding such securities has not yet been received. The Preclearance Compliance Officer will then request appropriate approvals.

MCADMs are prohibited from voluntarily acquiring the following securities without express written approval from the Investment Ethics Committee:

• in the US, securities with a market cap of $100 million or less
• in the UK, securities with a market cap of £60 million or less
• in Japan, securities with a market cap of ¥10 billion or less

Involuntary acquisitions of such securities (such as those acquired through inheritance, gift or spin-off) must be disclosed in a memo to the Preclearance Compliance Officer within 10 calendar days of the involuntary acquisition. This memo must be attached to the next ADM Quarterly Report filed by the MCADM.

MCADMs must obtain written approval, on the Preclearance Request Form, from both their immediate supervisor and their Chief Investment Officer before voluntarily buying or selling the following:

• in the US, securities with a market cap of more than $100 million but less than or equal to $250 million
• in the UK, securities with a market cap of more than £60 million but less than or equal to £150 million
• in Japan, securities with a market cap of more than ¥10 billion but less than or equal to ¥20 billion

9

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Contemporaneous Disclosure

ADMs must obtain written authorization prior to making or acting upon a portfolio recommendation (including recommendations to “hold”) in a security which they own directly or indirectly. This authorization must be obtained from the ADM’s CIO, CEO or other IEC designee prior to the first such portfolio recommendation or transaction in a particular security in a calendar month.

Note: The purpose of this authorization is to confirm that the portfolio recommendation or transaction is not for the purpose of affecting the value of a personal securities holding. Under no circumstances should a portfolio recommendation or transaction be affected by its impact on personal securities holdings or by the requirement for contemporaneous disclosure. The ADM’s fiduciary duty to make portfolio recommendations and trades solely in the best interest of the client should always be of paramount importance.

The following personal securities holdings are exempt from the requirement to obtain written authorization preceding a portfolio recommendation or transaction:

Exempt securities (see Glossary)
securities held in accounts over which the ADM has no investment discretion, which are professionally managed by a non-family member, and where the ADM has no actual knowledge that such account is currently holding the same or equivalent security at the time of the portfolio recommendation or transaction
personal holdings of equity securities of the following:
	- in the US, the top 200 issuers on the Russell list of largest publicly traded companies and other companies with a market capitalization of $20 billion or higher
	- in the UK, the top 100 companies on the FTSE All Share Index and other companies with a market capitalization of £10 billion or higher
	- in Japan, the top 100 companies of the TOPIX and other companies with a market capitalization of ¥2 trillion
personal holdings of debt securities which do not have a conversion feature and are rated investment grade or better by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or unrated but of comparable quality
personal holdings of ADMs who are index fund managers and who have no investment discretion in replicating an index
personal holdings of Portfolio Managers in Mellon Private Wealth Management if the Portfolio Manager exactly replicates the model or clone portfolio. A disclosure form is required if the Portfolio Manager recommends securities which are not in the clone or model portfolio or recommends a model or clone security in a different percentage than model or clone amounts. Disclosure forms are also required when the Portfolio Manager recommends individual securities to clients, even if Mellon shares control of the investment process with other parties

10

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Contemporaneous Disclosure (continued)

If a personal securities holding does not fall under one of these exemptions, the ADM must complete and forward a disclosure form for authorization by the CIO or designee, prior to the first recommendation or transaction in the security in the current calendar month. Disclosure forms for subsequent transactions in the same security are not required for the remainder of the calendar month so long as purchases (or sales) in all portfolios do not exceed the maximum number of shares, options, or bonds disclosed on the disclosure form. If the ADM seeks to effect a transaction or makes a recommendation in a direction opposite to the most recent disclosure form, a new disclosure form must be completed prior to the transaction or recommendation.

Once the CIO authorization is obtained, the ADM may make the recommendation or trade the security in the managed portfolio without the Preclearance Compliance Officer’s signature. However, the ADM must deliver the authorization form to the Preclearance Compliance Officer on the day of the CIO’s authorization. The Preclearance Compliance Officer will forward a copy of the completed form for the ADM’s files. The ADM is responsible for following-up with the Preclearance Compliance Officer in the event a completed form is not returned to the ADM within 5 business days. It is recommended that the ADM retain completed forms for two years.

A listing of Investment Ethics Committee designees and the personal securities disclosure forms are available on the Mellon intranet, or can be obtained from your Preclearance Compliance Officer.

7-Day Blackout Policy

Portfolio managers (except index fund managers) are prohibited from buying or selling a security within 7 calendar days before and after their investment company or managed account has effected a transaction in that security. In addition to other appropriate sanctions, if such ADMs effect such personal transactions during that period, these individuals must disgorge any and all profit realized from such transactions, in accordance with procedures established by the Investment Ethics Committee, except that the following transactions will not be subject to disgorgement:

• in the US, transactions in the amount of $10,000 or 100 shares, whichever is greater, of the top 500 issuers on the Russell List of largest publicly traded companies or other companies with a market capitalization of $5 billion or higher
• in the UK, transactions in the amount of £6 thousand or 100 shares, whichever is greater, of companies ranked in the top 100 of the FTSE All Share Index or other companies with a market capitalization of £3 billion or higher
• in Japan, transactions in the amount of ¥1 million of companies ranked in the top 100 of the TOPIX or other companies with a market capitalization of ¥500 billion or higher

11

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Exemptions from Requirement to Preclear

Preclearance under this section by ADMs is not required for the following transactions:

• purchases or sales of Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• purchase or sales of non-financial commodities (such as agricultural futures, metals, oil, gas, etc.), currency futures, financial futures
• purchases or sales of index securities (sometimes referred to as exchange traded funds), unless they are Proprietary Funds
• purchases or sales effected in accounts in which an employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the investment decision making process (“non- discretionary accounts”). Non-discretionary accounts may only be exempted from preclearance procedures, when the Manager of the Ethics Office, after a thorough review, is satisfied that the account is truly non-discretionary to the employee (that is, the employee has given total investment discretion to an investment manager and retains no ability to influence specific trades). Standard broker accounts generally are not deemed to be non-discretionary to the employee, even if the broker is given some discretion to make investment decisions
• transactions that are involuntary on the part of an employee, such as stock dividends or sales of fractional shares; however, sales initiated by brokers to satisfy margin calls are not considered involuntary and must be precleared
• the sale of Mellon stock received upon the exercise of an employee stock option if the sale is part of a "netting of shares" or "cashless exercise" administered through the Human Resources Department
• enrollment, changes in salary withholding percentages and sales of shares held in the Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP); sales of shares previously withdrawn from the ESPP do require preclearance
• purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer
• sales of rights acquired from an issuer, as described above
• sales effected pursuant to a bona fide tender offer
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)

Gifting of Securities

ADMs desiring to make a bona fide gift of securities or who receive a bona fide gift of securities, including an inheritance, do not need to preclear the transaction. However, ADMs must report such bona fide gifts to the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. The report must be made within 10 calendar days of making or receiving the gift and must disclose the following information: the name of the person receiving (giving) the gift; the date of the transaction; and the name of the broker through which the transaction was effected. A bona fide gift is one where the donor does not receive anything of monetary value in return. An ADM who purchases a security with the intention of making a gift must preclear the purchase transaction.

12

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Ownership

The preclearance, reporting and other provisions of the Policy apply not only to securities held in the employee's own name but also to all other securities indirectly owned by the employee (see Glossary for definition of indirect owner). Generally you are the indirect owner of securities if you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share in any profits from a transaction in those securities. This could include:

• securities held by members of your family who share the same household with you
• securities held by a trust in which you are a settler, trustee, or beneficiary
• securities held by a partnership in which you are a general partner
• securities in which any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship gives you direct or indirect economic interest

Non-Mellon Employee Benefit Plans

With the exception of the provisions in the Policy regarding Contemporaneous

Disclosures and the ADM Quarterly Report, the Policy does not apply to transactions in an employer’s securities done under a bona fide employee benefit plan of an organization not affiliated with Mellon by an employee of that organization who is a member of your immediate family (see “Indirect Ownership – Family Members” in the Glossary for the definition of “immediate family”). This means if a Mellon employee’s family member is employed at a non-Mellon company, the Mellon employee is not required to obtain approval for transactions in the employer’s securities done by the family member as part of the family member’s employee benefit plan.

In such situations, the family member’s employer has primary responsibility for providing adequate supervision with respect to conflicts of interest and compliance with securities laws regarding trading in its own securities under its own employee benefit plans.

However, employee benefit plans that allow the employee to buy or sell securities other than those of their employer are subject to the Policy, including the preclearance and reporting provisions. Employee benefit plans that include Mellon Proprietary Funds as investment options are subject to the requirements in “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares”.

13

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR ACCESS DECISION MAKERS (continued)

Investment Clubs and Private Investment Companies

Certain organizations create a unique means of investing:

• Investment Clubs – a membership organization where investors make joint decisions on which securities to buy or sell. The securities are generally held in the name of the investment club. Since each member of the investment club participates in the investment decision making process, ADMs must obtain approval from their Preclearance Compliance Officer before participating in an investment club and must thereafter preclear and report securities transactions of the club.
• Private Investment Company – an investment company (see Glossary) whose shares are not deemed to be publicly held (sometimes called “hedge funds”). ADMs investing in such a private investment company are not required to preclear any of the securities transactions made by the private investment company.
  However, ADMs’ investments in Private Investment Companies are considered to be private placements and approval must be received prior to investing. Employees should refer to the Private Placement provision of the Policy on Pages 20 and 21 for approval requirements.

Restricted List

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will maintain a list (the "Restricted List") of companies whose securities are deemed appropriate for implementation of trading restrictions for ADMs in his/her area. From time to time, such trading restrictions may be appropriate to protect Mellon and its ADMs from potential violations, or the appearance of violations, of securities laws. The inclusion of a company on the Restricted List provides no indication of the advisability of an investment in the company’s securities or the existence of material nonpublic information on the company. Nevertheless, the contents of the Restricted List will be treated as confidential information to avoid unwarranted inferences.

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will retain copies of the restricted lists for six years.

Confidential Treatment

The Manager of the Ethics Office and/or Preclearance Compliance Officer will use his or her best efforts to assure that requests for preclearance, personal securities transaction reports and reports of securities holdings are treated as "Personal and Confidential." However, Mellon is required by law to review, retain and, in certain circumstances, disclose such documents. Therefore, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies, and by other parties within and outside Mellon as are necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under the Policy or other requirements applicable to Mellon. Documents received from ADMs are also available for inspection by the boards of directors, trustees or managing general partners of any Mellon entity regulated by certain investment company laws.

14

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES

General Restrictions

ADM Employees who engage in transactions involving Mellon securities should be aware of their unique responsibilities with respect to such transactions arising from the employment relationship and should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety.

The following restrictions apply to alltransactions in Mellon's publicly traded securities occurring in the employee's own account and in all other accounts over which the employee has indirect ownership. These restrictions are to be followed in addition to any restrictions that apply to particular senior officers or directors of Mellon such as restrictions under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

• Short Sales – Short sales of Mellon securities by employees are prohibited.
• Short-Term Trading – ADMs are prohibited from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing Mellon securities within any 60 calendar day period. In addition to any other sanctions, any profits realized on such short-term trades must be disgorged in accordance with procedures established by senior management.
• Margin Transactions - Purchases on margin of Mellon's publicly traded securities by employees is prohibited. Margining Mellon securities in connection with a cashless exercise of an employee stock option through the Human Resources Department is exempt from this restriction. Further, Mellon securities may be used to collateralize loans for non-securities purposes or for the acquisition of securities other than those issued by Mellon.
• Option Transactions - Option transactions involving Mellon's publicly traded securities are prohibited. Transactions under Mellon's Long-Term Incentive Plan or other employee option plans are exempt from this restriction.
• Major Mellon Events – Employees who have knowledge of major Mellon events that have not yet been announced are prohibited from buying or selling Mellon's publicly traded securities before such public announcements, even if the employee believes the event does not constitute material nonpublic information.

15

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN MELLON SECURITIES (continued)

Mellon 401(k) Plan

Actions regarding your interest in Mellon Stock under the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated as follows:

Elections regarding future contributions to Mellon Stock are not deemed to be transactions in Mellon Stock and therefore are not subject to preclearance and reporting requirements or to the short-term trading prohibition.

Payroll deduction contributions to Mellon Stock are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. They are not subject to preclearance and reporting requirements or to the short-term trading prohibition.

Movements of balances into or out of Mellon Stock are not subject to preclearance but are deemed to be purchases or sales of Mellon Stock for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. This means employees are prohibited from increasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then decreasing it within 60 calendar days. Similarly, employees are prohibited from decreasing their existing account balance allocation to Mellon Stock and then increasing it within 60 calendar days. However:

• any profits realized on short-term changes in Mellon Stock in the 401(k) will not have to be disgorged; and
• changes to existing account balance allocations in the 401(k) plan will not be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside the 401(k) for purposes of the short-term trading prohibition. (Note: This does not apply to members of the Executive Management Group, who should consult with the Legal Department.)

For the treatment of actions regarding Proprietary Funds under the Mellon 401(k) Plan, see “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares – Mellon 401(k) Plan”.

Mellon Employee Stock Options

Receipt or Exercise of an employee stock option from Mellon is exempt from reporting and preclearance requirements and does not constitute a purchase for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Sales - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received in the exercise of an employee stock option is treated like any other sale under the Policy, regardless of how little time has elapsed between the option exercise and the sale. Thus, such sales are subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Mellon Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

Enrollment and Changing Salary Withholding Percentages in the ESPP are exempt from preclearance and reporting requirements and do not constitute a purchase for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

Selling Shares Held in the ESPP – ADMs are not required to preclear or report sales of stock held in the ESPP, including shares acquired upon reinvestment of dividends. However, sale of stock held in the ESPP is considered a sale for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition and will be compared to transactions in Mellon securities outside of the ESPP.

Selling Shares Previously Withdrawn - The sale of the Mellon securities that were received as a withdrawal from the ESPP is treated like any other sale under the Policy, regardless of how little time has elapsed between the withdrawal and the sale. Thus, such sales are subject to the preclearance and reporting requirements and are considered sales for purposes of the 60 calendar day prohibition.

16

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN FUND SHARES

Mellon’s role as an adviser and servicer to investment funds imposes upon it special duties to preserve the integrity and credibility of the fund industry. The restrictions below apply to ADMs with respect to their transactions in fund shares.

All Funds

ADMs should not knowingly participate in or facilitate late trading, market timing or any other activity with respect to any fund in violation of applicable law or the provisions of the fund’s disclosure documents.

Mellon Proprietary Funds

The following restrictions apply to transactions and holdings in investment companies or collective funds for which a Mellon subsidiary serves as an investment adviser, sub-adviser or principal underwriter (a “Proprietary Fund”). Money market funds are deemed not to be Proprietary Funds. From time to time, Mellon will publish a list of the Proprietary Funds. Employees should rely on the latest version of this list, rather than attempt to determine for themselves the identity of the Proprietary Funds.

The requirements below regarding Proprietary Funds are in addition to other requirements of this Policy and are not affected by the fact that Proprietary Funds may be exempt from those other requirements.

Reporting – An ADM must file the following reports regarding holdings and transactions in shares of Proprietary Funds:

• Initial statement of holdings of Proprietary Funds. This is to be filed with the Preclearance Compliance Officer within 10 calendar days of becoming an ADM, and the information in it must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days prior to becoming an ADM. It must identify all shares of Proprietary Funds owned directly or indirectly by the ADM and the accounts through which those shares are held.
• Quarterly and annual statements of holdings of Proprietary Funds. These must be completed upon the request of the Ethics Office or its designee, and the information in them must be current as of a date no more than 45 calendar days before the date the statement is submitted. They must identify all shares of Proprietary Funds owned directly or indirectly by the ADM and the accounts through which those shares are held.
• Quarterly statements of transactions in Proprietary Funds. These must be submitted to the Preclearance Compliance Officer no later than 10 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter and must describe all transactions during the quarter in shares of Proprietary Funds owned directly or indirectly by the ADM at any time during the quarter.

17

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN FUND SHARES (continued)

Mellon Proprietary Funds (continued)

Reporting (continued) –

Initialand annual holdings statements need not include:

• any information on holdings in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary), or
• any information included in the corresponding initial or annual holdings statement filed under the “Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings” section of this Policy. (In other words, if you include all information on Proprietary Fund holdings in your Statement of Securities Accounts and Holdings, you need not file a separate report.)

Quarterly transactions statements need not include:

• any information on transactions in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary),
• any information on transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary),
• any information included in a trade confirmation, account statement or report previously delivered to the Preclearance Compliance Officer under the “Personal Securities Transactions Reports” section of this Policy.

Preclearance – ADMs must notify their Preclearance Compliance Officer in writing and receive preclearance before they engage in any purchase or redemption of shares of Proprietary Funds for their own accounts or accounts over which they have indirect ownership (see Glossary). Preclearance is not required for:

• transactions in non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary), or
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary).

Holding Period – ADMs’ holdings in Proprietary Funds are expected to be long-term investments, rather than the result of trading for short-term profit.

Therefore, ADMs must not purchase and redeem, or redeem and purchase, shares of an individual Proprietary Fund within any 60 calendar day period, unless they have the prior approval of the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee. The following transactions will not be deemed to be purchases or redemptions for purposes of the 60 calendar day holding period:

• transactions within non-discretionary accounts (see Glossary), or
• transactions pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary).

18

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN FUND SHARES (continued)

Mellon 401(k) Plan (Non Self-Directed Accounts)

ADMs should not participate in or facilitate market timing or any other activity with respect to funds in the Mellon 401(k) Plan in violation of applicable law or the provisions of the fund’s disclosure documents. In addition, ADMs should comply with all requirements of the 401(k) Plan regarding timing of purchases and redemptions in certain Proprietary Funds.

Specific actions regarding Proprietary Funds under the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated as follows:

• Elections regarding future contributions to Proprietary Funds are not deemed to be transactions and are therefore exempt from reporting (transaction and holdings), preclearance and holding period requirements.
• Payroll deduction contributions to Proprietary Funds are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. They are therefore exempt from preclearance, transaction reporting and holding period requirements but must be included in holdings reports.
• Movements of balances into or out of Proprietary Funds are deemed to be purchases or redemptions of those Proprietary Funds for purposes of the holding period requirement but are exempt from the general preclearance requirement. (In other words, you do not need to preclear every such movement but must get prior approval from the Preclearance Compliance Officer or his/her designee if the movement is within 60 calendar days of an opposite transaction in shares of the same fund.) In lieu of transaction reporting, employees are deemed to consent to Mellon obtaining transaction information from Plan records. Such movements must be reflected in holdings reports.

For the treatment of actions regarding your Mellon Common Stock account under the Mellon 401(k) Plan, see “Restrictions on Transactions in Mellon Securities – Mellon 401(k) Plan” on page 16.

Mellon 401(k) Plan (Self-Directed Accounts)

Holdings and transactions of Proprietary Funds within a Self-Directed Account in the Mellon 401(k) Plan are treated like any other Mellon Proprietary Fund. This means that the reporting, preclearance and holding period requirements apply. For further guidance on the treatment of Mellon Proprietary Funds in a Self-Directed Account of the Mellon 401(k) Plan, refer to pages 17-18.

Indirect Ownership of Proprietary Funds

Indirect interests in Proprietary Funds (such as through a spouse’s 401(k) plan or other retirement plan) are subject to the preclearance, reporting (transaction and holdings) and holding period requirements. Please note that Proprietary Funds are a common investment vehicle in employee benefit plans in which your family members may participate.

19

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES

Purchases or sales by an employee of the securities of issuers with which Mellon does business, or other third-party issuers, could result in liability on the part of such employee. Employees should be sensitive to even the appearance of impropriety in connection with their personal securities transactions. Employees should refer to “Ownership” on Page 13 which is applicable to the following restrictions.

The Mellon Code of Conduct contains certain restrictions on investments in parties that do business with Mellon. Employees should refer to the Code of Conduct and comply with such restrictions in addition to the restrictions and reporting requirements set forth below.

The following restrictions apply to all securities transactions by ADMs:

• Customer Transactions - Trading for customers and Mellon accounts should always take precedence over employees’ transactions for their own or related accounts.
• Excessive Trading, Naked Options – Mellon discourages all employees from engaging in short-term or speculative trading, writing naked options, trading that could be deemed excessive or trading that could interfere with an employee’s job responsibilities.
• Front Running - Employees may not engage in “front running,” that is, the purchase or sale of securities for their own or Mellon’s accounts on the basis of their knowledge of Mellon’s trading positions or plans or those of their customers.
• Initial Public Offerings - ADMs are prohibited from acquiring securities through an allocation by the underwriter of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) without the approval of the Investment Ethics Committee. Approval can be given only when the allocation comes through an employee of the issuer who is a direct family relation of the ADM. Due to certain laws and regulations (for example, NASD rules in the US), this approval may not be available to employees of registered broker-dealers.
• Material Nonpublic Information - Employees possessing material nonpublic information regarding any issuer of securities must refrain from purchasing or selling securities of that issuer until the information becomes public or is no longer considered material.
• Private Placements - Participation in private placements is prohibited without the prior written approval of the Investment Ethics Committee. The Committee will generally not approve an ADM’s acquiring, in a private placement, direct or indirect ownership of any security of an issuer in which any managed fund or account is authorized to invest within the ADM’s fund complex. Employees should contact the Ethics Office to initiate approval.
  Private placements include certain co-operative investments in real estate, co- mingled investment vehicles such as hedge funds, and investments in family owned businesses. For the purpose of the Policy, time-shares and cooperative investments in real estate used as a primary or secondary residence are not considered to be private placements.

20

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

Private Placements (continued) - When considering requests for participation in private placements, the Investment Ethics Committee will take into account the specific facts and circumstances of the request prior to reaching a decision on whether to authorize a private placement investment by an ADM. These factors include, among other things, whether the opportunity is being offered to an individual by virtue of his or her position with Mellon or its affiliates, or his or her relationship to a managed fund or account. The Investment Ethics Committee will also consider whether a fund or account managed by the ADM is authorized to invest in securities of the issuer in which the ADM is seeking to invest. At its discretion, the Investment Ethics Committee may request any and all information and/or documentation necessary to satisfy itself that no actual or potential conflict, or appearance of a conflict, exists between the proposed private placement purchase and the interests of any managed fund or account.
ADMs who have prior holdings of securities obtained in a private placement must request the written authorization of the Investment Ethics Committee to continue holding the security. This request for authorization must be initiated within 90 calendar days of becoming an ADM.
To request authorization for prior holdings or new proposed acquisitions of securities issued in an eligible private placement, contact the Manager of the Ethics Office.
	Scalping - Employees may not engage in "scalping," that is, the purchase or sale of securities for clients for the purpose of affecting the value of a security owned or to be acquired by the employee or Mellon.
	Short-Term Trading - ADMs are discouraged from purchasing and selling, or from selling and purchasing, the same (or equivalent) securities within any 60 calendar day period. Any profits realized on such short-term trades must be disgorged in accordance with procedures established by senior management. Transactions that are exempt from preclearance and transactions in Proprietary Funds will not be considered purchases or sales for purposes of profit disgorgement. (See “Restrictions on Transactions in Fund Shares” for a description of the separate holding period requirement for Proprietary Funds.) ADMs should be aware that for purposes of profit disgorgement, trading in derivatives (such as options) is deemed to be trading in the underlying security. (See Page 28 in the Glossary for an explanation of option transactions.) Therefore, certain investment strategies may be difficult to implement without being subject to profit disgorgement. Furthermore, ADMs should also be aware that profit disgorgement from 60 calendar day trading may be greater than the economic profit or greater than the profit reported for purposes of income tax reporting.
Spread Betting – Employees may not engage in “spread betting” (essentially taking bets on securities pricing to reflect market movements) or similar activities as a mechanism for avoiding the restrictions on personal securities trading arising under the provisions of the Policy. Such transactions themselves constitute transactions in securities for the purposes of the Policy and are subject to all of the provisions applicable to other non-exempted transactions.

21

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS IN OTHER SECURITIES (continued)

Prohibition on Investments in Securities of Financial Services Organizations

You are prohibited from acquiring any security issued by a financial services organization if you are:

a member of the Mellon Senior Management Committee
employed in any of the following departments:
	- Corporate Strategy & Development
	- Legal (Mellon headquarters only)
	- Finance (Mellon headquarters only)
an employee specifically designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and informed that this prohibition is applicable to you

Financial Services Organizations - The phrase "security issued by a financial services organization" includes any security issued by:

• Commercial Banks other than Mellon
• Financial Holding Companies (or Bank Holding Companies) other than Mellon
• Insurance Companies
• Investment Advisers
• Shareholder Servicing Companies
• Thrifts
• Savings and Loan Associations
• Broker-Dealers
• Transfer Agents
• Other Depository Institutions

The phrase "securities issued by a financial services organization” does not include Exempt Securities (see Glossary). Further, for purposes of determining whether a company is a financial services organization, subsidiaries and parent companies are treated as separate issuers.

Effective Date – Securities of financial services organizations properly acquired before the employee was subject to this prohibition may be maintained or disposed of at the owner's discretion consistent with the Policy.

Any acquisition of financial service organization securities that is exempt from preclearance pursuant to the express provision of the Policy is also exempt from this prohibition. This includes (assuming full compliance with the applicable preclearance exemption):

• Exempt Securities (see Glossary)
• acquisition in a non-discretionary account
• involuntary acquisitions
• securities received as gifts
• transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan (see Glossary)
• acquisitions through a non-Mellon employee benefit plan

Within 30 calendar days of becoming subject to this prohibition, all holdings of securities of financial services organizations must be disclosed in writing to the Ethics Office.

22

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

As an employee you may receive information about Mellon, its customers and other parties that, for various reasons, should be treated as confidential. All employees are expected to strictly comply with measures necessary to preserve the confidentiality of information. Employees should refer to the Mellon Code of Conduct.

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions

Securities laws generally prohibit the trading of securities while in possession of "material nonpublic" information regarding the issuer of those securities (insider trading). Any person who passes along material nonpublic information upon which a trade is based (tipping) may also be liable.

Information is “material” if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy, sell or hold securities. Obviously, information that would affect the market price of a security (price sensitive information) would be material. Examples of information that might be material include:

• a proposal or agreement for a merger, acquisition or divestiture, or for the sale or purchase of substantial assets
• tender offers, which are often material for the party making the tender offer as well as for the issuer of the securities for which the tender offer is made
• dividend declarations or changes
• extraordinary borrowings or liquidity problems
• defaults under agreements or actions by creditors, customers or suppliers relating to a company's credit standing
• earnings and other financial information, such as significant restatements, large or unusual write-offs, write-downs, profits or losses
• pending discoveries or developments, such as new products, sources of materials, patents, processes, inventions or discoveries of mineral deposits
• a proposal or agreement concerning a financial restructuring
• a proposal to issue or redeem securities, or a development with respect to a pending issuance or redemption of securities
• a significant expansion or contraction of operations
• information about major contracts or increases or decreases in orders
• the institution of, or a development in, litigation or a regulatory proceeding
• developments regarding a company's senior management
• information about a company received from a director of that company
• information regarding a company's possible noncompliance with environmental protection laws

This list is not exhaustive. All relevant circumstances must be considered when determining whether an item of information is material.

23

Personal Securities Trading Practices-Access Decision Makers

PROTECTING CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (continued)

Insider Trading and Tipping Legal Prohibitions (continued)

“Nonpublic” - Information about a company is nonpublic if it is not generally available to the investing public. Information received under circumstances indicating that it is not yet in general circulation and which may be attributable, directly or indirectly, to the company or its insiders is likely to be deemed nonpublic information.

If you obtain material non-public information, you may not trade related securities until you can refer to some public source to show that the information is generally available (that is, available from sources other than inside sources) and that enough time has passed to allow wide dissemination of the information. While information appearing in widely accessible sources--such as in newspapers or on the internet--becomes public very soon after publication, information appearing in less accessible sources--such as regulatory filings, may take up to several days to be deemed public. Similarly, highly complex information might take longer to become public than would information that is easily understood by the average investor.

Mellon's Policy

Employees who possess material nonpublic information about a company--whether that company is Mellon, another Mellon entity, a Mellon customer or supplier, or other company--may not trade in that company's securities, either for their own accounts or for any account over which they exercise investment discretion. In addition, employees may not recommend trading in those securities and may not pass the information along to others, except to employees who need to know the information in order to perform their job responsibilities with Mellon. These prohibitions remain in effect until the information has become public.

Employees who have investment responsibilities should take appropriate steps to avoid receiving material nonpublic information. Receiving such information could create severe limitations on their ability to carry out their responsibilities to Mellon's fiduciary customers.

Employees managing the work of consultants and temporary employees who have access to the types of confidential information described in the Policy are responsible for ensuring that consultants and temporary employees are aware of Mellon's policy and the consequences of noncompliance.

Questions regarding Mellon's policy on material nonpublic information, or specific information that might be subject to it, should be referred to the General Counsel.

Restrictions on the Flow of Information Within Mellon (“Securities Fire Walls”)

As a diversified financial services organization, Mellon faces unique challenges in complying with the prohibitions on insider trading and tipping of material non-public information, and misuse of confidential information. This is because one Mellon unit might have material nonpublic information about a company while other Mellon units may have a desire, or even a fiduciary duty, to buy or sell that company's securities or recommend such purchases or sales to customers. To engage in such broad ranging financial services activities without violating laws or breaching Mellon's fiduciary duties, Mellon has established a "Securities Fire Wall" policy applicable to all employees. The "Securities Fire Wall" separates the Mellon units or individuals that are likely to receive material nonpublic information (potential Insider Risk functions) from the Mellon units or individuals that either trade in securities, for Mellon's account or for the accounts of others, or provide investment advice (Investment functions). Employees should refer to CPP 903-2(C) Securities Fire Walls.

24

Glossary

Definitions

access decision maker - A person designated as such by the Investment Ethics Committee. Generally, this will be portfolio managers and research analysts who make recommendations or decisions regarding the purchase or sale of equity, convertible debt, and non-investment grade debt securities for investment companies and other managed accounts. See further details in the Access Decision Maker edition of the Policy.
approval – written consent or written notice of non-objection.
automatic investment plan – a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation.
Applications to specific situations are as follows:
Dividend Reinvestment Plans (“DRIPs”). The automatic investment of dividends under a DRIP is deemed to be pursuant to an automatic investment plan. Optional cash purchases (that is, the right to buy additional shares through the DRIP) are not unless they are by payroll deduction, automatic drafting to a checking account or other means specifically included in this definition.
Payroll deductions. Deductions from payroll (Mellon or otherwise) directly into an investment account are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. This would include payroll deductions for contributions to 401(k) plans and other employee benefit plans.
Bank Account Drafts or Deposits. Automatic drafts from a checking or savings account directly to an investment account or automatic deposits directly from an investment account into a checking or savings account, are deemed to be made pursuant to an automatic investment plan, provided that, in either case:
	there is documentation with the investment account indicating the drafts or deposits are to be executed according to an express schedule, and
	at least two drafts or deposits were executed according to the schedule.
Automatic mutual fund exchange programs. Automatic exchanges of a fixed dollar amount out of one mutual fund to purchase shares of another mutual fund are deemed to be made pursuant to an automatic investment plan.
Automatic mutual fund withdrawal programs. Automatic withdrawals of a fixed dollar amount out of a mutual fund are deemed to be made pursuant to an automatic investment plan.
Asset-allocation accounts. Asset allocation accounts are investment accounts in which the investor chooses among predetermined asset-allocation models consisting of percentages of a portfolio allocated to fund categories (such as large-cap, mid-cap and small-cap equity funds, tax-free bond funds, international funds, etc). Once a model is chosen, new money is automatically invested according to the model, and the portfolio is automatically rebalanced periodically to keep it in line with the model. For purposes of this Policy, both the investment of new money into, and periodic rebalancings within, an asset-allocation account are deemed to be done pursuant to an automatic investment plan. An Investment Advisory Service account at Mellon Private Wealth Advisers is an asset-allocation account. Brokerage accounts, in which the investor has the continuing ability to direct transactions in specific securities or funds, are not asset-allocation accounts.
College Savings Plans. Many jurisdictions have college savings plans (for example, in the US these plans are referred to as “529” plans) that provide a tax-advantaged means of investing for future college expenses. These plans vary and the features of the specific plan must be analyzed to determine if it qualifies as an automatic investment plan. For example, a college savings plan could qualify as an automatic investment plan if it meets the requirements for an asset-allocation account, bank account draft or a payroll deduction (see above).
direct family relation – employee’s spouse, children (including stepchildren, foster children, sons-in-law and daughters-in-law), grandchildren, parents (including step-parents, mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law) grandparents, and siblings (including brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and step brothers and sisters). Also includes adoptive relationships.

25

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

employee - an individual employed by Mellon Financial Corporation or its more-than-50%-owned direct or indirect subsidiaries; includes all full-time, part-time, benefited and non-benefited, exempt and non-exempt employees in all world-wide locations; generally, for purposes of the Policy, does not include consultants and contract or temporary employees.
Ethics Office – the group within the Audit & Risk Review Department of Mellon which is responsible for administering the ethics program at Mellon, including the Securities Trading Policy.
Exempt Securities - defined as:
	- direct obligations of the sovereign governments of the United States (US employees only) and the United Kingdom (for UK employees only). Obligations of other instrumentalities of the US and UK governments or quasi-government agencies are not exempt.
	- commercial paper
	- high-quality, short-term debt instruments having a maturity of less than 366 days at issuance and rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or which is unrated but of comparable quality
	- bankers' acceptances
	- bank certificates of deposit and time deposits
	- repurchase agreements
	- securities issued by open-end investment companies (i.e., mutual funds and variable capital companies) that are not Proprietary Funds
	- shares of money market funds (regardless of affiliation with Mellon)
	- fixed annuities
	- shares of unit trusts (provided they are invested exclusively in funds that are not Proprietary Funds)
	Note: The following are not Exempt Securities (whether proprietary or not):
		- shares of hedge funds
		- shares of closed-end funds
		- shares of funds not registered in the US (for US employees only)
family relation – see direct family relation.
General Counsel - General Counsel of Mellon or any person to whom relevant authority is delegated by the General Counsel.
index fund - an investment company or managed portfolio which contains securities of an index in proportions designed to replicate the return of the index.
indirect ownership – The securities laws of most jurisdictions attribute ownership of securities to someone in certain circumstances, even though the securities are not held in that person’s name. For example, US federal securities laws contain a concept of “beneficial ownership”, and UK securities laws contain a concept of securities held by “associates” (this term includes business or domestic relationships giving rise to a “community of interest”). The definition of “indirect ownership” that follows is used to determine whether securities held other than in your name are subject to the preclearance and other provisions of the Policy. It was designed to be consistent with various securities laws; however, there can be no assurance that attempted adherence to this definition will provide a defense under any particular law. Moreover, a determination of indirect ownership requires a detailed analysis of personal and/or financial circumstances that are subject to change. It is the responsibility of each employee to apply the definition below to his/her own circumstances. If the employee determines that he/she is not an indirect owner of an account and the Ethics Office becomes aware of the account, the employee will be responsible for justifying his/her determination. Any such determination should be based upon objective evidence (such as written documents), rather than subjective or intangible factors.

26

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

• indirect ownership (cont.)
  General Standard. Generally, you are the indirect owner of securities (and preclearance and other provisions of the Policy will therefore apply to those securities) if, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share at any time in any profit derived from a transaction in them (a “pecuniary interest”). The following is guidance on the application of this definition to some common situations.
  Family Members. You are presumed to be an indirect owner of securities held by members of your immediate family who share the same household with you. “Immediate family” means your spouse, your children (including stepchildren, foster children, sons-in-law and daughters-in-law), your grandchildren, your parents (including stepparents, mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law), your grandparents and your siblings (including brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and step brothers and sisters) and includes adoptive relationships. This presumption of ownership may be rebutted, but it will be difficult to do so if, with respect to the other person, you commingle any assets or share any expenses, you provide or receive any financial support, you influence investment decisions, you include them as a dependent for tax purposes or as a beneficiary under an employee benefit plan, or you are in any way financially codependent. Any attempt to disclaim indirect ownership with respect to family members who share your household must be based upon countervailing facts that you can prove in writing.
  Partnerships. If you are a general partner in a general or limited partnership, you are deemed to own your proportionate share of the securities owned by the partnership. Your “proportionate share” is the greater of your share of profits or your share of capital, as evidenced by the partnership agreement. Limited partners are not deemed to be owners of partnership securities absent unusual circumstances, such as influence over investment decisions.
  Shareholders of Corporations. You are not deemed to own the securities held by a corporation in which you are a shareholder unless you are a controlling shareholder or you have or share investment control over the corporation’s portfolio.

Trusts. Generally, parties to a trust will be deemed indirect owners of securities in the trust only if they have both a pecuniary interest in the trust and investment control over the trust. “Investment control” is the power to direct the disposition of the securities in the trust. Specific applications are as follows:

Trustees: A trustee is deemed to have investment control over the trust unless there are at least three trustees and a majority is required for action. A trustee has a pecuniary interest in the trust if (i) the trustee is also a trust beneficiary, (ii) an immediate family member of the trustee (whether or not they share the same household) is a beneficiary, or (iii) the trustee receives certain types of performance-based fees.

Settlors: If you are the settlor of a trust (that is, the person who puts the assets into the trust), you are an indirect owner of the trust’s assets if you have a pecuniary interest in the trust and you have or share investment control over the trust. You are deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the trust if you have the power to revoke the trust without anyone else’s consent or if members of your immediate family who share your household are beneficiaries of the trust.

Beneficiaries. If you or a member of your immediate family who shares your household is a beneficiary of a trust, you are deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the trust and will therefore be deemed an indirect owner of the trust’s assets if you have or share investment control over the trust.

Remainder Interests. Remainder interests are those that do not take effect until after some event that is beyond your control, such as the death of another person. Remainder interests are typically created by wills or trust instruments. You are not deemed to be an indirect owner of securities in which you only have a remainder interest provided you have no power, directly or indirectly, to exercise or share investment control or any other interest.

Derivative Securities. You are the indirect owner of any security you have the right to acquire through the exercise or conversion of any option, warrant, convertible security or other derivative security, whether or not presently exercisable.

27

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

• initial public offering (IPO) - the first offering of a company's securities to the public through an allocation by the underwriter.
• investment company - a company that issues securities that represent an undivided interest in the net assets held by the company. Mutual funds are open-end investment companies that issue and sell redeemable securities representing an undivided interest in the net assets of the company.
• Investment Ethics Committee - committee that has oversight responsibility for issues related to personal securities trading and investment activity by Access Decision Makers. The committee is composed of investment, legal, risk management, audit and ethics management representatives of Mellon and its affiliates. The members of the Investment Ethics Committee are determined by the Corporate Ethics Officer.
• Manager of the Ethics Office – individual appointed by the Corporate Ethics Officer to manage the Ethics Office.
• Mellon - Mellon Financial Corporation.
• non-discretionary account - an account for which the employee has no direct or indirect control over the investment decision making process. Non-discretionary accounts may be exempted from preclearance and reporting procedures only if the Manager of the Ethics Office, after a thorough review, is satisfied that the account is truly non- discretionary to the employee (that is, the employee has given total investment discretion to an investment manager and retains no ability to influence specific trades). Standard broker accounts generally are not deemed to be non- discretionary to the employee, even if the broker is given some discretion to make investment decisions.
• option - a security which gives the investor the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific security at a specified price within a specified time frame. For purposes of compliance with the Policy, any Mellon employee who buys/sells an option, is deemed to have purchased/sold the underlying security when the option was purchased/sold.
  Four combinations are possible as described below.
  Call Options

-If a Mellon employee buys a call option, the employee is considered to have purchased the underlying security on the date the option was purchased.

-If a Mellon employee sells a call option, the employee is considered to have sold the underlying security on the date the option was sold.

Put Options

-If a Mellon employee buys a put option, the employee is considered to have sold the underlying security on the date the option was purchased.

-If a Mellon employee sells a put option, the employee is considered to have bought the underlying security on the date the option was sold.

Below is a table describing the above:

	Transaction Type
Option Type	Buy	Sale
Put	Sale of Underlying Security	Purchase of Underlying Security
Call	Purchase of Underlying Security	Sale of Underlying Security

• Preclearance Compliance Officer - a person designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and/or the Investment Ethics Committee to administer, among other things, employees’ preclearance requests for a specific business unit.
• private placement - an offering of securities that is exempt from registration under various laws and rules, such as the Securities Act of 1933 in the US and the Listing Rules in the UK. Such offerings are exempt from registration because they do not constitute a public offering. Private placements can include limited partnerships.

28

Glossary

Definitions (continued)

• Proprietary Fund – An investment company or collective fund for which a Mellon subsidiary serves as an investment adviser, sub-adviser or principal underwriter. From time-to-time, Mellon will publish a list of the Proprietary Funds.
  Employees should rely on the latest version of this list rather than attempt to determine for themselves the identity of the Proprietary Funds.
• security – any investment that represents an ownership stake or debt stake in a company, partnership, governmental unit, business or other enterprise. It includes stocks, bonds, notes, evidences of indebtedness, certificates of participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral trust certificates and certificates of deposit for securities. It also includes many types of puts, calls, straddles and options on any security or group of securities; fractional undivided interests in oil, gas, or other mineral rights; and investment contracts, variable life insurance policies and variable annuities whose cash values or benefits are tied to the performance of an investment account. It does not include currencies. Unless expressly exempt, all securities transactions are covered under the provisions of the Policy (see definition of Exempt securities).
• securities fire wall - procedures designed to restrict the flow of information within Mellon from units or individuals who are likely to receive material nonpublic information to units or individuals who trade in securities or provide investment advice.
• Senior Management Committee - the Senior Management Committee of Mellon Financial Corporation.
• short sale - the sale of a security that is not owned by the seller at the time of the trade.

29

Exhibit A – Sample Instruction Letter to Broker

Date

Broker ABC 

Street Address 

City, State ZIP 

Re:	John Smith
	Account No. xxxxxxxxxxxx

To whom it may concern:

In connection with my existing brokerage account(s) with your firm, please be advised that my employer should be noted as an “Interested Party” with respect to my account(s). They should, therefore, be sent copies of all trade confirmations and account statements relating to my account on a regular basis.

Please send the requested documentation ensuring the account holder’s name appears on all correspondence to:

Manager of the Ethics Office 

Mellon Financial Corporation 

PO Box 3130 

Pittsburgh, PA 15230-3130 

Thank you for your cooperation in this request.

Sincerely yours,

Employee 

cc: Manager of the Ethics Office (153-3300) 

30

Securities Trading Policy
Dreyfus Nonmanagement Board Member Edition
		9/03
Introduction	The Securities Trading Policy (the “Policy”) is designed to reinforce
	the	reputation for integrity of The Dreyfus Corporation and its
	subsidiaries (collectively, “Dreyfus”) by avoiding even the
	appearance of impropriety in the conduct of their businesses
Special Edition	This edition of the Policy has been prepared specifically for Board
	Members of the investment companies advised by Dreyfus (each a
	“Fund”).
Nonmanagement	You are considered to be a Nonmanagement Board Member if you
Board Member	are a	director or trustee of any Fund who is not also an officer or
	employee of Dreyfus.
Independent	The	term “Independent Mutual Fund Board Member” means those
Mutual Fund	Nonmanagement Board Members who are not deemed “interested
Board Member	persons” of their Fund(s), as defined by the Investment Company
	Act of 1940, as amended.
Standards of	Outside Activities
Conduct for
Nonmanagement	•	Nonmanagement Board Members are prohibited from
Board Members		accepting nomination or serving as a director, trustee or
		managing general partner of an investment company not
		advised by Dreyfus, or accepting employment with or
		acting as a consultant to any person acting as a registered
		investment adviser to an investment company, without the
		express prior approval of the board of directors/trustees of
		the pertinent Fund(s) for which the Nonmanagement Board
		Member serves as a director/trustee. In any such
		circumstance, management of Dreyfus must be given
		advance notice by the Nonmanagement Board Member of
		his/her request in order to allow management to provide its
		input, if any, for the relevant Fund board of
		directors/trustees’ consideration.
	•	Independent Mutual Fund Board Members are prohibited
		from owning Mellon securities (since that would destroy
		their independent status).
	Insider Trading and Tipping

Federal securities laws generally prohibit the trading of securities while in possession of “material nonpublic” information regarding the issuer of those securities(insider trading). Any person who passes along material nonpublic information upon which a trade is based (tipping) may also be liable. Information is “material” if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy, sell or hold securities. Obviously, information that would affect the market price of a security would be material. Examples of information that might be material include:

• a proposal or agreement for a merger, acquisition or divestiture, or for the sale or purchase of substantial assets

• tender offers, which are often material for the party making the tender offer as well as for the issuer of the securities for which the tender offer is made;

• dividend declarations or changes;

• extraordinary borrowings or liquidity problems;

• defaults under agreements or actions by creditors, customers or suppliers relating to a company’s credit standing;

• earnings and other financial information, such as large or unusual write-offs, write-downs, profits or losses;

• pending discoveries or developments, such as new products, sources of materials, patents, processes, inventions or discoveries of mineral deposits;

• a proposal or agreement concerning a financial restructuring;

• proposal to issue or redeem securities, or a development with respect to a pending issuance or redemption of securities;

• significant expansion or contraction of operations;

• information about major contracts or increases or decreases in orders;

• the institution of, or a development in, litigation or a regulatory proceeding;

• developments regarding a company’s senior management;

• information about a company received from a director of that company; and

• information regarding a company’s possible noncompliance with environmental protection laws.

This list is not exhaustive. All relevant circumstances must be considered when determining whether an item of information material.

“Nonpublic”- Information about a company is nonpublic if it is not generally available to the investing public. Information received under circumstances indicating that it is not yet in general circulation and which may be attributable, directly or indirectly, to the company or its insiders is likely to be deemed nonpublic information.

If you obtain material non-public information you may not trade related securities until you can refer to some public source to show that the information is generally available (that is, available from sources other than inside sources)and that enough time has passed to allow wide dissemination of the information. While information appearing in widely accessible sources—such as in newspapers or on the internet—becomes public very soon after publication, information appearing in less accessible sources—such as regulatory filings, may take up to several days to be deemed public. Similarly, highly complex information might take longer to become public than would information that is easily understood by the average investor.

Conflict of Interest—No Nonmanagement Board Member may recommend a securities transaction for any Fund without disclosing any interest he or she has in such securities or the issuer thereof (other than an interest in publicly traded securities where the total investment is less than or equal to $25,000),including:

• any direct or indirect ownership of any securities of such issuer;

• any contemplated transaction by the Nonmanagement Board Member in such securities;

• any position with such issuer or its affiliates; and

• any present or proposed business relationship between such issuer or its affiliates and the Nonmanagement Board Member or any party in which the Nonmanagement Board Member has an ownership interest (see “indirect ownership” in the Glossary).

Portfolio Information—No Nonmanagement Board Member may divulge the current portfolio positions, or current or anticipated portfolio transactions, programs or studies, of any Fund to anyone unless it is properly within his or her responsibilities as a Nonmanagement Board Member to do so

Material Nonpublic Information—No Nonmanagement Board Member may engage in or recommend any securities transaction, for his or her own benefit or for the benefit of others, including any Fund, while in possession of material nonpublic information. No Nonmanagement Board Member may communicate material nonpublic information to others unless it is properly within his or her responsibilities as a Nonmanagement Board Member to do so.

Preclearance for Personal Securities Transactions

Nonmanagement Board Members are permitted to engage in personal securities transactions without obtaining prior approval from the Preclearance Compliance Officer.

Personal Securities Transactions Reports

• Independent Mutual Fund Board Members—Any Independent Mutual Fund Board Member, as defined above, who effects a securities transaction where he or she knew, or in the ordinary course of fulfilling his or her official duties should have known, that during the 15-day period immediately preceding or after the date of such transaction the same security was purchased or sold, or was being considered for purchase or sale, by Dreyfus (including any Fund or other account managed by Dreyfus), is required to report such personal securities transaction. In the event a personal securities transaction report is required, it must be submitted to the Preclearance Compliance Officer not later than ten days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction to which the report relates was effected. The report must include the date of the transaction, the title and number of shares or principal amount of the security, the nature of the transaction (e.g., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition), the price at which the transaction was effected and the name of the broker or other entity with or through whom the transaction was effected. This reporting requirement can be satisfied by sending a copy of the confirmation statement regarding such transaction to the Preclearance Compliance Officer within the time period specified.

• “Interested” Mutual Fund Board Members—Mutual Fund Board Members who are “interested persons” of a Fund, as defined by the Investment Company Act of 1940, are required to report their personal securities transactions. Personal securities transaction reports are required to be submitted to the Preclearance Compliance Officer not later than ten days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction to which the report relates was effected. The report must include the date of the transaction, the title and number of shares or principal amount of the security, the nature of the transaction (e.g., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition),the price at which the transaction was effected and the name of the broker or other entity with or through whom the transaction was effected. This reporting requirement can be satisfied by sending a copy of the confirmation statement regarding such transaction to the Preclearance Compliance Officer within the time period specified.

Exemptions from Reporting Requirements

Notwithstanding the foregoing, securities transaction reports are not required for the following transactions:

purchases or sales of “exempt securities” (see Glossary);

purchases or sales effected in any account over which the Nonmanagement Board Member has no direct or indirect control over the investment decision-making process (i.e., non-discretionary trading accounts);

transactions which are non-volitional on the part of the Nonmanagement Board Member (such as stock dividends);

purchases which are part of an automatic reinvestment of dividends under a DRIP;

purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer; and\or

sales of rights acquired from an issuer, as described above.

Confidential Treatment

The Preclearance Compliance Officer will use his or her best efforts to assure that all personal securities transaction reports are treated as “Personal and Confidential.” However, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies and other parties within and outside Mellon as are necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under this Policy.

• access person—As defined by Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, “access person” includes, with respect to a registered investment company, any director of such investment company. Each Nonmanagement Board Member is therefore considered an access person of his or her respective Funds.

• approval—written consent or written notice of nonobjection.

• Ethics Office—the group within the Audit & Risk Review Department of Mellon which is responsible for administering the ethics program at Mellon, including the Securities Trading Policy.

• exempt securities—exempt securities are defined as:

direct obligations of the government of the United

States;

bankers’ acceptances;

bank certificates of deposit and time deposits;

commercial paper;

high quality short-term debt instruments;

repurchase agreements

securities issued by open-end investment

companies.

• indirect ownership—The securities laws of most jurisdictions attribute ownership of securities to someone in certain circumstances, even though the securities are not held in that person’s name. The definition of “indirect ownership” that follows is used to determine whether securities held other than in your name are subject to the provisions of the Policy. It was designed to be consistent with various securities laws; however, there can be no assurance that attempted adherence to this definition will provide a defense under any particular law. Moreover, a determination of indirect owner ship requires a detailed analysis of personal and/or financial circumstances that are subject to change. It is the responsibility of each Nonmanagement Board Member to apply the definition below to his/her own circumstances. Any such determination should be based upon objective evidence (such as written documents), rather than subjective or intangible factors.

General Standard. Generally, you are the indirect owner of securities if, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to share at any time in any profit derived from a transaction in them (a “pecuniary interest”).The following is guidance on the application of this definition to some common situations.

Family Members. You are presumed to be an indirect owner of securities held by members of your immediate family who share the same household with you. “Immediate family” means your spouse, your children (including stepchildren, foster children, sons-in-law and daughters-in-law), your grandchildren, your parents (including stepparents, mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law), your grandparents and your siblings (including brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and step brothers and sisters) and includes adoptive relationships. This

presumption of ownership may be rebutted, but it will be difficult to do so if, with respect to the other person, you commingle any assets or share any expenses, you provide or receive any financial support, you influence investment decisions, you include them as a dependent for tax purposes or as a beneficiary under an employee benefit plan, or you are in any way financially codependent. Any attempt to disclaim indirect ownership with respect to family members who share your household must be based upon countervailing facts that you can prove in writing.

Partnerships. If you are a general partner in a general or limited partnership, you are deemed to own your proportionate share of the securities owned by the partnership. Your “proportionate share” is the greater of your share of profits or your share of capital, as evidenced by the partnership agreement. Limited partners are not deemed to be owners of partnership securities absent unusual circumstances, such as influence over investment decisions.

Shareholders of Corporations. You are not deemed to own the securities held by a corporation in which you are a shareholder unless you are a controlling shareholder or you have or share investment control over the corporation’s portfolio.

Trusts. Generally, parties to a trust will be deemed indirect owners of securities in the trust only if they have both a pecuniary interest in the trust and investment control over the trust. “Investment control” is the power to direct the disposition of the securities in the trust. Specific applications areas follows:

Trustees: A trustee is deemed to have investment control over the trust unless there are at least three trustees and a majority is required for action. A trustee has a pecuniary interest in the trust if (i) the trustee is also a trust beneficiary, (ii) an immediate family member of the trustee (whether or not they share the same household) is a beneficiary, or (iii) the trustee receives certain types of performance-based fees.

Settlors: If you are the settlor of a trust (that is, the person who puts the assets into the trust), you are an indirect owner of the trust’s assets if you have a pecuniary interest in the trust and you have or share investment control over the trust. You are deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the trust if you have the power to revoke the trust without any one else’s consent or if members of your immediate family who share your household are beneficiaries of the

trust.

Beneficiaries. If you or a member of your immediate family who shares your household is a beneficiary of a trust, you are deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the trust and will therefore be deemed an indirect owner of the trust’s assets if you have or share investment control over the trust.

Remainder Interests. Remainder interests are those that do not take effect until after some event that is beyond your control, such as the death of another person. Remainder interests are typically created by wills or trust instruments. You are not deemed to be an indirect owner of securities in which you only have a remainder interest provided you have no power, directly or indirectly, to exercise or share investment control or any other interest.

Derivative Securities. You are the indirect owner of any security you have the right to acquire through the exercise or conversion of any option, warrant, convertible security or other derivative security, whether or not presently exercisable.

• investment company—a company that issues securities that represent an undivided interest in the net assets held by the company. Mutual funds are investment companies that issue and sell redeemable securities representing an undivided interest in the net assets of the company.

• Investment Ethics Committee—committee that has oversight responsibility for issues related to personal securities trading by certain employees, including those who make recommendations or decisions regarding the purchase or sale of portfolio securities by Funds or other managed accounts. The committee is composed of investment, legal, risk management, audit and ethics management representatives of Mellon and its affiliates. The members of the Investment Ethics Committee are determined by the Corporate Ethics Officer.

• Mellon—Mellon Financial Corporation and all of its direct and indirect subsidiaries.

• Non-discretionary trading account—an account over which you have no direct or indirect control over the investment decision making process.

• Preclearance Compliance Officer—a person designated by the Manager of the Ethics Office and/or the Investment Ethics Committee to administer, among other things, employees’ preclearance requests for a specific business unit.

NOTES