Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans and Leases Policy

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - LOANS AND LEASES POLICY

In connection with our adoption of ASU 2016-13, we made changes to our loan portfolio segments to align with the methodology applied in determining the allowance under CECL. Refer to Note 3 Loans, for further discussion of these portfolio segments. In addition to our existing segments, our new segmentation breaks out commercial lessors of buildings, and consumer indirect loans as well as separating consumer mortgage loans from home equity line of credit loans.

The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against operating income and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period.

The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans.

The ACL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a life-time loss rate methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The ACL model is comprised of eight distinct portfolio segments: 1) Commercial and Industrial or C&I, 2) Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, 3) Commercial Lessors of Buildings, 4) Construction, 5) Consumer Real Estate, 6) Home Equity Line of Credit or HELOC, 7) Consumer Installment, and 8) Consumer Indirect loans. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We further evaluate the ACL at a disaggregated level which includes type of collateral, loan participations, non-owner occupied and our internal risk rating system for the commercial segments, and type of collateral, and lien position, for the consumer segments.

Historical credit loss experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and

NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

supportable forecast adjustment is based on the unemployment forecast and management judgment. For periods beyond our two-year reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to the historical loss rate. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices,change in economic conditions, change in nature of the portfolio, experience and ability of lending staff, problem loan trends, quality of the bank’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence of and changes in concentrations and other external factors. These modified historical loss rates are multiplied by the outstanding principal balance of each loan to calculate a required reserve. A similar process is employed to calculate a reserve assigned to off-balance sheet commitments, specifically unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit, and any needed reserve is recorded in other liabilities.

The ACL for individual loans begins with the use of normal credit review procedures to identify whether a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans and therefore, should be individually assessed. We evaluate all commercial loans greater than $500 thousand that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable, 2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, and 3) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance.

Although we believe our process for determining the ACL appropriately considers all the factors that would likely result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provision for credit losses could be required and could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.

Use of Estimates in Preparing Financial Statements

USE OF ESTIMATES IN PREPARING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheets and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates susceptible to change in the near term relate to management’s determination of the allowance for credit losses and the fair value of financial instruments.

Accounting Pronouncements adopted in 2023

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS ADOPTED IN 2023

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" and subsequent related updates. This ASU replaces the incurred loss methodology for recognizing credit losses and requires businesses and other organizations to measure the current expected credit losses (CECL) on financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans and held-to-maturity securities, net investments in leases, off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments, and other financial instruments. In addition, ASC 326 requires credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down when management does not intend to sell or believes that it is not more likely than not they will be required to sell the debt securities. This guidance became effective on January 1, 2023 for the Bank. The results reported for periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards.

NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

The Bank adopted this guidance, and subsequent related updates, using the modified retrospective approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, available-for-sale debt securities and unfunded commitments. On January 1, 2023, the Bank recorded a cumulative effect increase to retained earnings of $52 thousand, net of tax, of which $442 thousand related to loans, offset by $390 thousand related to unfunded commitments, net of tax. There was no allowance for credit losses recorded for either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity debt securities. See Note 3 for further discussion on the adoption of CECL.

The Bank adopted the provisions of ASC 326 related to presenting other-than-temporary impairment on available-for- sale debt securities prior to January 1, 2023 using the prospective transition approach, though no such charges had been recorded on the securities held by the Bank as of the date of adoption.

The Bank expanded the pooling utilized under the legacy incurred loss method to include additional segmentation based on risk. The impact of the change from the incurred loss model to the current expected credit loss model is detailed below:

	January 1, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Pre-adoption		Adoption Impact			As Reported
Assets:
ACL on loans
Commercial and industrial	$	1,110	$	658		$	1,768
Commercial real estate		2,760		(541	)		2,219
Commercial lessors of buildings		—		974			974
Construction		803		(515	)		288
Consumer mortgage		1,268		(580	)		688
Home equity line of credit		—		201			201
Consumer installment		233		(183	)		50
Consumer indirect		—		91			91
Unallocated		664		(664	)		—
Total allowance for credit losses - loans		6,838		(559	)	$	6,279
Liabilities:
ACL for off-balance sheet commitments		—		493			493
Total allowance for credit losses	$	6,838		(66	)	$	6,772

The following table presents the Bank's loan portfolio, prior to the adoption of ASC 326, by category of loans and the impact of the change from the adoption of the standard:

(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2022			Adoption Impact			Post Adoption January 1, 2023
Commercial and industrial	$	129,343		$	(2,209	)	$	127,134
Commercial real estate		231,785			(70,625	)		161,160
Commercial lessors of buildings		—			83,728			83,728
Construction		55,318			(10,452	)		44,866
Consumer mortgage		194,125			(44,338	)		149,787
Home equity line of credit		—			44,243			44,243
Consumer installment		16,387			(6,730	)		9,657
Consumer indirect		—			6,383			6,383
	$	626,958		$	—		$	626,958
Gross loans prior to deferred fees
Deferred loan costs, net		213			—			213
Allowance for credit losses		(6,838	)		559			(6,279	)
Total net loans	$	620,333		$	559		$	620,892

NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (ASC 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) and Vintage Disclosures”. The guidance amends ASC 326 to eliminate the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructuring activities by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying TDR recognition and measurement guidance, creditors will determine whether a modification results in a new loan or continuation of existing loan. The guidance also requires disclosures about the performance of modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the 12 months following the modification.

These amendments are intended to enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, the amendments to ASC 326 require that an entity disclose current period gross write-offs by year of origination within the vintage disclosures, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. The guidance is only for entities that have adopted the amendments in Update 2016-13. This guidance has been adopted as of January 1, 2023, however, there have been no reportable loan modifications during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.