INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following tables outline the changes in intangible assets during the period:



	Distribution rights	Customer contracts	License agreements	Customer lists		Software ⁽¹⁾	Patents/ Trademark/Trade names ⁽²⁾		Non-compete agreements		Total
	$	$	$	$		$	$		$		$
Gross carrying amount
Balance as of December 31, 2015	2,607	1,001	302	10,249		1,700	2,215		198		18,272
Additions – separately acquired	—	—	—	—		83	—		—		83
Additions through business acquisitions	—	—	—	16,213		—	—		7,822		24,035
Net foreign exchange differences	90	36	—	(256	)	—	1		(124	)	(253	)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	2,697	1,037	302	26,206		1,783	2,216		7,896		42,137
Accumulated amortization and impairments
Balance as of December 31, 2015	2,561	998	204	1,107		765	19		50		5,704
Amortization	29	4	6	1,189		251	120		291		1,890
Impairments	—	—	—	—		—	379		—		379
Net foreign exchange differences	88	35	—	—		—	(9	)	—		114
Balance as of December 31, 2016	2,678	1,037	210	2,296		1,016	509		341		8,087
Net carrying amount as of December 31, 2016	19	—	92	23,910		767	1,707		7,555		34,050

	Distribution rights	Customer contracts	License agreements	Customer lists		Software ⁽¹⁾	Patents/ Trademark/Trade names ⁽²⁾		Non-compete agreements		Total
	$	$	$	$		$	$		$		$
Gross carrying amount
Balance as of December 31, 2016	2,697	1,037	302	26,206		1,783	2,216		7,896		42,137
Additions – separately acquired	—	—	—	—		3,108	452		—		3,560
Additions through business acquisitions	—	—	—	5,284		—	6,088		328		11,700
Net foreign exchange differences	182	70	—	1,151		—	179		496		2,078
Balance as of December 31, 2017	2,879	1,107	302	32,641		4,891	8,935		8,720		59,475
Accumulated amortization and impairments
Balance as of December 31, 2016	2,678	1,037	210	2,296		1,016	509		341		8,087
Amortization	20	—	7	2,504		283	(4	)	919		3,729
Net foreign exchange differences	181	70	—	77		—	—		13		341
Balance as of December 31, 2017	2,879	1,107	217	4,877		1,299	505		1,273		12,157
Net carrying amount as of December 31, 2017	—	—	85	27,764		3,592	8,430		7,447		47,318


⁽¹⁾	Includes $0.9 million of acquired software licenses during the year ended December 31, 2017 (nil during the year ended December 31, 2016).


⁽²⁾	Includes a trademark and trade names not subject to amortization totalling $8.0 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.