1) General accounting policies

1.1) Accounting policies

A) Principles of consolidation

Entities that are directly controlled by the parent company or indirectly controlled by other consolidated entities are fully consolidated.

Investments in joint ventures are consolidated under the equity method. The Group accounts for joint operations by recognizing its share of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

Investments in associates, in which the Group has significant influence, are accounted for by the equity method. Significant influence is presumed when the Group holds, directly or indirectly (e.g. through subsidiaries), 20% or more of the voting rights. Companies in which ownership interest is less than 20%, but over which the Company is deemed to exercise significant influence, are also accounted for by the equity method.

All internal balances, transactions and income are eliminated.

B) Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. This method requires the recognition of the acquired identifiable assets and assumed liabilities of the companies acquired by the Group at their fair value.

The value of the purchase price is finalized up to a maximum of one year from the acquisition date.

The acquirer shall recognize goodwill at the acquisition date, being the excess of:

The consideration transferred, the amount of non-controlling interests and, in business combinations achieved in stages, the fair value at the acquisition date of the investment previously held in the acquired company;

Over the fair value at the acquisition date of acquired identifiable assets and assumed liabilities.

If the consideration transferred is lower than the fair value of acquired identifiable assets and assumed liabilities, an additional analysis is performed on the identification and valuation of the identifiable elements of the assets and liabilities. After having completed such additional analysis, any badwill is recorded as income.

Non-controlling interests are measured either at their proportionate share in the net assets of the acquired company or at fair value.

In transactions with non-controlling interests, the difference between the price paid (received) and the book value of non-controlling interests acquired (sold) is recognized directly in equity.

C) Foreign currency translation

The presentation currency of the Group’s Consolidated Financial Statements is the US dollar. However the functional currency of the parent company is the euro. The resulting currency translation adjustments are presented on the line “currency translation adjustment generated by the parent company” of the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, within “items not potentially reclassifiable to profit and loss”. In the balance sheet, they are recorded in “currency translation adjustment”.

The financial statements of subsidiaries are prepared in the currency that most clearly reflects their business environment. This is referred to as their functional currency.

(i)Monetary transactions

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity are translated at the exchange rate on the transaction date. At each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate and the resulting exchange differences are recognized in the statement of income.

(ii)Translation of financial statements

Assets and liabilities of entities denominated in currencies other than dollar are translated into dollar on the basis of the exchange rates at the end of the period. The income and cash flow statements are translated using the average exchange rates for the period. Foreign exchange differences resulting from such translations are either recorded in shareholders’ equity under “Currency translation adjustments” (for the Group share) or under “Non-controlling interests” (for the share of non-controlling interests) as deemed appropriate.

1.2) Significant accounting policies applicable in the future

The standards or interpretations published respectively by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Financial Reporting Standards Interpretations Committee (IFRS IC) which were not yet in effect at December 31, 2017, are as follows:

Standards adopted by the European Union at December 31, 2017

In May 2014, the IASB issued standard IFRS 15 “Revenue from contracts with customers” that includes requirements for the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The standard is applicable for annual periods starting on or after January 1, 2018. An analysis was performed at Group level in order to evaluate the impacts of the standard. Main issues analyzed are related to take or pay, incoterms, excise duties, principal vs agent considerations, variable price adjustment clause. Impact of the standard is expected to be not significant for the Group. The Group will apply the partial retrospective method: comparative information will not be restated and the cumulative impact of the first application will be presented as an adjustment to opening equity at January 1, 2018

In July 2014, the IASB issued standard IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” that includes requirements for the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. This standard brings together three phases: classification and measurement, impairment of financial assets and hedge accounting excluding macro-hedging. The standard is applicable for annual periods starting on or after January 1, 2018. The impacts related to the application of this standard are currently the subject of analytical work, in particular on the depreciation of financial assets issue. The expected impacts are not significant for the Group. The Group will not restate the comparative information and will present the impacts related to the first application in opening equity at January 1, 2018.

In January 2016, the IASB issued standard IFRS 16 “Leases”, which sets out the principles for recognition of leases contracts. The standard is applicable for annual periods starting on or after January 1, 2019. The working group, set up to evaluate the impacts of the application of this standard and to manage the transition, proceeded to the inventory of existing leases as of December 31, 2016. Analysis and quantification of expected impacts across the Group will continue in 2018 on the basis of the contracts as at December 31, 2017. At this stage the transition method has not yet been decided.