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GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

Page 1

Guidelines for Determining the Proper Identification Number to Give the Payer.

        Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e., 000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only one hyphen: i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help you determine the number to give the payer.

For this type of account:			Give the SOCIAL SECURITY number of—	For this type of account:		Give the EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION number of—
1.	Individual		The individual	6.	Sole proprietorship or single-owner LLC	The owner(3)
2.	Two or more individuals (joint account)		The actual owner of the account or, if combined funds, any one of the individuals(1)	7.	A valid trust, estate, or pension trust	The legal entity(4)
3.	Custodian account of a minor (Uniform Gift to Minors Act)		The minor(2)	8.	Corporate or LLC electing corporate status on Form 8832	The corporation
4.	a.	The usual revocable savings trust account (grantor is also trustee)	The grantor-trustee(1)	9.	Association, club, religious, charitable, educational or other tax-exempt organization	The organization
	b.	So-called trust account that is not a legal or valid trust under state law	The actual owner(1)
5.	Sole proprietorship or single-owner LLC		The owner(3)	10.	Partnership or multi-member LLC	The partnership
				11.	A broker or registered nominee	The broker or nominee
				12.	Account with the Department of Agriculture in the name of a public entity (such as a state or local government, school district, or prison) that receives agricultural program payments	The public entity

(1)

List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish. If only one person on a joint account has a Social Security number, that person's number must be furnished.

(2)

Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's Social Security number.

(3)

You must show your individual name, but you may also enter your business or "doing business as" name. You may use either your Social Security number or Employer Identification number (if you have one).

(4)

List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust. Do not furnish the identifying number of the personal representative or trustee unless the legal entity itself is not designated in the account title.

Note: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be considered to be that of the first name listed.

GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

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Obtaining a Number

If you do not have a Taxpayer Identification Number, you should apply for one immediately. To apply for a Social Security number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Card, from your local Social Security Administration office or on-line at www.ssa.gov/online/ss5.html. You may also obtain this form by calling 1-800-772-1213. Use Form W-7, Application for an IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, to apply for an ITIN, or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number, to apply for an EIN. You can obtain Forms W-7 and SS-4 by calling 1-800-TAX-FORM (1-800-829-3676) or from the IRS Web Site at www.irs.gov.

Payees Exempt from Backup Withholding

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the following:

•

A corporation.



•

A financial institution.



•

An organization exempt from tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), or an individual retirement plan, or a custodial account under Section 403(b)(7), if the account satisfies the requirements of Section 401(f)(2).



•

The U.S. or any of its agencies or instrumentalities.



•

A state, the District of Columbia, a possession of the U.S., or any political subdivision or instrumentality thereof.



•

A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or any agency or instrumentality thereof.



•

An international organization or any agency, or instrumentality thereof.



•

A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S., the District of Columbia or a possession of the U.S.



•

A real estate investment trust.



•

A common trust fund operated by a bank under Section 584(a) of the Code.



•

An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in Section 4947(a)(1) of the Code.



•

An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of 1940.



•

A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup withholding include the following:

•

Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under Section 1441 of the Code.



•

Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. and which have at least one nonresident partner.



•

Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in money.



•

Payments made by certain foreign organizations.



•

Section 404(k) payments made by an ESOP.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the following:

•

Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: You may be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more and is paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not provided your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.



•

Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under Section 852 of the Code).



•

Payments described in Section 6049(b)(5) of the Code to nonresident aliens.



•

Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under Section 1451 of the Code.



•

Payments made by certain foreign organizations.



•

Mortgage interest paid to you.

Exempt payees described above should file a Form W-9 to avoid possible erroneous backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM, SIGN AND DATE THE FORM AND RETURN IT TO THE PAYER. IF YOU ARE A NONRESIDENT ALIEN OR A FOREIGN ENTITY NOT SUBJECT TO BACKUP WITHHOLDING, FILE WITH A PAYER A COMPLETED IRS FORM W-8BEN (CERTIFICATE OF FOREIGN STATUS).

Certain payments other than interest, dividends, and patronage dividends that are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup withholding. For details, see the regulations under Sections 6041, 6041A(2), 6045 and 6050A of the Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Privacy Act Notice

Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividends, interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers who must report the payments to the IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification purposes. Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are required to file tax returns. Payers must generally withhold 28% of taxable interest, dividends and certain other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

Penalties

(1)   Penalty for Failure to Furnish Taxpayer Identification Number.

If you fail to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable cause and not to wilful neglect.

(2)   Civil Penalty for False Information with Respect to Withholding.

If you make a false statement with no reasonable basis that results in no imposition of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3)   Criminal Penalty for Falsifying Information.

Wilfully falsifying certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE.

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GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9