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Securities
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Securities [Abstract]  
Securities
(2) Securities

Trading Securities

The fair value and net unrealized gain (loss) included in Trading securities is as follows (in thousands):

   
December 31, 2011
  
December 31, 2010
 
   
Fair Value
  
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss)
  
Fair Value
  
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss)
 
Obligations of the U.S. Government
 $22,203  $63  $3,873  $(17)
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities
  12,379   59   27,271   292 
Municipal and other tax-exempt securities
  39,345   652   23,396   (214)
Other trading securities
  2,873   9   927   (2)
Total
 $76,800  $783  $55,467  $59 

Investment Securities

The amortized cost and fair values of investment securities are as follows (in thousands):

   
December 31, 2011
 
   
Amortized
  
Carrying
  
Fair
  
Gross Unrealized2
 
   
Cost
  
Value1
  
Value
  
Gain
  
Loss
 
                 
Municipal and other tax-exempt
 $128,697  $128,697  $133,670  $4,975  $(2)
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities – Other
  110,062   121,704   120,536   602   (1,770)
Other debt securities
  188,835   188,835   208,451   19,616    
Total
 $427,594  $439,236  $462,657  $25,193  $(1,772)

   
December 31, 2010
 
   
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Gross Unrealized2
 
   
Cost
  
Value
  
Gain
  
Loss
 
              
Municipal and other tax-exempt
 $184,898  $188,577  $3,912  $(233)
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities – Other
            
Other debt securities
  154,655   157,528   4,505   (1,632)
Total
 $339,553  $346,105  $8,417  $(1,865)
 
1
Carrying value includes $12 million of unrealized gain, net of amortization, that remains in Accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2011 related to certain securities transferred during 2011 from the Available for Sale securities portfolio to the Investment securities portfolio.  The Company has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity.  At the time of transfer, the fair value of these securities totaled $131 million, amortized cost totaled $118 million and the pre-tax unrealized gain totaled $13 million.  No gain or loss was recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings at the time of the transfer.
2
Gross unrealized gains and losses are not recognized in AOCI in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 

The amortized cost and fair values of investment securities at December 31, 2011, by contractual maturity, are as shown in the following table (dollars in thousands):

                  
Weighted
 
   
Less than
  
One to
  
Six to
  
Over
     
Average
 
   
One Year
  
Five Years
  
Ten Years
  
Ten Years
  
Total
  
Maturity²
 
                    
Municipal and other tax-exempt:
                  
Amortized cost
 $34,623  $68,029  $21,848  $4,197  $128,697   2.98 
Fair value
  34,942   70,682   23,570   4,476   133,670     
Nominal yield¹
  4.59   4.62   5.50   6.54   4.83     
Other debt securities:
                        
Amortized cost
 $8,651  $28,713  $34,784  $116,687  $188,835   10.00 
Fair value
  8,660   29,546   36,962   133,283   208,451     
Nominal yield
  3.78   5.56   5.58   6.20   5.88     
Total fixed maturity securities:
                        
Amortized cost
 $43,274  $96,742  $56,632  $120,884  $317,532   7.16 
Fair value
  46,602   100,228   60,532   137,759   342,121     
Nominal yield
  4.43   4.90   5.55   6.21   5.45     
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                        
Carrying value
                 $121,704    3
Fair value
                  120,536     
Nominal yield4
                  2.17     
Total investment securities:
                        
Carrying value
                 $439,236     
Fair value
                  462,657     
Nominal yield
                  4.54     
 
¹
Calculated on a taxable equivalent basis using a 39% effective tax rate.
²
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalty.
3
The average expected lives of residential mortgage-backed securities were 2.1 years based upon current prepayment assumptions.
4
The nominal yield on residential mortgage-backed securities is based upon prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.  See Annual and Quarterly Financial Summary – Unaudited following for disclosure of current yields on investment securities portfolio.
 
 
Available for Sale Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of available for sale securities are as follows (in thousands):
   
December 31, 2011
 
   
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Gross Unrealized¹
    
   
Cost
  
Value
  
Gain
  
Loss
  
OTTI²
 
                 
U.S. Treasury
 $1,001  $1,006  $5  $  $ 
Municipal and other tax-exempt
  66,435   68,837   2,543   (141)   
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                 
U. S. agencies:
                    
FNMA
  5,823,972   5,987,287   163,319   (4)   
FHLMC
  2,756,180   2,846,215   90,035       
GNMA
  647,569   678,924   31,358   (3)   
Other
  69,668   75,751   6,083       
Total U.S. agencies
  9,297,389   9,588,177   290,795   (7)   
Privately issued:
                    
Alt-A loans
  168,461   132,242         (36,219)
Jumbo-A loans
  334,607   286,924      (11,096)  (36,587)
Total privately issued
  503,068   419,166      (11,096)  (72,806)
Total residential mortgage-backed securities
  9,800,457   10,007,343   290,795   (11,103)  (72,806)
Other debt securities
  36,298   36,495   197       
Perpetual preferred stock
  19,171   18,446   1,030   (1,755)   
Equity securities and mutual funds
  33,843   47,238   13,727   (332)   
Total
 $9,957,205  $10,179,365  $308,297  $(13,331) $(72,806)
¹
Gross unrealized gain/loss recognized AOCI in the consolidated balance sheet
²
Amounts represent unrealized loss that remains in AOCI after an other-than-temporary credit loss has been recognized in income.

 
   
December 31, 2010
 
   
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Gross Unrealized¹
    
   
Cost
  
Value
  
Gain
  
Loss
  
OTTI²
 
                 
Municipal and other tax-exempt
 $72,190  $72,942  $1,172  $(315) $(105)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                 
U. S. agencies:
                    
FNMA
  4,791,438   4,925,693   147,024   (12,769)   
FHLMC
  2,545,208   2,620,066   83,341   (8,483)   
GNMA
  765,046   801,993   37,193   (246)   
Other
  92,013   99,157   7,144       
Total U.S. agencies
  8,193,705   8,446,909   274,702   (21,498)   
Privately issued:
                    
Alt-A loans
  220,332   186,674      (353)  (33,305)
Jumbo-A loans
  494,098   457,535   923   (14,067)  (23,419)
Total privately issued
  714,430   644,209   923   (14,420)  (56,724)
Total residential mortgage-backed securities
  8,908,135   9,091,118   275,625   (35,918)  (56,724)
Other debt securities
  6,401   6,401          
Perpetual preferred stock
  19,511   22,114   2,603       
Equity securities and mutual funds
  29,181   43,046   14,192   (327)   
Total
 $9,035,418  $9,235,621  $293,592  $(36,560) $(56,829)
¹
Gross unrealized gain/loss recognized AOCI in the consolidated balance sheet
²
Amounts represent unrealized loss that remains in AOCI after an other-than-temporary credit loss has been recognized in income.


The amortized cost and fair values of available for sale securities at December 31, 2011, by contractual maturity, are as shown in the following table (dollars in thousands):

                  
Weighted
 
   
Less than
  
One to
  
Six to
  
Over
     
Average
 
   
One Year
  
Five Years
  
Ten Years
  
Ten Years6
  
Total
  
Maturity5
 
U.S. Treasury:
                  
Amortized cost
 $  $1,001  $  $  $1,001   1.37 
Fair value
     1,006         1,006     
Nominal yield¹
     0.55         0.55     
Municipal and other tax-exempt:
                        
Amortized cost
 $1,009  $8,454  $11,357  $45,615  $66,435   18.98 
Fair value
  1,021   9,238   12,812   45,766   68,837     
Nominal yield¹
  4.04   4.16   4.00   2.69   3.12     
Other debt securities:
                        
Amortized cost
 $  $30,398  $  $5,900  $36,298   7.68 
Fair value
     30,595      5,900   36,495     
Nominal yield¹
     1.81      1.87   1.82     
Total fixed maturity securities:
                        
Amortized cost
 $1,009  $39,853  $11,357  $51,515  $103,734   14.86 
Fair value
  1,021   40,839   12,812   51,666   106,338     
Nominal yield
  4.04   2.27   4.00   2.60   2.64     
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                        
Amortized cost
                 $9,800,457   ² 
Fair value
                  10,007,343     
Nominal yield4
                  3.33     
Equity securities and mutual funds:
                        
Amortized cost
                 $53,014   ³ 
Fair value
                  65,684     
Nominal yield
                  0.74     
Total available-for-sale securities:
                        
Amortized cost
                 $9,957,205     
Fair value
                  10,179,365     
Nominal yield
                  3.31     

¹
Calculated on a taxable equivalent basis using a 39% effective tax rate.
²
The average expected lives of residential mortgage-backed securities were 2.1 years based upon current prepayment assumptions.
³
Primarily restricted common stock of U.S. government agencies and preferred stock of corporate issuers with no stated maturity.
4
The nominal yield on residential mortgage-backed securities is based upon prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.  See Annual and Quarterly Financial Summary – Unaudited following for disclosure of current yields on available for sale securities portfolio.
5
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalty.
6
Nominal yield on municipal and other tax-exempt securities and other debt securities with contractual maturity dates over ten years are based on variable rates which generally are reset within 35 days.

Sales of available for sale securities resulted in gains and losses as follows (in thousands):

   
Year ended December 31,
 
   
2011
  
2010
  
2009
 
           
Proceeds
 $2,725,760  $2,013,620  $3,242,282 
Gross realized gains
  41,284   26,007   60,710 
Gross realized losses
  7,140   4,125   1,390 
Related federal and state income tax expense
  13,282   8,512   23,075 

In addition to securities that have been reclassified as pledged to creditors, securities with an amortized cost of $4.4 billion and $5.3 billion at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively, have been pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements, public and trust funds on deposit and for other purposes, as required by law. The secured parties do not have the right to sell or re-pledge these securities.


Temporarily Impaired Securities as of December 31, 2011
(In thousands)
   
Number
  
Less Than 12 Months
  
12 Months or Longer
  
Total
 
   
of
  
Fair
  
Unrealized
  
Fair
  
Unrealized
  
Fair
  
Unrealized
 
   
Securities
  
Value
  
Loss
  
Value
  
Loss
  
Value
  
Loss
 
Investment:
                     
Municipal and other tax-exempt
  1  $479  $2  $  $  $479  $2 
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities – Other
  5   92,571   1,770         92,571   1,770 
Total investment
  6   93,050   1,772         93,050   1,772 
                              
Available for sale:
                            
Municipal and other tax-exempt
  26   5,008   7   21,659   134   26,667   141 
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                            
U. S. agencies:
                            
 FNMA
  2   68,657   4         68,657   4 
GNMA
  1   2,072   3         2,072   3 
Total U.S. agencies
  3   70,729   7         70,729   7 
Privately issued1:
                            
Alt-A loans
  19         132,242   36,219   132,242   36,219 
Jumbo-A loans
  48   8,142   842   278,781   46,841   286,923   47,683 
Total privately issued
  67   8,142   842   411,023   83,060   419,165   83,902 
Total residential mortgage-backed securities
  70   78,871   849   411,023   83,060   489,894   83,909 
Perpetual preferred stocks
  6   11,147   1,755         11,147   1,755 
Equity securities and mutual funds
  7   221   5   2,551   327   2,772   332 
Total available for sale
  109  $95,247  $2,616  $435,233  $83,521  $530,480  $86,137 
 ¹
Includes the following securities for which an unrealized loss remains in AOCI after an other-than-temporary credit loss has been recognized in income:
Alt-A loans
  19  $  $  $132,242  $36,219  $132,242  $36,219 
Jumbo-A loans
  36   3,809   256   202,874   36,331   206,683   36,587 


Temporarily Impaired Securities as of December 31, 2010
(In thousands)
   
Number
  
Less Than 12 Months
  
12 Months or Longer
  
Total
 
   
of
  
Fair
  
Unrealized
  
Fair
  
Unrealized
  
Fair
  
Unrealized
 
   
Securities
  
Value
  
Loss
  
Value
  
Loss
  
Value
  
Loss
 
Investment:
                     
Municipal and other tax- exempt
  37  $12,482  $211  $786  $22  $13,268  $233 
Other
  15   80,698   1,632         80,698   1,632 
Total investment
  52   93,180   1,843   786   22   93,966   1,865 
                              
Available for sale:
                            
Municipal and other tax-exempt1
  42   22,271   171   25,235   249   47,506   420 
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                            
U. S. agencies:
                            
FNMA
  26   1,099,710   12,769         1,099,710   12,769 
FHLMC
  12   491,776   8,483         491,776   8,483 
GNMA
  3   5,681   246         5,681   246 
Total U.S. agencies
  41   1,597,167   21,498         1,597,167   21,498 
Privately issued1:
                            
Alt-A loans
  22         186,675   33,658   186,675   33,658 
Jumbo-A loans
  53         417,917   37,486   417,917   37,486 
Total privately issued
  75         604,592   71,144   604,592   71,144 
Total residential mortgage-backed securities
  116   1,597,167   21,498   604,592   71,144   2,201,759   92,642 
Equity securities and mutual funds
  2         2,878   327   2,878   327 
Total available for sale
  160   1,619,438   21,669   632,705   71,720   2,252,143   93,389 
¹
Includes the following securities for which an unrealized loss remains in OCI after an other-than-temporary credit loss has been recognized in income:
Municipal and other tax-exempt
  11  $10,713  $103  $  $  $10,713  $105 
Alt-A loans
  19         172,153   33,305   172,153   33,305 
Jumbo-A loans
  25         166,401   23,419   166,401   23,419 

 
 
On a quarterly basis, the Company performs separate evaluations of impaired debt and equity securities to determine if the unrealized losses are temporary.
 
For debt securities, management determines whether it intends to sell or if it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell impaired securities.  This determination considers current and forecasted liquidity requirements, regulatory and capital requirements and securities portfolio management.  For 2011 and 2010, the Company did not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell impaired securities before fair value recovers to amortized cost, which may be maturity.  During 2009, the Company recognized a $1.3 million other-than-temporary charge on $91 million of impaired debt securities that it intended to sell and that were subsequently sold during that year.  At December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company did not intend to sell and it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required to sell impaired securities before fair value recovers to amortized cost, which may be maturity.

Impairment of debt securities rated investment grade by all nationally-recognized rating agencies are considered temporary unless specific contrary information is identified.  None of the debt securities rated investment grade were considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2011 or December 31, 2010.

As of December 31, 2011, the composition of the Company's investment and available for sale securities portfolios by the lowest current credit rating assigned by any of the three nationally-recognized rating agencies is as follows (in thousands):

   
U.S. Govt / GSE 1
  
AAA - AA
  
A - BBB
  
Below
Investment Grade
  
Not Rated
  
Total
 
   
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Amortized
  
Fair
  
Amortized
  
Fair
 
   
Cost
  
Value
  
Cost
  
Value
  
Cost
  
Value
  
Cost
  
Value
  
Cost
  
Value
  
Cost
  
Value
 
Investment:
                                    
Municipal and other  tax-exempt
 $  $  $50,468  $52,224  $25,892  $26,729  $  $  $52,337  $54,717  $128,697  $133,670 
Residential mortgage-backed securities – Other
  121,704   120,536                           121,704   120,536 
Other debt securities
        180,334   199,830   600   600         7,901   8,021   188,835   208,451 
Total
 $121,704  $120,536  $230,802  $252,054  $26,492  $27,329  $  $  $60,238  $62,738  $439,236  $462,657 
                                                  
Available for Sale:
                                                
U.S. Treasury
 $1,001  $1,006  $  $  $  $  $  $  $  $  $1,001  $1,006 
Municipal and other tax-exempt
        40,419   42,574   11,579   11,692   13,026   13,026   1,411   1,545   66,435   68,837 
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
                                                
U. S. agencies:
                                                
FNMA
  5,823,972   5,987,287                           5,823,972   5,987,287 
FHLMC
  2,756,180   2,846,215                           2,756,180   2,846,215 
GNMA
  647,569   678,924                           647,569   678,924 
Other
  69,668   75,751                           69,668   75,751 
Total U.S. agencies
  9,297,389   9,588,177                           9,297,389   9,588,177 
Privately issued:
                                                
Alt-A loans
                    168,461   132,242         168,461   132,242 
Jumbo-A loans
        23,221   20,654   19,390   17,167   291,996   249,103         334,607   286,924 
Total privately issued
        23,221   20,654   19,390   17,167   460,457   381,345         503,068   419,166 
Total residential  mortgage-backed securities
  9,297,389   9,588,177   23,221   20,654   19,390   17,167   460,457   381,345           9,800,457   10,007,343 
Other debt securities
        5,900   5,900   30,398   30,595                 36,298   36,495 
Perpetual preferred stock
              19,171   18,446               19,171   18,446 
Equity securities and mutual funds
                          33,843   47,238   33,843   47,238 
Total
 $9,298,390  $9,589,183  $69,540  $69,128  $80,538  $77,900  $473,483  $394,371  $35,254  $48,783  $9,957,205  $10,179,365 
1
U.S. government and government sponsored enterprises are not rated by the nationally-recognized rating agencies as these securities are guaranteed by agencies of the U.S. government or government-sponsored enterprises.


At December 31, 2011, approximately $460 million of the portfolio of privately issued mortgage-backed securities (based on amortized cost after impairment charges) was rated below investment grade by at least one of the nationally-recognized rating agencies.  The aggregate unrealized loss on these securities totaled $79 million.  Ratings by the nationally recognized rating agencies are subjective in nature and accordingly ratings can vary significantly amongst the agencies.  Limitations generally expressed by the rating agencies include statements that ratings do not predict the specific percentage default likelihood over any given period of time and that ratings do not opine on expected loss severity of an obligation should the issuer default.  As such, the impairment of securities rated below investment grade by at least one of the nationally-recognized rating agencies was evaluated to determine if management expects not to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security.  This evaluation was based on projections of estimated cash flows based on individual loans underlying each security using current and anticipated increases in unemployment and default rates, decreases in housing prices and estimated liquidation costs at foreclosure.  The primary assumptions used in this evaluation were:

·  
Unemployment rates – increasing to 9.5% over the next 12 months, dropping to 8% over the following 21 months, and holding at 8% thereafter.  At December 31, 2010, we assumed that unemployment rate would increase to 10% over the next 12 months, dropping to 8% over the following 21 months and holding at 8% thereafter.
·  
Housing price depreciation – starting with current depreciated housing prices based on information derived from the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) data, decreasing by an additional 8% over the next twelve months and growing at 2% per year thereafter.  At December 31, 2010, we assumed that housing prices would decrease an additional 5% over the next twelve months and hold at that level thereafter.
·  
Estimated Liquidation Costs – reflect actual historical liquidation costs observed on Jumbo and Alt-A residential mortgage loans in the securities owned by the Company.  At December 31, 2011, held constant at 25% to 30% for Jumbo-A loans and 35% to 38% for Alt-A loans of the then-current depreciated housing price at estimated foreclosure date.
·  
Discount rates – estimated cash flows were discounted at rates that range from 2.00% to 6.25% based on our current expected yields.  At December 31, 2010, estimated cash flows were discounted at rates that range from 2.69% to 6.00% based on our current expected yields.

We also consider the current loan-to-value ratio and remaining credit enhancement as part of the assessment of the cash flows available to recover the amortized cost of the debt securities.  Each factor is considered in the evaluation.

The Company calculates the current loan-to-value ratio for each residential mortgage-backed security using loan-level data.  Current loan-to-value ratio is the current outstanding loan amount divided by an estimate of the current home value.  The current home value is derived from FHFA data.  FHFA provides historical information on home price depreciation at both the Metropolitan Statistical Area and state level.  This information is matched to each loan to estimate the home price depreciation.  Data is accumulated from the loan level to determine the current loan-to-value ratio for the security as a whole.

Remaining credit enhancement is the amount of credit enhancement available to absorb current projected losses within the pool of loans that support the security.  The Company acquires the benefit of credit enhancement by investing in super-senior tranches for many of our residential mortgage-backed securities.  Subordinated tranches held by other investors are specifically designed to absorb losses before the super-senior tranches which effectively doubled the typical credit support for these types of bonds.  Current projected losses consider depreciation of home prices based on FHFA data, estimated costs and additional losses to liquidate collateral and delinquency status of the individual loans underlying the security.

Credit loss impairment is recorded as a charge to earnings.  Additional impairment based on the difference between the total unrealized losses and the estimated credit losses on these securities was charged against other comprehensive income, net of deferred taxes.

Based upon projected decline in expected cash flows from certain private-label residential mortgage-backed securities, the Company recognized $21.9 million of credit loss impairments in earnings during 2011.  The Company recognized $26.5 million of credit loss impairment in earnings on certain private-label residential mortgage-backed securities during 2010.

A distribution of the amortized cost (after recognition of the other-than-temporary impairment) and fair value by credit rating for our private-label residential mortgage-backed securities is as follows (in thousands):

            
Credit Losses Recognized
 
            
Year ended
December 31, 2011
  
Life-to-date
 
   
Number of Securities
  
Amortized
Cost
  
Fair Value
  
Number of
Securities
  
Amount
  
Number of Securities
  
Amount
 
Alt-A loans:
                     
Below Investment Grade
  19  $168,461  $132,242   18  $8,209   19  $49,931 
                              
Jumbo-A loans:
                            
AAA – AA
  3   23,221   20,654             
A – BBB
  2   19,390   17,167             
Below Investment Grade
  43   291,996   249,103   32   13,740   36   23,623 
Total Jumbo-A loans
  48   334,607   286,924   32   13,740   36   23,623 
                              
Total
  67  $503,068  $419,166   50  $21,949   55  $73,554 



In addition to the other-than-temporary impairment charges on private-label residential mortgage-backed securities, the Company recognized $1.6 million of credit loss impairments in earnings for certain below investment grade municipal securities based on an assessment of the issuer's on-going financial difficulties and bankruptcy filing in the fourth quarter of 2011.  The Company recognized $1.0 million in impairment charges on these securities in 2010.  See additional discussion regarding the development of the fair value of the bonds in Note 18.

Impaired equity securities, including perpetual preferred stocks, are evaluated based on management's ability and intent to hold the securities until fair value recovers over periods not to exceed three years.  The assessment of the ability and intent to hold these securities focuses on liquidity needs, asset / liability management objectives and securities portfolio objectives.  Factors considered when assessing recovery include forecasts of general economic conditions and specific performance of the issuer, analyst ratings and credit spreads for preferred stocks which have debt-like characteristics.  The Company has evaluated the near-term prospects of the investment in relation to the severity and duration of the impairment and based on that evaluation has ability and intent to hold these investments until a recovery fair value.  Accordingly, all impairment of equity securities was considered temporary at December 31, 2011 and 2010.

The following represents the composition of net impairment losses recognized in earnings (in thousands):

   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2011
  
2010
  
2009
 
OTTI related to perpetual preferred stocks
 $  $  $(8,008)
OTTI related to equity securities and mutual funds
     (327)   
OTTI on debt securities due to change in intent to sell
        (1,263)
Total OTTI on debt securities not intended for sale
  (10,578)  (29,633)  (119,883)
Portion of loss recognized in (reclassified from) other comprehensive income
  (12,929)  2,151    94,741 
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings related to credit losses on debt securities not intended for sale
  (23,507)  (27,482)  (25,142)
Total impairment losses recognized in earnings
 $(23,507) $(27,809) $(34,413)

The following is a tabular roll forward of the amount of credit-related OTTI recognized on available-for-sale debt securities in earnings (in thousands):

   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2011
  
2010
 
Balance of credit-related OTTI recognized on available for sale debt securities, beginning of period
 $52,624  $25,142 
Additions for credit-related OTTI not previously recognized
  3,368   3,514 
Additions for increases in credit-related OTTI previously recognized when there is no intent to sell and no requirement to sell before recovery of amortized cost
  20,139   23,968 
Balance of credit-related OTTI recognized on available for sale debt securities, end of period
 $76,131  $52,624 

 
Fair Value Option Securities
 
Fair value option securities represent securities which the Company has elected to carry at fair value and separately identified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recognized in earnings as they occur.  Certain residential mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and derivative contracts are held as an economic hedge of the mortgage servicing rights.  In addition, certain corporate debt securities are economically hedged by derivative contracts to manage interest rate risk.  Derivative contracts that have not been designated as hedging instruments effectively modify these fixed rate securities into variable rate securities.

The fair value and net unrealized gain (loss) included in Fair value option securities is as follows (in thousands):

   
December 31, 2011
  
December 31, 2010
 
   
Fair Value
  
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss)
  
Fair Value
  
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss)
 
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities
 $626,109  $19,233  $428,021  $(5,641)
Corporate debt securities
  25,117   18       
Total
 $651,226  $19,251  $428,021  $(5,641)