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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The Company is subject to United States federal, state, and foreign income taxes. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.5 million and $24.1 million, respectively. The provision for income taxes recorded in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 included a benefit of $0.5 million and a provision of $20.1 million, respectively, related to the Company's VIEs' income tax provision. The Company has no liability for taxes payable by the Company's VIEs and the income tax provision and related liability have been allocated to noncontrolling interest (VIE). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $1.3 million and $31.8 million, respectively, primarily related to the Company's VIEs' income tax provision.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of zero and $0.4 million, respectively. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense. As of September 30, 2016, no interest and penalties have been accrued. The Company does not expect that its unrecognized tax benefits will materially increase within the next twelve months. The Company did not recognize any material interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. For the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company reduced the balance of its unrecognized tax benefits by approximately $0.4 million due to the expiration of statute of limitations, which reduced the Company’s effective tax rate.
The Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets where it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized because of its extended history of annual losses.
The Company files United States federal income tax returns and income tax returns in various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to any tax assessment from an income tax examination in the United States before 2011 or any other major taxing jurisdiction for years before 2009, except where the Company has net operating losses or tax credit carryforwards that originated before 2009. The Company currently is under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for the year ended December 31, 2011 and in Delaware, Canada and Quebec for varying periods including the years ended December 31, 2011 through 2014. No adjustments have been reported. The Company is not under examination by any other jurisdictions for any tax year. The Company concluded audits with Pennsylvania and Texas during 2016 and Massachusetts and New York during 2015 with no material adjustments.
The Company currently intends to reinvest the total amount of its unremitted earnings. At September 30, 2016, foreign earnings, which were not significant, have been retained indefinitely by foreign subsidiary companies for reinvestment; therefore, no provision has been made for income taxes that would be payable upon the distribution of such earnings, and it would not be practicable to determine the amount of the related unrecognized deferred income tax liability. Upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to United States federal income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and withholding taxes payable to the various foreign countries.