Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2012

Derivatives Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Text Block]

14. Derivative Instruments

The Company enters into derivative instruments for both risk management and investment purposes. The Company is exposed to potential loss from various market risks, and manages its market risks based on guidelines established by management and the Risk and Finance Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet and measures those instruments at fair value with the changes in fair value of derivatives shown in the consolidated statement of income as “net realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments” unless the derivatives are designated as hedging instruments. The accounting for derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments is described in Note 2(h), “Significant Accounting Policies – Derivative Instruments.” The following table summarizes information on the location and gross amounts of derivative fair values contained in the consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2012 and 2011:

		December 31, 2012								December 31, 2011
(U.S. dollars in thousands)			Asset Derivative Notional Amount		Asset Derivative Fair Value (1)		Liability Derivative Notional Amount		Liability Derivative Fair Value (1)		Asset Derivative Notional Amount		Asset Derivative Fair Value (1)		Liability Derivative Notional Amount		Liability Derivative Fair Value (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
	Interest rate contracts (2)	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	156,271	$	109,761	$	-	$	-
	Foreign exchange contracts (2)		670,751		12,511		2,382,507		(23,715)		2,033,428		25,387		457,892		(4,518)
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments		$	670,751	$	12,511	$	2,382,507	$	(23,715)	$	2,189,699	$	135,148	$	457,892	$	(4,518)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Investment Related Derivatives:
	Interest rate exposure	$	45,604	$	2,060	$	26,139	$	(253)	$	70,978	$	1,946	$	55,033	$	(43)
	Foreign exchange exposure		33,007		226		54,449		(1,790)		232,422		3,759		384,592		(11,737)
	Credit exposure		25,000		486		436,959		(15,472)		172,500		5,271		449,513		(13,986)
	Financial market exposure		72,597		9,559		16,910		-		23,874		615		14,321		-
Financial Operations Derivatives: (3)
	Credit exposure (2)		-		-		46,903		-		-		-		81,678		(10,288)
Other Non-Investment Derivatives:
	Guaranteed minimum income benefit contract		-		-		69,051		(25,396)		-		-		78,777		(22,490)
	Modified coinsurance funds withheld contract		76,975		-		-		-		77,200		-		-		-
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments		$	253,183	$	12,331	$	650,411	$	(42,911)	$	576,974	$	11,591	$	1,063,914	$	(58,544)

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(1)Derivative instruments in an asset or liability position are included within Other assets or Other liabilities, respectively, in the balance sheet on a net basis where the Company has both a legal right of offset and the intentions to settle the contracts on a net basis.

(2)       At December 31, 2012,the Company paid net cash collateral related to these derivative positions of $12.1 million. The assets related to the net collateral paid have been recorded as Other assets within the balance sheet. At December 31, 2011, the Company held net cash collateral of $77.1 million. The collateral balance is included within Cash and cash equivalents and the corresponding liability to return the collateral has been offset against the derivative asset within the balance sheet as appropriate under the netting agreement.

(3)       Financial operations derivatives represent interests in variable interest entities as described in Note 16, “Variable Interest Entities.”

(a) Derivative Instruments Designated as Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates certain of its derivative instruments as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges and formally and contemporaneously documents all relationships between the hedging instruments and hedged items and links the hedging derivative to specific assets and liabilities. The Company assesses the effectiveness of the hedge both at inception and on an on-going basis, and determines whether the hedge is highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the linked hedged item.

The Company may hedge portions of its liabilities against changes in the applicable designated benchmark interest rate. Interest rate swaps are also used to hedge the changes in fair value of certain fixed rate liabilities and fixed income securities due to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. In addition, the Company utilizes foreign exchange contracts to hedge the fair value of certain fixed income securities as well as to hedge certain net investments in foreign operations.

The following table provides the total impact on earnings relating to derivative instruments formally designated as fair value hedges along with the impacts of the related hedged items for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010:

	Hedged Items - Amount of Gain/(Loss)
	Recognized in Income Attributable to Risk
									Ineffective
	Gain/(Loss)								Portion of
Derivatives Designated as Fair Value Hedges:	Recognized						Notes		Hedging
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	in Income on		Deposit		Fixed Maturity		Payable		Relationship -
Year Ended December 31, 2012	Derivative		Liabilities		Investments		and Debt		Gain/(Loss)
Interest rate exposure	$	1,813
Foreign exchange exposure		(24,183)
Total	$	(22,370)	$	(6,182)	$	23,967	$	-	$	(4,585)
Year Ended December 31, 2011
Interest rate exposure	$	25,680
Foreign exchange exposure		15,135
Total	$	40,815	$	(27,391)	$	(15,299)	$	-	$	(1,875)
Year Ended December 31, 2010
Interest rate exposure	$	94,068
Foreign exchange exposure		19,856
Total	$	113,924	$	(84,393)	$	(27,266)	$	(15,940)	$	(13,675)

The gains (losses) recorded on both the derivatives instruments and specific items designated as being hedged as part of the fair value hedging relationships outlined above are recorded through Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments in the income statement along with any associated ineffectiveness in the relationships. In addition, the periodic coupon settlements relating to the interest rate swaps are recorded as adjustments to net investment income for the hedges of fixed maturity investments and as adjustments to interest expense for the hedges of deposit liabilities and notes payable and debt.

The periodic coupon settlements resulted in increases to Net investment incomeof nil, nil and $2.3 million for theyears ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

The periodic coupon settlements also resulted in decreases to Interest expense of $4.9 million, $10.2million and $49.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

Settlement of Fair Value Hedges

During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company settled the interest rate contracts designated as fair value hedges of certain of the Company's notes payable and debt and also settled three interest rate contracts designated as fair value hedges of certain of the Company's deposit liability contracts. The cumulative increase recorded to the carrying value of the hedged notes payable and debt of $21.6 million, and the deposit liability contracts of $149.5 million, representing the effective portion of the hedging relationship, is amortized through interest expense over the remaining terms of the debt and deposit liability contracts.

In July 2012, the Company settled two interest rate contracts designated as fair value hedges of certain of the Company's deposit liability contracts. At settlement, the cumulative increase recorded to the carrying value of the hedged deposit liability contracts was $83.7 million. This amount will be amortized, through interest expense, over the remaining terms of the deposit liability contracts. At settlement, the weighted average term remaining to maturity for these contracts was 16.1 years.

A summary of the fair value hedges that have been settled and their impact on results during the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011is shown below:

	Fair Value Hedges - Notes				Fair Value Hedges - Deposit
	Payable and Debt				Liabilities
Settlement of Fair Value Hedges - Summary	December 31,				December 31,
(U.S. dollars in thousands, except years)	2012		2011			2012	2011
Cumulative reduction to interest expense	$	14,949	$	10,915	$	21,395	$	9,376
Remaining balance	$	6,675	$	10,709	$	211,800	$	140,109
Weighted average years remaining to maturity		1.7		2.5		25.3		30.7

(b) Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedges of the Net Investment in a Foreign Operation

The Company utilizes foreign exchange contracts to hedge the fair value of certain net investments in foreign operations. During the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company entered into foreign exchange contracts that were formally designated as hedges of investments in foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which have functional currencies of either U.K. sterling or the Euro. There was no ineffectiveness in these transactions.

The following table provides the weighted average U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign denominated net assets that were hedged and the resultant gain (loss) that was recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment account within AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedges of the Net Investment in a Foreign Operation - Summary
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2012		2011
Weighted average of U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign denominated net assets	$	1,962,076	$	1,733,555
Derivative gains (losses) (1)	$	(36,649)	$	36,836

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(1)Derivative gains (losses) from derivative instruments designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation are recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment account within AOCI for each period.

(c) Derivative Instruments Not Formally Designated As Hedging Instruments

The following table provides the total impact on earnings relating to derivative instruments not formally designated as hedging instruments under authoritative accounting guidance and from the ineffective portion of fair value hedges. The impacts are all recorded through Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives in the income statement for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010:

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)
on Derivative Instruments
(U.S. dollars in thousands)		2012		2011		2010
Investment Related Derivatives:
	Interest rate exposure	$	4,394	$	(1,021)	$	3,511
	Foreign exchange exposure		(1,084)		(302)		(15,642)
	Credit exposure		(7,611)		(16,527)		(6,315)
	Financial market exposure		3,073		(5,131)		2,125
Financial Operations Derivatives:
	Credit exposure		10,511		16,976		(7,281)
Other Non-Investment Derivatives:
	Contingent credit facility		-		(6,068)		(8,233)
	Guaranteed minimum income benefit contract		(2,906)		(1,300)		1,719
	Modified coinsurance funds withheld contract		3,429		4,510		9,948
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments		$	9,806	$	(8,863)	$	(20,168)
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income from ineffective portion of fair value hedges			(4,585)		(1,875)		(13,675)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments		$	5,221	$	(10,738)	$	(33,843)

The Company's objectives in using these derivatives are explained below.

(d)(i) Investment Related Derivatives

The Company, either directly or through its investment managers, may use derivative instruments within its investment portfolio, including interest rate swaps, inflation swaps, credit derivatives (single name and index credit default swaps), options, forward contracts and financial futures (foreign exchange, bond and stock index futures) and options such derivative instruments, primarily as a means of economically hedging exposures to interest rate, credit spread, equity price changes and foreign currency risk or, in limited instances, for investment purposes. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties under any swap contracts, although the Company generally seeks to use credit support arrangements with counterparties to help manage this risk.

Investment Related Derivatives – Interest Rate Exposure

The Company utilizes risk management and overlay strategies that incorporate the use of derivative financial instruments, primarily to manage its fixed income portfolio duration and exposure to interest rate risks associated with primarily those assets and liabilities related to certain legacy other financial lines and structured indemnity transactions. The Company uses interest rate swaps to convert certain liabilities from a fixed rate to a variable rate of interest and may also use them to convert a variable rate of interest from one basis to another.

Investment Related Derivatives – Foreign Exchange Exposure

The Company has exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations through its operations and in its investment portfolio.The Company uses foreign exchange contracts to manage its exposure to the effects of fluctuating foreign currencies on the value of certain of its foreign currency fixed maturities primarily within its Life operations portfolio. These contracts are not designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes and, therefore, realized and unrealized gains and losses on these contracts are recorded in income in the period in which they occur. These contracts generally have maturities of twelve months or less.

In addition, certain of the Company's investment managers may, subject to investment guidelines, enter into forward contracts where potential gains may exist.

Investment Related Derivatives – Credit Exposure

Credit derivatives may be purchased within the Company's investment portfolio in the form of single name and basket credit default swaps, which are used to mitigate credit exposure through a reduction in credit spread duration (i.e., macro credit strategies rather than single-name credit hedging) or exposure to selected issuers, including issuers that are not held in the underlying bond portfolio.

Investment Related Derivatives – Financial Market Exposure

Stock index futures may be purchased within the Company's investment portfolio in order to create synthetic equity exposure and to add value to the portfolio with overlay strategies where market inefficiencies are believed to exist. From time to time, the Company may enter into other financial market exposure derivative contracts on various indices including, but not limited to, inflation and commodity contracts.

(d)(ii) Financial Operations Derivatives – Credit Exposure

At December 31, 2012, the Company held one credit derivative exposure,which was written as part of the Company's previous financial lines business and is outside of the Company's investment portfolio. This is a European project finance loan participation which benefits from an 80% deficiency guarantee from the German state and federal governments. At December 31, 2011, the Company held two credit derivative exposures,the European project finance loan already mentioned and a credit default swap that was executed in 2000 with underlying collateral being predominantly pools of leveraged loans and bonds, which were fully paid off during 2012, resulting in the Company's release from its credit default swap. An aggregate summary of the credit derivative exposures at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 is as follows:

Financial Operations Derivatives - Credit Exposure Summary:
(U.S. dollars in thousands, except term to maturity)	2012		2011
Principal outstanding	$	44,281	$	78,425
Interest outstanding		2,622		3,253
Aggregate outstanding exposure	$	46,903	$	81,678
Total liability recorded	$	-	$	10,288
Weighted average contractual term to maturity		4.7 years		5.0 years
Underlying obligations credit rating		BB		BB

At December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, there were no reported events of default on these obligations. Credit derivatives are recorded at fair value based upon prices received from the investment bank counterparties and corroborated by using models developed by the Company. Although the Company does not have access to the specific unobservable inputs that may have been used in the value provided by the counterparties, it expects that the significant inputs considered would include changes in interest rates, future default rates, credit spreads, changes in credit quality, future expected recovery rates and other market factors. The change resulting from movements in credit and credit quality spreads is unrealized as the credit derivatives are not traded to realize this resultant value.

(d)(iii) Other Non-Investment Derivatives

The Company also has derivatives embedded in certain reinsurance contracts. For a certain life reinsurance contract, the Company pays the ceding company a fixed amount equal to the estimated present value of the excess of guaranteed benefit over the account balance upon the policyholder's election to take the income benefit. The fair value of this derivative is determined based on the present value of expected cash flows. In addition, the Company has modified coinsurance and funds withheld reinsurance agreements that provide for a return based on a portfolio of fixed income securities. As such, the agreements contain embedded derivatives. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the funds withheld balance and recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings through Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments.

(e) Contingent Credit Features

Certain derivatives agreements entered into by the Company or its subsidiaries contain rating downgrade provisions that permit early termination of the agreement by the counterparty if collateral is not posted following failure to maintain certain credit ratings from one or more of the principal credit rating agencies. If the Company were required to early terminate such agreements due to a rating downgrade, it could potentially be in a net liability position at the time of settlement. The aggregate fair value of all derivatives agreements containing such rating downgrade provisions that were in a liability position and the collateral posted under any of these agreements as of December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 were as follows:

Contingent Credit Features - Summary:
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2012		2011
Aggregate fair value of derivative agreements with downgrade provisions in a net liability position	$	20,366	$	15,763
Collateral posted to counterparty	$	5,490	$	809