Related Party Transactions

(a) Investment Manager Affiliates

At March 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company owned minority stakes in two and four independent investment management companies ("Investment Manager Affiliates"), respectively, that are actively managing client capital and seeking growth opportunities. The Company also invests in certain of the funds and limited partnerships and other legal entities managed by these affiliates, and, through these funds and partnerships, pays management fees and, in some instances, performance fees to the Company's Investment Manager Affiliates. In addition, at March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, the Company owned a minority stake in an independent firm that provides technology and other services to alternative asset managers and allocators. The Company's interest in this enterprise is reported as an Investment Manager Affiliate, and the Company pays fees to this Investment Manager Affiliate in exchange for it providing its services to the Company. Investment Manager Affiliate results are reported in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income as "Income (loss) from operating affiliates." See Item 8, Note 5, "Investments in Affiliates," to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

(b) Assumed Reinsurance Contracts

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into assumed reinsurance contracts with certain of its insurance affiliates, or their subsidiaries. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, these contracts resulted in reported net premiums, reported net losses, and reported net acquisition costs as summarized below:



(U.S. dollars in thousands)	Three months ended March 31,
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2018		2017
Reported net premiums	$	15,578	$	21,715
Reported net losses	$	11,719	$	11,250
Reported net acquisition costs	$	5,587	$	9,214

Commencing in 2014, several of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries retroceded assumed reinsurance business to special purpose reinsurers that receive capital from funds managed by the Company's subsidiary, New Ocean, as discussed in Note 11, "Variable Interest Entities." Underwriting administration services are provided to the special purpose reinsurers by other subsidiaries of the Company under service fee agreements, while investment advisory services are provided by New Ocean. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, ceded premiums earned, ceded losses and loss expenses incurred, ceding commission income, and other fee income related to these retrocessional contracts were not material to the Company.

(d) XL Innovate

In April 2015, the Company announced the creation and sponsorship of the XL Innovate Fund, LP ("XL Innovate"), a venture capital initiative with a strategic focus on developing new capabilities in the insurance sector. The majority of XL Innovate's initial capital was financed by the Company. XL Innovate primarily seeks investments in equity positions of entities that provide new market opportunities for the Company throughout the world, striving to create partnerships outside of the traditional underwriting space to find ways to underwrite currently uninsured risks. The family trust of an employee of the Company owns a 5.21% non-controlling equity interest in XL Innovate. The employee serves as a member of the board of directors of XL Innovate, and maintains responsibility over the business generated by it. The underlying investments held by XL Innovate are reflected in the Company's Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with the Accounting Policies provided in Item 8, Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, based on the Company's level of investment in, and control over, such entities. Aside from investments made where the employee's family trust maintains non-controlling interest, there were no other material transactions between the Company and this employee or the employee's family trust for the three months ended March 31, 2018.