Derivative Instruments

The Company enters into derivative instruments for both risk management and efficient portfolio management. The Company is exposed to potential loss from various market risks, and manages its market risks based on the Authorities Framework and other guidelines established by management and the Risk and Finance Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheets and measures those instruments at fair value, with the changes in the fair value of derivatives shown in the consolidated statement of income as "Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments" unless the derivatives are designated as hedging instruments. The accounting for derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments is described in Item 8, Note 2(h), "Significant Accounting Policies - Derivative Instruments," to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The following table summarizes information on the location and gross amounts of derivative fair values contained in the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:



	June 30, 2016										December 31, 2015
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	Asset Derivative Notional Amount		Asset Derivative Fair Value (1)			Liability Derivative Notional Amount		Liability Derivative Fair Value (1)			Asset Derivative Notional Amount		Asset Derivative Fair Value (1)			Liability Derivative Notional Amount		Liability Derivative Fair Value (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	$	2,069,619	$	52,651		$	350,908	$	9,339		$	1,667,585	$	64,289		$	674,976	$	11,941
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments	$	2,069,619	$	52,651		$	350,908	$	9,339		$	1,667,585	$	64,289		$	674,976	$	11,941
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Investment Related Derivatives:
Interest rate exposure	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—
Foreign exchange exposure	46,308		2,296			199,105		8,778			102,234		2,888			144,707		1,702
Credit exposure	5,000		365			70,682		11,394			8,433		652			71,614		12,067
Financial market exposure	5		5			30,117		2,870			37		77			26,500		417
Other Non-Investment Derivatives:
Foreign exchange contracts	106,402		6,892			—		—			194,566		2,009			—		—
Credit exposure	—		—			30,669		13			29,874		31			—		—
Guaranteed minimum income benefit contract	46,662		19,600			46,662		19,600			46,032		19,368			46,032		19,368
Modified coinsurance funds withheld contracts (2)	59,928		—			4,493,884		—			60,667		—			4,620,879		—
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments	$	264,305	$	29,158		$	4,871,119	$	42,655		$	441,843	$	25,025		$	4,909,732	$	33,554
Total derivatives			$	81,809				$	51,994				$	89,314				$	45,495
Counterparty netting			(2,674		)			(2,674		)			(3,087		)			(3,087		)
Total derivatives net of counterparty netting (1)			79,135					49,320					86,227					42,408
Cash collateral held/paid (3)			(49,230		)			(6,570		)			(30,958		)			—
Total derivatives as recorded in the balance sheets			$	29,905				$	42,750				$	55,269				$	42,408

____________

(1)

Derivative instruments in an asset or liability position are included within Other assets or Other liabilities, respectively, in the balance sheets on a net basis where the Company has both a legal right of offset and the intention to settle the contracts on a net basis. The Company often enters into different types of derivative contracts with a single counterparty and these contracts are covered under netting agreements.

(2)

The fair value movements in derivative assets and liabilities relating to modified coinsurance funds withheld contracts are included within the associated asset or liability at each period end on the face of the balance sheets. Notional amounts associated with reinsurance agreements under which the Company assumes reinsurance risk are recorded as asset derivative notional amounts. Notional amounts associated with the GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements under which the Company cedes reinsurance risk are recorded as liability derivative notional amounts. Included in the liability derivative notional amount as of June 30, 2016 is the cumulative net realized and unrealized loss on life retrocession embedded derivative of $900.1 million.

(3)

As of June 30, 2016, the Company held cash collateral related to foreign currency derivative positions and certain other derivative positions of $49.2 million for derivatives in an asset position and paid cash collateral of $6.6 million for derivatives in a liability position. As of December 31, 2015, the Company held cash collateral related to a foreign currency derivative position and certain other derivative positions of $31.0 million for derivatives in an asset position and paid cash collateral of nil for derivatives in a liability position. The assets and liabilities related to the net collateral paid or held were recorded as Other assets and Other liabilities within the unaudited consolidated balance sheets as the collateral and derivative positions are not intended to be settled on a net basis.

(a) Derivative Instruments Designated as Fair Value Hedges

The Company may designate certain of its derivative instruments as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges and formally and contemporaneously documents all relationships between the hedging instruments and hedged items and links the hedging derivatives to specific assets and liabilities. The Company assesses the effectiveness of the hedge both at inception and on an on-going basis, and determines whether the hedge is highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the linked hedged item.

Settlement of Fair Value Hedges

A summary of the fair value hedges that have been settled and their impact on results during the indicated periods as well as the remaining balance of fair value hedges and average years remaining to maturity as of June 30, 2016 and 2015 are shown below:



Settlement of Fair Value Hedges - Summary	Fair Value Hedges - Deposit Liabilities June 30,
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2016		2015
Cumulative reduction to interest expense	$	108,449	$	99,141
Remaining balance	124,746		134,054
Weighted average years remaining to maturity	20.8		22.4

(b) Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedges of the Net Investment in a Foreign Operation

The Company utilizes foreign exchange contracts to hedge the fair value of certain net investments in foreign operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company entered into foreign exchange contracts that were formally designated as hedges of investments in foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which have functional currencies of either the British Pound Sterling or the Euro. There was no ineffectiveness in these transactions.

The following table provides the weighted average U.S. Dollar equivalent of foreign denominated net assets that were hedged and the resulting derivative gain (loss) that was recorded in the foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax, account within AOCI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015:



Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedges of the Net Investment in a Foreign Operation - Summary	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2016		2015			2016		2015
Weighted average of U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign denominated net assets	$	2,394,185	$	1,815,593		$	2,314,466	$	1,222,267
Derivative gains (losses) (1)	$	45,397	$	(30,498	)	33,882		36,272

____________


(1)	Derivative gains (losses) from derivative instruments designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation are recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment account within AOCI for each period.

The following table provides the total impact on earnings relating to derivative instruments not formally designated as hedging instruments under authoritative accounting guidance. The impacts are all recorded through Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives in the income statement for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015:



Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Investment Related Derivatives:
Interest rate exposure	$	—		$	(6,563	)	$	781		$	3,073
Foreign exchange exposure	4			482			(666		)	(880		)
Credit exposure	16			(386		)	(147		)	(305		)
Financial market exposure	(1,811		)	(1,645		)	(2,821		)	1,398
Other Non-Investment Derivatives:
Foreign exchange contracts	183			55,372			(998		)	57,431
Credit exposure	250			132			(53		)	1,478
Modified coinsurance funds withheld contract	2,264			1,117			1,188			2,835
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments	$	906		$	48,509		$	(2,716	)	$	65,030

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on life retrocession embedded derivative and derivative instruments - Life Funds Withheld Assets	$	(229,742	)	$	239,174		$	(465,822	)	$	9,807

The Company’s objectives in using these derivatives are explained below.

(c)(i) Investment Related Derivatives

The Company, either directly or through third party investment managers, may use derivative instruments within its investment portfolio, including interest rate swaps and options on interest rate swaps, total return swaps, credit derivatives (including single name and index credit default swaps and options on credit default swaps), equity options, forward contracts and futures (including foreign exchange, bond and stock index, interest rate and commodity futures), primarily as a means of reducing investment risk by economically hedging exposures to interest rate, credit spread, equity price changes and foreign currency risk or, in limited instances, for efficient portfolio management. When using exchange traded or cleared over-the-counter derivatives, the Company is exposed to the credit risk of the applicable clearing house and of the Company's futures commission merchant. When using uncleared over-the-counter derivatives, the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to such derivative contracts. To manage this risk, the Company requires appropriate legal documentation with counterparties that has been reviewed and negotiated by the Company’s Investments Legal Department and complies with the Company’s documentation standards and Statement of Policy.

Investment Related Derivatives – Interest Rate Exposure

The Company utilizes risk management and overlay strategies that incorporate the use of derivative financial instruments, primarily to manage its fixed income portfolio duration and net economic exposure to interest rate risks. The Company may also use interest rate swaps to convert certain liabilities from a fixed rate to a variable rate of interest or to convert a variable rate of interest from one basis to another.

Investment Related Derivatives – Foreign Exchange Exposure

The Company has exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations through its operations and in its investment portfolio. The Company uses foreign exchange contracts to manage its exposure to the effects of fluctuating foreign currencies on the value of certain of its foreign currency fixed maturities. These contracts are not designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes and, therefore, realized and unrealized gains and losses on these contracts are recorded in income in the period in which they occur. These contracts generally have maturities of twelve months or less.

In addition, certain of the Company's investment managers may, subject to investment guidelines, enter into forward contracts.

Investment Related Derivatives – Credit Exposure

Credit derivatives may be purchased within the Company's investment portfolio in the form of single name, basket or index credit default swaps and swaptions, which are used to mitigate credit exposure through a reduction in credit spread duration (i.e., macro credit strategies rather than single-name credit hedging) or exposure to securities of selected issuers. Credit derivatives may also be used to efficiently gain exposure to credit markets, subject to guidelines that prohibit the introduction of effective leverage.

Investment Related Derivatives – Financial Market Exposure

Stock index futures may be purchased within the Company's investment portfolio in order to create synthetic equity exposure and to add value to the portfolio with overlay strategies where market inefficiencies are believed to exist. Stock index futures may be sold to facilitate the timely and efficient reduction of equity exposure. Equity option strategies, including both purchases and sales of options, may be used to add value or reduce exposure with overlay or other strategies. From time to time, the Company may enter into other financial market exposure derivative contracts on various indices and other underlying financial instruments including, but not limited to, sovereign CDS, inflation and commodity contracts.

(c)(ii) Other Non-Investment Derivatives

Foreign Exchange Contracts

On January 9, 2015, the Company entered into the FX Forwards with Morgan Stanley Capital Services LLC and Goldman Sachs International. The purpose of the FX Forwards was to mitigate risk of foreign currency exposure related to the Catlin Acquisition. Following the closing of the Catlin Acquisition, the FX Forwards were settled.

In connection with the Catlin Acquisition and the FX Forwards, during 2015, certain foreign exchange contracts utilized to hedge the fair value of certain net investments in foreign operations were de-designated as hedging instruments; subsequently during the second quarter, the hedging relationships were then re-established.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company entered into an average rate option to mitigate the risk of foreign currency exposure to certain cash flows denominated in the British Pound Sterling. The option will mature in the fourth quarter of 2016. Additionally, the Company has a small forward purchase to mitigate exposure to certain cash flows denominated in New Zealand Dollars.

Credit Exposure

During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company entered into a non-investment related credit derivative relating to a number of reference pool mortgage tranches associated with actual mortgage loans that were securitized into agency mortgage-backed securities and sold as Structured Agency Credit Risk Notes. As of June 30, 2016, there was no reported event of default on this obligation. The credit derivative is recorded at fair value based upon models developed by the Company. Significant unobservable inputs considered in the valuation include the impact of changes in interest rates, future default, delinquency and prepayment rates, credit spreads, changes in credit quality, and other market factors.

Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit Contract

The Company also has derivatives embedded in certain reinsurance contracts. For a certain life reinsurance contract, the Company pays the ceding company a fixed amount equal to the estimated present value of the excess of the guaranteed benefit over the account balance upon the policyholder's election to take the income benefit. The fair value of this derivative is determined based on the present value of expected cash flows.

Modified Coinsurance and Funds Withheld Contracts

The Company has modified coinsurance and funds withheld reinsurance agreements that provide for a return to be paid to the Company based on a portfolio of fixed income securities. As such, the agreements contain an embedded derivative. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the funds withheld balance and recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings through Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments.

Modified Coinsurance Funds Withheld Reinsurance Agreements - Life Retrocession Embedded Derivative

In addition, the Company has entered into GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements, as described in Note 1, "Basis of Preparation and Consolidation." The embedded derivative related to the GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements is recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings through Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on life retrocession embedded derivative and derivative instruments - Life Funds Withheld Assets.

The impact of the GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements on the Company's results was as follows:



Impact of GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Underwriting profit (loss) (1)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	603
Net investment income - Life Funds Withheld Assets	39,146			46,864			80,706			97,283
Net realized gains (losses) on investments sold - Life Funds Withheld Assets	30,114			68,037			64,530			120,775
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, Trading - Life Funds Withheld Assets	55,287			(19,543		)	124,383			(18,783		)
OTTI on investments - Life Funds Withheld Assets	(252		)	(2,878		)	(2,598		)	(8,087		)
Exchange gains (losses)	(6,755		)	(18,370		)	4,364			(14,686		)
Other income and expenses	(24		)	3,773			(170		)	2,475
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on life retrocession embedded derivative and derivative instruments - Life Funds Withheld Assets	(229,742		)	239,174			(465,822		)	9,807
Net income (loss)	$	(112,226	)	$	317,057		$	(194,607	)	$	189,387
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments - Life Funds Withheld Assets, net of tax	77,248			(321,046		)	129,238			(283,931		)
Change in adjustments related to future policy benefit reserves, net of tax	8,727			26,328			25,762			86,684
Change in cumulative translation adjustment - Life Funds Withheld Assets, net of tax	26,251			(22,339		)	39,607			8,463
Total changes to other comprehensive income as a result of GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements	$	112,226		$	(317,057	)	$	194,607		$	(188,784	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	603

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(1)	The underwriting profit of $0.6 million relates to a premium adjustment during the six months ended June 30, 2015 relating to the GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements transaction. Excluding this transaction, the impact to comprehensive income relating to the GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements was nil for the six months ended June 30, 2015.

As shown in the table above, although the Company's net income (loss) is subject to variability related to the GreyCastle Life Retro Arrangements, there is minimal net impact on the Company's comprehensive income in any period. The life retrocession embedded derivative value includes the interest income, unrealized gains and losses, and realized gains and losses from sales on the Life Funds Withheld Assets.

The change in the value of the life retrocession embedded derivative includes the interest income, realized and unrealized gains and losses on Life Funds Withheld Assets and certain related expenses are as follows:



Components of Life Retrocession Embedded Derivative and Derivative Instruments - Life Funds Withheld Assets:	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2016			2015
Interest income - Life Funds Withheld Assets	$	(41,455	)	(47,873		)	$	(84,565	)	$	(98,870	)
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) - Life Funds Withheld Assets	(176,868		)	321,038			(351,801		)	168,208
Other	24			59			171			155
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on life retrocession embedded derivative	$	(218,299	)	$	273,224		$	(436,195	)	$	69,493
Net adjustments related to future policy benefit reserves, net of tax	$	(5,950	)	$	(35,929	)	(28,003		)	(47,883		)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments - Life Funds Withheld Assets	$	(5,493	)	$	1,879		(1,624		)	(11,803		)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on life retrocession embedded derivative and derivative instruments - Life Funds Withheld Assets	$	(229,742	)	$	239,174		$	(465,822	)	$	9,807

(d) Contingent Credit Features

Certain derivative agreements entered into by the Company or its subsidiaries contain credit rating downgrade provisions that permit early termination of the agreements by the counterparty if collateral is not posted following failure to maintain certain credit ratings from one or more of the principal credit rating agencies. If the Company were required to terminate such agreements early due to a credit rating downgrade, it could potentially be in a net liability position at the time of settlement of such agreements. The aggregate fair value of all derivative agreements containing such rating downgrade provisions that were in a liability position and any collateral posted under these agreements as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows:



Contingent Credit Features - Summary: (U.S. dollars in thousands)	June 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
Aggregate fair value of derivative agreements with downgrade provisions in a net liability position	$	9,556	$	5,827
Collateral posted to counterparty	$	420	$	—