Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company carries certain financial assets and liabilities at estimated fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants. Our fair value framework includes a hierarchy that gives the highest priority to the use of quoted prices in active markets, followed by the use of market observable inputs, followed by the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy levels are as follows:

Level 1    Fair values based primarily on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities, in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2    Fair values primarily based on observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, or based on prices for similar assets and liabilities.

Level 3    Fair values derived when one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable (including assumptions about risk). With little or no observable market, the determination of fair values uses considerable judgment and represents the Company’s best estimate of an amount that could be realized in a market exchange for the asset or liability. Also included are securities that are traded within illiquid markets and/or priced by independent brokers.

The Company will classify the financial asset or liability by level based upon the lowest level input that is significant to the determination of the fair value. In most cases, both observable inputs (e.g., changes in interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in risk assumptions) are used to determine fair values that the Company has classified within Level 3.

Assets and (Liabilities) Carried at Fair Value by Hierarchy Level as of March 31, 2024
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, AFS
Asset backed securities ("ABS")	$	3,499	$	—	$	3,483	$	16
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO")	3,168		—		2,984		184
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")	3,050		—		2,809		241
Corporate	18,657		—		16,734		1,923
Foreign government/government agencies	548		—		548		—
Municipal	5,941		—		5,941		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS")	4,473		—		4,404		69
U.S. Treasuries	1,504		—		1,504		—
Total fixed maturities, AFS	40,840		—		38,407		2,433
FVO securities	292		—		125		167
Equity securities, at fair value [1]	736		344		334		58
Derivative assets
Credit derivatives	29		—		29		—
Foreign exchange derivatives	17		—		17		—
Interest rate derivatives	1		—		1		—
Total derivative assets [2]	47		—		47		—
Short-term investments	2,975		442		2,507		26
Total assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	44,890	$	786	$	41,420	$	2,684
Liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Derivative liabilities
Credit derivatives	$	(29)	$	—	$	(29)	$	—
Foreign exchange derivatives	10		—		10		—
Interest rate derivatives	(3)		—		(3)		—
Total derivative liabilities [3]	(22)		—		(22)		—
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	(22)	$	—	$	(22)	$	—

Assets and (Liabilities) Carried at Fair Value by Hierarchy Level as of December 31, 2023
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, AFS
ABS	$	3,320	$	—	$	3,320	$	—
CLO	3,090		—		2,977		113
CMBS	3,125		—		2,898		227
Corporate	17,866		—		16,005		1,861
Foreign government/government agencies	562		—		562		—
Municipal	6,039		—		6,039		—
RMBS	4,287		—		4,251		36
U.S. Treasuries	1,529		18		1,511		—
Total fixed maturities, AFS	39,818		18		37,563		2,237
FVO securities	327		—		160		167
Equity securities, at fair value [1]	864		333		473		58
Derivative assets
Credit derivatives	(10)		—		(10)		—
Foreign exchange derivatives	9		—		9		—
Total derivative assets [2]	(1)		—		(1)		—
Short-term investments	3,850		1,400		2,425		25
Total assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	44,858	$	1,751	$	40,620	$	2,487
Liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Derivative liabilities
Credit derivatives	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	—
Foreign exchange derivatives	4		—		4		—
Interest rate derivatives	(6)		—		(6)		—
Total derivative liabilities [3]	8		—		8		—
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	8	$	—	$	8	$	—

[1]Level 3 includes investments that have contractual sales restrictions that require consent to sell and are in place for the duration that the securities are held by the Company.

[2]Includes derivative instruments in a net positive fair value position after consideration of the accrued interest and impact of collateral posting requirements which may be imposed by agreements and applicable law. See footnote 3 to this table for derivative liabilities.

[3]Includes derivative instruments in a net negative fair value position (derivative liability) after consideration of the accrued interest and impact of collateral posting requirements which may be imposed by agreements and applicable law.

The Company has overseas deposits included in other investments of $75 as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which are measured at fair value using the net asset value as a practical expedient.

Fixed Maturities, Equity Securities, Short-term Investments, and Derivatives

Valuation Techniques

The Company generally determines fair values using valuation techniques that use prices, rates, and other relevant information evident from market transactions involving identical or similar

instruments. Valuation techniques also include, where appropriate, estimates of future cash flows that are converted into a single discounted amount using current market expectations. The Company uses a "waterfall" approach comprised of the following pricing sources and techniques, which are listed in priority order:

•Quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets, which are classified as Level 1.

•Prices from third-party pricing services, which primarily utilize a combination of techniques. These services utilize recently reported trades of identical, similar, or benchmark securities making adjustments for market observable inputs available through the reporting date. If there are no recently reported trades, they may use a discounted cash flow

technique to develop a price using expected cash flows based upon the anticipated future performance of the underlying collateral discounted at an estimated market rate. Both techniques develop prices that consider the time value of future cash flows and provide a margin for risk, including liquidity and credit risk. Most prices provided by third-party pricing services are classified as Level 2 because the inputs used in pricing the securities are observable. However, some securities that are less liquid or trade less actively are classified as Level 3. Additionally, certain long-dated securities include benchmark interest rate or credit spread assumptions that are not observable in the marketplace and are thus classified as Level 3.

•Internal matrix pricing is a valuation process internally developed for private placement securities for which the Company is unable to obtain a price from a third-party pricing service. Internal pricing matrices determine credit spreads that, when combined with risk-free rates, are applied to contractual cash flows to develop a price. The Company develops credit spreads using market based data for public securities adjusted for credit spread differentials between public and private securities, which are obtained from a survey of multiple private placement brokers. The market-based reference credit spread considers the issuer’s sector, financial strength, and term to maturity, using an independent public security index, while the credit spread differential considers the non-public nature of the security. Securities priced using internal matrix pricing are classified as Level 2 because the significant inputs are observable or can be corroborated with observable data.

•Independent broker quotes, which are typically non-binding, use inputs that can be difficult to corroborate with observable market-based data. Brokers may use present value techniques using assumptions specific to the security types, or they may use recent transactions of similar securities. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on independent broker quotes are classified as Level 3.

The fair value of derivative instruments is determined primarily using a discounted cash flow model or option model technique and incorporates counterparty credit risk. In some cases, quoted market prices for exchange-traded and over-the-counter ("OTC") cleared derivatives may be used and in other cases independent broker quotes may be used. The pricing valuation models primarily use inputs that are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data. The valuation of certain derivatives may include significant inputs that are unobservable, such as volatility levels, and reflect the Company’s view of what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments.

Valuation Controls

The process for determining the fair value of investments is monitored by the Valuation Committee, which is a cross-functional group of senior management within the Company. The purpose of the Valuation Committee is to provide oversight of the pricing policy, procedures, and controls, including approval of valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The Valuation Committee reviews market data trends, pricing statistics and trading statistics to ensure that prices are reasonable and consistent with our fair value framework. Controls and procedures used to assess third-party pricing services are reviewed by the Valuation Committee, including the results of annual due-diligence reviews. Controls include, but are not limited to, reviewing daily and monthly price changes, stale prices, and missing prices and comparing new trade prices to third-party pricing services, weekly price changes to published bond index prices, and daily OTC derivative market valuations to counterparty valuations. The Company has a dedicated pricing group that works with trading and investment professionals to challenge prices received by a third-party pricing source if the Company believes that the valuation received does not accurately reflect the fair value. New valuation models and changes to current models require approval by the Valuation Committee. In addition, the Company’s enterprise-wide Operational Risk Management function provides an independent review of the suitability and reliability of model inputs, as well as an analysis of significant changes to current models.

Valuation Inputs

Quoted prices for identical assets in active markets are considered Level 1 and consist of on-the-run U.S. Treasuries, money market funds, exchange-traded equity securities, open-ended mutual funds, certain short-term investments, and exchange traded derivative instruments.

Valuation Inputs Used in Levels 2 and 3 Measurements for Securities and Derivatives
Level 2 Primary Observable Inputs		Level 3 Primary Unobservable Inputs
Fixed Maturity Investments
Structured securities (includes ABS, CLO, CMBS and RMBS)
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Monthly payment information • Collateral performance, which varies by vintage year and includes delinquency rates, loss severity rates and refinancing assumptions • Credit default swap indices Other inputs for ABS, CLO, and RMBS: • Estimate of future principal prepayments, derived from the characteristics of the underlying structure • Prepayment speeds previously experienced at the interest rate levels projected for the collateral		• Independent broker quotes • Credit spreads beyond observable curve • Interest rates beyond observable curve Other inputs for less liquid securities or those that trade less actively, including subprime RMBS: • Estimated cash flows • Credit spreads, which include illiquidity premium • Constant prepayment rates • Constant default rates • Loss severity
Corporates
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Reported trades, bids, offers of the same or similar securities • Issuer spreads and credit default swap curves Other inputs for investment grade privately placed securities that utilize internal matrix pricing: • Credit spreads for public securities of similar quality, maturity, and sector, adjusted for non-public nature		• Independent broker quotes • Credit spreads beyond observable curve • Interest rates beyond observable curve Other inputs for below investment grade privately placed securities and private bank loans: • Credit spreads for public securities of similar quality, maturity, and sector, adjusted for non-public nature
U.S. Treasuries, Municipals, and Foreign government/government agencies
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Issuer credit default swap curves • Political events in emerging market economies • Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board reported trades and material event notices • Issuer financial statements		• Credit spreads beyond observable curve • Interest rates beyond observable curve
Equity Securities
	• Quoted prices in markets that are not active		• For privately traded equity securities, internal discounted cash flow models utilizing earnings multiples or other cash flow assumptions that are not observable
Short-term Investments
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Reported trades, bids, offers • Issuer spreads and credit default swap curves • Material event notices and new issue money market rates		• Independent broker quotes • For privately traded investments, credit spreads for public securities of similar quality, maturity, and sector, adjusted for non-public nature
Derivatives
Credit derivatives
	• Swap yield curve • Credit default swap curves		• Not applicable
Foreign exchange derivatives
	• Swap yield curve • Currency spot and forward rates • Cross currency basis curves		• Not applicable
Interest rate derivatives
	• Swap yield curve		• Not applicable

Significant Unobservable Inputs for Level 3 - Securities
Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	Fair Value		Predominant Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Input	Minimum	Maximum	Weighted Average [1]	Impact of Increase in Input on Fair Value [2]
As of March 31, 2024
CLO [3]	$	124	Discounted cash flows	Spread	259 bps	260 bps	260 bps	Decrease
CMBS [3]	$	239	Discounted cash flows	Spread (encompasses prepayment, default risk and loss severity)	235 bps	1,225 bps	430 bps	Decrease
Corporate [4]	$	1,806	Discounted cash flows	Spread	7 bps	714 bps	304 bps	Decrease
RMBS	$	69	Discounted cash flows	Spread [6]	44 bps	420 bps	158 bps	Decrease
				Constant prepayment rate [6]	—%	17%	4%	Decrease [5]
				Constant default rate [6]	1%	3%	2%	Decrease
				Loss severity [6]	30%	64%	38%	Decrease
Short-term investments [3]	$	16	Discounted cash flows	Spread	887 bps	887 bps	887 bps	Decrease
As of December 31, 2023
CLO [3]	$	98	Discounted cash flows	Spread	268 bps	270 bps	269 bps	Decrease
CMBS [3]	$	226	Discounted cash flows	Spread (encompasses prepayment, default risk and loss severity)	365 bps	1,315 bps	509 bps	Decrease
Corporate [4]	$	1,741	Discounted cash flows	Spread	49 bps	743 bps	323 bps	Decrease
RMBS	$	36	Discounted cash flows	Spread [6]	32 bps	298 bps	161 bps	Decrease
				Constant prepayment rate [6]	1%	5%	4%	Decrease [5]
				Constant default rate [6]	1%	5%	2%	Decrease
				Loss severity [6]	10%	70%	41%	Decrease
Short-term investments [3]	$	15	Discounted cash flows	Spread	579 bps	1,254 bps	1,225 bps	Decrease

[1]The weighted average is determined based on the fair value of the securities.

[2]Conversely, the impact of a decrease in input would have the opposite impact to the fair value as that presented in the table.

[3]Excludes securities for which the Company bases fair value on broker quotations.

[4]Excludes securities for which the Company bases fair value on broker quotations; however, included are broker priced lower-rated private placement securities for which the Company receives spread and yield information to corroborate the fair value.

[5]Decrease for above market rate coupons and increase for below market rate coupons.

[6]Generally, a change in the assumption used for the constant default rate would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumption used for constant prepayment rate and would have resulted in wider spreads.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair values of the Company's level 3 derivatives were less than $1 for both periods.

The table above excludes certain securities for which fair values are predominately based on independent broker quotes. While the Company does not have access to the significant unobservable inputs that independent brokers may use in their pricing process, the Company believes brokers likely use inputs similar to those used by the Company and third-party pricing services to price similar instruments. As such, in their pricing models, brokers likely use estimated loss severity rates, prepayment rates, constant default rates and credit spreads. Therefore, similar to non-broker priced securities, increases in these inputs would generally cause fair values to decrease. As of March 31, 2024, no significant adjustments were made by the Company to broker prices received.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs

The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk associated with certain assets and liabilities. However, the derivative instrument may not be classified within the same fair value hierarchy level as the associated asset or liability.

Fair Value Rollforwards for Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
		Fair value as of January 1, 2024		Included in net income [1]		Included in OCI [2]		Purchases		Settlements		Sales		Transfers into Level 3 [3]		Transfers out of Level 3 [3]		Fair value as of March 31, 2024
Assets
Fixed maturities, AFS
	ABS	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	16	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	16
	CLO	113		—		—		130		(12)		—		—		(47)		184
	CMBS	227		—		10		—		(2)		—		6		—		241
	Corporate	1,861		—		(15)		106		(27)		(2)		—		—		1,923
	RMBS	36		—		—		38		(5)		—		—		—		69
Total fixed maturities, AFS		2,237		—		(5)		290		(46)		(2)		6		(47)		2,433
FVO securities		167		3		—		—		(3)		—		—		—		167
Equity securities, at fair value		58		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		58
Short-term investments		25		—		—		1		—		—		—		—		26
Total Assets		$	2,487	$	3	$	(5)	$	291	$	(49)	$	(2)	$	6	$	(47)	$	2,684

Fair Value Rollforwards for Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 for the  Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
		Fair value as of January 1, 2023		Included in net income [1]		Included in OCI [2]		Purchases		Settlements		Sales		Transfers into Level 3 [3]		Transfers out of Level 3 [3]		Fair value as of March 31, 2023
Assets
Fixed maturities, AFS
	ABS	$	30	$	—	$	—	$	36	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(30)	$	36
	CLO	115		—		—		40		(4)		—		—		—		151
	CMBS	222		—		(5)		4		—		—		10		—		231
	Corporate	1,589		1		31		66		(51)		(7)		27		(13)		1,643
	RMBS	95		—		—		—		(8)		—		—		(30)		57
Total fixed maturities, AFS		2,051		1		26		146		(63)		(7)		37		(73)		2,118
FVO securities		178		(8)		—		—		2		—		—		—		172
Equity securities, at fair value		61		(1)		—		1		(1)		—		—		—		60
Short-term investments		193		—		—		1		(7)		—		—		—		187
Total Assets		$	2,483	$	(8)	$	26	$	148	$	(69)	$	(7)	$	37	$	(73)	$	2,537

[1]Amounts in these columns are generally reported in net realized gains (losses). All amounts are before income taxes.

[2]All amounts are before income taxes.

[3]Transfers into and/or (out of) Level 3 are primarily attributable to the availability of market observable information and the re-evaluation of the observability of pricing inputs.

Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 Still Held at End of Period
		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024		2023		2024		2023
		Changes in Unrealized Gain/(Loss) included in Net Income [1] [2]				Changes in Unrealized Gain/(Loss) included in OCI [3]
Assets
Fixed maturities, AFS
	CMBS	$	—	$	—	$	10	$	(5)
	Corporate	—		—		(15)		31
Total fixed maturities, AFS		—		—		(5)		26
FVO securities		3		(8)		—		—
Total Assets		$	3	$	(8)	$	(5)	$	26

[1]All amounts in these rows are reported in net realized gains (losses). All amounts are before income taxes.

[2]Amounts presented are for Level 3 only and therefore may not agree to other disclosures included herein.

[3]Changes in unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, AFS are reported in changes in net unrealized gain (loss) on fixed maturities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Fair Value Option

The Company has elected the fair value option for certain investments in residual interests of securitizations and other securities that contain embedded credit derivatives with underlying credit risk related to residential real estate in order to reflect changes in fair value in earnings. These instruments are included within FVO securities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and changes in the fair value of these investments are reported in net realized gains and losses.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of assets using the fair value option was $292 and $327, respectively, of which $167 were residual interests of securitizations for both periods.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, realized gains (losses) related to the change in fair value of assets using the fair value option were $4 and $(8), respectively.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value
	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Carrying Amount [1]		Fair Value		Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Carrying Amount [1]		Fair Value
Assets
Mortgage loans	Level 3	$	6,197	$	5,618	Level 3	$	6,087	$	5,584
Liabilities
Other policyholder funds and benefits payable	Level 3	$	633	$	633	Level 3	$	638	$	639
Senior notes [2]	Level 2	$	3,864	$	3,491	Level 2	$	3,863	$	3,533
Junior subordinated debentures [2]	Level 2	$	499	$	445	Level 2	$	499	$	429

[1]As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of mortgage loans is net of ACL of $48 and $51, respectively.

[2]Included in long-term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, except for any current maturities, which are included in short-term debt when applicable.