The Company carries certain financial assets and liabilities at estimated fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants. Our fair value framework includes a hierarchy that gives the highest priority to the use of quoted prices in active markets, followed by the use of market observable inputs, followed by the use of unobservable inputs.

The fair value hierarchy levels are as follows:

Level 1 Fair values based primarily on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities, in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 Fair values primarily based on observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, or based on prices for similar assets and liabilities.

Level 3 Fair values derived when one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable (including assumptions about risk). With little or no observable market, the determination of fair values uses considerable judgment and represents the Company’s best estimate of an amount that could be realized in a market exchange for the asset or liability. Also included are securities that are traded within illiquid markets and/or priced by independent brokers.

The Company will classify the financial asset or liability by level based upon the lowest level input that is significant to the determination of the fair value. In most cases, both observable inputs (e.g., changes in interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in risk assumptions) are used to determine fair values that the Company has classified within Level 3.


Assets and (Liabilities) Carried at Fair Value by Hierarchy Level as of December 31, 2020
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, AFS
Asset backed securities ("ABS")	$	1,564	$	—	$	1,564	$	—
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs")	2,780		—		2,420		360
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")	4,484		—		4,407		77
Corporate	20,273		—		19,392		881
Foreign government/government agencies	919		—		913		6
Municipal	9,503		—		9,503		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS")	4,107		—		3,726		381
U.S. Treasuries	1,405		529		876		—
Total fixed maturities	45,035		529		42,801		1,705

Equity securities, at fair value	1,438		872		496		70
Derivative assets
Credit derivatives	21		—		21		—

Foreign exchange derivatives	1		—		1		—
Interest rate derivatives	1		—		1		—
Total derivative assets [1]	23		—		23		—
Short-term investments	3,283		2,663		590		30
Total assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	49,779	$	4,064	$	43,910	$	1,805
Liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Derivative liabilities


Foreign exchange derivatives	$	(14)	$	—	$	(14)	$	—
Interest rate derivatives	(70)		—		(70)		—
Total derivative liabilities [2]	(84)		—		(84)		—

Total liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	(84)	$	—	$	(84)	$	—


Assets and (Liabilities) Carried at Fair Value by Hierarchy Level as of December 31, 2019
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Fixed maturities, AFS
ABS	$	1,476	$	—	$	1,461	$	15
CLOs	2,183		—		2,088		95
CMBS	4,338		—		4,329		9
Corporate	17,396		—		16,664		732
Foreign government/government agencies	1,123		—		1,120		3
Municipal	9,498		—		9,498		—
RMBS	4,869		—		4,309		560
U.S. Treasuries	1,265		330		935		—
Total fixed maturities	42,148		330		40,404		1,414

Equity securities, at fair value	1,657		1,401		183		73
Derivative assets
Credit derivatives	11		—		11		—


Interest rate derivatives	1		—		1		—


Total derivative assets [1]	12		—		12		—
Short-term investments	2,921		1,028		1,878		15

Total assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	46,738	$	2,759	$	42,477	$	1,502
Liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis
Derivative liabilities
Credit derivatives	$	(1)	$	—	$	(1)	$	—
Equity derivatives	(15)		—		—		(15)
Foreign exchange derivatives	(2)		—		(2)		—
Interest rate derivatives	(60)		—		(60)		—
Total derivative liabilities [2]	(78)		—		(63)		(15)
Contingent consideration [3]	(22)		—		—		(22)
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis	$	(100)	$	—	$	(63)	$	(37)

[1]Includes derivative instruments in a net positive fair value position after consideration of the accrued interest and impact of collateral posting requirements which may be imposed by agreements and applicable law. See footnote 2 to this table for derivative liabilities.

[2]Includes derivative instruments in a net negative fair value position (derivative liability) after consideration of the accrued interest and impact of collateral posting requirements which may be imposed by agreements and applicable law.

[3]For additional information, see the Contingent Consideration section below.

In connection with the acquisition of Navigators Group, the Company has overseas deposits in Other Invested Assets of $54 and $38 as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which are measured at fair value using the net asset value as a practical expedient.

Fixed Maturities, Equity Securities, Short-term Investments, and Derivatives

Valuation Techniques

The Company generally determines fair values using valuation techniques that use prices, rates, and other relevant information evident from market transactions involving identical or similar instruments. Valuation techniques also include, where appropriate, estimates of future cash flows that are converted into a single discounted amount using current market

expectations. The Company uses a "waterfall" approach comprised of the following pricing sources and techniques, which are listed in priority order:

•Quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets, which are classified as Level 1.

•Prices from third-party pricing services, which primarily utilize a combination of techniques. These services utilize recently reported trades of identical, similar, or benchmark securities making adjustments for market observable inputs available through the reporting date. If there are no recently reported trades, they may use a discounted cash flow technique to develop a price using expected cash flows based upon the anticipated future performance of the underlying collateral discounted at an estimated market rate. Both techniques develop prices that consider the time value of future cash flows and provide a margin for risk, including liquidity and credit risk. Most prices provided by third-party pricing services are classified as Level 2 because the inputs

used in pricing the securities are observable. However, some securities that are less liquid or trade less actively are classified as Level 3. Additionally, certain long-dated securities, such as municipal securities and bank loans, include benchmark interest rate or credit spread assumptions that are not observable in the marketplace and are thus classified as Level 3.

•Internal matrix pricing, which is a valuation process internally developed for private placement securities for which the Company is unable to obtain a price from a third-party pricing service. Internal pricing matrices determine credit spreads that, when combined with risk-free rates, are applied to contractual cash flows to develop a price. The Company develops credit spreads using market based data for public securities adjusted for credit spread differentials between public and private securities, which are obtained from a survey of multiple private placement brokers. The market-based reference credit spread considers the issuer’s financial strength and term to maturity, using an independent public security index, while the credit spread differential considers the non-public nature of the security. Securities priced using internal matrix pricing are classified as Level 2 because the significant inputs are observable or can be corroborated with observable data.

•Independent broker quotes, which are typically non-binding, use inputs that can be difficult to corroborate with observable market based data. Brokers may use present value techniques using assumptions specific to the security types, or they may use recent transactions of similar securities. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on independent broker quotes are classified as Level 3.

The fair value of derivative instruments is determined primarily using a discounted cash flow model or option model technique and incorporates counterparty credit risk. In some cases, quoted market prices for exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives may be used and in other cases independent broker quotes may be used. The pricing valuation models primarily use inputs that are observable in the market or can be corroborated by

observable market data. The valuation of certain derivatives may include significant inputs that are unobservable, such as volatility levels, and reflect the Company’s view of what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments.

Valuation Controls

The process for determining the fair value of investments is monitored by the Valuation Committee, which is a cross-functional group of senior management within the Company. The purpose of the Valuation Committee is to provide oversight of the pricing policy, procedures and controls, including approval of valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The Valuation Committee reviews market data trends, pricing statistics and trading statistics to ensure that prices are reasonable and consistent with our fair value framework. Controls and procedures used to assess third-party pricing services are reviewed by the Valuation Committee, including the results of annual due-diligence reviews. Controls include, but are not limited to, reviewing daily and monthly price changes, stale prices, and missing prices and comparing new trade prices to third-party pricing services, weekly price changes to published bond prices of a corporate bond index, and daily OTC derivative market valuations to counterparty valuations. The Company has a dedicated pricing unit that works with trading and investment professionals to challenge the price received by a third party pricing source if the Company believes that the valuation received does not accurately reflect the fair value. New valuation models and changes to current models require approval by the Valuation Committee. In addition, the Company’s enterprise-wide Operational Risk Management function provides an independent review of the suitability and reliability of model inputs, as well as an analysis of significant changes to current models.

Valuation Inputs

Quoted prices for identical assets in active markets are considered Level 1 and consist of on-the-run U.S. Treasuries, money market funds, exchange-traded equity securities, open-ended mutual funds, certain short-term investments, and exchange traded futures and option contracts.

Valuation Inputs Used in Levels 2 and 3 Measurements for Securities and Derivatives


	Level 2 Primary Observable Inputs	Level 3 Primary Unobservable Inputs
Fixed Maturity Investments
Structured securities (includes ABS, CLOs, CMBS and RMBS)
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Monthly payment information • Collateral performance, which varies by vintage year and includes delinquency rates, loss severity rates and refinancing assumptions • Credit default swap indices Other inputs for ABS, CLOs, and RMBS: • Estimate of future principal prepayments, derived from the characteristics of the underlying structure • Prepayment speeds previously experienced at the interest rate levels projected for the collateral	• Independent broker quotes • Credit spreads beyond observable curve • Interest rates beyond observable curve Other inputs for less liquid securities or those that trade less actively, including subprime RMBS: • Estimated cash flows • Credit spreads, which include illiquidity premium • Constant prepayment rates • Constant default rates • Loss severity
Corporates
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Reported trades, bids, offers of the same or similar securities • Issuer spreads and credit default swap curves Other inputs for investment grade privately placed securities that utilize internal matrix pricing : • Credit spreads for public securities of similar quality, maturity, and sector, adjusted for non-public nature	• Independent broker quotes • Credit spreads beyond observable curve • Interest rates beyond observable curve Other inputs for below investment grade privately placed securities and private bank loans: • Credit spreads for public securities of similar quality, maturity, and sector, adjusted for non-public nature
U.S Treasuries, Municipals, and Foreign government/government agencies
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Issuer credit default swap curves • Political events in emerging market economies • Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board reported trades and material event notices • Issuer financial statements	• Credit spreads beyond observable curve • Interest rates beyond observable curve
Equity Securities
	• Quoted prices in markets that are not active	• For privately traded equity securities, internal discounted cash flow models utilizing earnings multiples or other cash flow assumptions that are not observable
Short-term Investments
	• Benchmark yields and spreads • Reported trades, bids, offers • Issuer spreads and credit default swap curves • Material event notices and new issue money market rates	• Independent broker quotes
Derivatives
Credit derivatives
	• Swap yield curve • Credit default swap curves	Not applicable
Equity derivatives
	• Equity index levels • Swap yield curve	• Independent broker quotes • Equity volatility
Foreign exchange derivatives
	• Swap yield curve • Currency spot and forward rates • Cross currency basis curves	Not applicable
Interest rate derivatives
	• Swap yield curve	• Independent broker quotes • Interest rate volatility

Significant Unobservable Inputs for Level 3 - Securities

Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis

Fair

Value

Predominant

Valuation

Technique

Significant Unobservable Input

Minimum

Maximum

Weighted Average [1]

Impact of

Increase in Input

on Fair Value [2]

As of December 31, 2020

CLOs [3]

340

Discounted cash flows

Spread

304 bps

305 bps

304 bps

Decrease

CMBS [3]

Discounted cash flows

Spread (encompasses prepayment, default risk and loss severity)

255 bps

975 bps

688 bps

Decrease

Corporate [4]

749

Discounted cash flows

Spread

110 bps

692 bps

293 bps

Decrease

RMBS [3]

364

Discounted cash flows

Spread [6]

7 bps

937 bps

119 bps

Decrease

Constant prepayment rate [6]

—%

10%

Decrease [5]

Constant default rate [6]

Decrease

Loss severity [6]

—%

100%

84%

Decrease

As of December 31, 2019

CLOs [3]

Discounted cash flows

Spread

246 bps

Decrease

CMBS [3]

Discounted cash flows

Spread (encompasses prepayment, default risk and loss severity)

9 bps

1,832 bps

161 bps

Decrease

Corporate [4]

633

Discounted cash flows

Spread

93 bps

788 bps

236 bps

Decrease

RMBS [3]

560

Discounted cash flows

Spread [6]

5 bps

233 bps

79 bps

Decrease

Constant prepayment rate [6]

—%

11%

Decrease [5]

Constant default rate [6]

Decrease

Loss severity [6]

—%

100%

70%

Decrease

[1]The weighted average is determined based on the fair value of the securities.

[2]Conversely, the impact of a decrease in input would have the opposite impact to the fair value as that presented in the table.

[3]Excludes securities for which the Company bases fair value on broker quotations.

[4]Excludes securities for which the Company bases fair value on broker quotations; however, included are broker priced lower-rated private placement securities for which the Company receives spread and yield information to corroborate the fair value.

[5]Decrease for above market rate coupons and increase for below market rate coupons.

[6]Generally, a change in the assumption used for the constant default rate would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumption used for constant prepayment rate and would have resulted in wider spreads.

Significant Unobservable Inputs for Level 3 - Derivatives [1]


	Fair Value		Predominant Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Input	Minimum		Maximum		Weighted Average [2]		Impact of Increase in Input on Fair Value [3]



As of December 31, 2019

Equity options	$	(15)	Option model	Equity volatility	13	%	28	%	17	%	Increase

[1]As of December 31, 2020, the fair values of the Company's level 3 derivatives were less than $1 and are excluded from the table.

[2]The weighted average is determined based on the fair value of the derivatives.

[3]Conversely, the impact of a decrease in input would have the opposite impact to the fair value as that presented in the table. Changes are based on long positions, unless otherwise noted. Changes in fair value will be inversely impacted for short positions.

The tables above exclude certain securities for which fair values are predominately based on independent broker quotes. While the Company does not have access to the significant unobservable inputs that independent brokers may use in their pricing process, the Company believes brokers likely use inputs similar to those used by the Company and third-party pricing

services to price similar instruments. As such, in their pricing models, brokers likely use estimated loss severity rates, prepayment rates, constant default rates and credit spreads. Therefore, similar to non-broker priced securities, increases in these inputs would generally cause fair values to decrease. For

the year ended December 31, 2020, no significant adjustments were made by the Company to broker prices received.

Contingent Consideration

The acquisition of Lattice Strategies LLC ("Lattice") on July 29, 2016 required the Company to make payments to former owners of Lattice of up to $60 contingent upon growth in exchange-traded products ("ETP") assets under management ("AUM") over a period of four years beginning on the date of acquisition. The contingent consideration was measured at fair value on a quarterly basis by projecting future eligible ETP AUM over the contingency period to estimate the amount of expected payout. The future expected payout had been discounted back to the valuation date using a risk-adjusted discount rate of 10.0%. The risk-adjusted discount rate is an internally generated and significant unobservable input to fair value.

In January 2020, we made a third payment of $10 after Lattice AUM reached $3.0 billion. Given the dramatic market declines and outflow in March, 2020, Lattice AUM declined to $2.3 billion as of March 30, 2020 and the Company reduced the remaining contingent consideration liability to zero, recognizing an $11.9

before tax reduction in expense in first quarter 2020. The earn out period ended on July 29, 2020 with no additional consideration payable.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs

The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk associated with certain assets and liabilities. However, the derivative instrument may not be classified within the same fair value hierarchy level as the associated asset or liability. Therefore, the realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivatives reported in the Level 3 rollforward may be offset by realized and unrealized gains and losses of the associated assets and liabilities in other line items of the financial statements.

Fair Value Rollforwards for Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 for the Year Ended December 31, 2020


				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
		Fair value as of January 1, 2020		Included in net income [1]		Included in OCI [2]		Purchases		Settlements		Sales		Transfers into Level 3 [3]		Transfers out of Level 3 [3]		Fair value as of December 31, 2020
Assets
Fixed Maturities, AFS
	ABS	$	15	$	—	$	(1)	$	43	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(57)	$	—
	CLOs	95		—		1		389		(43)		—		—		(82)		360
	CMBS	9		—		3		79		(5)		—		13		(22)		77
	Corporate	732		(31)		31		272		(143)		(36)		486		(430)		881
	Foreign Govt./Govt. Agencies	3		—		—		6		—		—		—		(3)		6
	Municipal	—		(3)		2		—		—		(6)		7		—		—
	RMBS	560		—		(11)		66		(182)		(7)		—		(45)		381
Total Fixed Maturities, AFS		1,414		(34)		25		855		(373)		(49)		506		(639)		1,705

Equity Securities, at fair value		73		(10)		—		6		—		—		1		—		70








Short-term investments		15		—		—		30		(15)		—		—		—		30
Total Assets		1,502		(44)		25		891		(388)		(49)		507		(639)		1,805
Liabilities
Derivatives, net [4]
	Equity	(15)		36		—		—		(21)		—		—		—		—
Total Derivatives, net [4]		(15)		36		—		—		(21)		—		—		—		—
Contingent Consideration		(22)		12		—		—		10		—		—		—		—
Total Liabilities		$	(37)	$	48	$	—	$	—	$	(11)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Fair Value Rollforwards for Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 for the Year Ended December 31, 2019


				Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
		Fair value as of January 1, 2019		Included in net income [1]		Included in OCI [2]		Purchases		Settlements		Sales		Transfers into Level 3 [3]		Transfers out of Level 3 [3]		Fair value as of December 31, 2019
Assets
Fixed Maturities, AFS
	ABS	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	20	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	(14)	$	15
	CLOs	100		—		—		329		(127)		(6)		—		(201)		95
	CMBS	12		—		1		34		(4)		—		—		(34)		9
	Corporate	520		(4)		16		354		(59)		(88)		61		(68)		732
	Foreign Govt./Govt. Agencies	3		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		3

	RMBS	920		1		(8)		134		(214)		(35)		—		(238)		560
Total Fixed Maturities, AFS		1,565		(3)		9		871		(405)		(129)		61		(555)		1,414

Equity Securities, at fair value		77		—		—		9		—		(13)		—		—		73
Derivatives, net [4]



	Interest rate	1		(1)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—



Total Derivatives, net [4]		1		(1)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Short-term investments		—		—		—		15		—		—		—		—		15
Total Assets		1,643		(4)		9		895		(405)		(142)		61		(555)		1,502
Liabilities
Derivatives, net [4]
	Equity	3		(18)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(15)
Total Derivatives, net [4]		3		(18)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(15)

Contingent Considerations		(35)		(7)		—		—		20		—		—		—		(22)
Total Liabilities		$	(32)	$	(25)	$	—	$	—	$	20	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(37)

[1]Amounts in these columns are generally reported in net realized capital gains (losses). All amounts are before income taxes.

[2]All amounts are before income taxes.

[3]Transfers in and/or (out) of Level 3 are primarily attributable to the availability of market observable information and the re-evaluation of the observability of pricing inputs. Transfers into and out of Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2020, were primarily related to private securities that were priced using internal matrix pricing in the prior period, but changed to broker pricing in the current period and inversely, private securities that were priced using broker pricing in the prior period, but changed to internal matrix pricing in the current period.

[4]Derivative instruments are reported in this table on a net basis for asset (liability) positions and reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in other investments and other liabilities.

Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 Still Held at Year End


		December 31,
		2020				2019
		Changes in Unrealized Gain/(Loss) included in Net Income [1] [2]		Changes in Unrealized Gain/(Loss) included in OCI [3]		Changes in Unrealized Gain/(Loss) included in Net Income [1] [2]		Changes in Unrealized Gain/(Loss) included in OCI [3]
Assets
Fixed Maturities, AFS

	CLOs	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—
	CMBS	—		4		—		1
	Corporate	(21)		24		(2)		15
	Foreign Govt./Govt. Agencies	—		—		—		1

	RMBS	—		(10)		—		(7)
Total Fixed Maturities, AFS		(21)		19		(2)		10

Equity Securities, at fair value		(9)		—		1		—
Derivatives, net


	Equity	—		—		(18)		—
	Interest rate	—		—		(1)		—



Total Derivatives, net		—		—		(19)		—
Total Assets		(30)		19		(20)		10
Liabilities
Contingent Consideration		12		—		(7)		—
Total Liabilities		$	12	$	—	$	(7)	$	—

[1]All amounts in these rows are reported in net realized capital gains (losses). All amounts are before income taxes.

[2]Amounts presented are for Level 3 only and therefore may not agree to other disclosures included herein.

[3]Changes in unrealized gain (loss) on fixed maturities, AFS are reported in changes in net unrealized gain on securities in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Changes in interest rate derivatives are reported in changes in net gain on cash flow hedging instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value


	December 31, 2020					December 31, 2019
	Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Carrying Amount [1]		Fair Value		Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Carrying Amount [1]		Fair Value
Assets

Mortgage loans	Level 3	$	4,493	$	4,792	Level 3	$	4,215	$	4,350
Liabilities
Other policyholder funds and benefits payable	Level 3	$	701	$	703	Level 3	$	763	$	765
Senior notes [2]	Level 2	$	3,262	$	4,363	Level 2	$	3,759	$	4,456
Junior subordinated debentures [2]	Level 2	$	1,090	$	1,107	Level 2	$	1,089	$	1,153

[1] As of December 31, 2020, carrying amount of mortgage loans is net of ACL of $38.

[2] Included in long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, except for current maturities, which are included in short-term debt.