

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	28,261		$	24,584
Reinsurance and other recoverables	5,275			4,232
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	22,986			20,352
Navigators Group acquisition	—			2,001
Provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current accident year	3,962			3,475
Prior accident year development [1]	(245		)	24
Total provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	3,717			3,499
Change in deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance included in other liabilities [1]	(83		)	—
Payments
Current accident year	(778		)	(848		)
Prior accident years	(2,575		)	(2,381		)
Total payments	(3,353		)	(3,229		)
Foreign currency adjustment	(10		)	—
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	23,257			22,623
Reinsurance and other recoverables	5,427			5,125
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	28,684		$	27,748

[1] Prior accident year development does not include the benefit of a portion of losses ceded under the Navigators adverse development cover ('Navigators ADC') which, under retroactive reinsurance accounting, is deferred and is recognized over the period the ceded losses are recovered in cash from National Indemnity Company ("NICO"). For additional information regarding the Navigators ADC agreement, please refer to Adverse Development Covers discussion below.



	For the six months ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Workers’ compensation	$	(38	)	$	(50	)
Workers’ compensation discount accretion	18			17
General liability	114			43
Marine	1			10
Package business	(6		)	(9		)
Commercial property	(2		)	(15		)
Professional liability	5			33
Bond	(10		)	—
Assumed reinsurance	(7		)	3
Automobile liability - Commercial Lines	27			2
Automobile liability - Personal Lines	(21		)	(5		)
Homeowners	—			1
Catastrophes	(413		)	(22		)
Uncollectible reinsurance	(2		)	—
Other reserve re-estimates, net	6			16
Prior accident year development before change in deferred gain	(328		)	24
Change in deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance included in other liabilities [1]	83			—
Total prior accident year development	$	(245	)	$	24

Workers’ compensation reserves were reduced on national account business within middle & large commercial, driven by lower than previously estimated claim severity for the 2014 and prior accident years and were reduced in small commercial due to lower than expected claim severity for the 2013 to 2018 accident years.

General liability reserves were increased in first quarter 2020, primarily related to guaranteed cost construction business for accident years 2016 to 2019 as incurred losses are developing higher than previously expected for premises and operations claims and product liability claims, partly due to a change in industry mix and a heavier concentration of losses in California than initially assumed. General liability reserves were also increased in second quarter 2020 on primary layer construction account business mainly related to the 2018 accident year and is largely included as a component of the change in deferred gain under retroactive reinsurance in the above table. In addition, the Company recorded an increase in reserves for sexual molestation and abuse claims in the second quarter of 2020 related to cases brought against religious and other institutions that were insureds of the Company. During the second quarter of 2020, the Company increased these reserves

by $102 considering the impact of recent bankruptcy filings and an expected increase in claim incidence largely driven by legislation passed in a number of states that provides an opportunity for claimants to file claims for a period of time despite the fact that the original statute of limitations had expired.

Marine reserves were increased principally due to an increase in domestic marine liability, mostly in accident years 2017 and 2018 due to a higher number of large losses. The increase in marine reserves is included as a component of the change in deferred gain under retroactive reinsurance in the above table.

Professional liability reserves were increased primarily due to an increase in large D&O losses within Global Specialty, principally in the 2016 and 2017 accident years. The reserve increases within Global Specialty are included as a component of the change in deferred gain under retroactive reinsurance in the above table.

Assumed reinsurance reserves were increased for accident year 2018 mostly due to higher accident and health reserve estimates for medical professionals on assumed casualty business. These reserve increases are included as a component of the change in deferred gain under retroactive reinsurance in the above table.

Automobile liability reserves were decreased in Personal Lines principally due to lower than previously expected AARP Direct automobile liability claim severity for the 2017 and 2018 accident years. Automobile liability reserves were increased in Commercial Lines primarily due to higher than expected large losses on national accounts in the first quarter of 2020 related to accident years 2015 to 2017 and due to large losses within middle & large commercial, primarily within the 2018 and 2019 accident years.

Catastrophes reserves were reduced, primarily due to a a reduction in estimated reserves for 2017 and 2018 California wildfires and a reduction in estimated catastrophes for wind and hail events in the 2018 and 2019 accident years, partially offset by an increase in reserves for 2019 typhoons Hagibis and Faxai in Asia. The reduction in reserves for the 2017 and 2018 wildfires was largely due to recognizing a $289 subrogation benefit in the second quarter of 2020 from PG&E Corporation and Pacific Gas and Electric Company (together, “PG&E”).

In December, 2019, the judge overseeing the bankruptcy of PG&E approved an $11 billion settlement of insurance subrogation claims to resolve all such claims arising from the 2017 Northern California wildfires and 2018 Camp wildfire. That settlement was contingent upon, among other things, the judge entering an order confirming PG&E’s chapter 11 bankruptcy plan (“PG&E Plan”) incorporating the settlement agreement. On June 20, 2020, the bankruptcy court judge approved the PG&E Plan and PG&E subsequently transferred the $11 billion settlement amount to a trust designed to allocate and distribute the settlement among subrogation holders, including certain of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries. In the second quarter of 2020, the Company recorded an estimated $289 subrogation benefit

General liability reserves were increased, primarily due to reserve increases in small commercial for accident years 2017 and 2018 due to higher frequency of high-severity bodily injury claims, as well as increased estimated severity on the acquired Navigators book of business related to U.S. construction, premises liability, products liability and excess casualty, mostly related to accident years 2014 to 2018.

Commercial property reserves were decreased, principally due to favorable emergence of reported losses, including on the acquired Navigators Group book of business related to offshore energy in accident years 2017 to 2018 and construction engineering across accident years 2015 to 2018.

Professional liability reserves were increased, primarily due to large loss activity, including wrongful termination and discrimination claims, in accident years 2017 and 2018 and increased estimated frequency and severity of directors’ and officers’ reserves on the Navigators Group book of business, principally for the 2014 to 2018 accident years.

The Company has an adverse development cover reinsurance agreement with NICO, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., to reinsure loss development after 2016 on substantially all of the Company’s asbestos and environmental reserves (the “A&E ADC”). Under the A&E ADC, the Company paid a reinsurance premium of $650 for NICO to assume adverse net loss reserve development up to $1.5 billion above the Company’s existing net A&E reserves as of December 31, 2016 of approximately $1.7

billion including reserves for A&E exposure for accident years prior to 1986 that are reported in Property & Casualty Other Operations ("Run-off A&E") and reserves for A&E exposure for accident years 1986 and subsequent from policies underwritten prior to 2016 that are reported in ongoing Commercial Lines and Personal Lines. The $650 reinsurance premium was placed into a collateral trust account as security for NICO’s claim payment obligations to the Company. The Company has retained the risk of collection on amounts due from other third-party reinsurers and continues to be responsible for claims handling and other administrative services, subject to certain conditions. The A&E ADC covers substantially all the Company’s A&E reserve development up to the reinsurance limit.

Under retroactive reinsurance accounting, net adverse A&E reserve development after December 31, 2016 will result in an offsetting reinsurance recoverable up to the $1.5 billion limit. Cumulative ceded losses up to the $650 reinsurance premium paid are recognized as a dollar-for-dollar offset to direct losses incurred. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding the $650 reinsurance premium paid would result in a deferred gain. The deferred gain would be recognized over the claim settlement period in the proportion of the amount of cumulative ceded losses collected from the reinsurer to the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoveries. Consequently, until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings, cumulative adverse development of asbestos and environmental claims after December 31, 2016 in excess of $650 may result in significant charges against earnings. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has incurred $640 in cumulative adverse development on asbestos and environmental reserves that have been ceded under the A&E ADC treaty with NICO with $860 of available limit remaining under the A&E ADC.

Immediately after closing on the acquisition of Navigators Group, effective May 23, 2019, the Company purchased the Navigators ADC, an aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreement covering adverse reserve development, from NICO, on behalf of Navigators Insurers. Under the Navigators ADC, the Navigators Insurers paid NICO a reinsurance premium of $91 in exchange for reinsurance coverage of $300 of adverse net loss reserve development that attaches $100 above the Navigators Insurers' existing net loss and allocated loss adjustment reserves as of December 31, 2018 subject to the treaty of $1.816 billion for accidents and losses prior to December 31, 2018.

As of June 30, 2020, the Company has recorded a reinsurance recoverable under the Navigators ADC of $190, as estimated cumulative loss development on the 2018 and prior accident year reserves of $290 exceed the $100 deductible. While the reinsurance recoverable is $190, the Company has also recorded a $99 cumulative deferred gain within other liabilities since, under retroactive reinsurance accounting, ceded losses in excess of the $91 of ceded premium paid must be recognized as a deferred gain. As the Company has ceded $190 of the $300 available limit, there is $110 of remaining limit available as of June 30, 2020.



	For the six months ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	8,256		$	8,445
Reinsurance recoverables [1]	246			239
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	8,010			8,206
Provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current incurral year	2,297			2,269
Prior year's discount accretion	111			117
Prior incurral year development [2]	(315		)	(206		)
Total provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses [3]	2,093			2,180
Payments
Current incurral year	(871		)	(922		)
Prior incurral years	(1,290		)	(1,342		)
Total payments	(2,161		)	(2,264		)
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	7,942			8,122
Reinsurance recoverables	244			234
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	8,186		$	8,356

Group disability- Prior period reserve estimates decreased by approximately $230 largely driven by group long-term disability lower claim incidence and higher recoveries on prior incurral year claims, and a refund on the New York Paid Family Leave program.

Group life and accident (including group life premium waiver)- Prior period reserve estimates decreased by approximately $65 largely driven by lower prior year mortality than prior assumptions in group life and lower-than-previously expected claim incidence in group life premium waiver.

Supplemental Accident & Health- Prior period reserve estimates decreased by approximately $20 driven by lower-than-expected emergence of prior year claims, especially for voluntary critical Illness and voluntary accident products.

Group disability- Prior period reserve estimates decreased by approximately $175 largely driven by group long-term disability claim incidence lower than prior assumptions, as well as claim recoveries and Social Security Disability approvals higher than prior reserve assumptions. New York Paid Family Leave also experienced favorable claim emergence compared to year-end estimates.



Changes in Reserves for Future Policy Benefits^[1]
Liability balance, as of January 1, 2020	$	635
Incurred	53
Paid	(42		)
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses	6
Liability balance, as of June 30, 2020	$	652
Reinsurance recoverable asset, as of January 1, 2020	$	31
Incurred	(4		)
Paid	—
Reinsurance recoverable asset, as of June 30, 2020	$	27



Liability balance, as of January 1, 2019	$	642
Incurred	44
Paid	(55		)
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses	13
Liability balance, as of June 30, 2019	$	644
Reinsurance recoverable asset, as of January 1, 2019	$	27
Incurred	—
Paid	—
Reinsurance recoverable asset, as of June 30, 2019	$	27

[1]Reserves for future policy benefits includes paid-up life insurance and whole-life policies resulting from conversion from group life policies included within the Group Benefits segment and reserves for run-off structured settlement and terminal funding agreement liabilities which are in the Corporate category.