Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Level 3 (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Dec. 31, 2015

Dec. 31, 2014

Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Activity in Liability [Abstract]

Schedule of Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Table Text Block]

Property and Casualty Insurance Products

Roll-forward of Liabilities for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	21,825	$	21,806	$	21,704
Reinsurance and other recoverables	2,882		3,041		3,028
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	18,943		18,765		18,676
Add: Maxum acquisition [1]	122		—		—
Provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current accident year	6,990		6,647		6,572
Prior accident year development	457		250		228
Total provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	7,447		6,897		6,800
Less: payments
Current accident year	2,749		2,653		2,639
Prior accident years	4,219		4,066		4,072
Total payments	6,968		6,719		6,711
Less: net reserves transferred to liabilities held for sale	487		—		—
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	19,057		18,943		18,765
Reinsurance and other recoverables [2]	2,776		2,882		3,041
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	21,833	$	21,825	$	21,806

[1] Represents Maxum reserves, net as of the acquisition date.

[2] Includes reinsurance recoverables of $2,373, $2,515 and $2,730 as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Property and Casualty Insurance Products Reserves, Net of Reinsurance that are Discounted

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016						2015						2014
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, at undiscounted amounts	$	1,504					$	1,607					$	1,577
Less: amount of discount	483						523						556
Carrying value of liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	1,021					$	1,084					$	1,021
Discount accretion included in losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	29					$	38					$	31
Weighted average discount rate	3.11					%	3.24					%	3.50					%
Range of discount rates	1.77		%	-	14.15	%	1.77		%	-	14.15	%	1.77		%	-	14.15	%

The current accident year benefit from discounting property and casualty insurance product reserves was $27 in 2016, $35 in 2015 and $34 in 2014. The reduction in the discount benefit in 2016 as compared to 2015 reflects lower claim volume and a shorter than expected payment pattern in 2016. The reduction in the discount benefit in 2015 as compared to 2014 reflects lower claim volume and a shorter than expected payment pattern in 2015. Reserves are discounted at rates in effect at the time claims were incurred, ranging from 1.77% for accident year 2016 to 14.15% for accident year 1981.

The reserves recorded for the Company’s property and casualty insurance products at December 31, 2016 represent the Company’s best estimate of its ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses related to losses covered by policies written by the Company. However, because of the significant uncertainties surrounding reserves it is possible that management’s estimate of the ultimate liabilities for these claims may change and that the required adjustment to recorded reserves could exceed the currently recorded reserves by an amount that could be material to the Company’s results of operations or cash flows.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses are also impacted by trends including frequency and severity as well as changes in the legislative and regulatory environment. In the case of the reserves for asbestos exposures, factors contributing to the high degree of uncertainty in the ultimate settlement of the liabilities gross of reinsurance include inadequate loss development patterns, plaintiffs’ expanding theories of liability, the risks inherent in major litigation, and inconsistent emerging legal doctrines. In the case of the reserves for environmental exposures, factors contributing to the high degree of uncertainty in gross reserves include expanding theories of liabilities and damages, the risks inherent in major litigation, inconsistent decisions concerning the existence and scope of coverage for environmental claims, and uncertainty as to the monetary amount being sought by the claimant from the insured.

(Favorable) Unfavorable Prior Accident Year Development

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Workers’ compensation	$	(119	)	$	(37	)	$	(7	)
Workers’ compensation discount accretion	28			29			30
General liability	65			8			(25		)
Package business	65			28			3
Commercial property	1			(6		)	2
Professional liability	(37		)	(36		)	(17		)
Bond	(8		)	(2		)	8
Auto liability	217			54			25
Homeowners	(10		)	9			(7		)
Net asbestos reserves	197			146			212
Net environmental reserves	71			55			30
Catastrophes	(7		)	(18		)	(45		)
Uncollectible reinsurance	(30		)	—			—
Other reserve re-estimates, net	24			20			19
Total prior accident year development	$	457		$	250		$	228

2016 re-estimates of prior accident year reserves

• Workers’ compensation reserves consider favorable emergence on reported losses for recent accident years as well as a partially offsetting adverse impact related to two recent Florida Supreme Court rulings that have increased the Company’s exposure to workers’ compensation claims in that state. The favorable emergence has been driven by lower frequency and, to a lesser extent, lower medical severity and management has placed additional weight on this favorable experience as it becomes more credible.

• General liability reserves increased for accident years 2012 - 2015 primarily due to higher severity losses incurred on a class of business that insures service and maintenance contractors and increased reserves in general liability for accident years 2008 and 2010 primarily due to indemnity losses and legal costs associated with a litigated claim.

• Small commercial package business reserves increased due to higher than expected severity on liability claims, principally for accident years 2013 - 2015. Severity for these accident years has developed unfavorably and management has placed more weight on emerged experience.

• Professional liability reserves decreased for claims made years 2008 - 2013, primarily for large accounts, including on non-securities class action cases. Claim costs have emerged favorably as these years have matured and management has placed more weight on the emerged experience.

• Auto liability reserves increased due to increases in both commercial lines auto and personal lines auto. Commercial auto liability reserves increased, predominately for the 2015 accident year, primarily due to increased frequency of large claims. Personal auto liability reserves increased, primarily related to increased bodily injury frequency and severity for the 2015 accident year, including for uninsured and under-insured motorist claims, and increased bodily injury severity for the 2014 accident year. Increases in auto liability loss costs were across both the direct and agency distribution channels.

• Asbestos and environmental reserves were increased during the period as a result of the second quarter 2016 comprehensive annual review. For further discussion, refer to MD&A, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asbestos and Environmental Reserves.

• Uncollectible reinsurance reserves decreased as a result of giving greater weight to favorable collectability experience in recent calendar periods in estimating future collections.

2015 re-estimates of prior accident year reserves

• Workers' compensation reserves decreased due to an improvement in claim closure rates resulting in a decrease in outstanding claims for permanently disabled claimants. In addition, accident years 2013 and 2014 continue to exhibit favorable frequency and medical severity trends; management has been placing additional weight on this favorable experience as it becomes more credible.

• Small Commercial package business reserves increased due to higher than expected severity on liability claims, impacting recent accident years.

• Commercial auto liability reserves increased due to increased severity of large claims predominantly for accident years 2010 to 2013.

• Professional liability reserves decreased for claims made years 2009 through 2012 primarily for large accounts. Claim costs have emerged favorably as these years have matured and management has placed more weight on the emerged experience.

• Asbestos and environmental reserves were increased during the period as a result of the 2015 comprehensive annual review.

• Catastrophe reservesdecreased primarily for accident year 2014 as fourth quarter 2014 catastrophes have developed favorably.

• Other reserve re-estimates, net, decreased due to decreased contract surety reserves across several accident years and decreased commercial surety reserves for accident years 2012 through 2014 as a result of lower emerged losses. These reserve decreases were offset by an increase in commercial surety reserves related to accident years 2007 and prior, as the number of new claims reported has outpaced expectations.

2014 re-estimates of prior accident years reserves

• Workers' compensation reserves decreased for recent accident years due to improved frequency and lower estimated claim handling costs.

• General liability reserves decreased due to lower frequency in late emerging claims.

• Commercial auto liability reserves increased due to an increased frequency of severe claims spread across several accident years.

• Professional liability reserves decreased for accident years 2013, 2012 and 2010 due to lower frequency of reported claims.

• Bond reserves emerged favorably for accident years 2008 to 2013, offset by adverse emergence on reserves for accident years 2007 and prior.

• Homeowners reserves emerged favorably for accident year 2013, primarily related to favorable development on fire and water related claims.

• Asbestos and environmental reserves were increased during the period as a result of the 2014 comprehensive annual review.

• Catastrophe reserves decreased primarily for accident year 2013, as fourth quarter 2013 catastrophes have developed favorably.

Reconciliation of Loss Development to Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses As of December 31, 2016

	Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance													Subtotal
Reserve Line	Cumulative Incurred for Accident Years Displayed in Triangles		Cumulative Paid for Accident Years Displayed in Triangles			Unpaid for Accident Years not Displayed in Triangles [1]			Unpaid Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Discount			Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Reinsurance and Other Recoverables		Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Workers' compensation	$	17,948	$	(10,775	)	$	2,152		$	330	$	(466	)	$	9,189	$	1,431	$	10,620
General liability	3,546		(1,981		)	464			84		—			2,113		225		2,338
Package business	6,469		(5,214		)	53			91		—			1,399		17		1,416
Commercial property	3,041		(2,870		)	16			8		—			195		15		210
Commercial auto liability	3,438		(2,594		)	15			21		—			880		38		918
Commercial auto physical damage	227		(219		)	1			—		—			9		—		9
Professional liability	1,761		(1,225		)	36			17		—			589		288		877
Bond	657		(444		)	(1		)	13		—			225		12		237
Personal auto liability	12,304		(10,703		)	13			61		—			1,675		24		1,699
Personal auto physical damage	1,908		(1,876		)	1			3		—			36		—		36
Homeowners	7,323		(7,024		)	7			35		—			341		1		342
Other ongoing business						208			1		(17		)	192		299		491
Asbestos and environmental [2]						1,655			—		—			1,655		390		2,045
Other operations [2]						468			91		—			559		36		595
Total P&C	$	58,622	$	(44,925	)	$	5,088		$	755	$	(483	)	$	19,057	$	2,776	$	21,833

[1] Amounts represent reserves for claims that were incurred more than ten years ago for long-tail lines and more than three years ago for short-tail lines.

[2] Asbestos and environmental and other operations include asbestos, environmental and other latent exposures not foreseen when coverages were written, including, but not limited to, potential liability for pharmaceutical products, silica, talcum powder, head injuries, lead paint, construction defects, molestation and other long-tail liabilities. These reserve lines do not have significant paid or incurred loss development for the most recent ten accident years and therefore do not have loss development displayed in triangles.

The reserve lines in the above table and the loss triangles that follow represent the significant lines of business for which the Company regularly reviews the appropriateness of reserve levels. These reserve lines differ from the reserve lines reported on a statutory basis, as prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC").

The following loss triangles present historical loss development for incurred and paid claims by accident year. Triangles are limited to the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, not exceeding ten years. Short-tail lines, which represent claims generally expected to be paid within a few years, have three years of claim development displayed. IBNR reserves shown in loss triangles include reserve for incurred but not reported claims as well as reserves for expected development on reported claims.

Workers' Compensation

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	1,597	$	1,538	$	1,492	$	1,434	$	1,404	$	1,394	$	1,375	$	1,374	$	1,372	$	1,374	$	114	148,662
2008			1,456		1,444		1,456		1,470		1,473		1,477		1,477		1,492		1,493		129		141,632
2009					1,462		1,455		1,478		1,493		1,504		1,504		1,519		1,529		182		135,757
2010							1,560		1,775		1,814		1,858		1,857		1,882		1,881		267		156,400
2011									2,013		2,099		2,204		2,206		2,221		2,224		402		177,279
2012											2,185		2,207		2,207		2,181		2,168		512		170,535
2013													2,020		1,981		1,920		1,883		596		147,997
2014															1,869		1,838		1,789		761		123,794
2015																	1,873		1,835		1,012		110,894
2016																			1,772		1,256		98,070
Total																			$	17,948

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	239	$	547	$	727	$	845	$	935	$	1,000	$	1,053	$	1,094	$	1,122	$	1,141
2008			264		581		781		917		1,015		1,089		1,146		1,190		1,216
2009					265		587		792		937		1,042		1,115		1,170		1,208
2010							316		709		970		1,154		1,287		1,374		1,439
2011									371		841		1,156		1,368		1,518		1,622
2012											359		809		1,106		1,313		1,436
2013													304		675		917		1,071
2014															275		598		811
2015																	261		576
2016																			255
Total																			$	10,775

General Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	601	$	570	$	524	$	491	$	489	$	461	$	428	$	416	$	415	$	416	$	46	23,384
2008			501		457		468		454		451		416		398		401		398		50		21,181
2009					382		398		394		382		359		348		347		346		46		20,268
2010							355		362		352		355		343		345		376		43		18,482
2011									353		343		323		316		315		320		55		16,344
2012											321		315		310		295		304		93		11,230
2013													318		321		332		352		145		9,211
2014															317		318		336		180		9,366
2015																	316		346		260		9,246
2016																			352		323		8,463
Total																			$	3,546

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	46	$	94	$	161	$	230	$	289	$	315	$	335	$	347	$	355	$	362
2008			31		69		141		216		270		300		318		330		337
2009					22		63		124		181		227		256		277		287
2010							14		51		115		181		224		259		314
2011									11		47		93		154		198		234
2012											8		39		75		124		167
2013													7		35		95		152
2014															11		31		88
2015																	7		32
2016																			8
Total																			$	1,981

Package Business

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	575	$	626	$	638	$	621	$	600	$	600	$	592	$	592	$	586	$	586	$	17	53,645
2008			667		703		709		677		675		674		676		673		675		19		58,028
2009					587		584		584		572		578		577		576		576		25		50,263
2010							657		662		654		652		652		651		653		29		52,259
2011									810		792		790		800		808		814		44		60,793
2012											736		725		728		731		736		55		59,472
2013													579		565		573		585		66		43,077
2014															566		578		601		118		42,230
2015																	582		588		185		40,140
2016																			655		314		36,845
Total																			$	6,469

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	223	$	362	$	432	$	484	$	525	$	542	$	552	$	559	$	562	$	565
2008			278		451		510		562		595		620		633		643		649
2009					227		351		411		463		503		527		539		547
2010							270		414		487		539		570		601		613
2011									377		555		621		684		727		748
2012											286		486		560		616		652
2013													225		339		414		467
2014															226		345		416
2015																	212		332
2016																			225
Total																			$	5,214

Commercial Property

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves			Claims Reported
2007	$	306	$	306	$	299	$	295	$	294	$	295	$	295	$	296	$	296	$	296	$	(1	)	32,589
2008			478		465		465		464		467		464		464		463		464		—			31,995
2009					267		264		259		258		251		257		257		257		—			28,284
2010							286		283		279		282		284		284		284		—			28,513
2011									357		356		356		362		361		360		—			29,099
2012											329		301		301		305		306		1			25,777
2013													234		218		219		220		—			20,280
2014															268		260		262		—			19,720
2015																	264		264		3			18,955
2016																			328		48			18,189
Total																			$	3,041

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	185	$	277	$	291	$	293	$	293	$	294	$	295	$	296	$	296	$	297
2008			280		422		449		459		464		464		464		465		466
2009					179		247		252		256		256		257		257		257
2010							198		266		276		281		283		284		284
2011									231		332		350		355		358		359
2012											171		279		294		300		304
2013													157		208		216		218
2014															168		243		258
2015																	172		239
2016																			188
Total																			$	2,870

Commercial Auto Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	334	$	333	$	351	$	352	$	351	$	350	$	350	$	351	$	353	$	355	$	1	50,392
2008			303		311		304		303		304		304		302		307		306		4		43,859
2009					306		292		287		287		297		301		302		302		1		38,651
2010							277		280		296		319		323		328		327		11		38,007
2011									272		310		356		356		366		365		12		39,093
2012											311		376		390		401		394		26		35,719
2013													309		314		329		336		40		31,510
2014															306		314		328		71		28,742
2015																	302		353		140		27,205
2016																			372		251		24,553
Total																			$	3,438

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	68	$	153	$	227	$	292	$	322	$	334	$	343	$	347	$	348	$	349
2008			61		124		185		238		270		289		295		299		300
2009					56		115		175		237		274		291		298		300
2010							55		125		188		252		289		300		308
2011									62		133		211		273		315		339
2012											65		142		233		306		345
2013													61		128		199		255
2014															58		129		195
2015																	61		141
2016																			62
Total																			$	2,594

Commercial Auto Physical Damage

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2014	$	72	$	73	$	73	$	—	31,724
2015			74		75		—		26,761
2016					79		1		24,826
Total					$	227

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016
2014	$	67	$	73	$	73
2015			69		75
2016					71
Total					$	219

Professional Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Claims Made Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	275	$	274	$	237	$	203	$	201	$	212	$	210	$	210	$	210	$	220	$	14	4,182
2008			281		253		244		274		280		276		276		282		277		10		4,956
2009					254		251		244		266		257		263		255		257		19		5,113
2010							202		211		212		205		201		200		195		30		4,888
2011									226		228		232		226		219		219		42		4,702
2012											174		172		168		149		146		45		3,716
2013													136		136		123		110		66		2,771
2014															116		123		118		65		2,857
2015																	104		113		75		2,898
2016																			106		94		2,709
Total																			$	1,761

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Claims Made Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	11	$	53	$	85	$	117	$	142	$	178	$	187	$	190	$	191	$	200
2008			13		61		126		166		202		221		230		260		264
2009					17		69		127		177		194		226		225		226
2010							22		62		103		137		148		157		162
2011									11		57		100		128		163		170
2012											11		41		60		89		97
2013													4		19		31		39
2014															4		21		40
2015																	4		23
2016																			4
Total																			$	1,225

Bond

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves			Claims Reported
2007	$	76	$	76	$	104	$	105	$	101	$	109	$	106	$	129	$	132	$	135	$	(3	)	5,387
2008			75		67		62		52		47		47		44		47		48		7			3,443
2009					71		71		69		58		57		51		49		49		4			3,301
2010							71		75		80		79		73		69		70		—			2,659
2011									72		76		76		75		70		70		11			2,118
2012											69		69		60		53		48		19			1,712
2013													63		58		54		48		29			1,437
2014															69		65		65		23			1,347
2015																	65		65		39			1,294
2016																			59		52			1,082
Total																			$	657

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	8	$	29	$	38	$	42	$	68	$	104	$	111	$	129	$	131	$	132
2008			5		18		23		30		32		34		39		39		39
2009					9		32		45		46		44		43		44		44
2010							13		46		59		58		59		63		66
2011									12		39		51		56		57		59
2012											12		25		26		24		25
2013													3		9		17		18
2014															18		31		40
2015																	9		19
2016																			2
Total																			$	444

Personal Auto Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	1,291	$	1,260	$	1,242	$	1,229	$	1,219	$	1,216	$	1,215	$	1,211	$	1,211	$	1,209	$	2	260,143
2008			1,253		1,249		1,227		1,207		1,197		1,196		1,192		1,191		1,188		2		248,987
2009					1,351		1,305		1,280		1,255		1,256		1,260		1,259		1,257		2		254,543
2010							1,346		1,321		1,293		1,287		1,282		1,275		1,265		4		248,940
2011									1,181		1,170		1,180		1,173		1,166		1,154		9		221,862
2012											1,141		1,149		1,146		1,142		1,133		14		210,715
2013													1,131		1,145		1,144		1,153		23		205,308
2014															1,146		1,153		1,198		72		208,364
2015																	1,195		1,340		206		214,436
2016																			1,407		571		201,606
Total																			$	12,304

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	452	$	846	$	1,037	$	1,129	$	1,175	$	1,191	$	1,200	$	1,204	$	1,205	$	1,206
2008			469		861		1,031		1,121		1,160		1,175		1,181		1,183		1,184
2009					492		888		1,083		1,171		1,223		1,240		1,246		1,250
2010							496		915		1,108		1,202		1,239		1,251		1,256
2011									447		826		1,006		1,088		1,126		1,140
2012											441		818		986		1,067		1,104
2013													442		816		1,002		1,091
2014															430		843		1,032
2015																	475		935
2016																			505
Total																			$	10,703

Personal Auto Physical Damage

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves			Claims Reported
2014	$	614	$	612	$	611	$	—		392,193
2015			629		632		—			395,384
2016					665		(3		)	383,870
Total					$	1,908

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016
2014	$	591	$	613	$	612
2015			610		630
2016					634
Total					$	1,876

Homeowners

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	578	$	590	$	581	$	581	$	582	$	581	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	1	133,741
2008			742		768		777		778		779		779		779		779		780		2		165,101
2009					757		777		776		772		772		772		772		769		2		149,783
2010							838		850		838		840		840		840		836		2		161,559
2011									955		920		919		916		914		911		4		179,353
2012											774		741		741		741		739		4		142,756
2013													673		638		637		634		6		113,399
2014															710		707		702		9		121,619
2015																	690		703		20		119,097
2016																			669		84		111,072
Total																			$	7,323

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	402	$	537	$	557	$	569	$	572	$	575	$	576	$	578	$	578	$	579
2008			548		721		750		764		773		775		777		777		778
2009					559		727		749		759		763		765		766		766
2010							599		789		815		825		829		832		833
2011									709		871		891		899		903		905
2012											547		696		719		727		731
2013													467		590		611		622
2014															526		663		684
2015																	487		645
2016																			481
Total																			$	7,024

Property and casualty reserves, including IBNR reserves

The Company estimates ultimate losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses by accident year. IBNR represents the excess of estimated ultimate loss reserves over case reserves. The process to estimate ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses is an integral part of the Company's reserve setting. Reserves for allocated and unallocated loss adjustment expenses aregenerally established separate from the reserves for losses.

Reserves for losses are set by line of business within the reporting segments. Case reserves are established by a claims handler on each individual claim and are adjusted as new information becomes known during the course of handling the claim. Lines of business for which reported losses emerge over a long period of time are referred to as long-tail lines of business. Lines of business for which reported losses emerge more quickly are referred to as short-tail lines of business. The Company’s shortest tail lines of business are homeowners, commercial property and auto physical damage. The longest tail lines of business include workers’ compensation, general liability and professional liability. For short-tail lines of business, emergence of paid loss and case reserves is credible and likely indicative of ultimate losses. For long-tail lines of business, emergence of paid losses and case reserves is less credible in the early periods after a given accident year and, accordingly, may not be indicative of ultimate losses.

The Company’s reserving actuaries regularly review reserves for both current and prior accident years using the most current claim data. A variety of actuarial methods and judgments are used for most lines of business to arrive at selections of estimated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses. While actuarial methods used and judgments change depending on the age of the accident year, in 2016, there were no new methods or types of judgments introduced or changes in how those methods and judgments were applied. The reserve selections incorporate input, as appropriate, from claims personnel, pricing actuaries and operating management about reported loss cost trends and other factors that could affect the reserve estimates.

For both short-tail and long-tail lines of business, an expected loss ratio is used to record initial reserves. This expected loss ratio is determined by starting with the average loss ratio of recent prior accident years and adjusting that ratio for the effect of expected changes to earned pricing, loss frequency and severity, mix of business, ceded reinsurance and other factors. For short-tail lines, IBNR for the current accident year is initially recorded as the product of the expected loss ratio for the period, earned premium for the period and the proportion of losses expected to be reported in future calendar periods for the current accident period. For long-tailed lines, IBNR reserves for the current accident year are initially recorded as the product of the expected loss ratio for the period and the earned premium for the period, less reported losses for the period. For certain short-tailed lines of business, IBNR amounts in the above loss development triangles are negative due to anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries on paid losses.

As losses for a given accident year emerge or develop in subsequent periods, reserving actuaries use other methods to estimate ultimate unpaid losses in addition to the expected loss ratio method. These primarily include paid and reported loss development methods, frequency / severity techniques and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method (a combination of the expected loss ratio and paid development or reported development method). Within any one line of business, the methods that are given more weight vary based primarily on the maturity of the accident year, the mix of business and the particular internal and external influences impacting the claims experience or the methods. The output of the reserve reviews are reserve estimates that are referred to as the “actuarial indication”.

Paid development and reported development techniques are used for most lines of business though more weight is given to the reported development method for some of the long-tailed lines like general liability. In addition, for long-tailed lines of business, the Company relies on the expected loss ratio method for immature accident years. Frequency/severity techniques are used predominantly for professional liability and are also used for auto liability. For most lines, reserves for allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE", or those expenses related to specific claims) are analyzed using paid development techniques and an analysis of the relationship between ALAE and loss payments. Reserves for unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE") are determined using the expected cost per claim year and the anticipated claim closure pattern as well as the ratio of paid ULAE to paid losses.

In the final step of the reserve review process, senior reserving actuaries and senior management apply their judgment to determine the appropriate level of reserves considering the actuarial indications and other factors not contemplated in the actuarial indications. Those factors include, but are not limited to, the assessed reliability of key loss trends and assumptions used in the current actuarial indications, pertinent trends observed over the recent past, the level of volatility within a particular line of business, and the improvement or deterioration of actuarial indications.

Cumulative number of reported claims

For property and casualty, claim counts represent the number of claim features on a reported claim where a claim feature is each separate coverage for each claimant affected by the claim event.  For example, one car accident that results in two bodily injury claims and one auto damage liability claim would be counted as three claims within the personal auto liability triangle. Similarly, a fire that impacts one commercial building may result in multiple claim features due to the potential for claims related to business interruption, structural damage, and loss of the physical contents of the building. Claim features that result in no paid losses are included in the reported claim counts.

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
	(Unaudited)
Reserve Line	1st Year	2nd Year	3rd Year		4th Year	5th Year	6th Year	7th Year	8th Year	9th Year	10th Year
Workers' compensation	16.3	20.3	13.3		9.2	6.6	4.7	3.7	2.8	1.9	1.3
General liability	4.5	9.4	16.2		17.3	13.4	8.5	7.5	3.0	1.8	1.5
Package business	39.2	22.4	10.7		8.3	5.6	3.6	1.9	1.3	0.8	0.5
Commercial property	64.0	28.0	4.5		1.4	0.8	0.2	0.2	0.2	—	—
Commercial auto liability	17.8	21.0	20.7		18.3	10.7	5.0	2.4	0.8	0.4	0.3
Commercial auto physical damage	91.2	8.7	(0.3	)
Professional liability	5.4	18.2	17.6		15.2	9.7	8.8	2.4	4.1	0.9	4.1
Bond	14.7	27.7	14.1		3.4	3.8	7.6	5.2	4.7	0.7	1.7
Personal auto liability	37.8	33.1	15.4		7.4	3.5	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.1	—
Personal auto physical damage	96.2	3.4	(0.2	)
Homeowners	72.6	21.1	3.1		1.5	0.6	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	—

Property and Casualty Insurance Products

Roll-forward of Liabilities for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	21,825	$	21,806	$	21,704
Reinsurance and other recoverables	2,882		3,041		3,028
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	18,943		18,765		18,676
Add: Maxum acquisition [1]	122		—		—
Provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current accident year	6,990		6,647		6,572
Prior accident year development	457		250		228
Total provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	7,447		6,897		6,800
Less: payments
Current accident year	2,749		2,653		2,639
Prior accident years	4,219		4,066		4,072
Total payments	6,968		6,719		6,711
Less: net reserves transferred to liabilities held for sale	487		—		—
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	19,057		18,943		18,765
Reinsurance and other recoverables [2]	2,776		2,882		3,041
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	21,833	$	21,825	$	21,806

[1] Represents Maxum reserves, net as of the acquisition date.

[2] Includes reinsurance recoverables of $2,373, $2,515 and $2,730 as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

(Favorable) Unfavorable Prior Accident Year Development

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Workers’ compensation	$	(119	)	$	(37	)	$	(7	)
Workers’ compensation discount accretion	28			29			30
General liability	65			8			(25		)
Package business	65			28			3
Commercial property	1			(6		)	2
Professional liability	(37		)	(36		)	(17		)
Bond	(8		)	(2		)	8
Auto liability	217			54			25
Homeowners	(10		)	9			(7		)
Net asbestos reserves	197			146			212
Net environmental reserves	71			55			30
Catastrophes	(7		)	(18		)	(45		)
Uncollectible reinsurance	(30		)	—			—
Other reserve re-estimates, net	24			20			19
Total prior accident year development	$	457		$	250		$	228

2016 re-estimates of prior accident year reserves

• Workers’ compensation reserves consider favorable emergence on reported losses for recent accident years as well as a partially offsetting adverse impact related to two recent Florida Supreme Court rulings that have increased the Company’s exposure to workers’ compensation claims in that state. The favorable emergence has been driven by lower frequency and, to a lesser extent, lower medical severity and management has placed additional weight on this favorable experience as it becomes more credible.

• General liability reserves increased for accident years 2012 - 2015 primarily due to higher severity losses incurred on a class of business that insures service and maintenance contractors and increased reserves in general liability for accident years 2008 and 2010 primarily due to indemnity losses and legal costs associated with a litigated claim.

• Small commercial package business reserves increased due to higher than expected severity on liability claims, principally for accident years 2013 - 2015. Severity for these accident years has developed unfavorably and management has placed more weight on emerged experience.

• Professional liability reserves decreased for claims made years 2008 - 2013, primarily for large accounts, including on non-securities class action cases. Claim costs have emerged favorably as these years have matured and management has placed more weight on the emerged experience.

• Auto liability reserves increased due to increases in both commercial lines auto and personal lines auto. Commercial auto liability reserves increased, predominately for the 2015 accident year, primarily due to increased frequency of large claims. Personal auto liability reserves increased, primarily related to increased bodily injury frequency and severity for the 2015 accident year, including for uninsured and under-insured motorist claims, and increased bodily injury severity for the 2014 accident year. Increases in auto liability loss costs were across both the direct and agency distribution channels.

• Asbestos and environmental reserves were increased during the period as a result of the second quarter 2016 comprehensive annual review. For further discussion, refer to MD&A, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asbestos and Environmental Reserves.

• Uncollectible reinsurance reserves decreased as a result of giving greater weight to favorable collectability experience in recent calendar periods in estimating future collections.

2015 re-estimates of prior accident year reserves

• Workers' compensation reserves decreased due to an improvement in claim closure rates resulting in a decrease in outstanding claims for permanently disabled claimants. In addition, accident years 2013 and 2014 continue to exhibit favorable frequency and medical severity trends; management has been placing additional weight on this favorable experience as it becomes more credible.

• Small Commercial package business reserves increased due to higher than expected severity on liability claims, impacting recent accident years.

• Commercial auto liability reserves increased due to increased severity of large claims predominantly for accident years 2010 to 2013.

• Professional liability reserves decreased for claims made years 2009 through 2012 primarily for large accounts. Claim costs have emerged favorably as these years have matured and management has placed more weight on the emerged experience.

• Asbestos and environmental reserves were increased during the period as a result of the 2015 comprehensive annual review.

• Catastrophe reservesdecreased primarily for accident year 2014 as fourth quarter 2014 catastrophes have developed favorably.

• Other reserve re-estimates, net, decreased due to decreased contract surety reserves across several accident years and decreased commercial surety reserves for accident years 2012 through 2014 as a result of lower emerged losses. These reserve decreases were offset by an increase in commercial surety reserves related to accident years 2007 and prior, as the number of new claims reported has outpaced expectations.

2014 re-estimates of prior accident years reserves

• Workers' compensation reserves decreased for recent accident years due to improved frequency and lower estimated claim handling costs.

• General liability reserves decreased due to lower frequency in late emerging claims.

• Commercial auto liability reserves increased due to an increased frequency of severe claims spread across several accident years.

• Professional liability reserves decreased for accident years 2013, 2012 and 2010 due to lower frequency of reported claims.

• Bond reserves emerged favorably for accident years 2008 to 2013, offset by adverse emergence on reserves for accident years 2007 and prior.

• Homeowners reserves emerged favorably for accident year 2013, primarily related to favorable development on fire and water related claims.

• Asbestos and environmental reserves were increased during the period as a result of the 2014 comprehensive annual review.

• Catastrophe reserves decreased primarily for accident year 2013, as fourth quarter 2013 catastrophes have developed favorably.

Group Life, Disability and Accident Products

Roll-forward of Liabilities for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016			2015 [1]			2014 [1]
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	5,889		$	6,013		$	6,258
Reinsurance recoverables	218			209			210
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	5,671			5,804			6,048
Provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current incurral year	2,562			2,447			2,446
Prior year's discount accretion	202			214			225
Prior incurral year development [2]	(162		)	(146		)	(223		)
Total provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses [3]	2,602			2,515			2,448
Less: payments
Current incurral year	1,327			1,257			1,211
Prior incurral years	1,382			1,391			1,482
Total payments	2,709			2,648			2,693
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	5,564			5,671			5,804
Reinsurance recoverables	208			218			209
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	5,772		$	5,889		$	6,013

[1] Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

[2] Prior incurral year development represents the change in estimated ultimate incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses for prior incurral years on a discounted basis.

[3] Includes unallocated loss adjustment expenses of $100, $96 and $98 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, that are recorded in insurance operating costs and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Group Life, Disability and Accident Products

Roll-forward of Liabilities for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016			2015 [1]			2014 [1]
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	5,889		$	6,013		$	6,258
Reinsurance recoverables	218			209			210
Beginning liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	5,671			5,804			6,048
Provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current incurral year	2,562			2,447			2,446
Prior year's discount accretion	202			214			225
Prior incurral year development [2]	(162		)	(146		)	(223		)
Total provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses [3]	2,602			2,515			2,448
Less: payments
Current incurral year	1,327			1,257			1,211
Prior incurral years	1,382			1,391			1,482
Total payments	2,709			2,648			2,693
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net	5,564			5,671			5,804
Reinsurance recoverables	208			218			209
Ending liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, gross	$	5,772		$	5,889		$	6,013

[1] Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

[2] Prior incurral year development represents the change in estimated ultimate incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses for prior incurral years on a discounted basis.

[3] Includes unallocated loss adjustment expenses of $100, $96 and $98 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, that are recorded in insurance operating costs and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Group life, Disability and Accident Products Reserves, Net of Reinsurance that are Discounted

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016						2015						2014
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, at undiscounted amounts	$	6,382					$	6,565					$	6,841
Less: amount of discount	1,303						1,382						1,502
Carrying value of liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	5,079					$	5,183					$	5,339
Weighted average discount rate	4.3					%	4.4					%	4.5					%
Range of discount rate	3.0		%	-	8.0	%	3.0		%	-	8.0	%	3.0		%	-	8.0	%

Reserves are discounted at rates in effect at the time claims were incurred, ranging from 3.0% for incurral year 2004 to 8.0% for incurral year 1990, and vary by product.Prior year's discount accretion has been calculated as the average reserve balance for the year times the weighted average discount rate.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2016 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability- Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$90 largely driven by group long-term disability claim recoveries higher than prior reserve assumptions, particularly in the older incurral years. This favorability was partially offset by lower Social Security Disability approvals driven by lower approval rates and backlogs in the Social Security Administration.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver)-Contributing to an approximately $75 decrease in prior period reserve estimates was favorable claim incidence on group life premium waiver for incurral year 2015.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2015 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$90 largely driven by updated assumptions related to the probability and timing of long-term disability claim recoveries, which were updated to reflect recent favorable trends. This favorability was partially offset by lower Social Security Disability approvals driven by lower approval rates and backlogs in the Social Security Administration.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver)-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately $50 largely driven by favorable claim incidence and recovery experience on group life premium waiver.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2014 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$150 largely due to higher actual claim recoveries in group long-term disability, particularly in incurral years 2013 and 2012. In addition for incurral year 2013, group long-term disability claim incidence levels emerged favorably to reserve assumptions.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately $65 driven largely by claim incidence and recovery experience on group life premium waiver. For group life premium waiver claims with disability dates prior to 2011, reserve estimates were updated to reflect more emerging favorable claim trends. Reserves for group life claims for incurral year 2013 were decreased due to lower-than-previously-assumed deaths reported in early 2014.

Reconciliation of Loss Development to Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses as of December 31, 2016

	Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance												Subtotal
Reserve Line	Cumulative Incurred for Incurral Years Displayed in Triangles		Cumulative Paid for Incurral Years Displayed in Triangles			Unpaid for Incurral Years not Displayed in Triangles		Unpaid Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Discount			Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Reinsurance and Other Recoverables		Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Group long-term disability	$	11,293	$	(6,570	)	$	1,021	$	128	$	(1,185	)	$	4,687	$	206	$	4,893
Group life and accident, excluding premium waiver	3,076		(2,821		)	80		2		(18		)	319		—		319
Group short-term disability						52		2		—			54		—		54
Group life premium waiver						558		7		(100		)	465		2		467
Group supplemental health						39		—		—			39		—		39
Total Group Benefits	$	14,369	$	(9,391	)	$	1,750	$	139	$	(1,303	)	$	5,564	$	208	$	5,772

The following loss triangles present historical loss development for incurred and paid claims by the year the insured claim occurred, referred to as the incurral year. Triangles are limited to the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, but not exceeding ten years. Short-tail lines, which represent claims generally expected to be paid within a few years, have three years of claim development displayed.

Group Long-Term Disability

Undiscounted Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	1,375	$	1,290	$	1,177	$	1,158	$	1,160	$	1,154	$	1,154	$	1,151	$	1,146	$	1,143	$	—	27,251
2008			1,415		1,311		1,250		1,237		1,250		1,249		1,243		1,239		1,241		—		27,811
2009					1,441		1,414		1,363		1,343		1,335		1,344		1,328		1,318		—		29,788
2010							1,542		1,471		1,397		1,367		1,376		1,351		1,344		—		30,432
2011									1,503		1,405		1,317		1,313		1,318		1,310		—		30,406
2012											1,358		1,199		1,143		1,141		1,135		1		27,357
2013													1,121		985		954		940		1		20,376
2014															1,051		969		936		3		19,879
2015																	985		923		11		18,916
2016																			1,003		371		12,748
Total																			$	11,293

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	81	$	340	$	495	$	585	$	661	$	726	$	781	$	828	$	869	$	906
2008			81		357		520		618		701		771		831		883		930
2009					88		391		573		682		769		843		906		960
2010							98		419		608		718		805		878		940
2011									98		410		595		707		790		860
2012											84		362		526		620		689
2013													69		289		435		520
2014															67		284		427
2015																	67		275
2016																			63
Total																			$	6,570

Group Life and Accident, excluding Premium Waiver

Undiscounted Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2014	$	982	$	973	$	975	$	2	25,589
2015			1,022		1,012		7		24,473
2016					1,089		190		19,445
Total					$	3,076

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2014		2015		2016
2014	$	777	$	958	$	970
2015			809		1,000
2016					851
Total					$	2,821

Group life, disability and accident reserves, including IBNR

The majority of Group Benefits’ reserves are for long-term disability ("LTD") claimants who are known to be disabled and are currently receiving benefits. A Disabled Life Reserve ("DLR") is calculated for each LTD claim. The DLR for each claim is the expected present value of all estimated future benefit payments and includes estimates of claim recovery, investment yield, and offsets from other income, including offsets from Social Security benefits and workers’ compensation. Estimated future benefit payments represent the monthly income benefit that is paid until recovery, death or expiration of benefits. Claim recoveries are estimated based on claim characteristics such as age and diagnosis and represent an estimate of benefits that will terminate, generally as a result of the claimant returning to work or being deemed able to return to work. The DLR also includes a liability for payments to claimants who have not yet been approved for LTD either because they have not yet satisfied the waiting (or elimination) period or because the approval or denial decision has not yet been made. In these cases, the present value of future benefits is reduced for the likelihood of claim denial based on Company experience. For claims recently closed due to recovery, a portion of the DLR is retained for the possibility that the claim reopens upon further evidence of disability.  In addition, a reserve for estimated unpaid claim expenses is included in the DLR.

For incurral years with IBNR claims, estimates of ultimate losses are made by applying completion factors to the dollar amount of claims reported. IBNR represents estimated ultimate losses less both DLR and cumulative paid amounts for all reported claims. Completion factors are derived using standard actuarial techniques using triangles that display historical claim count emergence by incurral year. These estimates are reviewed for reasonableness and are adjusted for current trends and other factors expected to cause a change in claim emergence. The IBNR includes an estimate of unpaid claim expenses, including a provision for the cost of initial set-up of the claim once reported.

For all products, including LTD, there is a period generally ranging from two to twelve months, depending on the product, where emerged claim information for an incurral year is not yet credible enough to be a basis for an IBNR projection.  In these cases, the ultimate losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses are estimated using earned premium multiplied by an expected loss ratio.

The Company also records reserves for future death benefits under group term life policies that provide for premiums to be waived in the event the insured has a permanent and total disablement and has satisfied an elimination period, which is typically nine months ("premium waiver reserves"). The death benefit reserve for these group life premium waiver claims is estimated for a known disabled claimant equal to the present value of expected future cash outflows (typically a lump sum face amount payable at death plus claim expenses) with separate estimates for claimant recovery (when no death benefit is payable) and for death before recovery or benefit expiry (when death benefit is payable). The IBNR for premium waiver death benefits is estimated with standard actuarial development methods.

In addition, the Company also records reserves for group term life, accidental death & dismemberment, short term disability, and other group products that have short claim payout periods. For these products, reserves are determined using paid or reported actuarial development methods. The resulting claim triangles produce a completion pattern and estimate of ultimate loss. IBNR for these lines of business equals the estimated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses less the amount of paid or reported claims depending on whether the paid or reported development method was used.  Estimates are reviewed for reasonableness and are adjusted for current trends or other factors that affect the development pattern.

Cumulative number of reported claims

For group life, disability and accident coverages, claim counts include claims that are approved, pending approval and terminated and exclude denied claims. Due to the nature of the claims, one claimant represents one event.

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
	(Unaudited)
	1st Year	2nd Year	3rd Year	4th Year	5th Year	6th Year	7th Year	8th Year	9th Year	10th Year
Group long-term disability	7.1	23.2	14.3	8.3	6.5	5.5	4.7	4.2	3.7	3.2
Group life and accident, excluding premium waiver	79.3	18.7	1.2

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2016 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability- Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$90 largely driven by group long-term disability claim recoveries higher than prior reserve assumptions, particularly in the older incurral years. This favorability was partially offset by lower Social Security Disability approvals driven by lower approval rates and backlogs in the Social Security Administration.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver)-Contributing to an approximately $75 decrease in prior period reserve estimates was favorable claim incidence on group life premium waiver for incurral year 2015.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2015 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$90 largely driven by updated assumptions related to the probability and timing of long-term disability claim recoveries, which were updated to reflect recent favorable trends. This favorability was partially offset by lower Social Security Disability approvals driven by lower approval rates and backlogs in the Social Security Administration.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver)-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately $50 largely driven by favorable claim incidence and recovery experience on group life premium waiver.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2016 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability- Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$90 largely driven by group long-term disability claim recoveries higher than prior reserve assumptions, particularly in the older incurral years. This favorability was partially offset by lower Social Security Disability approvals driven by lower approval rates and backlogs in the Social Security Administration.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver)-Contributing to an approximately $75 decrease in prior period reserve estimates was favorable claim incidence on group life premium waiver for incurral year 2015.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2015 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$90 largely driven by updated assumptions related to the probability and timing of long-term disability claim recoveries, which were updated to reflect recent favorable trends. This favorability was partially offset by lower Social Security Disability approvals driven by lower approval rates and backlogs in the Social Security Administration.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver)-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately $50 largely driven by favorable claim incidence and recovery experience on group life premium waiver.

Net favorable prior incurral year development in 2014 was driven by the following:

• Group Disability-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately$150 largely due to higher actual claim recoveries in group long-term disability, particularly in incurral years 2013 and 2012. In addition for incurral year 2013, group long-term disability claim incidence levels emerged favorably to reserve assumptions.

• Group Life and Accident (including Group Life Premium Waiver-Prior period estimates decreased by approximately $65 driven largely by claim incidence and recovery experience on group life premium waiver. For group life premium waiver claims with disability dates prior to 2011, reserve estimates were updated to reflect more emerging favorable claim trends. Reserves for group life claims for incurral year 2013 were decreased due to lower-than-previously-assumed deaths reported in early 2014.

Schedule or Description of Weighted Average Discount Rate [Table Text Block]

Property and Casualty Insurance Products Reserves, Net of Reinsurance that are Discounted

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016						2015						2014
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, at undiscounted amounts	$	1,504					$	1,607					$	1,577
Less: amount of discount	483						523						556
Carrying value of liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	1,021					$	1,084					$	1,021
Discount accretion included in losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	29					$	38					$	31
Weighted average discount rate	3.11					%	3.24					%	3.50					%
Range of discount rates	1.77		%	-	14.15	%	1.77		%	-	14.15	%	1.77		%	-	14.15	%

The current accident year benefit from discounting property and casualty insurance product reserves was $27 in 2016, $35 in 2015 and $34 in 2014. The reduction in the discount benefit in 2016 as compared to 2015 reflects lower claim volume and a shorter than expected payment pattern in 2016. The reduction in the discount benefit in 2015 as compared to 2014 reflects lower claim volume and a shorter than expected payment pattern in 2015. Reserves are discounted at rates in effect at the time claims were incurred, ranging from 1.77% for accident year 2016 to 14.15% for accident year 1981.

The reserves recorded for the Company’s property and casualty insurance products at December 31, 2016 represent the Company’s best estimate of its ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses related to losses covered by policies written by the Company. However, because of the significant uncertainties surrounding reserves it is possible that management’s estimate of the ultimate liabilities for these claims may change and that the required adjustment to recorded reserves could exceed the currently recorded reserves by an amount that could be material to the Company’s results of operations or cash flows.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses are also impacted by trends including frequency and severity as well as changes in the legislative and regulatory environment. In the case of the reserves for asbestos exposures, factors contributing to the high degree of uncertainty in the ultimate settlement of the liabilities gross of reinsurance include inadequate loss development patterns, plaintiffs’ expanding theories of liability, the risks inherent in major litigation, and inconsistent emerging legal doctrines. In the case of the reserves for environmental exposures, factors contributing to the high degree of uncertainty in gross reserves include expanding theories of liabilities and damages, the risks inherent in major litigation, inconsistent decisions concerning the existence and scope of coverage for environmental claims, and uncertainty as to the monetary amount being sought by the claimant from the insured.

Group life, Disability and Accident Products Reserves, Net of Reinsurance that are Discounted

	For the years ended December 31,
	2016						2015						2014
Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, at undiscounted amounts	$	6,382					$	6,565					$	6,841
Less: amount of discount	1,303						1,382						1,502
Carrying value of liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	5,079					$	5,183					$	5,339
Weighted average discount rate	4.3					%	4.4					%	4.5					%
Range of discount rate	3.0		%	-	8.0	%	3.0		%	-	8.0	%	3.0		%	-	8.0	%

Reserves are discounted at rates in effect at the time claims were incurred, ranging from 3.0% for incurral year 2004 to 8.0% for incurral year 1990, and vary by product.Prior year's discount accretion has been calculated as the average reserve balance for the year times the weighted average discount rate.

Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Reconciliation of Claims Development to Liability [Table Text Block]

Reconciliation of Loss Development to Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses As of December 31, 2016

	Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance													Subtotal
Reserve Line	Cumulative Incurred for Accident Years Displayed in Triangles		Cumulative Paid for Accident Years Displayed in Triangles			Unpaid for Accident Years not Displayed in Triangles [1]			Unpaid Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Discount			Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Reinsurance and Other Recoverables		Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Workers' compensation	$	17,948	$	(10,775	)	$	2,152		$	330	$	(466	)	$	9,189	$	1,431	$	10,620
General liability	3,546		(1,981		)	464			84		—			2,113		225		2,338
Package business	6,469		(5,214		)	53			91		—			1,399		17		1,416
Commercial property	3,041		(2,870		)	16			8		—			195		15		210
Commercial auto liability	3,438		(2,594		)	15			21		—			880		38		918
Commercial auto physical damage	227		(219		)	1			—		—			9		—		9
Professional liability	1,761		(1,225		)	36			17		—			589		288		877
Bond	657		(444		)	(1		)	13		—			225		12		237
Personal auto liability	12,304		(10,703		)	13			61		—			1,675		24		1,699
Personal auto physical damage	1,908		(1,876		)	1			3		—			36		—		36
Homeowners	7,323		(7,024		)	7			35		—			341		1		342
Other ongoing business						208			1		(17		)	192		299		491
Asbestos and environmental [2]						1,655			—		—			1,655		390		2,045
Other operations [2]						468			91		—			559		36		595
Total P&C	$	58,622	$	(44,925	)	$	5,088		$	755	$	(483	)	$	19,057	$	2,776	$	21,833

[1] Amounts represent reserves for claims that were incurred more than ten years ago for long-tail lines and more than three years ago for short-tail lines.

[2] Asbestos and environmental and other operations include asbestos, environmental and other latent exposures not foreseen when coverages were written, including, but not limited to, potential liability for pharmaceutical products, silica, talcum powder, head injuries, lead paint, construction defects, molestation and other long-tail liabilities. These reserve lines do not have significant paid or incurred loss development for the most recent ten accident years and therefore do not have loss development displayed in triangles.

The reserve lines in the above table and the loss triangles that follow represent the significant lines of business for which the Company regularly reviews the appropriateness of reserve levels. These reserve lines differ from the reserve lines reported on a statutory basis, as prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC").

The following loss triangles present historical loss development for incurred and paid claims by accident year. Triangles are limited to the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, not exceeding ten years. Short-tail lines, which represent claims generally expected to be paid within a few years, have three years of claim development displayed. IBNR reserves shown in loss triangles include reserve for incurred but not reported claims as well as reserves for expected development on reported claims.

Reconciliation of Loss Development to Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses as of December 31, 2016

	Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance												Subtotal
Reserve Line	Cumulative Incurred for Incurral Years Displayed in Triangles		Cumulative Paid for Incurral Years Displayed in Triangles			Unpaid for Incurral Years not Displayed in Triangles		Unpaid Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Discount			Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance		Reinsurance and Other Recoverables		Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Group long-term disability	$	11,293	$	(6,570	)	$	1,021	$	128	$	(1,185	)	$	4,687	$	206	$	4,893
Group life and accident, excluding premium waiver	3,076		(2,821		)	80		2		(18		)	319		—		319
Group short-term disability						52		2		—			54		—		54
Group life premium waiver						558		7		(100		)	465		2		467
Group supplemental health						39		—		—			39		—		39
Total Group Benefits	$	14,369	$	(9,391	)	$	1,750	$	139	$	(1,303	)	$	5,564	$	208	$	5,772

Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Claims Development [Table Text Block]

The reserve lines in the above table and the loss triangles that follow represent the significant lines of business for which the Company regularly reviews the appropriateness of reserve levels. These reserve lines differ from the reserve lines reported on a statutory basis, as prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC").

The following loss triangles present historical loss development for incurred and paid claims by accident year. Triangles are limited to the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, not exceeding ten years. Short-tail lines, which represent claims generally expected to be paid within a few years, have three years of claim development displayed. IBNR reserves shown in loss triangles include reserve for incurred but not reported claims as well as reserves for expected development on reported claims.

Workers' Compensation

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	1,597	$	1,538	$	1,492	$	1,434	$	1,404	$	1,394	$	1,375	$	1,374	$	1,372	$	1,374	$	114	148,662
2008			1,456		1,444		1,456		1,470		1,473		1,477		1,477		1,492		1,493		129		141,632
2009					1,462		1,455		1,478		1,493		1,504		1,504		1,519		1,529		182		135,757
2010							1,560		1,775		1,814		1,858		1,857		1,882		1,881		267		156,400
2011									2,013		2,099		2,204		2,206		2,221		2,224		402		177,279
2012											2,185		2,207		2,207		2,181		2,168		512		170,535
2013													2,020		1,981		1,920		1,883		596		147,997
2014															1,869		1,838		1,789		761		123,794
2015																	1,873		1,835		1,012		110,894
2016																			1,772		1,256		98,070
Total																			$	17,948

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	239	$	547	$	727	$	845	$	935	$	1,000	$	1,053	$	1,094	$	1,122	$	1,141
2008			264		581		781		917		1,015		1,089		1,146		1,190		1,216
2009					265		587		792		937		1,042		1,115		1,170		1,208
2010							316		709		970		1,154		1,287		1,374		1,439
2011									371		841		1,156		1,368		1,518		1,622
2012											359		809		1,106		1,313		1,436
2013													304		675		917		1,071
2014															275		598		811
2015																	261		576
2016																			255
Total																			$	10,775

General Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	601	$	570	$	524	$	491	$	489	$	461	$	428	$	416	$	415	$	416	$	46	23,384
2008			501		457		468		454		451		416		398		401		398		50		21,181
2009					382		398		394		382		359		348		347		346		46		20,268
2010							355		362		352		355		343		345		376		43		18,482
2011									353		343		323		316		315		320		55		16,344
2012											321		315		310		295		304		93		11,230
2013													318		321		332		352		145		9,211
2014															317		318		336		180		9,366
2015																	316		346		260		9,246
2016																			352		323		8,463
Total																			$	3,546

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	46	$	94	$	161	$	230	$	289	$	315	$	335	$	347	$	355	$	362
2008			31		69		141		216		270		300		318		330		337
2009					22		63		124		181		227		256		277		287
2010							14		51		115		181		224		259		314
2011									11		47		93		154		198		234
2012											8		39		75		124		167
2013													7		35		95		152
2014															11		31		88
2015																	7		32
2016																			8
Total																			$	1,981

Package Business

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	575	$	626	$	638	$	621	$	600	$	600	$	592	$	592	$	586	$	586	$	17	53,645
2008			667		703		709		677		675		674		676		673		675		19		58,028
2009					587		584		584		572		578		577		576		576		25		50,263
2010							657		662		654		652		652		651		653		29		52,259
2011									810		792		790		800		808		814		44		60,793
2012											736		725		728		731		736		55		59,472
2013													579		565		573		585		66		43,077
2014															566		578		601		118		42,230
2015																	582		588		185		40,140
2016																			655		314		36,845
Total																			$	6,469

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	223	$	362	$	432	$	484	$	525	$	542	$	552	$	559	$	562	$	565
2008			278		451		510		562		595		620		633		643		649
2009					227		351		411		463		503		527		539		547
2010							270		414		487		539		570		601		613
2011									377		555		621		684		727		748
2012											286		486		560		616		652
2013													225		339		414		467
2014															226		345		416
2015																	212		332
2016																			225
Total																			$	5,214

Commercial Property

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves			Claims Reported
2007	$	306	$	306	$	299	$	295	$	294	$	295	$	295	$	296	$	296	$	296	$	(1	)	32,589
2008			478		465		465		464		467		464		464		463		464		—			31,995
2009					267		264		259		258		251		257		257		257		—			28,284
2010							286		283		279		282		284		284		284		—			28,513
2011									357		356		356		362		361		360		—			29,099
2012											329		301		301		305		306		1			25,777
2013													234		218		219		220		—			20,280
2014															268		260		262		—			19,720
2015																	264		264		3			18,955
2016																			328		48			18,189
Total																			$	3,041

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	185	$	277	$	291	$	293	$	293	$	294	$	295	$	296	$	296	$	297
2008			280		422		449		459		464		464		464		465		466
2009					179		247		252		256		256		257		257		257
2010							198		266		276		281		283		284		284
2011									231		332		350		355		358		359
2012											171		279		294		300		304
2013													157		208		216		218
2014															168		243		258
2015																	172		239
2016																			188
Total																			$	2,870

Commercial Auto Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	334	$	333	$	351	$	352	$	351	$	350	$	350	$	351	$	353	$	355	$	1	50,392
2008			303		311		304		303		304		304		302		307		306		4		43,859
2009					306		292		287		287		297		301		302		302		1		38,651
2010							277		280		296		319		323		328		327		11		38,007
2011									272		310		356		356		366		365		12		39,093
2012											311		376		390		401		394		26		35,719
2013													309		314		329		336		40		31,510
2014															306		314		328		71		28,742
2015																	302		353		140		27,205
2016																			372		251		24,553
Total																			$	3,438

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	68	$	153	$	227	$	292	$	322	$	334	$	343	$	347	$	348	$	349
2008			61		124		185		238		270		289		295		299		300
2009					56		115		175		237		274		291		298		300
2010							55		125		188		252		289		300		308
2011									62		133		211		273		315		339
2012											65		142		233		306		345
2013													61		128		199		255
2014															58		129		195
2015																	61		141
2016																			62
Total																			$	2,594

Commercial Auto Physical Damage

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2014	$	72	$	73	$	73	$	—	31,724
2015			74		75		—		26,761
2016					79		1		24,826
Total					$	227

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016
2014	$	67	$	73	$	73
2015			69		75
2016					71
Total					$	219

Professional Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Claims Made Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	275	$	274	$	237	$	203	$	201	$	212	$	210	$	210	$	210	$	220	$	14	4,182
2008			281		253		244		274		280		276		276		282		277		10		4,956
2009					254		251		244		266		257		263		255		257		19		5,113
2010							202		211		212		205		201		200		195		30		4,888
2011									226		228		232		226		219		219		42		4,702
2012											174		172		168		149		146		45		3,716
2013													136		136		123		110		66		2,771
2014															116		123		118		65		2,857
2015																	104		113		75		2,898
2016																			106		94		2,709
Total																			$	1,761

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Claims Made Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	11	$	53	$	85	$	117	$	142	$	178	$	187	$	190	$	191	$	200
2008			13		61		126		166		202		221		230		260		264
2009					17		69		127		177		194		226		225		226
2010							22		62		103		137		148		157		162
2011									11		57		100		128		163		170
2012											11		41		60		89		97
2013													4		19		31		39
2014															4		21		40
2015																	4		23
2016																			4
Total																			$	1,225

Bond

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves			Claims Reported
2007	$	76	$	76	$	104	$	105	$	101	$	109	$	106	$	129	$	132	$	135	$	(3	)	5,387
2008			75		67		62		52		47		47		44		47		48		7			3,443
2009					71		71		69		58		57		51		49		49		4			3,301
2010							71		75		80		79		73		69		70		—			2,659
2011									72		76		76		75		70		70		11			2,118
2012											69		69		60		53		48		19			1,712
2013													63		58		54		48		29			1,437
2014															69		65		65		23			1,347
2015																	65		65		39			1,294
2016																			59		52			1,082
Total																			$	657

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	8	$	29	$	38	$	42	$	68	$	104	$	111	$	129	$	131	$	132
2008			5		18		23		30		32		34		39		39		39
2009					9		32		45		46		44		43		44		44
2010							13		46		59		58		59		63		66
2011									12		39		51		56		57		59
2012											12		25		26		24		25
2013													3		9		17		18
2014															18		31		40
2015																	9		19
2016																			2
Total																			$	444

Personal Auto Liability

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	1,291	$	1,260	$	1,242	$	1,229	$	1,219	$	1,216	$	1,215	$	1,211	$	1,211	$	1,209	$	2	260,143
2008			1,253		1,249		1,227		1,207		1,197		1,196		1,192		1,191		1,188		2		248,987
2009					1,351		1,305		1,280		1,255		1,256		1,260		1,259		1,257		2		254,543
2010							1,346		1,321		1,293		1,287		1,282		1,275		1,265		4		248,940
2011									1,181		1,170		1,180		1,173		1,166		1,154		9		221,862
2012											1,141		1,149		1,146		1,142		1,133		14		210,715
2013													1,131		1,145		1,144		1,153		23		205,308
2014															1,146		1,153		1,198		72		208,364
2015																	1,195		1,340		206		214,436
2016																			1,407		571		201,606
Total																			$	12,304

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	452	$	846	$	1,037	$	1,129	$	1,175	$	1,191	$	1,200	$	1,204	$	1,205	$	1,206
2008			469		861		1,031		1,121		1,160		1,175		1,181		1,183		1,184
2009					492		888		1,083		1,171		1,223		1,240		1,246		1,250
2010							496		915		1,108		1,202		1,239		1,251		1,256
2011									447		826		1,006		1,088		1,126		1,140
2012											441		818		986		1,067		1,104
2013													442		816		1,002		1,091
2014															430		843		1,032
2015																	475		935
2016																			505
Total																			$	10,703

Personal Auto Physical Damage

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves			Claims Reported
2014	$	614	$	612	$	611	$	—		392,193
2015			629		632		—			395,384
2016					665		(3		)	383,870
Total					$	1,908

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016
2014	$	591	$	613	$	612
2015			610		630
2016					634
Total					$	1,876

Homeowners

Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	578	$	590	$	581	$	581	$	582	$	581	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	1	133,741
2008			742		768		777		778		779		779		779		779		780		2		165,101
2009					757		777		776		772		772		772		772		769		2		149,783
2010							838		850		838		840		840		840		836		2		161,559
2011									955		920		919		916		914		911		4		179,353
2012											774		741		741		741		739		4		142,756
2013													673		638		637		634		6		113,399
2014															710		707		702		9		121,619
2015																	690		703		20		119,097
2016																			669		84		111,072
Total																			$	7,323

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	402	$	537	$	557	$	569	$	572	$	575	$	576	$	578	$	578	$	579
2008			548		721		750		764		773		775		777		777		778
2009					559		727		749		759		763		765		766		766
2010							599		789		815		825		829		832		833
2011									709		871		891		899		903		905
2012											547		696		719		727		731
2013													467		590		611		622
2014															526		663		684
2015																	487		645
2016																			481
Total																			$	7,024

Property and casualty reserves, including IBNR reserves

The Company estimates ultimate losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses by accident year. IBNR represents the excess of estimated ultimate loss reserves over case reserves. The process to estimate ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses is an integral part of the Company's reserve setting. Reserves for allocated and unallocated loss adjustment expenses aregenerally established separate from the reserves for losses.

Reserves for losses are set by line of business within the reporting segments. Case reserves are established by a claims handler on each individual claim and are adjusted as new information becomes known during the course of handling the claim. Lines of business for which reported losses emerge over a long period of time are referred to as long-tail lines of business. Lines of business for which reported losses emerge more quickly are referred to as short-tail lines of business. The Company’s shortest tail lines of business are homeowners, commercial property and auto physical damage. The longest tail lines of business include workers’ compensation, general liability and professional liability. For short-tail lines of business, emergence of paid loss and case reserves is credible and likely indicative of ultimate losses. For long-tail lines of business, emergence of paid losses and case reserves is less credible in the early periods after a given accident year and, accordingly, may not be indicative of ultimate losses.

The Company’s reserving actuaries regularly review reserves for both current and prior accident years using the most current claim data. A variety of actuarial methods and judgments are used for most lines of business to arrive at selections of estimated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses. While actuarial methods used and judgments change depending on the age of the accident year, in 2016, there were no new methods or types of judgments introduced or changes in how those methods and judgments were applied. The reserve selections incorporate input, as appropriate, from claims personnel, pricing actuaries and operating management about reported loss cost trends and other factors that could affect the reserve estimates.

For both short-tail and long-tail lines of business, an expected loss ratio is used to record initial reserves. This expected loss ratio is determined by starting with the average loss ratio of recent prior accident years and adjusting that ratio for the effect of expected changes to earned pricing, loss frequency and severity, mix of business, ceded reinsurance and other factors. For short-tail lines, IBNR for the current accident year is initially recorded as the product of the expected loss ratio for the period, earned premium for the period and the proportion of losses expected to be reported in future calendar periods for the current accident period. For long-tailed lines, IBNR reserves for the current accident year are initially recorded as the product of the expected loss ratio for the period and the earned premium for the period, less reported losses for the period. For certain short-tailed lines of business, IBNR amounts in the above loss development triangles are negative due to anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries on paid losses.

As losses for a given accident year emerge or develop in subsequent periods, reserving actuaries use other methods to estimate ultimate unpaid losses in addition to the expected loss ratio method. These primarily include paid and reported loss development methods, frequency / severity techniques and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method (a combination of the expected loss ratio and paid development or reported development method). Within any one line of business, the methods that are given more weight vary based primarily on the maturity of the accident year, the mix of business and the particular internal and external influences impacting the claims experience or the methods. The output of the reserve reviews are reserve estimates that are referred to as the “actuarial indication”.

Paid development and reported development techniques are used for most lines of business though more weight is given to the reported development method for some of the long-tailed lines like general liability. In addition, for long-tailed lines of business, the Company relies on the expected loss ratio method for immature accident years. Frequency/severity techniques are used predominantly for professional liability and are also used for auto liability. For most lines, reserves for allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE", or those expenses related to specific claims) are analyzed using paid development techniques and an analysis of the relationship between ALAE and loss payments. Reserves for unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE") are determined using the expected cost per claim year and the anticipated claim closure pattern as well as the ratio of paid ULAE to paid losses.

In the final step of the reserve review process, senior reserving actuaries and senior management apply their judgment to determine the appropriate level of reserves considering the actuarial indications and other factors not contemplated in the actuarial indications. Those factors include, but are not limited to, the assessed reliability of key loss trends and assumptions used in the current actuarial indications, pertinent trends observed over the recent past, the level of volatility within a particular line of business, and the improvement or deterioration of actuarial indications

The following loss triangles present historical loss development for incurred and paid claims by the year the insured claim occurred, referred to as the incurral year. Triangles are limited to the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, but not exceeding ten years. Short-tail lines, which represent claims generally expected to be paid within a few years, have three years of claim development displayed.

Group Long-Term Disability

Undiscounted Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2007	$	1,375	$	1,290	$	1,177	$	1,158	$	1,160	$	1,154	$	1,154	$	1,151	$	1,146	$	1,143	$	—	27,251
2008			1,415		1,311		1,250		1,237		1,250		1,249		1,243		1,239		1,241		—		27,811
2009					1,441		1,414		1,363		1,343		1,335		1,344		1,328		1,318		—		29,788
2010							1,542		1,471		1,397		1,367		1,376		1,351		1,344		—		30,432
2011									1,503		1,405		1,317		1,313		1,318		1,310		—		30,406
2012											1,358		1,199		1,143		1,141		1,135		1		27,357
2013													1,121		985		954		940		1		20,376
2014															1,051		969		936		3		19,879
2015																	985		923		11		18,916
2016																			1,003		371		12,748
Total																			$	11,293

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
2007	$	81	$	340	$	495	$	585	$	661	$	726	$	781	$	828	$	869	$	906
2008			81		357		520		618		701		771		831		883		930
2009					88		391		573		682		769		843		906		960
2010							98		419		608		718		805		878		940
2011									98		410		595		707		790		860
2012											84		362		526		620		689
2013													69		289		435		520
2014															67		284		427
2015																	67		275
2016																			63
Total																			$	6,570

Group Life and Accident, excluding Premium Waiver

Undiscounted Incurred Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2014		2015		2016		IBNR Reserves		Claims Reported
2014	$	982	$	973	$	975	$	2	25,589
2015			1,022		1,012		7		24,473
2016					1,089		190		19,445
Total					$	3,076

Cumulative Paid Losses & Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
	(Unaudited)
Incurral Year	2014		2015		2016
2014	$	777	$	958	$	970
2015			809		1,000
2016					851
Total					$	2,821

Group life, disability and accident reserves, including IBNR

The majority of Group Benefits’ reserves are for long-term disability ("LTD") claimants who are known to be disabled and are currently receiving benefits. A Disabled Life Reserve ("DLR") is calculated for each LTD claim. The DLR for each claim is the expected present value of all estimated future benefit payments and includes estimates of claim recovery, investment yield, and offsets from other income, including offsets from Social Security benefits and workers’ compensation. Estimated future benefit payments represent the monthly income benefit that is paid until recovery, death or expiration of benefits. Claim recoveries are estimated based on claim characteristics such as age and diagnosis and represent an estimate of benefits that will terminate, generally as a result of the claimant returning to work or being deemed able to return to work. The DLR also includes a liability for payments to claimants who have not yet been approved for LTD either because they have not yet satisfied the waiting (or elimination) period or because the approval or denial decision has not yet been made. In these cases, the present value of future benefits is reduced for the likelihood of claim denial based on Company experience. For claims recently closed due to recovery, a portion of the DLR is retained for the possibility that the claim reopens upon further evidence of disability.  In addition, a reserve for estimated unpaid claim expenses is included in the DLR.

For incurral years with IBNR claims, estimates of ultimate losses are made by applying completion factors to the dollar amount of claims reported. IBNR represents estimated ultimate losses less both DLR and cumulative paid amounts for all reported claims. Completion factors are derived using standard actuarial techniques using triangles that display historical claim count emergence by incurral year. These estimates are reviewed for reasonableness and are adjusted for current trends and other factors expected to cause a change in claim emergence. The IBNR includes an estimate of unpaid claim expenses, including a provision for the cost of initial set-up of the claim once reported.

For all products, including LTD, there is a period generally ranging from two to twelve months, depending on the product, where emerged claim information for an incurral year is not yet credible enough to be a basis for an IBNR projection.  In these cases, the ultimate losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses are estimated using earned premium multiplied by an expected loss ratio.

The Company also records reserves for future death benefits under group term life policies that provide for premiums to be waived in the event the insured has a permanent and total disablement and has satisfied an elimination period, which is typically nine months ("premium waiver reserves"). The death benefit reserve for these group life premium waiver claims is estimated for a known disabled claimant equal to the present value of expected future cash outflows (typically a lump sum face amount payable at death plus claim expenses) with separate estimates for claimant recovery (when no death benefit is payable) and for death before recovery or benefit expiry (when death benefit is payable). The IBNR for premium waiver death benefits is estimated with standard actuarial development methods.

In addition, the Company also records reserves for group term life, accidental death & dismemberment, short term disability, and other group products that have short claim payout periods. For these products, reserves are determined using paid or reported actuarial development methods. The resulting claim triangles produce a completion pattern and estimate of ultimate loss. IBNR for these lines of business equals the estimated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses less the amount of paid or reported claims depending on whether the paid or reported development method was used.  Estimates are reviewed for reasonableness and are adjusted for current trends or other factors that affect the development pattern

Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Schedule of Historical Claims Duration [Table Text Block]

Cumulative number of reported claims

For property and casualty, claim counts represent the number of claim features on a reported claim where a claim feature is each separate coverage for each claimant affected by the claim event.  For example, one car accident that results in two bodily injury claims and one auto damage liability claim would be counted as three claims within the personal auto liability triangle. Similarly, a fire that impacts one commercial building may result in multiple claim features due to the potential for claims related to business interruption, structural damage, and loss of the physical contents of the building. Claim features that result in no paid losses are included in the reported claim counts.

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
	(Unaudited)
Reserve Line	1st Year	2nd Year	3rd Year		4th Year	5th Year	6th Year	7th Year	8th Year	9th Year	10th Year
Workers' compensation	16.3	20.3	13.3		9.2	6.6	4.7	3.7	2.8	1.9	1.3
General liability	4.5	9.4	16.2		17.3	13.4	8.5	7.5	3.0	1.8	1.5
Package business	39.2	22.4	10.7		8.3	5.6	3.6	1.9	1.3	0.8	0.5
Commercial property	64.0	28.0	4.5		1.4	0.8	0.2	0.2	0.2	—	—
Commercial auto liability	17.8	21.0	20.7		18.3	10.7	5.0	2.4	0.8	0.4	0.3
Commercial auto physical damage	91.2	8.7	(0.3	)
Professional liability	5.4	18.2	17.6		15.2	9.7	8.8	2.4	4.1	0.9	4.1
Bond	14.7	27.7	14.1		3.4	3.8	7.6	5.2	4.7	0.7	1.7
Personal auto liability	37.8	33.1	15.4		7.4	3.5	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.1	—
Personal auto physical damage	96.2	3.4	(0.2	)
Homeowners	72.6	21.1	3.1		1.5	0.6	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	—

Cumulative number of reported claims

For group life, disability and accident coverages, claim counts include claims that are approved, pending approval and terminated and exclude denied claims. Due to the nature of the claims, one claimant represents one event.

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
	(Unaudited)
	1st Year	2nd Year	3rd Year	4th Year	5th Year	6th Year	7th Year	8th Year	9th Year	10th Year
Group long-term disability	7.1	23.2	14.3	8.3	6.5	5.5	4.7	4.2	3.7	3.2
Group life and accident, excluding premium waiver	79.3	18.7	1.2