This Joint Filing Agreement confirms the agreement by and among the
undersigned that the Schedule 13G is filed on behalf of (i) each member of the
group identified in Item 8 and (ii) the other reporting person(s) identified in
Item 6 that may be deemed to beneficially own more than five percent of the
issuer's outstanding equity securities.

         Legg Mason Capital Management, Inc.


         By____/s/ Andrew J. Bowden_______________________
               Andrew J. Bowden, Senior Vice President

         LMM LLC


         By___/s/ Jennifer Murphy_________________________
               Jennifer Murphy, Chief Operations Officer

         Legg Mason Value Trust, Inc.


         By__/s/ Gregory T. Merz__________________________
               Gregory T. Merz, Vice President