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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 
____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
____________________________________________________________

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019
 
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________             
Commission file number 000-18911
____________________________________________________________
GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ____________________________________________________________
Montana81-0519541
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(IRS Employer Identification No.)
49 Commons LoopKalispell,Montana59901
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(406)756-4200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 ____________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par valueGBCINASDAQ Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒ Yes    ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   ☐ Yes    ☒  No
The number of shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding on October 16, 2019 was 92,187,453. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
 


 Page
Part I. Financial Information
Item 1 – Financial Statements




ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

 

ALCO – Asset Liability Committee
ALLL or allowance – allowance for loan and lease losses
ASC – Accounting Standards CodificationTM
ASU – Accounting Standards Update
ATM – automated teller machine
Bank – Glacier Bank
CDE – Certified Development Entity
CDFI Fund – Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
CEO – Chief Executive Officer
CFO – Chief Financial Officer
Company – Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
DDA – demand deposit account
Fannie Mae – Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB – Federal Home Loan Bank
Final Rules – final rules implemented by the federal banking agencies that established a new comprehensive regulatory capital framework
FNB – FNB Bancorp and its subsidiary, The First National Bank of Layton
FRB – Federal Reserve Bank
Freddie Mac – Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
GAAP – accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
Ginnie Mae – Government National Mortgage Association
Heritage – Heritage Bancorp and its subsidiary, Heritage Bank of Nevada
Interest rate locks - residential real estate derivatives for commitments
LIBOR – London Interbank Offered Rate
LIHTC – Low Income Housing Tax Credit
NMTC – New Markets Tax Credit
NOW – negotiable order of withdrawal
NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations
OCI – other comprehensive income
OREO – other real estate owned
Repurchase agreements – securities sold under agreements to repurchase
ROU – right-of-use
S&P – Standard and Poor’s
SBAZ – State Bank Corp. and its subsidiary, State Bank of Arizona
SEC – United States Securities and Exchange Commission
TBA – to-be-announced
TDR – troubled debt restructuring
VIE – variable interest entity






GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
 
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)September 30,
2019		December 31,
2018
Assets
Cash on hand and in banks$233,623  161,782  
Interest bearing cash deposits172,761  42,008  
Cash and cash equivalents406,384  203,790  
Debt securities, available-for-sale2,459,036  2,571,663  
Debt securities, held-to-maturity234,992  297,915  
Total debt securities2,694,028  2,869,578  
Loans held for sale, at fair value100,441  33,156  
Loans receivable9,541,088  8,287,549  
Allowance for loan and lease losses(125,535) (131,239) 
Loans receivable, net9,415,553  8,156,310  
Premises and equipment, net307,590  241,528  
Other real estate owned7,148  7,480  
Accrued interest receivable63,294  54,408  
Deferred tax asset—  23,564  
Core deposit intangible, net65,852  49,242  
Goodwill456,422  289,586  
Non-marketable equity securities10,427  27,871  
Bank-owned life insurance108,814  82,320  
Other assets82,839  76,651  
Total assets$13,718,792  12,115,484  
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits$3,772,766  3,001,178  
Interest bearing deposits7,095,859  6,492,589  
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase558,752  396,151  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances8,707  440,175  
Other borrowed funds14,808  14,708  
Subordinated debentures139,913  134,051  
Accrued interest payable4,435  4,252  
Other liabilities170,151  116,526  
Total liabilities11,765,391  10,599,630  
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding
—  —  
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 117,187,500 shares authorized922  845  
Paid-in capital1,375,785  1,051,253  
Retained earnings - substantially restricted528,599  473,183  
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)48,095  (9,427) 
Total stockholders’ equity1,953,401  1,515,854  
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$13,718,792  12,115,484  
Number of common stock shares issued and outstanding92,180,618  84,521,692  


See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Interest Income
Investment securities$21,357  21,971  64,600  64,483  
Residential real estate loans12,156  10,356  34,345  29,290  
Commercial loans97,224  80,587  268,806  221,926  
Consumer and other loans11,658  9,991  33,145  27,987  
Total interest income142,395  122,905  400,896  343,686  
Interest Expense
Deposits6,214  4,837  17,179  13,370  
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase999  570  2,687  1,541  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances2,035  2,132  8,937  6,734  
Other borrowed funds
47  63  123  105  
Subordinated debentures1,652  1,558  5,014  4,345  
Total interest expense10,947  9,160  33,940  26,095  
Net Interest Income131,448  113,745  366,956  317,591  
Provision for loan losses—  3,194  57  8,707  
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
131,448  110,551  366,899  308,884  
Non-Interest Income
Service charges and other fees15,138  19,504  53,178  55,179  
Miscellaneous loan fees and charges1,775  1,807  3,934  5,527  
Gain on sale of loans10,369  7,256  23,929  21,495  
Gain (loss) on sale of debt securities13,811  (367) 14,158  (756) 
Other income1,956  4,216  7,158  8,885  
Total non-interest income43,049  32,416  102,357  90,330  
Non-Interest Expense
Compensation and employee benefits62,509  49,927  167,210  144,671  
Occupancy and equipment8,731  7,914  25,348  22,850  
Advertising and promotions2,719  2,432  7,874  7,132  
Data processing4,466  3,752  12,420  11,960  
Other real estate owned166  2,674  496  2,957  
Regulatory assessments and insurance593  1,277  3,726  3,812  
Loss on termination of hedging activities13,528  —  13,528  —  
Core deposit intangibles amortization2,360  1,735  5,919  4,539  
Other expenses15,603  13,118  43,154  40,330  
Total non-interest expense110,675  82,829  279,675  238,251  
Income Before Income Taxes63,822  60,138  189,581  160,963  
Federal and state income tax expense12,212  10,802  36,447  28,684  
Net Income$51,610  49,336  153,134  132,279  
Basic earnings per share$0.57  0.58  1.76  1.59  
Diluted earnings per share$0.57  0.58  1.76  1.59  
Dividends declared per share$0.29  0.26  0.82  0.75  
Average outstanding shares - basic90,294,811  84,518,407  86,911,402  83,294,111  
Average outstanding shares - diluted90,449,195  84,593,122  87,082,178  83,362,323  

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 
 Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Net Income$51,610  49,336  153,134  132,279  
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
11,113  (14,190) 87,442  (46,597) 
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income
(13,811) (151) (14,166) 195  
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
(2,698) (14,341) 73,276  (46,402) 
Tax effect684  3,634  (18,568) 11,759  
Net of tax amount(2,014) (10,707) 54,708  (34,643) 
Unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives
  used for cash flow hedges
(1,393) 1,234  (7,047) 7,302  
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income
10,315  469  10,816  1,946  
Net unrealized gains on derivatives
  used for cash flow hedges
8,922  1,703  3,769  9,248  
Tax effect(2,261) (431) (955) (2,343) 
Net of tax amount6,661  1,272  2,814  6,905  
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
4,647  (9,435) 57,522  (27,738) 
Total Comprehensive Income$56,257  39,901  210,656  104,541  
























See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES
IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Three Months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018
 
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)Common StockPaid-in CapitalRetained
Earnings
Substantially Restricted		Accumulated
Other Compre-
hensive (Loss) Income		 
SharesAmountTotal
Balance at July 1, 2018  84,516,650  $845  1,049,724  443,705  (20,282) 1,473,992  
Net income—  —  —  49,336  —  49,336  
Other comprehensive loss—  —  —  —  (9,435) (9,435) 
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)
—  —  —  (22,020) —  (22,020) 
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans
4,443  —  —  —  —  —  
Stock-based compensation and related taxes
—  —  739  —  —  739  
Balance at September 30, 201884,521,093  $845  1,050,463  471,021  (29,717) 1,492,612  
Balance at July 1, 201986,637,394  $866  1,139,289  503,773  43,448  1,687,376  
Net income—  —  —  51,610  —  51,610  
Other comprehensive income—  —  —  —  4,647  4,647  
Cash dividends declared ($0.29 per share)
—  —  —  (26,784) —  (26,784) 
Stock issued in connection with acquisitions
5,473,276  55  229,330  —  —  229,385  
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans
69,948  1  (1) —  —  —  
Stock-based compensation and related taxes
—  —  7,167  —  —  7,167  
Balance at September 30, 201992,180,618  $922  1,375,785  528,599  48,095  1,953,401  











See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES
IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)
Nine Months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018
 
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)Common StockPaid-in CapitalRetained
Earnings
Substantially Restricted		Accumulated
Other Compre-
hensive (Loss) Income		 
SharesAmountTotal
Balance at January 1, 2018  78,006,956  $780  797,997  402,259  (1,979) 1,199,057  
Net income—  —  —  132,279  —  132,279  
Other comprehensive loss—  —  —  —  (27,738) (27,738) 
Cash dividends declared ($0.75 per share)
—  —  —  (63,517) —  (63,517) 
Stock issued in connection with acquisitions
6,432,868  64  250,743  —  —  250,807  
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans
81,269  1  (1) —  —  —  
Stock-based compensation and related taxes
—  —  1,724  —  —  1,724  
Balance at September 30, 201884,521,093  $845  1,050,463  471,021  (29,717) 1,492,612  
Balance at January 1, 201984,521,692  $845  1,051,253  473,183  (9,427) 1,515,854  
Net income—  —  —  153,134  —  153,134  
Other comprehensive income—  —  —  —  57,522  57,522  
Cash dividends declared ($0.82 per share)
—  —  —  (72,260) —  (72,260) 
Stock issued in connection with acquisitions
7,519,617  75  316,463  —  —  316,538  
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans
139,309  2  (2) —  —  —  
Stock-based compensation and related taxes
—  —  8,071  —  —  8,071  
Cumulative-effect of accounting changes
—  —  —  (25,458) —  (25,458) 
Balance at September 30, 201992,180,618  $922  1,375,785  528,599  48,095  1,953,401  














See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 Nine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Operating Activities
Net income$153,134  132,279  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan losses57  8,707  
Net amortization of debt securities11,687  10,088  
Net accretion of purchase accounting adjustments(2,680) (2,962) 
Amortization of debt modification costs4,630  1,237  
Origination of loans held for sale(671,038) (647,932) 
Proceeds from loans held for sale633,085  669,344  
Gain on sale of loans(23,929) (21,495) 
(Gain) loss on sale of debt securities(14,158) 756  
Bank-owned life insurance income, net(1,629) (1,782) 
Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits6,554  2,523  
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment13,713  11,543  
(Gain) loss on sale and write-downs of other real estate owned, net(288) 2,347  
Amortization of core deposit intangibles5,919  4,539  
Amortization of investments in variable interest entities6,767  5,070  
Net increase in accrued interest receivable(5,348) (10,581) 
Net increase in other assets(367) (6,820) 
Net increase in accrued interest payable61  170  
Net (decrease) increase in other liabilities(1,730) 10,481  
Net cash provided by operating activities114,440  167,512  
Investing Activities
Sales of available-for-sale debt securities711,268  224,612  
Maturities, prepayments and calls of available-for-sale debt securities457,299  259,102  
Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities(839,835) (550,096) 
Maturities, prepayments and calls of held-to-maturity debt securities48,940  55,202  
Principal collected on loans2,497,073  1,908,670  
Loan originations(2,900,692) (2,500,098) 
Net additions to premises and equipment(14,230) (13,984) 
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned2,960  3,370  
Proceeds from redemption of non-marketable equity securities115,436  73,199  
Purchases of non-marketable equity securities(93,397) (62,585) 
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance—  1,331  
Investments in variable interest entities(7,956) (30,685) 
Net cash received from acquisitions79,334  101,268  
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities56,200  (530,694) 



See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
9


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
 
 Nine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Financing Activities
Net increase in deposits$377,986  706,469  
Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase161,191  17,001  
Net decrease in short-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances(285,000) (200,000) 
Repayments of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances(151,073) (641) 
Net increase (decrease) in other borrowed funds97  (9,823) 
Cash dividends paid(70,970) (41,542) 
Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation(277) (1,182) 
Net cash provided by financing activities31,954  470,282  
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash202,594  107,100  
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period203,790  200,004  
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$406,384  307,104  
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Cash paid during the period for interest$33,878  25,925  
Cash paid during the period for income taxes33,032  18,440  
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Sale and refinancing of other real estate owned$7  406  
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned2,347  4,066  
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities3,910  —  
Dividends declared but not paid26,874  22,240  
Acquisitions
Fair value of common stock shares issued316,538  250,807  
Cash consideration16,424  16,265  
Effective settlement of a pre-existing receivable—  10,054  
Fair value of assets acquired1,190,267  1,549,158  
Liabilities assumed1,024,141  1,383,756  















See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
10


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

General
Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (“Company”) is a Montana corporation headquartered in Kalispell, Montana. The Company provides a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank (“Bank”). The Company offers a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination services. The Company serves individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. These interim financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements and they should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results anticipated for the year ending December 31, 2019. The condensed consolidated statement of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2018 has been derived from the audited consolidated statements of the Company as of that date.

The Company is a defendant in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the disposition of pending litigation will not have a material affect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include: 1) the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL” or “allowance”); 2) the valuation of debt securities; 3) the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans; and 4) the evaluation of goodwill impairment. For the determination of the ALLL and real estate valuation estimates, management obtains independent appraisals (new or updated) for significant items. Estimates relating to investment valuations are obtained from independent third parties. Estimates relating to the evaluation of goodwill for impairment are determined based on internal calculations using significant independent party inputs.

Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the parent holding company and the Bank. The Bank consists of sixteen bank divisions, a treasury division, an information technology division and a centralized mortgage division. The treasury division includes the Bank’s investment portfolio and wholesale borrowings, the information technology division includes the Bank’s internal data processing, and the centralized mortgage division includes mortgage loan servicing and secondary market sales. The Bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors. The Company considers the Bank to be its sole operating segment as the Bank 1) engages in similar bank business activity from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses; 2) the operating results of the Bank are regularly reviewed by the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) (i.e., the chief operating decision maker) who makes decisions about resources to be allocated to the Bank; and 3) financial information is available for the Bank. All significant inter-company transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Bank has subsidiary interests in variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE’s significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These subsidiary interests are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has subsidiary interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These subsidiary interests are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital instruments. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company's investments in the trust subsidiaries are included in other assets on the Company's statements of financial condition.

11


On July 31, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of Heritage Bancorp, the bank holding company for Heritage Bank of Nevada, a community bank based in Reno, Nevada (collectively, “Heritage”). On April 30, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of FNB Bancorp, the holding company for The First National Bank of Layton, a community bank based in Layton, Utah (collectively, “FNB”). The business combinations were accounted for using the acquisition method, with the results of operations included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition dates. For additional information relating to recent mergers and acquisitions, see Note 13.

Pending Acquisition
On September 30, 2019, the Company announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire State Bank Corp., the parent company of State Bank of Arizona, a community bank based in Lake Havasu City, Arizona (collectively, “SBAZ”). SBAZ provides banking services to individuals and businesses in Arizona with locations in Bullhead City, Cottonwood, Kingman, Lake Havasu City, Phoenix, Prescott Valley and Prescott. As of September 30, 2019, SBAZ had total assets of $676,824,000, gross loans of $412,685,000 and total deposits of $586,973,000. The acquisition is subject to required regulatory approvals and other customary conditions of closing and is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2019 or early in the first quarter of 2020. Upon closing of the transaction, SBAZ will merge into the Company's Foothills Bank division and will expand the Company's footprint in Arizona.

Loans Receivable
Loans that are intended to be held-to-maturity are reported at the unpaid principal balance less net charge-offs and adjusted for deferred fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans. Fees and costs on originated loans and premiums or discounts on acquired loans are deferred and subsequently amortized or accreted as a yield adjustment over the expected life of the loan utilizing the interest method. The objective of the interest method is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. When a loan is paid off prior to maturity, the remaining fees and costs on originated loans and premiums or discounts on acquired loans are immediately recognized into interest income.

The Company’s loan segments, which are based on the purpose of the loan, include residential real estate, commercial, and consumer loans. The Company’s loan classes, a further disaggregation of segments, include residential real estate loans (residential real estate segment), commercial real estate and other commercial loans (commercial segment), and home equity and other consumer loans (consumer segment).

Loans that are thirty days or more past due based on payments received and applied to the loan are considered delinquent. Loans are designated non-accrual and the accrual of interest is discontinued when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely. A loan is typically placed on non-accrual when principal or interest is due and has remained unpaid for ninety days or more. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Subsequent payments on non-accrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance if doubt remains as to the ultimate collectability of the loan. Interest accruals are not resumed on partially charged-off impaired loans. For other loans on non-accrual, interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when they are brought fully current with respect to interest and principal and when, in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.

The Company considers impaired loans to be the primary credit quality indicator for monitoring the credit quality of the loan portfolio. Loans are designated impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement and, therefore, the Company has serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to fulfill the contractual obligation. Impaired loans include non-performing loans (i.e., non-accrual loans and accruing loans ninety days or more past due) and accruing loans under ninety days past due where it is probable payments will not be received according to the loan agreement (e.g., troubled debt restructuring). Interest income on accruing impaired loans is recognized using the interest method. The Company measures impairment on a loan-by-loan basis in the same manner for each class within the loan portfolio. An insignificant delay or shortfall in the amounts of payments would not cause a loan or lease to be considered impaired. The Company determines the significance of payment delays and shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length and reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest due.

12


A restructured loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The Company periodically enters into restructure agreements with borrowers whereby the loans were previously identified as TDRs. When such circumstances occur, the Company carefully evaluates the facts of the subsequent restructure to determine the appropriate accounting and under certain circumstances it may be acceptable not to account for the subsequently restructured loan as a TDR. When assessing whether a concession has been granted by the Company, any prior forgiveness on a cumulative basis is considered a continuing concession. A TDR loan is considered an impaired loan and a specific valuation allowance is established when the fair value of the collateral-dependent loan or present value of the loan’s expected future cash flows (discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate based on the original contractual rate) is lower than the carrying value of the impaired loan. The Company has made the following types of loan modifications, some of which were considered a TDR:
•reduction of the stated interest rate for the remaining term of the debt;
•extension of the maturity date(s) at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for newly originated debt having similar risk characteristics; and
•reduction of the face amount of the debt as stated in the debt agreements.

The Company recognizes that while borrowers may experience deterioration in their financial condition, many continue to be creditworthy customers who have the willingness and capacity for debt repayment. In determining whether non-restructured or unimpaired loans issued to a single or related party group of borrowers should continue to accrue interest when the borrower has other loans that are impaired or are TDRs, the Company on a quarterly or more frequent basis performs an updated and comprehensive assessment of the willingness and capacity of the borrowers to timely and ultimately repay their total debt obligations, including contingent obligations. Such analysis takes into account current financial information about the borrowers and financially responsible guarantors, if any, including for example:
•analysis of global, i.e., aggregate debt service for total debt obligations;
•assessment of the value and security protection of collateral pledged using current market conditions and alternative market assumptions across a variety of potential future situations; and
•loan structures and related covenants.

For additional information relating to loans, see Note 3.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Based upon management’s analysis of the Company’s loan portfolio, the balance of the ALLL is an estimate of probable credit losses known and inherent within the Bank’s loan portfolio as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. The ALLL is analyzed at the loan class level and is maintained within a range of estimated losses. Determining the adequacy of the ALLL involves a high degree of judgment and is inevitably imprecise as the risk of loss is difficult to quantify. The determination of the ALLL and the related provision for loan losses is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about known relevant internal and external environmental factors that affect loan losses. The balance of the ALLL is highly dependent upon management’s evaluations of borrowers’ current and prospective performance, appraisals and other variables affecting the quality of the loan portfolio. Individually significant loans and major lending areas are reviewed periodically to determine potential problems at an early date. Changes in management’s estimates and assumptions are reasonably possible and may have a material impact upon the Company’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations or capital.

Risk characteristics considered in the ALLL analysis applicable to each loan class within the Company's loan portfolio are as follows:

Residential Real Estate.  Residential real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences.  Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers.  Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes.  Mitigating risk factors for this loan class include a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for relatively smaller amounts.

13


Commercial Real Estate.  Commercial real estate loans typically involve larger principal amounts, and repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan and/or the business conducted on the property securing the loan.  Credit risk in these loans is impacted by the creditworthiness of a borrower, valuation of the property securing the loan and conditions within the local economies in the Company’s diverse, geographic market areas.

Commercial.  Commercial loans consist of loans to commercial customers for use in financing working capital needs, equipment purchases and business expansions.  The loans in this category are repaid primarily from the cash flow of a borrower’s principal business operation.  Credit risk in these loans is driven by creditworthiness of a borrower and the economic conditions that impact the cash flow stability from business operations across the Company’s diverse, geographic market areas.

Home Equity.  Home equity loans consist of junior lien mortgages and first and junior lien lines of credit (revolving open-end and amortizing closed-end) secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences.  Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers.  Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes.  Mitigating risk factors for this loan class are a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for terms that range from 10 to 15 years.

Other Consumer.  The other consumer loan portfolio consists of various short-term loans such as automobile loans and loans for other personal purposes.  Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers.  Credit risk is driven by consumer economic factors (such as unemployment and general economic conditions in the Company’s diverse, geographic market area) and the creditworthiness of a borrower.

The ALLL consists of a specific valuation allowance component and a general valuation allowance component. The specific component relates to loans that are determined to be impaired and individually evaluated for impairment. The Company measures impairment on a loan-by-loan basis based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, except when it is determined that repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. For impairment based on expected future cash flows, the Company considers all information available as of a measurement date, including past events, current conditions, potential prepayments, and estimated cost to sell when such costs are expected to reduce the cash flows available to repay or otherwise satisfy the loan. For alternative ranges of cash flows, the likelihood of the possible outcomes is considered in determining the best estimate of expected future cash flows. The effective interest rate for a loan restructured in a TDR is based on the original contractual rate. For collateral-dependent loans and real estate loans for which foreclosure or a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is probable, impairment is measured by the fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. The fair value of the collateral is determined primarily based upon appraisal or evaluation of the underlying real property value.

The general valuation allowance component relates to probable credit losses inherent in the balance of the loan portfolio based on historical loss experience, adjusted for changes in trends and conditions of qualitative or environmental factors. The historical loss experience is based on the previous twelve quarters loss experience by loan class adjusted for risk characteristics in the existing loan portfolio. The same trends and conditions are evaluated for each class within the loan portfolio; however, the risk characteristics are weighted separately at the individual class level based on the Company’s judgment and experience.

14


The changes in trends and conditions evaluated for each class within the loan portfolio include the following:
•changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses;
•changes in global, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments;
•changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans;
•changes in experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff;
•changes in the volume and severity of past due and non-accrual loans;
•changes in the quality of the Company’s loan review system;
•changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans;
•the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and
•the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the Company’s existing portfolio.

The ALLL is increased by provisions for loan losses which are charged to expense. The portions of loan and overdraft balances determined by management to be uncollectible are charged-off as a reduction of the ALLL and recoveries of amounts previously charged-off are credited as an increase to the ALLL. The Company’s charge-off policy is consistent with bank regulatory standards. Consumer loans generally are charged-off when the loan becomes over 120 days delinquent. Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until such time as it is sold.

At acquisition date, the assets and liabilities of acquired banks are recorded at their estimated fair values which results in no ALLL carried over from acquired banks. Subsequent to acquisition, an allowance will be recorded on the acquired loan portfolios for further credit deterioration, if any.

Leases
The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. A lessee lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria (e.g., lease contains option to purchase that Company is reasonably certain to exercise), in which case it is classified as a finance lease. Effective January 1, 2019, operating leases are included in net premises and equipment and other liabilities on the Company’s statements of financial condition and lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance leases are included in net premises and equipment and other borrowed funds on the Company’s statements of financial condition. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. An ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and also includes any direct costs and payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives. When an implicit rate is not available, an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date is used in determining the present value of the lease payments. A lease term may include an option to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. The Company accounts for lease and nonlease components (e.g., common-area maintenance) together as a single combined lease component for all asset classes. Short-term leases of 12 months or less are excluded from accounting guidance; as a result, the lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and the leases are not reflected on the Company’s statements of financial condition. Renewal and termination options are considered when determining short-term leases. Leases are accounted for on an individual lease level.

Lease improvements incurred at the inception of the lease are recorded as an asset and depreciated over the initial term of the lease and lease improvements incurred subsequently are depreciated over the remaining term of the lease.

The Company also leases certain premises and equipment to third parties. A lessor lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria that would classify it as either a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease. For additional information relating to leases, see Note 4.

15


Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when services or products are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. The Company’s principal source of revenue is interest income from debt securities and loans. Revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification™ (“ASC”) Topic 606 was $54,608,000 and $56,519,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and largely consisted of revenue from service charges and other fees from deposits (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, debit card fees). Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, an insignificant amount of receivables related to such revenue was recorded at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and there were no impairment losses recognized. Policies specific to revenue from contracts with customers include the following:

Service Charges. Revenue from service charges consists of service charges and fees on deposit accounts under depository agreements with customers to provide access to deposited funds and, when applicable, pay interest on deposits. Service charges on deposit accounts may be transactional or non-transactional in nature. Transactional service charges occur in the form of a service or penalty and are charged upon the occurrence of an event (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, wire transfer fees). Transactional service charges are recognized as services are delivered to and consumed by the customer, or as penalty fees are charged. Non-transactional service charges are charges that are based on a broader service, such as account maintenance fees and dormancy fees, and are recognized on a monthly basis.

Debit Card Fees. Revenue from debit card fees includes interchange fee income from debit cards processed through card association networks. Interchange fees represent a portion of a transaction amount that the Company and other involved parties retain to compensate themselves for giving the cardholder immediate access to funds. Interchange rates are generally set by the card association networks and are based on purchase volumes and other factors. The Company records interchange fees as services are provided.

Accounting Guidance Adopted in 2019
The ASC is the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) officially recognized source of authoritative GAAP applicable to all public and non-public non-governmental entities. Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the authority of the federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for the Company as an SEC registrant. All other accounting literature is non-authoritative. The following paragraphs provide descriptions of recently adopted Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) that may have had a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2017-08 - Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. In March 2017, FASB amended ASC Subtopic 310-20 to shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments required the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date instead of the maturity date. The amendments did not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The amendments were effective for public business entities for the first interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and any adjustments were to be reflected as of the beginning of the year that includes the interim period. Entities were to apply the amendments on a modified retrospective basis; therefore, a cumulative-effect reduction to retained earnings of $24,102,000 was recognized as of the January 1, 2019 effective date. The Company’s debt securities that were effected by the amendments were primarily in the state and local governments category. The Company’s accounting policies and procedures were updated to reflect the amendments.

ASU 2016-02 - Leases. In February 2016, FASB amended ASC Topic 842 to address several aspects of lease accounting with the significant change being the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities for leases previously classified as operating leases. The amendments were effective for public business entities for the first interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company has lease agreements for which the amendments required the recognition of a lease liability to make lease payments and an ROU asset which represents its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. An entity is permitted to elect not to restate its comparative periods in the period of adoption when transitioning to ASC Topic 842 and the Company made this election. In addition, the Company made the following elections related to implementation: 1) to not use hindsight in determining lease terms and in assessing impairment of ROU assets; and 2) to use the practical expedient package, which required no reassessment of whether existing contracts are or contain leases as well as no reassessment of lease classification for existing leases. At the date of adoption, the Company recognized an ROU asset and related lease liability on the Company’s statement of financial condition of $36,178,000 and $38,220,000, respectively. The Company developed new processes to comply with the accounting and disclosure requirements of such amendments and policies and procedures were updated accordingly.

16


Accounting Guidance Pending Adoption at September 30, 2019
The following paragraphs provide descriptions of newly issued but not yet effective ASUs that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2017-04 - Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. In January 2017, FASB amended ASC Topic 350 to simplify the measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, under these amendments, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The amendments are effective for public business entities for the first interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company has goodwill from prior business combinations and performs an annual impairment test or more frequently if changes or circumstances occur that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. During the third quarter of 2019, the Company performed its impairment assessment and determined the fair value of the aggregated reporting units exceeded the carrying value, such that the Company’s goodwill was not considered impaired. Although the Company cannot anticipate future goodwill impairment assessments, based on the most recent assessment, it is unlikely that an impairment amount would need to be calculated and, therefore, the Company does not anticipate a material impact from these amendments to the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The current accounting policies and processes are not anticipated to change, except for the elimination of the Step 2 analysis. For additional information regarding goodwill impairment testing, see Note 5.

ASU 2016-13 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In June 2016, FASB amended ASC Topic 326 to replace the incurred loss model with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses over the life of the loan and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to calculate credit loss estimates. The proposed amendments are effective for public business entities, excluding smaller reporting companies, for the first interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments to the Company’s financial position and results of operations and currently does not know or cannot reasonably quantify the impact of the adoption of the amendments as a result of the complexity and extensive changes from the amendments. The ALLL is a material estimate of the Company and given the change from an incurred loss model to a methodology that considers the credit loss over the life of the loan, there is the potential for an increase in the ALLL at adoption date. The Company is anticipating a significant change in the processes and procedures to calculate the ALLL, including changes in assumptions and estimates to consider expected credit losses over the life of the loan versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. The Company will also develop new procedures for determining an allowance for credit losses relating to held-to-maturity debt securities. In addition, the current accounting policy and procedures for other-than-temporary impairment on available-for-sale debt securities will be replaced with an allowance approach. The Company has engaged a third-party vendor solution and is currently in the implementation phase and evaluating the appropriate models, loan pools and assumptions to be utilized. The project team has begun running parallel models and model validation to refine its processes and procedures in anticipation of estimating the initial impact of the standard. For additional information on the ALLL, see Note 3.

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Note 2. Debt Securities

The following tables present the amortized cost, the gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of the Company’s debt securities:
 September 30, 2019
 Amortized
Cost		Gross UnrealizedFair
Value
(Dollars in thousands)GainsLosses
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$147,575  26  (167) 147,434  
U.S. government sponsored enterprises66,072  1,117  —  67,189  
State and local governments588,307  25,558  —  613,865  
Corporate bonds145,528  1,860  (5) 147,383  
Residential mortgage-backed securities762,415  5,662  (824) 767,253  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities684,720  31,375  (183) 715,912  
Total available-for-sale2,394,617  65,598  (1,179) 2,459,036  
Held-to-maturity
State and local governments234,992  10,567  —  245,559  
Total held-to-maturity234,992  10,567  —  245,559  
Total debt securities$2,629,609  76,165  (1,179) 2,704,595  

 December 31, 2018
 Amortized
Cost		Gross UnrealizedFair
Value
(Dollars in thousands)GainsLosses
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$23,757  54  (162) 23,649  
U.S. government sponsored enterprises120,670  52  (514) 120,208  
State and local governments844,636  18,936  (11,322) 852,250  
Corporate bonds292,052  378  (1,613) 290,817  
Residential mortgage-backed securities808,537  628  (16,250) 792,915  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities490,868  3,312  (2,356) 491,824  
Total available-for-sale2,580,520  23,360  (32,217) 2,571,663  
Held-to-maturity
State and local governments297,915  1,380  (11,039) 288,256  
Total held-to-maturity297,915  1,380  (11,039) 288,256  
Total debt securities$2,878,435  24,740  (43,256) 2,859,919  

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The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at September 30, 2019. Actual maturities may differ from expected or contractual maturities since issuers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

 September 30, 2019
 Available-for-SaleHeld-to-Maturity
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized CostFair ValueAmortized CostFair Value
Due within one year$160,855  160,980  —  —  
Due after one year through five years209,725  213,094  10,204  10,580  
Due after five years through ten years215,297  224,814  75,545  79,647  
Due after ten years361,605  376,983  149,243  155,332  
947,482  975,871  234,992  245,559  
Mortgage-backed securities 1
1,447,135  1,483,165  —  —  
Total$2,394,617  2,459,036  234,992  245,559  
______________________________
1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities and the associated gains and losses that have been included in earnings are listed below:
 Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Available-for-sale
Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities$401,701  12,135  878,072  245,581  
Gross realized gains 1
14,329  188  18,613  203  
Gross realized losses 1
(518) (37) (4,447) (398) 
Held-to-maturity
Proceeds from calls of debt securities16,365  28,435  48,940  57,370  
Gross realized gains 1
—  12  2  76  
Gross realized losses 1
—  (530) (10) (637) 
______________________________
1 The gain or loss on the sale or call of each debt security is determined by the specific identification method.

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Debt securities with an unrealized loss position are summarized as follows:

 September 30, 2019
 Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
(Dollars in thousands)Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency
$129,520  (89) 9,440  (78) 138,960  (167) 
Corporate bonds6,786  (5) —  —  6,786  (5) 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
144,444  (380) 36,324  (444) 180,768  (824) 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
9,925  (115) 7,754  (68) 17,679  (183) 
Total available-for-sale
$290,675  (589) 53,518  (590) 344,193  (1,179) 
 
 December 31, 2018
 Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
(Dollars in thousands)Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency
$4,287  (27) 10,519  (135) 14,806  (162) 
U.S. government sponsored enterprises
43,400  (103) 35,544  (411) 78,944  (514) 
State and local governments72,080  (922) 232,244  (10,400) 304,324  (11,322) 
Corporate bonds119,111  (937) 114,800  (676) 233,911  (1,613) 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
132,405  (833) 537,202  (15,417) 669,607  (16,250) 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
73,118  (402) 86,504  (1,954) 159,622  (2,356) 
Total available-for-sale
$444,401  (3,224) 1,016,813  (28,993) 1,461,214  (32,217) 
Held-to-maturity
State and local governments$87,392  (2,778) 126,226  (8,261) 213,618  (11,039) 
Total held-to-maturity$87,392  (2,778) 126,226  (8,261) 213,618  (11,039) 

Based on an analysis of its debt securities with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company determined that none of such securities had other-than-temporary impairment and the unrealized losses were primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the securities approach maturity. At September 30, 2019, management determined that it did not intend to sell debt securities with unrealized losses, and there was no expected requirement to sell any of its debt securities with unrealized losses before recovery of their amortized cost.

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Note 3. Loans Receivable, Net

The Company’s loan portfolio is comprised of three segments: residential real estate, commercial, and consumer and other loans. The loan segments are further disaggregated into the following classes: residential real estate, commercial real estate, other commercial, home equity and other consumer loans. The following table presents loans receivable for each portfolio class of loans:
At or for the Nine Months endedAt or for the
Year ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		December 31,
2018
Residential real estate loans$936,877  887,742  
Commercial loans
Real estate5,548,174  4,657,561  
Other commercial2,145,257  1,911,171  
Total7,693,431  6,568,732  
Consumer and other loans
Home equity615,781  544,688  
Other consumer294,999  286,387  
Total910,780  831,075  
Loans receivable9,541,088  8,287,549  
Allowance for loan and lease losses(125,535) (131,239) 
Loans receivable, net$9,415,553  8,156,310  
Net deferred origination (fees) costs included in loans receivable$(6,617) (5,685) 
Net purchase accounting (discounts) premiums included in loans receivable$(23,620) (25,172) 
Weighted-average interest rate on loans (tax-equivalent)5.21 %4.97 %

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Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
The ALLL is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. The following tables summarize the activity in the ALLL by loan class:

 Three Months ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Balance at beginning of period$129,054  10,695  72,447  36,259  5,801  3,852  
Provision for loan losses—  (325) (1,480) 1,220  (777) 1,362  
Charge-offs(5,890) (141) (1,858) (1,399) —  (2,492) 
Recoveries2,371  8  549  778  17  1,019  
Balance at end of period$125,535  10,237  69,658  36,858  5,041  3,741  
 
 Three Months ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Balance at beginning of period$131,564  10,903  71,245  38,664  6,092  4,660  
Provision for loan losses3,194  54  2,922  (257) (165) 640  
Charge-offs(4,294) (210) (909) (897) (82) (2,196) 
Recoveries2,071  7  308  447  83  1,226  
Balance at end of period$132,535  10,754  73,566  37,957  5,928  4,330  

 Nine Months ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial Real EstateOther
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Balance at beginning of period$131,239  10,631  72,448  38,160  5,811  4,189  
Provision for loan losses57  (152) (1,824) (524) (786) 3,343  
Charge-offs(12,090) (482) (2,267) (2,597) (28) (6,716) 
Recoveries6,329  240  1,301  1,819  44  2,925  
Balance at end of period$125,535  10,237  69,658  36,858  5,041  3,741  

 Nine Months ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Balance at beginning of period$129,568  10,798  68,515  39,303  6,204  4,748  
Provision for loan losses8,707  135  5,941  415  (359) 2,575  
Charge-offs(11,905) (257) (2,132) (3,325) (101) (6,090) 
Recoveries6,165  78  1,242  1,564  184  3,097  
Balance at end of period$132,535  10,754  73,566  37,957  5,928  4,330  


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The following tables disclose the recorded investment in loans and the balance in the ALLL by loan class:

 September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Loans receivable
Individually evaluated for impairment
$108,893  9,519  71,751  20,292  4,030  3,301  
Collectively evaluated for impairment
9,432,195  927,358  5,476,423  2,124,965  611,751  291,698  
Total loans receivable
$9,541,088  936,877  5,548,174  2,145,257  615,781  294,999  
ALLL
Individually evaluated for impairment
$107  —  61  46  —  —  
Collectively evaluated for impairment
125,428  10,237  69,597  36,812  5,041  3,741  
Total ALLL
$125,535  10,237  69,658  36,858  5,041  3,741  
 
 December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Loans receivable
Individually evaluated for impairment
$108,788  12,685  68,837  20,975  3,497  2,794  
Collectively evaluated for impairment
8,178,761  875,057  4,588,724  1,890,196  541,191  283,593  
Total loans receivable$8,287,549  887,742  4,657,561  1,911,171  544,688  286,387  
ALLL
Individually evaluated for impairment
$3,223  83  568  2,313  39  220  
Collectively evaluated for impairment
128,016  10,548  71,880  35,847  5,772  3,969  
Total ALLL
$131,239  10,631  72,448  38,160  5,811  4,189  

Substantially all of the Company’s loans receivable are with customers in the Company’s geographic market areas. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its customers’ ability to honor their obligations is dependent upon the economic performance in the Company’s market areas.

23


Aging Analysis
The following tables present an aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans by loan class:

 September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Accruing loans 30-59 days past due$14,901  1  6,199  4,066  3,026  1,609  
Accruing loans 60-89 days past due15,053  690  1,485  10,128  1,853  897  
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due
7,912  1,212  4,350  1,045  681  624  
Non-accrual loans40,017  5,295  23,781  7,299  2,876  766  
Total past due and non-accrual loans
77,883  7,198  35,815  22,538  8,436  3,896  
Current loans receivable9,463,205  929,679  5,512,359  2,122,719  607,345  291,103  
Total loans receivable$9,541,088  936,877  5,548,174  2,145,257  615,781  294,999  
 
 December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Accruing loans 30-59 days past due$24,312  5,251  9,477  4,282  3,213  2,089  
Accruing loans 60-89 days past due9,255  860  3,231  3,838  735  591  
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due
2,018  788  —  492  428  310  
Non-accrual loans47,252  8,021  27,264  8,619  2,575  773  
Total past due and non-accrual loans
82,837  14,920  39,972  17,231  6,951  3,763  
Current loans receivable8,204,712  872,822  4,617,589  1,893,940  537,737  282,624  
Total loans receivable$8,287,549  887,742  4,657,561  1,911,171  544,688  286,387  

24


Impaired Loans
Loans are designated impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement and therefore, the Company has serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to fulfill the contractual obligation. The following tables disclose information related to impaired loans by loan class:
 
 At or for the Three or Nine Months ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Loans with a specific valuation allowance
Recorded balance$5,610  —  5,541  69  —  —  
Unpaid principal balance5,612  —  5,541  71  —  —  
Specific valuation allowance107  —  61  46  —  —  
Average balance - three months5,624  22  5,507  84  —  11  
Average balance - nine months11,626  511  6,591  4,360  30  134  
Loans without a specific valuation allowance
Recorded balance103,283  9,519  66,210  20,223  4,030  3,301  
Unpaid principal balance119,582  10,993  76,936  23,356  4,715  3,582  
Average balance - three months99,813  10,129  61,837  21,137  3,626  3,084  
Average balance - nine months94,391  10,397  60,567  17,232  3,421  2,774  
Total
Recorded balance108,893  9,519  71,751  20,292  4,030  3,301  
Unpaid principal balance125,194  10,993  82,477  23,427  4,715  3,582  
Specific valuation allowance107  —  61  46  —  —  
Average balance - three months105,437  10,151  67,344  21,221  3,626  3,095  
Average balance - nine months106,017  10,908  67,158  21,592  3,451  2,908  
 
 At or for the Year ended December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Loans with a specific valuation allowance
Recorded balance$19,197  1,957  9,345  7,268  120  507  
Unpaid principal balance19,491  2,220  9,345  7,268  120  538  
Specific valuation allowance3,223  83  568  2,313  39  220  
Average balance19,519  2,686  8,498  7,081  82  1,172  
Loans without a specific valuation allowance
Recorded balance89,591  10,728  59,492  13,707  3,377  2,287  
Unpaid principal balance107,486  11,989  71,300  17,689  3,986  2,522  
Average balance106,747  10,269  73,889  17,376  3,465  1,748  
Total
Recorded balance108,788  12,685  68,837  20,975  3,497  2,794  
Unpaid principal balance126,977  14,209  80,645  24,957  4,106  3,060  
Specific valuation allowance3,223  83  568  2,313  39  220  
Average balance126,266  12,955  82,387  24,457  3,547  2,920  
25


Interest income recognized on impaired loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was not significant.

Restructured Loans
A restructured loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The following tables present TDRs that occurred during the periods presented and the TDRs that occurred within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the periods presented:

 Three Months ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
TDRs that occurred during the period
Number of loans6  —  4  2  —  —  
Pre-modification recorded balance
$3,168  —  3,067  101  —  —  
Post-modification recorded balance
$3,168  —  3,067  101  —  —  
TDRs that subsequently defaulted
Number of loans—  —  —  —  —  —  
Recorded balance$—  —  —  —  —  —  

 Three Months ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
TDRs that occurred during the period
Number of loans2  —  —  1  —  1  
Pre-modification recorded balance
$312  —  —  7  —  305  
Post-modification recorded balance
$312  —  —  7  —  305  
TDRs that subsequently defaulted
Number of loans1  1  —  —  —  —  
Recorded balance$47  47  —  —  —  —  

 Nine Months ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
TDRs that occurred during the period
Number of loans14  1  5  4  1  3  
Pre-modification recorded balance
$5,261  117  4,102  668  103  271  
Post-modification recorded balance
$5,247  123  4,102  668  103  251  
TDRs that subsequently defaulted
Number of loans1  —  —  —  —  1  
Recorded balance$305  —  —  —  —  305  

26


 Nine Months ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
TDRs that occurred during the period
Number of loans22  3  8  8  2  1  
Pre-modification recorded balance
$21,582  666  12,901  7,458  252  305  
Post-modification recorded balance
$21,468  666  12,787  7,458  252  305  
TDRs that subsequently defaulted
Number of loans1  1  —  —  —  —  
Recorded balance$47  47  —  —  —  —  

The modifications for the loans designated as TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 included one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date, a reduction of the interest rate or a reduction in the principal amount.

In addition to the loans designated as TDRs during the period provided in the preceding tables, the Company had TDRs with pre-modification loan balances of $2,982,000 and $5,782,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for which OREO was received in full or partial satisfaction of the loans. The majority of such TDRs were in commercial real estate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had $2,233,000 and $350,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had $2,292,000 and $698,000, respectively, of OREO secured by residential real estate properties.

Note 4. Leases

The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. Effective January 1, 2019, ROU assets for operating and finance leases are included in net premises and equipment and lease liabilities are included in other liabilities and other borrowed funds, respectively, on the Company’s statements of financial condition. The following table summarizes the Company’s leases:

September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases
ROU assets$951  
Accumulated depreciation(864) 
Net ROU assets$87  41,698  
Lease liabilities$121  44,047  
Weighted-average remaining lease term2 years18 years
Weighted-average discount rate5.3 %3.7 %

27


Maturities of lease liabilities consist of the following:
September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases
Maturing within one year$23  3,852  
Maturing one year through two years92  3,666  
Maturing two years through three years9  3,438  
Maturing three years through four years1  3,142  
Maturing four years through five years—  3,128  
Thereafter—  46,088  
Total lease payments125  63,314  
Present value of lease payments
Short-term22  2,296  
Long-term99  41,751  
Total present value of lease payments121  44,047  
Difference between lease payments and present value of lease payments$4  19,267  

The components of lease expense consist of the following:
Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2019
Finance lease cost
Amortization of ROU assets$16  48  
Interest on lease liabilities2  6  
Operating lease cost1,057  2,967  
Short-term lease cost102  330  
Variable lease cost236  657  
Sublease income(2) (5) 
Total lease expense$1,411  4,003  

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:
Three Months endedNine Months ended
September 30, 2019September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases		Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows$2  565  6  1,541  
Financing cash flows21  N/A  63  N/A  

The Company also leases office space to third parties through operating leases. Rent income from these leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was not significant.

28


Note 5. Goodwill

The following schedule discloses the changes in the carrying value of goodwill:

Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Net carrying value at beginning of period$330,887  289,535  289,586  177,811  
Acquisitions125,535  —  166,836  111,724  
Net carrying value at end of period$456,422  289,535  456,422  289,535  

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2019 and determined the fair value of the aggregated reporting units exceeded the carrying value, such that the Company’s goodwill was not considered impaired. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future. Accumulated impairment charges were $40,159,000 as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

For additional information on goodwill related to acquisitions, see Note 13.

Note 6. Variable Interest Entities

A VIE is a partnership, limited liability company, trust or other legal entity that meets one of the following criteria: 1) the entity’s equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; 2) the holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and 3) the voting rights of some holders of the equity investment at risk are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb losses or receive returns, and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the holder of equity investment at risk with disproportionately few voting rights. A VIE must be consolidated by the Company if it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which is the party involved with the VIE that has both: 1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance; and 2) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company’s VIEs are regularly monitored to determine if any reconsideration events have occurred that could cause the primary beneficiary status to change. A previously unconsolidated VIE is consolidated when the Company becomes the primary beneficiary. A previously consolidated VIE is deconsolidated when the Company ceases to be the primary beneficiary or the entity is no longer a VIE.

29


Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities (“CDE”) which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”). The NMTC program provides federal tax incentives to investors to make investments in distressed communities and promotes economic improvements through the development of successful businesses in these communities. The NMTC is available to investors over seven years and is subject to recapture if certain events occur during such period. The maximum exposure to loss in the CDEs is the amount of equity invested and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each CDE (NMTC) investment and determined the Company does not individually meet the characteristics of a primary beneficiary; however, the related-party group does meet the criteria as a group and substantially all of the activities of the CDEs either involve or are conducted on behalf of the Company. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the CDEs and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The primary activities of the CDEs are recognized in commercial loans interest income and other borrowed funds interest expense on the Company’s statements of operations and the federal income tax credit allocations from the investments are recognized in the Company’s statements of operations as a component of income tax expense. Such related cash flows are recognized in loans originated, principal collected on loans and change in other borrowed funds.

The Bank is also the sole member of certain tax credit funds that make direct investments in qualified affordable housing projects (e.g., Low-Income Housing Tax Credit [“LIHTC”] partnerships). As such, the Company is the primary beneficiary of these tax credit funds and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the consolidated VIEs’ assets and liabilities included in the Company’s statements of financial condition and are adjusted for intercompany eliminations. All assets presented can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated VIEs and all liabilities presented consist of liabilities for which creditors and other beneficial interest holders therein have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		December 31,
2018
Assets
Loans receivable$73,275  80,123  
Accrued interest receivable63  96  
Other assets50,739  45,779  
Total assets$124,077  125,998  
Liabilities
Other borrowed funds$14,688  14,527  
Accrued interest payable20  1  
Other liabilities28  125  
Total liabilities$14,736  14,653  

30


Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company has equity investments in LIHTC partnerships, both directly and through tax credit funds, with carrying values of $38,564,000 and $35,112,000 as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The LIHTCs are indirect federal subsidies to finance low-income housing and are used in connection with both newly constructed and renovated residential rental buildings. Once a project is placed in service, it is generally eligible for the tax credit for ten years. To continue generating the tax credit and to avoid tax credit recapture, a LIHTC building must satisfy specific low-income housing compliance rules for a full fifteen years. The maximum exposure to loss in the VIEs is the amount of equity invested and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each LIHTC investment and determined that the Company does not have controlling financial interests in such investments, and is not the primary beneficiary. The Company reports the investments in the unconsolidated LIHTCs as other assets on the Company’s statements of financial condition. There were no impairment losses on the Company’s LIHTC investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Future unfunded contingent commitments related to the Company’s LIHTC investments at September 30, 2019 are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)Amount
Years ending December 31,
2019$6,069  
20203,784  
20214,787  
20227,505  
2023118  
Thereafter717  
Total$22,980  

The Company has elected to use the proportional amortization method, and more specifically the practical expedient method, for the amortization of all eligible LIHTC investments and amortization expense is recognized as a component of income tax expense. The following table summarizes the amortization expense and the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits recognized for qualified affordable housing project investments during the periods presented.

Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Amortization expense
$1,609  1,177  4,504  3,098  
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized
2,202  1,651  6,169  4,314  

The Company also owns the following trust subsidiaries, each of which issued trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital instruments: Glacier Capital Trust II, Glacier Capital Trust III, Glacier Capital Trust IV, Citizens (ID) Statutory Trust I, Bank of the San Juans Bancorporation Trust I, First Company Statutory Trust 2001, First Company Statutory Trust 2003, FNB (UT) Statutory Trust I and FNB (UT) Statutory Trust II. The trust subsidiaries have no assets, operations, revenues or cash flows other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements because the sole asset of each trust subsidiary is a receivable from the Company, even though the Company owns all of the voting equity shares of the trust subsidiaries, has fully guaranteed the obligations of the trust subsidiaries and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. The Company reports the trust preferred securities issued to the trust subsidiaries as subordinated debentures on the Company’s statements of financial condition.
31


Note 7. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Company’s securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”) totaled $558,752,000 and $396,151,000 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and are secured by debt securities with carrying values of $702,809,000 and $511,294,000, respectively. Securities are pledged to customers at the time of the transaction in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance and are held in custody accounts by third parties. The fair value of collateral is continually monitored and additional collateral is provided as deemed appropriate. The following tables summarize the carrying value of the Company’s repurchase agreements by remaining contractual maturity and category of collateral:

September 30, 2019
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(Dollars in thousands)Overnight and ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
Residential mortgage-backed securities$302,747  —  302,747  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities256,005  —  256,005  
Total$558,752  —  558,752  

December 31, 2018
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(Dollars in thousands)Overnight and ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
Residential mortgage-backed securities$328,174  —  328,174  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities66,339  1,638  67,977  
Total$394,513  1,638  396,151  

Note 8. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

Interest Rate Swap Derivatives
In September 2019, the Company implemented a balance sheet strategy to increase its net interest income and net interest margin. The strategy included early termination of the Company’s pay-fixed interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $260,000,000. A $9,997,000 loss was recognized on the early termination of the pay-fixed interest rate swaps and was reported in loss on termination of hedging activities on the Company’s statements of operations.

The interest rate swaps that were terminated had $160,000,000 and $100,000,000 of notional amounts and began their payment terms in October 2014 and November 2015, respectively. The Company designated wholesale deposits and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances for the cash flow hedge and these hedged items were determined to be fully effective during current and prior periods. The aggregate fair value of the interest rate swaps was recorded in other liabilities with changes recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Interest expense recorded on the interest rate swaps totaled $5,532,000 and $5,993,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was reported as a component of interest expense on deposits and FHLB advances.

32


The following table presents the pre-tax gains or losses recorded in OCI and the Company’s statements of operations relating to the interest rate swap derivative financial instruments:
Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Interest rate swaps
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI
$(1,393) 1,234  (7,047) 7,302  
Amount of loss reclassified from OCI to net income
(10,315) (469) (10,816) (1,946) 

The following table discloses the offsetting of financial assets and interest rate swap derivative assets.

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Gross Amount of Recognized AssetsGross Amount Offset in the Statements of Financial PositionNet Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statements of Financial PositionGross Amount of Recognized AssetsGross Amount Offset in the Statements of Financial PositionNet Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statements of Financial Position
Interest rate swaps$—  —  —  139  (139) —  

The following table discloses the offsetting of financial liabilities and interest rate swap derivative liabilities.

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Gross Amounts of Recognized LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Statements of Financial PositionNet Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statements of Financial PositionGross Amounts of Recognized LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Statements of Financial PositionNet Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statements of Financial Position
Interest rate swaps
$—  —  —  3,908  (139) 3,769  

Residential Real Estate Derivatives
At September 30, 2019, the Company had residential real estate derivatives for commitments (“interest rate locks”) to fund certain residential real estate loans to be sold into the secondary market. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, loan commitments with interest rate lock commitments totaled $142,700,000 and $59,974,000, respectively, and the fair value of the related derivatives was included in other assets with corresponding changes recorded in gain on sale of loans. It has been the Company’s practice to enter into “best efforts” forward sales commitments for the future delivery of residential real estate loans to third party investors when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of changes in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans. Forward sales commitments on a “best efforts” basis are not designated in hedge relationships until the loan is funded. Due to the forward sales commitments being short-term in nature, the corresponding derivatives are not significant. The Company also enters into free-standing derivatives to mitigate the interest rate risk associated with certain residential real estate loans to be sold. These derivatives include forward commitments to sell to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain residential real estate loans held for sale and unfunded commitments. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, TBA commitments were $142,500,000 and $40,750,000, respectively, and the fair value of the related derivatives was included in other liabilities with corresponding changes recorded in gain on sale of loans.

33


Note 9. Other Expenses

Other expenses consists of the following:
 Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Consulting and outside services$1,938  1,986  5,715  5,160  
Debit card expenses1,699  533  5,003  3,321  
Mergers and acquisition expenses2,058  1,336  4,103  6,098  
Employee expenses1,245  1,089  3,646  3,022  
Telephone1,216  1,187  3,601  3,350  
Business development1,176  672  3,189  1,782  
VIE amortization and other expenses1,427  1,118  2,878  2,530  
Loan expenses924  947  2,726  2,735  
Postage831  772  2,487  2,327  
Printing and supplies735  769  2,246  2,252  
Checking and operating expenses361  404  1,353  871  
ATM expenses299  293  1,312  927  
Accounting and audit fees365  383  1,290  1,194  
Legal fees338  464  926  1,245  
Other991  1,165  2,679  3,516  
Total other expenses$15,603  13,118  43,154  40,330  

Note 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table illustrates the activity within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax:
 
(Dollars in thousands)Gains (Losses) on Available-For-Sale Debt SecuritiesLosses on Derivatives Used for Cash Flow HedgesTotal
Balance at January 1, 2018$5,031  (7,010) (1,979) 
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications(34,789) 5,452  (29,337) 
Reclassification adjustments for losses included in net income146  1,453  1,599  
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income(34,643) 6,905  (27,738) 
Balance at September 30, 2018$(29,612) (105) (29,717) 
Balance at January 1, 2019$(6,613) (2,814) (9,427) 
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications65,284  (5,261) 60,023  
Reclassification adjustments for (gains) losses included in net income(10,576) 8,075  (2,501) 
Net current period other comprehensive income54,708  2,814  57,522  
Balance at September 30, 2019$48,095  —  48,095  


34


Note 11. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding restricted stock awards were vested and stock options were exercised, using the treasury stock method.

Basic and diluted earnings per share has been computed based on the following:

 Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Net income available to common stockholders, basic and diluted
$51,610  49,336  153,134  132,279  
Average outstanding shares - basic90,294,811  84,518,407  86,911,402  83,294,111  
Add: dilutive restricted stock awards and stock options
154,384  74,715  170,776  68,212  
Average outstanding shares - diluted90,449,195  84,593,122  87,082,178  83,362,323  
Basic earnings per share$0.57  0.58  1.76  1.59  
Diluted earnings per share$0.57  0.58  1.76  1.59  
Restricted stock awards and stock options excluded from the diluted average outstanding share calculation 1
4,037  —  1,360  —  
______________________________
1 Anti-dilution occurs when the unrecognized compensation cost per share of a restricted stock award or the exercise price of a stock option exceeds the market price of the Company’s stock.

Note 12. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
 
Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Transfers in and out of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets), Level 2 (significant other observable inputs) and Level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) are recognized on the actual transfer date. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the nine month periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.


35


Recurring Measurements
The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended September 30, 2019.

Debt securities, available-for-sale: fair value for available-for-sale debt securities is estimated by obtaining quoted market prices for identical assets, where available. If such prices are not available, fair value is based on independent asset pricing services and models, the inputs of which are market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, volatilities, market spreads, prepayments, defaults, recoveries, cumulative loss projections, and cash flows. Such securities are classified in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, such securities are classified as Level 3 within the hierarchy.

Fair value determinations of available-for-sale debt securities are the responsibility of the Company’s corporate accounting and treasury departments. The Company obtains fair value estimates from independent third party vendors on a monthly basis. The vendors’ pricing system methodologies, procedures and system controls are reviewed to ensure they are appropriately designed and operating effectively. The Company reviews the vendors’ inputs for fair value estimates and the recommended assignments of levels within the fair value hierarchy. The review includes the extent to which markets for debt securities are determined to have limited or no activity, or are judged to be active markets. The Company reviews the extent to which observable and unobservable inputs are used as well as the appropriateness of the underlying assumptions about risk that a market participant would use in active markets, with adjustments for limited or inactive markets. In considering the inputs to the fair value estimates, the Company places less reliance on quotes that are judged to not reflect orderly transactions, or are non-binding indications. In assessing credit risk, the Company reviews payment performance, collateral adequacy, third party research and analyses, credit rating histories and issuers’ financial statements. For those markets determined to be inactive or limited, the valuation techniques used are models for which management has verified that discount rates are appropriately adjusted to reflect illiquidity and credit risk.

Loans held for sale, at fair value: loans held for sale measured at fair value, for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist, are initially valued at the transaction price and are subsequently valued by using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors. Loans held for sale measured at fair value are classified within Level 2. Included in gain on sale of loans were net gains of $993,000 and net losses $239,000 for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, from the changes in fair value of loans held for sale measured at fair value. Electing to measure loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in fair value of these assets with changes in the value of the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting.

Interest rate swap derivative financial instruments: fair values for interest rate swap derivative financial instruments were based upon the estimated amounts to settle the contracts considering current interest rates and were calculated using discounted cash flows that were observable or that could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The inputs used to determine fair value included the 3 month LIBOR forward curve to estimate variable rate cash inflows and the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate to estimate the discount rate. The estimated variable rate cash inflows were compared to the fixed rate outflows and such difference was discounted to a present value to estimate the fair value of the interest rate swaps. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from an independent third party.


36


The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
  
  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Fair Value
September 30,
2019		Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Debt securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$147,434  —  147,434  —  
U.S. government sponsored enterprises67,189  —  67,189  —  
State and local governments613,865  —  613,865  —  
Corporate bonds147,383  —  147,383  —  
Residential mortgage-backed securities767,253  —  767,253  —  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities715,912  —  715,912  —  
Loans held for sale, at fair value100,441  —  100,441  —  
Total assets measured at fair value
  on a recurring basis
$2,559,477  —  2,559,477  —  

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Fair Value December 31, 2018Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Debt securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$23,649  —  23,649  —  
U.S. government sponsored enterprises120,208  —  120,208  —  
State and local governments852,250  —  852,250  —  
Corporate bonds290,817  —  290,817  —  
Residential mortgage-backed securities792,915  —  792,915  —  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities491,824  —  491,824  —  
Loans held for sale, at fair value
33,156  —  33,156  —  
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
$2,604,819  —  2,604,819  —  
Interest rate swaps$3,769  —  3,769  —  
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
$3,769  —  3,769  —  

37


Non-recurring Measurements
The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended September 30, 2019.

Other real estate owned: OREO is initially recorded at fair value less estimated cost to sell, establishing a new cost basis. OREO is subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ALLL: loans included in the Company’s loan portfolio for which it is probable that the Company will not collect all principal and interest due according to contractual terms are considered impaired. Estimated fair value of collateral-dependent impaired loans is based on the fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent impaired loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals for OREO and collateral-dependent loans, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisal or evaluation (new or updated) is considered the starting point for determining fair value. The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The key inputs used to determine the fair value of the collateral-dependent loans and OREO include selling costs, discounted cash flow rate or capitalization rate, and adjustment to comparables. Valuations and significant inputs obtained by independent sources are reviewed by the Company for accuracy and reasonableness. The Company also considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. The appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. After review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation (new or updated), adjustments to the impaired loan or OREO may occur. The Company generally obtains appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) annually.

The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets with a recorded change during the period resulting from re-measuring the assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis:

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Fair Value September 30,
2019		Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Other real estate owned$1,028  —  —  1,028  
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ALLL15  —  —  15  
Total assets measured at fair value
  on a non-recurring basis
$1,043  —  —  1,043  


38


  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Fair Value December 31, 2018Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Other real estate owned$1,011  —  —  1,011  
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ALLL6,985  —  —  6,985  
Total assets measured at fair value
  on a non-recurring basis
$7,996  —  —  7,996  

Non-recurring Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

 Fair Value
September 30,
2019		Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)Valuation TechniqueUnobservable Input
Range (Weighted-Average) 1
Other real estate owned
$1,028  Sales comparison approachSelling costs8.0% - 8.0% (8.0%)
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ALLL
$15  Cost approachSelling costs10.0% - 10.0% (10.0%)

 Fair Value December 31, 2018Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)Valuation TechniqueUnobservable Input
Range (Weighted-Average) 1
Other real estate owned
$1,011  Sales comparison approachSelling costs8.0% - 15.0% (9.2%)
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ALLL
$2,384  Sales comparison approachSelling costs8.0% - 20.0% (9.9%)
4,601  Combined approachSelling costs10.0% - 10.0% (10.0%)
$6,985  
______________________________
1 The range for selling cost inputs represents reductions to the fair value of the assets.

39


Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following tables present the carrying amounts, estimated fair values and the level within the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value. Receivables and payables due in one year or less, equity securities without readily determinable fair values and deposits with no defined or contractual maturities are excluded.

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Carrying Amount
September 30,
2019		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents$406,384  406,384  —  —  
Debt securities, held-to-maturity234,992  —  245,559  —  
Loans receivable, net of ALLL9,415,553  —  —  9,400,131  
Total financial assets$10,056,929  406,384  245,559  9,400,131  
Financial liabilities
Term deposits$1,090,394  —  1,095,288  —  
FHLB advances8,707  —  8,901  —  
Repurchase agreements and
  other borrowed funds
573,560  —  573,560  —  
Subordinated debentures139,913  —  122,420  —  
Total financial liabilities$1,812,574  —  1,800,169  —  

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Carrying Amount December 31, 2018Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents$203,790  203,790  —  —  
Debt securities, held-to-maturity297,915  —  288,256  —  
Loans receivable, net of ALLL8,156,310  —  —  8,079,112  
Total financial assets$8,658,015  203,790  288,256  8,079,112  
Financial liabilities
Term deposits$1,070,208  —  1,069,777  —  
FHLB advances440,175  —  439,615  —  
Repurchase agreements and
  other borrowed funds
410,859  —  410,859  —  
Subordinated debentures134,051  —  120,302  —  
Total financial liabilities$2,055,293  —  2,040,553  —  

40


Note 13. Mergers and Acquisitions

On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common stock of Heritage Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Heritage Bank of Nevada, a community bank based in Reno, Nevada. Heritage provides banking services to individuals and businesses throughout northern Nevada with locations in Carson City, Gardnerville, Reno and Sparks. The acquisition expands the Company’s franchise footprint into Northern Nevada. Heritage operates as a new division of the Bank under its existing name and management team. The preliminary value of the Heritage acquisition was $245,805,000 and resulted in the Company issuing 5,473,276 shares of its common stock. The fair value of the Company shares issued was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the July 31, 2019 acquisition date. The excess of the preliminary fair value of consideration transferred over total identifiable net assets was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Company and Heritage. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition was accounted for as a tax-free exchange.

On April 30, 2019, the Company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common stock of FNB Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, The First National Bank of Layton, a community bank based in Layton, Utah. FNB provides banking services to individuals and businesses throughout Utah with locations in Layton, Bountiful, Clearfield and Draper. The acquisition expands the Company’s presence in Utah and sets the stage for future growth. The branches of FNB, along with the Bank’s branches operating in Utah, operate as a new division of the Bank under the name “First Community Bank Utah, division of Glacier Bank.” The preliminary value of the FNB acquisition was $87,157,000 and resulted in the Company issuing 2,046,341 shares of its common stock. The fair value of the Company shares issued was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the April 30, 2019 acquisition date. The excess of the preliminary fair value of consideration transferred over total identifiable net assets was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Company and FNB. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition was accounted for as a tax-free exchange.

The assets and liabilities of Heritage and FNB were recorded on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition at their preliminary estimated fair values as of their acquisition dates and their results of operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations since those dates. The following table discloses the preliminary fair value estimates of the consideration transferred, the total identifiable net assets acquired and the resulting goodwill arising from the Heritage and FNB acquisitions. The Company is continuing to obtain information to determine the fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities.

41


(Dollars in thousands)Heritage
July 31,
2019		FNB
April 30,
2019
Fair value of consideration transferred
Fair value of Company shares issued$229,385  $87,153  
Cash consideration16,420  4  
Total fair value of consideration transferred245,805  87,157  
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Identifiable assets acquired
Cash and cash equivalents84,446  11,311  
Debt securities103,231  47,247  
Loans receivable615,279  245,485  
Core deposit intangible 1
13,566  8,963  
Accrued income and other assets35,891  24,848  
Total identifiable assets acquired852,413  337,854  
Liabilities assumed
Deposits722,220  274,646  
Borrowings 2
—  7,273  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities9,923  10,079  
Total liabilities assumed732,143  291,998  
Total identifiable net assets120,270  45,856  
Goodwill recognized$125,535  $41,301  
______________________________
1 The core deposit intangible for each acquisition was determined to have an estimated life of 10 years.
2 Borrowings assumed with the FNB acquisition include Tier 1 subordinated debentures of $5,864,000.

The preliminary fair values of the Heritage and FNB assets acquired include loans with preliminary fair values of $615,279,000 and $245,485,000, respectively. The gross principal and contractual interest due under the Heritage and FNB contracts was $617,214,000 and $248,226,000, respectively. The Company evaluated the principal and contractual interest due at the acquisition date and determined that an insignificant amount was not expected to be collectible.

The Company incurred $2,635,000 and $1,428,000 of expenses in connection with the Heritage and FNB acquisitions, respectively, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Mergers and acquisition expenses are included in other expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and consist of third-party costs and employee retention and severance expenses.

Total income consisting of net interest income and non-interest income of the acquired operations of Heritage was approximately $6,346,000 and net loss was approximately $1,737,000 from July 31, 2019 to September 30, 2019. Total income consisting of net interest income and non-interest income of the acquired operations of FNB was approximately $7,834,000 and net income was approximately $1,791,000 from April 30, 2019 to September 30, 2019. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Company as if the Heritage and FNB acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2018:
Three Months endedNine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018		September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Net interest income and non-interest income$177,932  161,836  498,073  449,582  
Net income47,424  57,877  158,635  152,484  

42


Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Glacier Bancorp, Inc.’s (“Company”) operating results and financial condition than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Financial Statements alone. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about management’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. In addition to the factors set forth in the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, as applicable, in this report and the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “2018 Annual Report”), the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results:
•the risks associated with lending and potential adverse changes of the credit quality of loans in the Company’s portfolio;
•changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Reserve Board, which could adversely affect the Company’s net interest income and profitability;
•changes in the cost and scope of insurance from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and other third parties;
•legislative or regulatory changes, including increased banking and consumer protection regulation that adversely affect the Company’s business, both generally and as a result of the Company exceeding $10 billion in total consolidated assets;
•ability to complete pending or prospective future acquisitions;
•costs or difficulties related to the completion and integration of acquisitions;
•the goodwill the Company has recorded in connection with acquisitions could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on earnings and capital;
•reduced demand for banking products and services;
•the reputation of banks and the financial services industry could deteriorate, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to obtain and maintain customers;
•competition among financial institutions in the Company's markets may increase significantly;
•the risks presented by continued public stock market volatility, which could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and the ability to raise additional capital or grow the Company through acquisitions;
•the projected business and profitability of an expansion or the opening of a new branch could be lower than expected;
•consolidation in the financial services industry in the Company’s markets resulting in the creation of larger financial institutions who may have greater resources could change the competitive landscape;
•dependence on the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), the senior management team and the Presidents of Glacier Bank (“Bank”) divisions;
•material failure, potential interruption or breach in security of the Company’s systems and technological changes which could expose us to new risks (e.g., cybersecurity), fraud or system failures;
•natural disasters, including fires, floods, earthquakes, and other unexpected events;
•the Company’s success in managing risks involved in the foregoing; and
•the effects of any reputational damage to the Company resulting from any of the foregoing.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

43


MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Financial Highlights
 At or for the Three Months endedAt or for the Nine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share and market data)
Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Mar 31,
2019		Sep 30,
2018		Sep 30,
2019		Sep 30,
2018
Operating results
Net income$51,610  52,392  49,132  49,336  153,134  132,279  
Basic earnings per share$0.57  0.61  0.58  0.58  1.76  1.59  
Diluted earnings per share$0.57  0.61  0.58  0.58  1.76  1.59  
Dividends declared per share$0.29  0.27  0.26  0.26  0.82  0.75  
Market value per share
Closing$40.46  40.55  40.07  43.09  40.46  43.09  
High$42.61  43.44  45.47  46.28  45.47  46.28  
Low$37.70  38.65  37.58  38.37  37.58  35.77  
Selected ratios and other data
Number of common stock shares outstanding
92,180,61886,637,39484,588,19984,521,09392,180,61884,521,093
Average outstanding shares - basic90,294,81185,826,29084,549,97484,518,40786,911,40283,294,111
Average outstanding shares - diluted90,449,19585,858,28684,614,24884,593,12287,082,17883,362,323
Return on average assets (annualized)1.55 %1.69 %1.67 %1.66 %1.63 %1.57 %
Return on average equity (annualized)10.92 %12.82 %13.02 %13.10 %12.17 %12.38 %
Efficiency ratio65.95 %54.50 %55.37 %52.26 %58.82 %55.01 %
Dividend payout ratio50.88 %44.26 %44.83 %44.83 %46.59 %47.17 %
Loan to deposit ratio88.71 %90.27 %87.14 %85.13 %88.71 %85.13 %
Number of full time equivalent employees
2,8022,7032,6342,5722,8022,572
Number of locations182175169164182164
Number of ATMs238228222215238215

The Company reported net income of $51.6 million for the current quarter, an increase of $2.3 million, or 5 percent, from the $49.3 million of net income for the prior year third quarter. Diluted earnings per share for the current quarter was $0.57 per share, a decrease of 2 percent from the prior year third quarter diluted earnings per share of $0.58.

The current quarter results include:
•$2.1 million of acquisition-related expenses and $5.4 million of stock compensation expense related to the accelerated vesting of stock options from the acquisition of Heritage Bancorp, the bank holding company for Heritage Bank of Nevada, a community bank based in Reno, Nevada (collectively, “Heritage”).
•As of July 1, 2019, the Company became subject to the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, which established limits on the amount of interchange fees that can be charged to merchants for debit card processing. The current quarter impact of the Durbin Amendment was a reduction of $5 million, or 57 percent, of the Company's service charge fee income.
•The Company's regulatory assessment and insurance expense decreased $1.3 million, or 68 percent, from the prior quarter as a result of $1.3 million of Small Bank Assessment credits applied by the FDIC. The Company’s remaining credits of $1.6 million will be applied in future quarters in amounts solely determined by the FDIC.

Net income for the first nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $153 million, an increase of $20.9 million, or 16 percent, from the $132 million of net income for the first nine months of the prior year. Diluted earnings per share for the first nine months of the current year was $1.76 per share, an increase of $0.17, or 11 percent, from the diluted earnings per share of $1.59 for the same period in the prior year.

44


Recent Acquisitions
On July 31, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of Heritage. Heritage operates as a new division of the Bank under its existing name and management team. On April 30, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of FNB Bancorp, the holding company for The First National Bank of Layton, a community bank based in Layton, Utah (collectively, “FNB”). The branches of FNB, along with the Bank’s branches operating in Utah, operate as a new division of the Bank under the name “First Community Bank Utah, division of Glacier Bank.” The business combinations were accounted for using the acquisition method, with the results of operations included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition dates. For additional information relating to recent mergers and acquisitions, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

The following table discloses the preliminary fair value estimates of selected classifications of assets and liabilities acquired:

(Dollars in thousands)Heritage
July 31,
2019		FNB
April 30,
2019
Total assets$977,948  379,155  
Debt securities103,231  47,247  
Loans receivable615,279  245,485  
Non-interest bearing deposits296,393  93,647  
Interest bearing deposits425,827  180,999  
Borrowings
—  7,273  

Pending Acquisition
On September 30, 2019, the Company announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire State Bank Corp., the parent company of State Bank of Arizona, a community bank based in Lake Havasu City, Arizona (collectively, “SBAZ”). SBAZ provides banking services to individuals and businesses in Arizona with locations in Bullhead City, Cottonwood, Kingman, Lake Havasu City, Phoenix, Prescott Valley and Prescott. As of September 30, 2019, SBAZ had total assets of $677 million, gross loans of $413 million and total deposits of $587 million. The acquisition is subject to required regulatory approvals and other customary conditions of closing and is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2019 or early in the first quarter of 2020. Upon closing of the transaction, SBAZ will merge into the Company's Foothills Bank division and will expand the Company's footprint in Arizona and enhance the opportunity for future growth.

45


Financial Condition Analysis

Assets
The following table summarizes the Company’s assets as of the dates indicated: 
$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018
Cash and cash equivalents$406,384  231,209  203,790  307,104  175,175  202,594  99,280  
Debt securities, available-for-sale
2,459,036  2,470,634  2,571,663  2,103,619  (11,598) (112,627) 355,417  
Debt securities, held-to-maturity
234,992  252,097  297,915  590,915  (17,105) (62,923) (355,923) 
Total debt securities
2,694,028  2,722,731  2,869,578  2,694,534  (28,703) (175,550) (506) 
Loans receivable
Residential real estate936,877  920,715  887,742  862,830  16,162  49,135  74,047  
Commercial real estate
5,548,174  4,959,863  4,657,561  4,527,577  588,311  890,613  1,020,597  
Other commercial2,145,257  2,076,605  1,911,171  1,921,955  68,652  234,086  223,302  
Home equity615,781  596,041  544,688  528,404  19,740  71,093  87,377  
Other consumer294,999  288,553  286,387  282,479  6,446  8,612  12,520  
Loans receivable9,541,088  8,841,777  8,287,549  8,123,245  699,311  1,253,539  1,417,843  
Allowance for loan and lease losses
(125,535) (129,054) (131,239) (132,535) 3,519  5,704  7,000  
Loans receivable, net
9,415,553  8,712,723  8,156,310  7,990,710  702,830  1,259,243  1,424,843  
Other assets1,202,827  1,009,698  885,806  916,754  193,129  317,021  286,073  
Total assets$13,718,792  12,676,361  12,115,484  11,909,102  1,042,431  1,603,308  1,809,690  

In early September, the Company implemented a balance sheet strategy to increase its net interest income and net interest margin. The strategy included early termination of the Company’s $260 million notional pay-fixed interest rate swaps and corresponding debt along with the sale of $308 million of available-for-sale debt securities. Sale of the investment securities during the quarter resulted in gain of $13.8 million. Offsetting the gain was a $10.0 million loss recognized on the early termination of the interest rate swaps and a $3.5 million write-off of the remaining unamortized deferred prepayment penalties on Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings.

Total debt securities of $2.694 billion at September 30, 2019 decreased $28.7 million, or 1 percent, during the current quarter and remained stable compared to the prior year third quarter. Debt securities represented 20 percent of total assets at September 30, 2019 compared to 24 percent of total assets at December 31, 2018 and 23 percent at September 30, 2018.

The loan portfolio of $9.541 billion increased $84 million, or 4 percent annualized, during the current quarter excluding the Heritage acquisition. The loan categories with the largest organic increase was commercial real estate loans which increased $39.6 million, or 1 percent and other commercial loans which increased $37.7 million, or 2 percent. Excluding the FNB and Heritage acquisitions, the loan portfolio increased $557 million, or 7 percent, since September 30, 2018, with the largest increase in commercial real estate loans, which increased $293 million, or 6 percent.

46


Liabilities
The following table summarizes the Company’s liabilities as of the dates indicated:
$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018
Deposits
Non-interest bearing deposits
$3,772,766  3,265,077  3,001,178  3,103,112  507,689  771,588  669,654  
NOW and DDA accounts
2,592,483  2,487,806  2,391,307  2,346,050  104,677  201,176  246,433  
Savings accounts
1,472,465  1,412,046  1,346,790  1,345,163  60,419  125,675  127,302  
Money market deposit accounts
1,940,517  1,647,372  1,684,284  1,722,975  293,145  256,233  217,542  
Certificate accounts
955,765  897,625  901,484  932,461  58,140  54,281  23,304  
Core deposits, total
10,733,996  9,709,926  9,325,043  9,449,761  1,024,070  1,408,953  1,284,235  
Wholesale deposits
134,629  144,949  168,724  151,421  (10,320) (34,095) (16,792) 
Deposits, total
10,868,625  9,854,875  9,493,767  9,601,182  1,013,750  1,374,858  1,267,443  
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
558,752  494,651  396,151  408,754  64,101  162,601  149,998  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances
8,707  319,996  440,175  155,328  (311,289) (431,468) (146,621) 
Other borrowed funds14,808  14,765  14,708  9,944  43  100  4,864  
Subordinated debentures139,913  139,912  134,051  134,055  1  5,862  5,858  
Other liabilities174,586  164,786  120,778  107,227  9,800  53,808  67,359  
Total liabilities$11,765,391  10,988,985  10,599,630  10,416,490  776,406  1,165,761  1,348,901  

As a result of the Bank's continued focus on stable and steady low cost deposits, in particular non-interest bearing deposits, the Company experienced a strong quarter in deposit growth. Excluding the acquisitions, core deposits of $10.734 billion as of September 30, 2019 increased $302 million, or 12 percent annualized, from the prior quarter and increased $287 million, or 3 percent, from the prior year third quarter. Non-interest bearing deposits organically increased $211 million, or 26 percent annualized, over the prior quarter and increased $280 million, or 9 percent, over the prior year third quarter. Non-interest bearing deposits were 35 percent of total deposits at the end of the third quarter, an increase of 2 percent from 33 percent at the end of the prior quarter and a 3 percent increase from 32 percent at the end of the prior year third quarter.

During the current quarter, the Company reduced its FHLB advances by $311 million. The Company utilized proceeds from the sale of debt securities and deposit growth to pay down this funding. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had $8.7 million of FHLB advances, and these advances will fluctuate as necessary for balance sheet growth and to supplement liquidity needs of the Company.


47


Stockholders’ Equity
The following table summarizes the stockholders’ equity balances as of the dates indicated: 
$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018
Common equity$1,905,306  1,643,928  1,525,281  1,522,329  261,378  380,025  382,977  
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
48,095  43,448  (9,427) (29,717) 4,647  57,522  77,812  
Total stockholders’ equity
1,953,401  1,687,376  1,515,854  1,492,612  266,025  437,547  460,789  
Goodwill and core deposit intangible, net
(522,274) (385,533) (338,828) (340,508) (136,741) (183,446) (181,766) 
Tangible stockholders’ equity
$1,431,127  1,301,843  1,177,026  1,152,104  129,284  254,101  279,023  

Stockholders’ equity to total assets
14.24 %13.31 %12.51 %12.53 %
Tangible stockholders’ equity to total tangible assets
10.84 %10.59 %9.99 %9.96 %
Book value per common share
$21.19  19.48  17.93  17.66  1.71  3.26  3.53  
Tangible book value per common share
$15.53  15.03  13.93  13.63  0.50  1.60  1.90  

Tangible stockholders’ equity of $1.431 billion at September 30, 2019 increased $129 million, or 10 percent, compared to the prior quarter which was the result of $229 million of Company stock issued for the acquisition of Heritage and earnings retention, these increases more than offset the increase in goodwill and core deposits associated with the acquisition. Tangible stockholders’ equity increased $279 million, or 24 percent, over the prior year third quarter which was the result of earnings retention, an increase in other comprehensive income, and the impact from the acquisitions which was offset by a decrease of $25.5 million from the cumulative-effect adjustments related to the adoption of new accounting standards. Tangible book value per common share of $15.53 at current quarter end increased $0.50 per share from the prior quarter and increased $1.90 per share from a year ago. For additional information on the new accounting standards, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

Cash Dividends
On September 25, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.29 per share, an increase of $0.02 per share, or 7 percent. The dividend was payable October 17, 2019 to shareholders of record on October 8, 2019. The Company has declared 138 consecutive quarterly dividends and has increased the dividend 45 times. Future cash dividends will depend on a variety of factors, including net income, capital, asset quality, general economic conditions and regulatory considerations.


48


Operating Results for Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 
Compared to June 30, 2019, March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018

Income Summary
The following table summarizes income for the periods indicated: 

 Three Months ended$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Mar 31,
2019		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Mar 31,
2019		Sep 30,
2018
Net interest income
Interest income$142,395  132,385  126,116  122,905  10,010  16,279  19,490  
Interest expense10,947  12,089  10,904  9,160  (1,142) 43  1,787  
Total net interest income131,448  120,296  115,212  113,745  11,152  16,236  17,703  
Non-interest income
Service charges and other fees
15,138  20,025  18,015  19,504  (4,887) (2,877) (4,366) 
Miscellaneous loan fees and charges
1,775  1,192  967  1,807  583  808  (32) 
Gain on sale of loans10,369  7,762  5,798  7,256  2,607  4,571  3,113  
Gain (loss) on sale of investments13,811  134  213  (367) 13,677  13,598  14,178  
Other income1,956  1,721  3,481  4,216  235  (1,525) (2,260) 
Total non-interest income
43,049  30,834  28,474  32,416  12,215  14,575  10,633  
Total income$174,497  151,130  143,686  146,161  23,367  30,811  28,336  
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)
4.42 %4.33 %4.34 %4.26 %

Net Interest Income
The current quarter net interest income of $131.4 million increased $11.1 million, or 9 percent, over the prior quarter and increased $17.7 million, or 16 percent, from the prior year third quarter. The increase in net interest income over the prior quarter and prior year third quarter was primarily driven by an increase in interest income on commercial loans. Interest income on commercial loans increased $9.2 million, or 10 percent, from the prior quarter and increased $16.6 million, or 21 percent, from the prior year third quarter.

The current quarter interest expense of $10.9 million decreased $1.1 million, or 9 percent, over the prior quarter which was driven primarily by the decrease in FHLB advances during the current quarter. The current quarter interest expense increased $1.8 million, or 20 percent, from the prior year third quarter and was primarily due to the increased amount of deposits, increased rates on deposits and an increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements"). During the quarter, the total cost of funding (including non-interest bearing deposits) declined 6 basis points to 39 basis points compared to 45 basis points for the prior quarter and 36 basis points for the prior year third quarter.

The Company’s net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, for the current quarter was 4.42 percent compared to 4.33 percent in the prior quarter. The core net interest margin, excluding $736 thousand, or 2 basis points, of discount accretion and $1.5 million, or 5 basis points, of non-accrual interest, was 4.35 percent compared to 4.27 in the prior quarter and 4.18 percent in the prior year third quarter. The Company experienced an increase in the core net interest margin during the quarter from the reduction of FHLB borrowings, an increase in low cost deposits and the continued shift from lower yielding investments to higher yielding loans.

49


Non-interest Income
Non-interest income for the current quarter totaled $43.0 million which was an increase of $12.2 million, or 40 percent, over the prior quarter and an increase of $10.6 million, or 33 percent, over the same quarter last year. Service charges and other fees of $15.1 million for the current quarter decreased $4.9 million, or 24 percent, from the prior quarter and decreased $4.4 million, or 22 percent, from the prior year third quarter due to the Company's decrease in interchange fee as a result of the Durbin Amendment. Gain on the sale of loans of $10.4 million for the current quarter, increased $2.6 million, or 34 percent, compared to the prior quarter and increased $3.1 million, or 43 percent, over the prior year third quarter as a result of increased purchase and refinance activity. The Company sold $308 million of securities and recognized a gain of $13.8 million, an increase of $13.7 million from the prior quarter. Other income decreased $2.3 million from the prior year third quarter and was the result of a gain of $2.3 million on the sale of a former branch building in the prior year third quarter.

Non-interest Expense
The following table summarizes non-interest expense for the periods indicated:
 
 Three Months ended$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Mar 31,
2019		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Mar 31,
2019		Sep 30,
2018
Compensation and employee benefits
$62,509  51,973  52,728  49,927  10,536  9,781  12,582  
Occupancy and equipment8,731  8,180  8,437  7,914  551  294  817  
Advertising and promotions2,719  2,767  2,388  2,432  (48) 331  287  
Data processing4,466  4,062  3,892  3,752  404  574  714  
Other real estate owned166  191  139  2,674  (25) 27  (2,508) 
Regulatory assessments and insurance
593  1,848  1,285  1,277  (1,255) (692) (684) 
Loss on termination of hedging activities
13,528  —  —  —  13,528  13,528  13,528  
Core deposit intangibles amortization
2,360  1,865  1,694  1,735  495  666  625  
Other expenses15,603  15,284  12,267  13,118  319  3,336  2,485  
Total non-interest expense$110,675  86,170  82,830  82,829  24,505  27,845  27,846  

Total non-interest expense of $111 million for the current quarter increased $24.5 million, or 28 percent, over the prior quarter and increased $27.8 million, or 34 percent, over the prior year third quarter. Compensation and employee benefits increased by $10.5 million, or 20 percent, from the prior quarter and increased $12.6 million, or 25 percent from the prior year third quarter due to the $5.4 million of stock compensation expense related to the Heritage acquisition and an increased number of employees driven by acquisition and organic growth. Occupancy and equipment expense increased $551 thousand or 7 percent, over the prior quarter and increased $817 thousand, or 10 percent, over the prior year third quarter primarily as a result of the current year acquisitions. Data processing expense increased $404 thousand or 10 percent, over the prior quarter and increased $714 thousand, or 19 percent, over the prior year third quarter primarily as a result of the current year acquisitions. Regulatory assessment and insurance decreased $1.3 million, or 68 percent, from the prior quarter as a result of $1.3 million of Small Bank Assessment credits applied by the FDIC during the current quarter. Loss on termination of hedging activities consisted of a $3.5 million loss on the pay down of FHLB debt and a $10.0 million loss on the termination of cash flow hedges. Other expenses of $15.6 million increased $319 thousand, or 2 percent, from the prior quarter and increased $2.5 million, or 19 percent, from the prior year third quarter. Acquisition-related expenses were $2.1 million during the current quarter compared to $1.8 million in the prior quarter and $1.3 million in the prior year third quarter.

50


Efficiency Ratio
The current quarter efficiency ratio was 65.95 percent. Excluding the $10.0 million loss recognized on the termination of the pay-fixed interest rate swaps, the $3.5 million write-off of the remaining unamortized deferred prepayment penalties on FHLB advances, and the $5.4 million of accelerated stock compensation expense the efficiency ratio would have been 54.41 percent, which was a decrease of 9 basis points from the prior quarter efficiency ratio of 54.50 percent and an increase of 215 basis points from the prior year third quarter efficiency ratio of 52.26 percent. The lower efficiency ratio in the prior year third quarter included a gain of $2.3 million recognized on the sale of a former branch building.

Provision for Loan Losses 
The following table summarizes the provision for loan losses, net charge-offs and select ratios relating to the provision for loan losses for the previous eight quarters:
(Dollars in thousands)Provision
for Loan
Losses		Net
Charge-Offs		Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
as a Percent
of Loans		Accruing
Loans 30-89
Days Past Due
as a Percent of
Loans		Non-Performing
Assets to
Total Sub-sidiary Assets
Third quarter 2019$—  $3,519  1.32 %0.31 %0.40 %
Second quarter 2019—  732  1.46 %0.43 %0.41 %
First quarter 201957  1,510  1.56 %0.44 %0.42 %
Fourth quarter 20181,246  2,542  1.58 %0.41 %0.47 %
Third quarter 20183,194  2,223  1.63 %0.31 %0.61 %
Second quarter 20184,718  762  1.66 %0.50 %0.71 %
First quarter 2018795  2,755  1.66 %0.59 %0.64 %
Fourth quarter 20172,886  2,894  1.97 %0.57 %0.68 %

Net charge-offs for the current quarter were $3.5 million compared to $732 thousand for the prior quarter and $2.2 million from the same quarter last year. The increase in net charge-offs were primarily centered in one loan with a $1.9 million loss resulting from a negotiated short-sale. There was no current or prior quarter provision for loan losses compared to $3.2 million in the prior year third quarter. Loan portfolio growth, composition, average loan size, credit quality considerations, and other environmental factors will continue to determine the level of the loan loss provision. 

The determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL” or “allowance”) and the related provision for loan losses is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about current environmental factors which affect loan losses, such factors including economic conditions, changes in collateral values, net charge-offs, and other factors discussed below in “Additional Management’s Discussion and Analysis.”

51


Operating Results For Nine Months ended September 30, 2019
Compared to September 30, 2018
Income Summary
The following table summarizes revenue for the periods indicated:

 Nine Months ended$ Change% Change
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Net interest income
Interest income$400,896  $343,686  $57,210  17 %
Interest expense33,940  26,095  7,845  30 %
Total net interest income366,956  317,591  49,365  16 %
Non-interest income
Service charges and other fees
53,178  55,179  (2,001) (4)%
Miscellaneous loan fees and charges3,934  5,527  (1,593) (29)%
Gain on sale of loans23,929  21,495  2,434  11 %
Gain (loss) on sale of investments14,158  (756) 14,914  (1,973)%
Other income7,158  8,885  (1,727) (19)%
Total non-interest income102,357  90,330  12,027  13 %
Total income$469,313  $407,921  $61,392  15 %
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)4.36 %4.18 %

Net Interest Income
Net interest income for the first nine months of 2019 increased $49.4 million, or 16 percent, from the first nine months of 2018 and was primarily attributable to a $46.9 million increase in interest income from commercial loans. Interest expense of $33.9 million for the first nine months of 2019 increased $7.8 million, or 30 percent over the prior year same period as a result of increased deposits and borrowings combined with interest rate increases. The total funding cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) for the first nine months of 2019 was 42 basis points compared to 36 basis points for the first nine months of 2018.

The net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, for the first nine months of 2019 was 4.36 percent, an 18 basis points increase from the net interest margin of 4.18 percent for the first nine months of 2018. The increase in the margin was principally due to a shift in earning assets to higher yielding loans along with an increase in yields on the loan portfolio combined with relatively stable cost of funds and reduction in higher cost FHLB advances.

Non-interest Income
Non-interest income of $102.4 million for the first nine months of 2019 increased $12.0 million, or 13 percent, over the same period last year which was driven by the sale of debt securities from the balance sheet strategy implemented during the current year. Service charges and other fees of $53.2 million for 2019 year to date decreased $2.0 million, or 4 percent, from the same period prior year and although there was an increase in fees from increased number of deposit accounts from organic growth and acquisitions, the impact of the Durbin Amendment overshadowed such increases. Gain on the sale of loans of $23.9 million for the first nine months of 2019, increased $2.4 million, or 11 percent, compared to the prior year as a result of increased purchase and refinance activity. Other income decreased $1.7 million from the prior year and was the result of a gain of $2.3 million on the sale of a former branch building in the prior year third quarter.

52


Non-interest Expense
The following table summarizes non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

 Nine Months ended$ Change% Change
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		September 30,
2018
Compensation and employee benefits$167,210  $144,671  $22,539  16 %
Occupancy and equipment25,348  22,850  2,498  11 %
Advertising and promotions7,874  7,132  742  10 %
Data processing12,420  11,960  460  4 %
Other real estate owned496  2,957  (2,461) (83)%
Regulatory assessments and insurance
3,726  3,812  (86) (2)%
Loss on termination of hedging activities13,528  —  13,528  n/m  
Core deposit intangible amortization5,919  4,539  1,380  30 %
Other expenses43,154  40,330  2,824  7 %
Total non-interest expense$279,675  $238,251  $41,424  17 %
______________________________
n/m - not measurable

Total non-interest expense of $280 million for the first nine months of 2019 increased $41.4 million, or 17 percent, over the prior year same period. Compensation and employee benefits for the first nine months of 2019 increased $22.5 million, or 16 percent, from the same period last year due to the $5.4 million of stock compensation expense related to the Heritage acquisition, the increased number of employees from acquisitions and organic growth, and annual salary increases. Occupancy and equipment expense for the first nine months of 2019 increased $2.5 million, or 11 percent from the prior year as a result of increased cost from acquisitions and general cost increases. Loss on termination of hedging activities consisted of a $3.5 million write-off of the remaining unamortized prepayment penalties on FHLB borrowings and a $10.0 million loss recognized on the early termination of the pay-fixed interest rate swaps. Other expenses of $43.2 million, increased $2.8 million, or 7 percent, from the prior year.

Efficiency Ratio
The efficiency ratio was 58.82 percent for the first nine months of 2019. Excluding the $10.0 million loss recognized on the termination of the pay-fixed interest rate swap, the $3.5 million write-off of the remaining unamortized deferred prepayment penalties on FHLB advances, and the $5.4 million of accelerated stock compensation expense, the efficiency ratio would have been 54.74 percent, which was a 27 basis points improvement from the efficiency ratio of 55.01 percent for the first nine months of 2018.

Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses was $57 thousand for the first nine months of 2019, a decrease of $8.6 million from the same period in the prior year. Net charge-offs during the first nine months of 2019 were $5.8 million compared to $5.7 million during the same period in 2018.

53


ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Investment Activity
The Company’s investment securities primarily consist of debt securities classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Non-marketable equity securities consist of capital stock issued by the FHLB of Des Moines and are carried at cost less impairment.

Debt Securities
Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at estimated fair value and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities are reflected as an adjustment to other comprehensive income. The Company’s debt securities are summarized below:

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Carrying AmountPercentCarrying AmountPercentCarrying AmountPercent
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$147,434  5 %$23,649  1 %$25,267  1 %
U.S. government sponsored enterprises67,189  3 %120,208  4 %118,550  4 %
State and local governments613,865  23 %852,250  30 %644,014  24 %
Corporate bonds147,383  5 %290,817  10 %305,225  11 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities767,253  28 %792,915  28 %826,164  31 %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities715,912  27 %491,824  17 %184,399  7 %
Total available-for-sale
2,459,036  91 %2,571,663  90 %2,103,619  78 %
Held-to-maturity
State and local governments234,992  9 %297,915  10 %590,915  22 %
Total held-to-maturity234,992  9 %297,915  10 %590,915  22 %
Total debt securities$2,694,028  100 %$2,869,578  100 %$2,694,534  100 %

The Company’s debt securities are primarily comprised of state and local government securities and mortgage-backed securities. State and local government securities are largely exempt from federal income tax and the Company’s federal statutory income tax rate of 21 percent is used in calculating the tax-equivalent yields on the tax-exempt securities. Mortgage-backed securities largely consists of short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential and commercial mortgage pass-through securities and to a lesser extent, short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations. Combined, the mortgage-backed securities provide the Company with ongoing liquidity as scheduled and pre-paid principal is received on the securities.

State and local government securities carry different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types. The Company evaluates the investment grade quality of its securities in accordance with regulatory guidance. Investment grade securities are those where the issuer has an adequate capacity to meet the financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the investment. An issuer has an adequate capacity to meet financial commitments if the risk of default by the obligor is low and the full and timely payment of principal and interest are expected. In assessing credit risk, the Company may use credit ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO” entities such as Standard and Poor’s [“S&P”] and Moody’s) as support for the evaluation; however, they are not solely relied upon. There have been no significant differences in the Company’s internal evaluation of the creditworthiness of any issuer when compared with the ratings assigned by the NRSROs.

54


The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated NRSRO ratings. The highest issued rating was used to categorize the securities in the table for those securities where the NRSRO ratings were not at the same level.

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
S&P: AAA / Moody’s: Aaa
$245,068  254,567  299,275  296,027  
S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody’s: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3
436,669  455,093  643,023  640,736  
S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody’s: A1, A2, A3
123,124  130,717  163,041  167,779  
S&P: BBB+, BBB, BBB- / Moody’s: Baa1, Baa2, Baa33,217  3,333  4,208  4,382  
Not rated by either entity
14,175  14,665  31,954  30,532  
Below investment grade
1,046  1,049  1,050  1,050  
Total
$823,299  859,424  1,142,551  1,140,506  

State and local government securities largely consist of both taxable and tax-exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated security type.

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
General obligation - unlimited
$456,255  477,856  657,051  658,062  
General obligation - limited
128,157  134,061  173,973  177,275  
Revenue222,983  230,633  290,106  283,939  
Certificate of participation
10,271  11,181  14,174  14,463  
Other
5,633  5,693  7,247  6,767  
Total
$823,299  859,424  1,142,551  1,140,506  

The following table outlines the five states in which the Company owns the highest concentrations of state and local government securities.

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
Michigan$122,247  128,296  144,378  147,386  
Washington109,595  115,168  179,691  179,808  
Texas113,126  117,776  157,978  157,706  
Montana72,246  77,257  109,106  111,492  
Ohio37,570  38,778  53,698  53,615  
All other states
368,515  382,149  497,700  490,499  
Total
$823,299  859,424  1,142,551  1,140,506  

55


The following table presents the carrying amount and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at September 30, 2019. Weighted-average yields are based upon the amortized cost of securities and are calculated using the interest method which takes into consideration premium amortization, discount accretion and mortgage-backed securities’ prepayment provisions. Weighted-average yields on tax-exempt debt securities exclude the federal income tax benefit.
One Year or LessAfter One through Five YearsAfter Five through Ten YearsAfter Ten Years
Mortgage-Backed Securities 1
Total
(Dollars in thousands)AmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYield
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency
$125,461  1.89 %$2,287  2.46 %$9,196  3.02 %$10,490  2.67 %$—  — %$147,434  2.02 %
U.S. government sponsored enterprises
—  — %67,189  2.68 %—  — %—  — %—  — %67,189  2.68 %
State and local governments
4,520  2.91 %27,234  2.92 %215,618  3.69 %366,493  3.86 %—  — %613,865  3.75 %
Corporate bonds
30,999  3.29 %116,384  3.31 %—  — %—  — %—  — %147,383  3.30 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities
—  — %—  — %—  — %—  — %767,253  2.59 %767,253  2.59 %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
—  — %—  — %—  — %—  — %715,912  3.04 %715,912  3.04 %
Total available- for-sale
160,980  2.19 %213,094  3.05 %224,814  3.67 %376,983  3.83 %1,483,165  2.80 %2,459,036  3.02 %
Held-to-maturity
State and local governments
—  — %10,204  2.37 %75,545  2.62 %149,243  2.94 %—  — %234,992  2.81 %
Total held-to-maturity
—  — %10,204  2.37 %75,545  2.62 %149,243  2.94 %—  — %234,992  2.81 %
Total debt securities
$160,980  2.74 %$223,298  3.02 %$300,359  3.39 %$526,226  3.57 %$1,483,165  2.80 %$2,694,028  3.00 %
______________________________
1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

For additional information on debt securities, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

Other-Than-Temporary Impairment on Securities Analysis
Debt securities. In evaluating debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment losses, management assesses whether the Company intends to sell the security or if it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security. In so doing, management considers contractual constraints, liquidity, capital, asset/liability management and securities portfolio objectives. For debt securities with limited or inactive markets, the impact of macroeconomic conditions in the U.S. upon fair value estimates includes higher risk-adjusted discount rates and changes in credit ratings provided by NRSRO. S&P, Moody's and Fitch have all issued stable outlooks of U.S. government long-term debt and have similar credit ratings and outlooks with respect to certain long-term debt instruments issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and other U.S. government agencies linked to the long-term U.S. debt.

56


The following table separates debt securities with an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2019 into two categories: securities purchased prior to 2019 and those purchase during 2019. Of those securities purchased prior to 2019, the fair market value and unrealized gain or loss at December 31, 2018 is also presented.

 September 30, 2019December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)Fair ValueUnrealized
Loss		Unrealized
Loss as a
Percent of
Fair Value		Fair ValueUnrealized
Loss		Unrealized
Loss as a
Percent of
Fair Value
Temporarily impaired securities purchased prior to 2019
U.S. government and federal agency
$14,005  $(122) (1)%$17,275  $(89) (1)%
Corporate bonds6,786  (5) — %6,731  (58) (1)%
Residential mortgage-backed securities
136,681  (768) (1)%167,094  (4,014) (2)%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
7,754  (68) (1)%10,280  (409) (4)%
Total$165,226  $(963) (1)%$201,380  $(4,570) (2)%
Temporarily impaired securities purchased during 2019
U.S. government and federal agency
$124,955  $(45) — %
Residential mortgage-backed securities
44,087  (56) — %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
9,925  (115) (1)%
Total$178,967  $(216) — %
Temporarily impaired securities
U.S. government and federal agency
$138,960  $(167) — %
Corporate bonds6,786  (5) — %
Residential mortgage-backed securities
180,768  (824) — %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
17,679  (183) (1)%
Total$344,193  $(1,179) — %


57


With respect to severity, the following table provides the number of debt securities and amount of unrealized loss in the identified ranges of unrealized loss as a percent of book value at September 30, 2019:
(Dollars in thousands)Number of
Debt
Securities		Unrealized
Loss
0.1% to 5.0%112  $(1,179) 

With respect to the valuation history of the impaired debt securities, the Company identified 48 securities which have been continuously impaired for the twelve months ending September 30, 2019. The valuation history of such securities in the prior year(s) was also reviewed to determine the number of months in the prior year(s) in which the identified securities were in an unrealized loss position.

The following table provides details of the 48 debt securities which have been continuously impaired for the twelve months ended September 30, 2019, including the most notable loss for any one bond in each category.

(Dollars in thousands)Number of
Debt
Securities		Unrealized
Loss for
12 Months
Or More		Most
Notable
Loss
U.S. government and federal agency16  $(78) $(17) 
Residential mortgage-backed securities29  (444) (80) 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities3  (68) (34) 
Total48  $(590) 

Based on the Company's analysis of its impaired debt securities as of September 30, 2019, the Company determined that none of such securities had other-than-temporary impairment and the unrealized losses were primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. A substantial portion of the debt securities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2019 were issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and other agencies of the U.S. government or have credit ratings issued by one or more of the NRSRO entities in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company's impaired debt securities at September 30, 2019 have been determined by the Company to be investment grade.

Equity securities. Non-marketable equity securities and marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair values are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest the carrying value may not be recoverable. Based on the Company’s evaluation of its investments in non-marketable equity securities and marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair values as of September 30, 2019, the Company determined that none of such securities were impaired.


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Lending Activity
The Company focuses its lending activities primarily on the following types of loans: 1) first-mortgage, conventional loans secured by residential properties, particularly single-family; 2) commercial lending, including agriculture and public entities; and 3) installment lending for consumer purposes (e.g., home equity, automobile, etc.). Supplemental information regarding the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the section captioned “Loans by Regulatory Classification” included in “Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. Loan information included in “Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is based on the Company’s loan segments and classes, which are based on the purpose of the loan, unless otherwise noted as a regulatory classification. The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

 September 30, 2019December 31, 2018September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)AmountPercentAmountPercentAmountPercent
Residential real estate loans$936,877  10 %$887,742  11 %$862,830  11 %
Commercial loans
Real estate5,548,174  59 %4,657,561  57 %4,527,577  57 %
Other commercial2,145,257  23 %1,911,171  23 %1,921,955  24 %
Total7,693,431  82 %6,568,732  80 %6,449,532  81 %
Consumer and other loans
Home equity615,781  6 %544,688  7 %528,404  7 %
Other consumer294,999  3 %286,387  4 %282,479  3 %
Total910,780  9 %831,075  11 %810,883  10 %
Loans receivable9,541,088  101 %8,287,549  102 %8,123,245  102 %
ALLL(125,535) (1)%(131,239) (2)%(132,535) (2)%
Loans receivable, net$9,415,553  100 %$8,156,310  100 %$7,990,710  100 %

59


Non-performing Assets
The following table summarizes information regarding non-performing assets at the dates indicated:
 
At or for the Nine Months endedAt or for the Six Months endedAt or for the Year endedAt or for the Nine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		June 30,
2019		December 31,
2018		September 30,
2018
Other real estate owned$7,148  7,281  7,480  12,399  
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due
Residential real estate1,212  1,333  788  2,063  
Commercial5,395  1,639  492  1,927  
Consumer and other1,305  491  738  343  
Total7,912  3,463  2,018  4,333  
Non-accrual loans
Residential real estate5,295  5,744  8,021  7,855  
Commercial31,080  31,353  35,883  44,100  
Consumer and other3,642  4,098  3,348  3,418  
Total40,017  41,195  47,252  55,373  
Total non-performing assets$55,077  51,939  56,750  72,105  
Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets
0.40 %0.41 %0.47 %0.61 %
ALLL as a percentage of non-performing loans
262 %289 %266 %222 %
Accruing loans 30-89 days past due$29,954  37,937  33,567  25,181  
Accruing troubled debt restructurings$32,949  25,019  25,833  35,080  
Non-accrual troubled debt restructurings$6,723  6,041  10,660  12,911  
U.S. government guarantees included in non-performing assets
$3,000  2,785  4,811  5,791  
Interest income 1
$1,544  1,057  2,340  2,042  
______________________________
1Amounts represent estimated interest income that would have been recognized on loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis as of the end of each period had such loans performed pursuant to contractual terms.

Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets at September 30, 2019 was 0.40 percent, a decrease of 1 basis point from the prior quarter, and a decrease of 21 basis points from the prior year third quarter. Non-performing assets of $55.1 million at September 30, 2019 increased $3.1 million, or 6 percent, over the prior quarter and decreased $17.0 million, or 24 percent, over the prior year third quarter. The increase in the current quarter non-performing assets was isolated to a $2.7 million loan. Early stage delinquencies (accruing loans 30-89 days past due) as a percentage of loans at September 30, 2019 was 0.31 percent, which was a decrease of 12 basis points from prior quarter and no change from prior year third quarter. Early stage delinquencies of $30.0 million at September 30, 2019 decreased $8.0 million from the prior quarter and increased $4.8 million from the prior year third quarter.


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Most of the Company’s non-performing assets are secured by real estate, and based on the most current information available to management, including updated appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), the Company believes the value of the underlying real estate collateral is adequate to minimize significant charge-offs or losses to the Company. The Company evaluates the level of its non-performing loans, the values of the underlying real estate and other collateral, and related trends in internal and external environmental factors and net charge-offs in determining the adequacy of the ALLL. Through pro-active credit administration, the Company works closely with its borrowers to seek favorable resolution to the extent possible, thereby attempting to minimize net charge-offs or losses to the Company. With very limited exceptions, the Company does not disburse additional funds on non-performing loans. Instead, the Company proceeds to collection and foreclosure actions in order to reduce the Company’s exposure to loss on such loans.

For additional information on accounting policies relating to non-performing assets and impaired loans, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

Impaired Loans
Loans are designated impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement and therefore, the Company has serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to fulfill the contractual obligation. Impaired loans include non-performing loans (i.e., non-accrual loans and accruing loans ninety days or more past due) and accruing loans under ninety days past due where it is probable payments will not be received according to the loan agreement (e.g., troubled debt restructuring). Impaired loans totaled $109 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The ALLL includes specific valuation allowances of $107 thousand and $3.2 million of impaired loans as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Restructured Loans
A restructured loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. Each restructured debt is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service the debt as modified. The Company discourages the use of the multiple loan strategy when restructuring loans regardless of whether or not the loans are designated as TDRs. The Company’s TDR loans of $39.7 million and $36.5 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, are considered impaired loans.

Other Real Estate Owned
The book value of loans prior to the acquisition of collateral and transfer of the loans into other real estate owned (“OREO”) during 2019 was $3.0 million. The fair value of the loan collateral acquired in foreclosure during 2019 was $2.3 million. The following table sets forth the changes in OREO for the periods indicated:

At or for the Nine Months endedAt or for the Six Months endedAt or for the Year endedAt or for the Nine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		June 30,
2019		December 31,
2018		September 30,
2018
Balance at beginning of period$7,480  7,480  14,269  14,269  
Acquisitions—  —  187  187  
Additions2,347  1,914  4,924  4,066  
Capital improvements—  —  21  —  
Write-downs(271) (144) (2,727) (2,541) 
Sales(2,408) (1,969) (9,194) (3,582) 
Balance at end of period$7,148  7,281  7,480  12,399  

61


Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Determining the adequacy of the ALLL involves a high degree of judgment and is inevitably imprecise as the risk of loss is difficult to quantify. The ALLL methodology is designed to reasonably estimate the probable loan and lease losses within the Company’s loan portfolio. Accordingly, the ALLL is maintained within a range of estimated losses. The determination of the ALLL, including the provision for loan losses and net charge-offs, is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about all known relevant internal and external environmental factors that affect loan losses, including the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio, economic conditions nationally and in the local markets in which the Company operates, trends and changes in collateral values, delinquencies, non-performing assets, net charge-offs and credit-related policies and personnel. Although the Company continues to actively monitor economic trends, soft economic conditions combined with potential declines in the values of real estate that collateralize most of the Company’s loan portfolio may adversely affect the credit risk and potential for loss to the Company.

The ALLL evaluation is well documented and approved by the Company’s Board. In addition, the policy and procedures for determining the balance of the ALLL are reviewed annually by the Company’s Board, the internal audit department, independent credit reviewers and state and federal bank regulatory agencies.

At the end of each quarter, the Company analyzes its loan portfolio and maintains an ALLL at a level that is appropriate and determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The allowance consists of a specific valuation allowance component and a general valuation allowance component. The specific valuation allowance component relates to loans that are determined to be impaired. A specific valuation allowance is established when the fair value of a collateral-dependent loan or the present value of the loan’s expected future cash flows (discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate) is lower than the carrying value of the impaired loan. The general valuation allowance component relates to probable credit losses inherent in the balance of the loan portfolio based on historical loss experience, adjusted for changes in trends and conditions of qualitative or environmental factors.

The Bank divisions’ credit administration reviews their respective loan portfolios to determine which loans are impaired and estimates the specific valuation allowance. The impaired loans and related specific valuation allowance are then provided to the Company’s credit administration for further review and approval. The Company’s credit administration also determines the estimated general valuation allowance and reviews and approves the overall ALLL. The credit administration of the Company exercises significant judgment when evaluating the effect of applicable qualitative or environmental factors on the Company’s historical loss experience for loans not identified as impaired. Quantification of the impact upon the Company’s ALLL is inherently subjective as data for any factor may not be directly applicable, consistently relevant, or reasonably available for management to determine the precise impact of a factor on the collectability of the Company’s loans collectively evaluated for impairment as of each evaluation date. The Company’s credit administration documents its conclusions and rationale for changes that occur in each applicable factor’s weight (i.e., measurement) and ensures that such changes are directionally consistent based on the underlying current trends and conditions for the factor. To have directional consistency, the provision for loan losses and credit quality should generally move in the same direction.

The Company’s model includes sixteen bank divisions with separate management teams providing substantial local oversight to the lending and credit management function. The Company’s business model affords multiple reviews of larger loans before credit is extended, a significant benefit in mitigating and managing the Company’s credit risk. The geographic dispersion of the market areas in which the Company operates further mitigates the risk of credit loss. While this process is intended to limit credit exposure, there can be no assurance that further problem credits will not arise and additional loan losses incurred.

The primary responsibility for credit risk assessment and identification of problem loans rests with the loan officer of the account. This continuous process of identifying impaired loans is necessary to support management’s evaluation of the ALLL adequacy. An independent loan review function verifying credit risk ratings evaluates the loan officer and management’s evaluation of the loan portfolio credit quality.

No assurance can be given that the Company will not, in any particular period, sustain losses that are significant relative to the ALLL amount, or that subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio applying management’s judgment about then current factors, including economic and regulatory developments, will not require significant changes in the ALLL. Under such circumstances, this could result in enhanced provisions for loan losses.

62


The following table summarizes the allocation of the ALLL as of the dates indicated:

 September 30, 2019December 31, 2018September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)ALLLPercent of ALLL in
Category		Percent of
Loans in
Category		ALLLPercent
of  ALLL in
Category		Percent
of Loans in
Category		ALLLPercent
of  ALLL in
Category		Percent
of Loans in
Category
Residential real estate
$10,237  8 %10 %$10,631  8 %11 %$10,754  8 %11 %
Commercial real estate
69,658  56 %58 %72,448  55 %56 %73,566  56 %56 %
Other commercial36,858  29 %22 %38,160  29 %23 %37,957  29 %24 %
Home equity5,041  4 %7 %5,811  5 %7 %5,928  4 %6 %
Other consumer3,741  3 %3 %4,189  3 %3 %4,330  3 %3 %
Total$125,535  100 %100 %$131,239  100 %100 %$132,535  100 %100 %

The following table summarizes the ALLL experience for the periods indicated:

At or for the Nine Months endedAt or for the Six Months endedAt or for the Year endedAt or for the Nine Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		June 30,
2019		December 31,
2018		September 30,
2018
Balance at beginning of period$131,239  131,239  129,568  129,568  
Provision for loan losses57  57  9,953  8,707  
Charge-offs
Residential real estate(482) (341) (728) (257) 
Commercial loans(4,864) (1,607) (8,514) (5,457) 
Consumer and other loans(6,744) (4,252) (8,565) (6,191) 
Total charge-offs(12,090) (6,200) (17,807) (11,905) 
Recoveries
Residential real estate240  232  87  78  
Commercial loans3,120  1,793  5,045  2,806  
Consumer and other loans2,969  1,933  4,393  3,281  
Total recoveries6,329  3,958  9,525  6,165  
Net charge-offs(5,761) (2,242) (8,282) (5,740) 
Balance at end of period$125,535  129,054  131,239  132,535  
ALLL as a percentage of total loans
1.32 %1.46 %1.58 %1.63 %
Net charge-offs as a percentage of total loans0.06 %0.03 %0.10 %0.07 %

The ALLL as a percent of total loans outstanding at September 30, 2019 was 1.32 percent, which was a 14 basis points decrease compared to the prior quarter and a decrease of 31 basis points from a year ago. The decrease was attributable to stabilizing credit quality and the addition of loans from the acquisitions which were added to the portfolio on a fair value basis and as a result did not require an allowance at acquisition date. The Company’s ALLL of $126 million is considered adequate to absorb probable and incurred losses from any class of its loan portfolio. For the periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company believes the ALLL is commensurate with the risk in the Company’s loan portfolio and is directionally consistent with the change in the quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. During 2019, net charge-offs exceeded the provision for loan losses by $5.7 million. During the same period in 2018, provision for loan losses exceeded net charge-offs by $3.0 million.

63


The Company provides commercial services to individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities from 182 locations, including 164 branches, across Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada. The states in which the Company operates have diverse economies and markets that are tied to commodities (crops, livestock, minerals, oil and natural gas), tourism, real estate and land development and an assortment of industries, both manufacturing and service-related. Thus, the changes in the global, national, and local economies are not uniform across the Company’s geographic locations.

Overall, the economic environment and housing markets throughout the Company’s footprint continue to show positive signs of improvement. Home prices continue to increase in all of the states within the Company’s footprint and all of the eight states continue to remain above the United States average. Five of the top ten states for house price appreciation belong to states in the Company’s footprint. Home ownership in the United States is at 64 percent, which is still approximately 5 percent less than the peak before the most recent financial crisis. The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia’s composite state coincident indices projects positive growth throughout the Company’s footprint. The second quarter of 2019 was the ninth consecutive quarter the United States economy grew at or above 2.0 percent. All states in the Company’s footprint have unemployment rates below 5 percent, which reflects the Federal Reserve’s definition of full employment. Crude oil prices remain volatile, base metal prices began a downward trend in 2018 and natural gas prices, outside of winter spikes, have remained fairly stable over the last 18 months. Most agriculture commodities within the Company’s footprint remain relatively stable. The tourism industry and related lodging activity continues to be a source of strength for locations where the Company’s markets include national parks and similar recreational areas. In general, the Company sees positive signs in the various economic indices; however, given the significant recession experienced during the late 2000s and the current lack of housing supply within the Company’s footprint, the Company is cautiously optimistic about the housing market. The Company will continue to actively monitor the economy’s impact on its lending portfolio.

In evaluating the need for a specific or general valuation allowance for impaired and unimpaired loans, respectively, within the Company’s construction loan portfolio (i.e., regulatory classification), including residential construction and land, lot and other construction loans, the credit risk related to such loans was considered in the ongoing monitoring of such loans, including assessments based on current information, including appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) of the underlying collateral, expected cash flows and the timing thereof, as well as the estimated cost to sell when such costs are expected to reduce the cash flows available to repay or otherwise satisfy the construction loan. Construction loans were 12 percent and 13 percent of the Company’s total loan portfolio and accounted for 23 percent and 21 percent of the Company’s non-accrual loans at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Collateral securing construction loans includes residential buildings (e.g., single/multi-family and condominiums), commercial buildings, and associated land (e.g., multi-acre parcels and individual lots, with and without shorelines).

The Company’s ALLL consisted of the following components as of the dates indicated: 

(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		June 30,
2019		December 31,
2018		September 30,
2018
Specific valuation allowance$107  108  3,223  1,690  
General valuation allowance125,428  128,946  128,016  130,845  
Total ALLL$125,535  129,054  131,239  132,535  

During 2019, the ALLL decreased by $5.7 million, the net result of a $3.1 million decrease in the specific valuation allowance and a $2.6 million decrease in the general valuation allowance. The specific valuation allowance decreased as the result of a $13.6 million decrease in loans individually evaluated for impairment with a specific impairment. The decrease in the general valuation allowance since the prior year end was a result of changes in qualitative or environmental factors and stabilizing credit quality.

For additional information regarding the ALLL, its relation to the provision for loan losses and risk related to asset quality, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”
64


Loans by Regulatory Classification
Supplemental information regarding identification of the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the following tables. The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. There may be differences when compared to loan tables and loan amounts appearing elsewhere which reflect the Company’s internal loan segments and classes which are based on the purpose of the loan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio by regulatory classification:

 Loans Receivable, by Loan Type% Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018
Custom and owner occupied construction
$147,626  $140,186  $126,595  $123,369  5 %17 %20 %
Pre-sold and spec construction
207,596  171,464  121,938  109,214  21 %70 %90 %
Total residential construction
355,222  311,650  248,533  232,583  14 %43 %53 %
Land development103,090  120,052  137,814  125,272  (14)%(25)%(18)%
Consumer land or lots128,668  128,544  127,775  123,979  — %1 %4 %
Unimproved land71,467  74,244  83,579  75,183  (4)%(14)%(5)%
Developed lots for operative builders
13,782  14,117  17,061  14,922  (2)%(19)%(8)%
Commercial lots64,904  57,447  34,096  30,255  13 %90 %115 %
Other construction443,947  453,782  520,005  487,428  (2)%(15)%(9)%
Total land, lot, and other construction
825,858  848,186  920,330  857,039  (3)%(10)%(4)%
Owner occupied1,666,211  1,418,190  1,343,563  1,330,024  17 %24 %25 %
Non-owner occupied2,023,262  1,780,988  1,605,960  1,564,182  14 %26 %29 %
Total commercial real estate
3,689,473  3,199,178  2,949,523  2,894,206  15 %25 %27 %
Commercial and industrial1,009,310  1,024,828  907,340  884,414  (2)%11 %14 %
Agriculture718,255  697,893  646,822  672,916  3 %11 %7 %
1st lien1,208,096  1,154,221  1,108,227  1,109,308  5 %9 %9 %
Junior lien53,931  53,055  56,689  59,345  2 %(5)%(9)%
Total 1-4 family1,262,027  1,207,276  1,164,916  1,168,653  5 %8 %8 %
Multifamily residential350,622  278,539  247,457  222,647  26 %42 %57 %
Home equity lines of credit612,775  592,355  539,938  521,778  3 %13 %17 %
Other consumer171,633  167,964  165,865  166,788  2 %3 %3 %
Total consumer784,408  760,319  705,803  688,566  3 %11 %14 %
States and political subdivisions471,599  454,085  404,671  429,409  4 %17 %10 %
Other174,755  114,534  125,310  123,461  53 %39 %42 %
Total loans receivable, including loans held for sale
9,641,529  8,896,488  8,320,705  8,173,894  8 %16 %18 %
Less loans held for sale 1
(100,441) (54,711) (33,156) (50,649) 84 %203 %98 %
Total loans receivable$9,541,088  $8,841,777  $8,287,549  $8,123,245  8 %15 %17 %
______________________________
1 Loans held for sale are primarily 1st lien 1-4 family loans.
65


The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets by regulatory classification:

 
Non-performing Assets,
by Loan Type		Non-
Accrual
Loans		Accruing
Loans 90  Days or
More Past Due		OREO
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Sep 30,
2019		Sep 30,
2019		Sep 30,
2019
Custom and owner occupied construction
$283  283  —  1,599  283  —  —  
Pre-sold and spec construction1,219  1,261  463  474  1,219  —  —  
Total residential construction
1,502  1,544  463  2,073  1,502  —  —  
Land development1,006  1,272  2,166  5,147  494  —  512  
Consumer land or lots828  1,075  1,428  1,592  368  —  460  
Unimproved land8,781  8,864  9,338  9,815  6,998  486  1,297  
Developed lots for operative builders
—  —  68  68  —  —  —  
Commercial lots575  575  1,046  1,046  —  —  575  
Other construction—  241  120  147  —  —  —  
Total land, lot and other construction
11,190  12,027  14,166  17,815  7,860  486  2,844  
Owner occupied8,251  6,998  5,940  11,246  6,141  538  1,572  
Non-owner occupied9,271  7,198  10,567  10,847  6,099  3,172  —  
Total commercial real estate
17,522  14,196  16,507  22,093  12,240  3,710  1,572  
Commercial and industrial6,135  5,690  3,914  5,615  5,749  172  214  
Agriculture3,469  4,228  7,040  7,856  2,612  707  150  
1st lien9,420  10,211  10,290  9,543  6,104  1,665  1,651  
Junior lien669  592  565  2,610  597  —  72  
Total 1-4 family10,089  10,803  10,855  12,153  6,701  1,665  1,723  
Multifamily residential206  —  —  613  206  —  —  
Home equity lines of credit3,553  2,474  2,770  3,470  2,435  549  569  
Other consumer1,098  597  456  417  412  610  76  
Total consumer4,651  3,071  3,226  3,887  2,847  1,159  645  
Other313  380  579  —  300  13  —  
Total$55,077  51,939  56,750  72,105  40,017  7,912  7,148  


66


The following table summarizes the Company’s accruing loans 30-89 days past due by regulatory classification:

 Accruing 30-89 Days Delinquent Loans,
by Loan Type		% Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018
Custom and owner occupied construction
$49  $49  $1,661  $4,502  — %(97)%(99)%
Pre-sold and spec construction8  219  887  494  (96)%(99)%(98)%
Total residential construction
57  268  2,548  4,996  (79)%(98)%(99)%
Land development1,282  1,990  228  516  (36) 462 %148 %
Consumer land or lots836  206  200  235  306 %318 %256 %
Unimproved land8  658  579  629  (99)%(99)%(99)%
Developed lots for operative builders
—  —  122  —  n/m  (100)%n/m  
Commercial lots—  —  203  —  n/m  (100)%n/m  
Other construction142  —  4,170  —  n/m  (97)%n/m  
Total land, lot and other construction
2,268  2,854  5,502  1,380  (21)%(59)%64 %
Owner occupied2,949  5,322  2,981  2,872  (45)%(1)%3 %
Non-owner occupied1,286  11,700  1,245  1,131  (89)%3 %14 %
Total commercial real estate
4,235  17,022  4,226  4,003  (75)%— %6 %
Commercial and industrial12,780  3,006  3,374  4,791  325 %279 %167 %
Agriculture1,290  3,125  6,455  1,332  (59)%(80)%(3)%
1st lien2,521  2,776  5,384  3,795  (9)%(53)%(34)%
Junior lien715  1,302  118  420  (45)%506 %70 %
Total 1-4 family3,236  4,078  5,502  4,215  (21)%(41)%(23)%
Multifamily residential149  1,598  —  —  (91) n/m  n/m  
Home equity lines of credit4,162  3,931  3,562  2,467  6 %17 %69 %
Other consumer1,388  1,683  1,650  1,903  (18)%(16)%(27)%
Total consumer5,550  5,614  5,212  4,370  (1)%6 %27 %
States and political subdivisions—  —  229  —  n/m  (100)%n/m  
Other389  372  519  94  5 %(25)%314 %
Total$29,954  $37,937  $33,567  $25,181  (21)%(11)%19 %
______________________________
n/m - not measurable


67


The following table summarizes the Company’s charge-offs and recoveries by regulatory classification:

 Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries), Year-to-Date
Period Ending, By Loan Type		Charge-OffsRecoveries
(Dollars in thousands)Sep 30,
2019		Jun 30,
2019		Dec 31,
2018		Sep 30,
2018		Sep 30,
2019		Sep 30,
2019
Pre-sold and spec construction$(12) (6) (352) (348) —  12  
Land development(25) 15  (116) (110) 42  67  
Consumer land or lots(160) (2) (146) (121) 37  197  
Unimproved land(271) (54) (445) (288) —  271  
Developed lots for operative builders
(18) (18) 33  33  —  18  
Commercial lots(4) (3) 1  3  —  4  
Other construction(142) (32) (19) (4) 9  151  
Total land, lot and other construction
(620) (94) (692) (487) 88  708  
Owner occupied(35) 139  1,320  902  226  261  
Non-owner occupied1,861  7  853  (6) 1,988  127  
Total commercial real estate1,826  146  2,173  896  2,214  388  
Commercial and industrial1,066  37  2,449  1,893  1,797  731  
Agriculture(32) (32) 16  39  67  99  
1st lien189  56  577  8  439  250  
Junior lien(254) (222) (371) 486  44  298  
Total 1-4 family(65) (166) 206  494  483  548  
Multifamily residential—  —  (649) (6) —  —  
Home equity lines of credit(25) (11) (97) (39) 13  38  
Other consumer380  313  261  161  606  226  
Total consumer355  302  164  122  619  264  
Other3,243  2,055  4,967  3,137  6,822  3,579  
Total$5,761  2,242  8,282  5,740  12,090  6,329  



68


Sources of Funds
The Company’s deposits have traditionally been the principal source of funds for use in lending and other business purposes. The Company also obtains funds from repayment of loans and debt securities, securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”), wholesale deposits, advances from FHLB and other borrowings. Loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, while interest bearing deposit inflows and outflows are significantly influenced by general interest rate levels and market conditions. Borrowings and advances may be used on a short-term basis to compensate for reductions in normal sources of funds such as deposit inflows at less than projected levels. Borrowings also may be used on a long-term basis to support expanded activities, match maturities of longer-term assets or manage interest rate risk.

Deposits
The Company has several deposit programs designed to attract both short-term and long-term deposits from the general public by providing a wide selection of accounts and rates. These programs include non-interest bearing deposit accounts and interest bearing deposit accounts such as NOW, DDA, savings, money market deposits, fixed rate certificates of deposit with maturities ranging from three months to five years, negotiated-rate jumbo certificates, and individual retirement accounts. These deposits are obtained primarily from individual and business residents in the Bank’s geographic market areas. Wholesale deposits are obtained through various programs and include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposit and certificate accounts. The Company’s deposits are summarized below:

September 30, 2019December 31, 2018September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)AmountPercentAmountPercentAmountPercent
Non-interest bearing deposits$3,772,766  35 %$3,001,178  32 %$3,103,112  32 %
NOW and DDA accounts2,592,483  24 %2,391,307  25 %2,346,050  24 %
Savings accounts1,472,465  13 %1,346,790  14 %1,345,163  14 %
Money market deposit accounts1,940,517  18 %1,684,284  18 %1,722,975  18 %
Certificate accounts955,765  9 %901,484  9 %932,461  10 %
Wholesale deposits134,629  1 %168,724  2 %151,421  2 %
Total interest bearing deposits7,095,859  65 %6,492,589  68 %6,498,070  68 %
Total deposits$10,868,625  100 %$9,493,767  100 %$9,601,182  100 %

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase, Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Other Borrowings
The Company borrows money through repurchase agreements. This process involves the selling of one or more of the securities in the Company’s investment portfolio and simultaneously entering into an agreement to repurchase the same securities at an agreed upon later date, typically overnight. A rate of interest is paid for the agreed period of time. The Bank enters into repurchase agreements with local municipalities, and certain customers, and has adopted procedures designed to ensure proper transfer of title and safekeeping of the underlying securities. In addition to retail repurchase agreements, the Company periodically enters into wholesale repurchase agreements as additional funding sources. The Company has not entered into reverse repurchase agreements.

The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines, which is one of eleven banks that comprise the FHLB system.  The Bank is required to maintain a certain level of activity-based stock in order to borrow or to engage in other transactions with the FHLB of Des Moines. Additionally, the Bank is subject to a membership capital stock requirement that is based upon an annual calibration tied to the total assets of the Bank. The borrowings are collateralized by eligible categories of loans and debt securities (principally, securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government and its agencies), provided certain standards related to credit-worthiness have been met. Advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rates and range of maturities. The Bank’s maximum amount of FHLB advances is limited to the lesser of a fixed percentage of the Bank’s total assets or the discounted value of eligible collateral. FHLB advances fluctuate to meet seasonal and other withdrawals of deposits and to expand lending or investment opportunities of the Company.

Additionally, the Company has other sources of secured and unsecured borrowing lines from various sources that may be used from time to time.

69


Short-term borrowings
A critical component of the Company’s liquidity and capital resources is access to short-term borrowings to fund its operations. Short-term borrowings are accompanied by increased risks managed by the Bank’s Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”) such as rate increases or unfavorable change in terms which would make it more costly to obtain future short-term borrowings. The Company’s short-term borrowing sources include FHLB advances, federal funds purchased and retail and wholesale repurchase agreements. The Company also has access to the short-term discount window borrowing programs (i.e., primary credit) of the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”). FHLB advances and certain other short-term borrowings may be renewed as long-term borrowings to decrease certain risks such as liquidity or interest rate risk; however, the reduction in risks are weighed against the increased cost of funds and other risks.

The following table provides information relating to significant short-term borrowings, which consists of borrowings that mature within one year of period end:
At or for the Nine Months endedAt or for the Year ended
(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		December 31,
2018
Repurchase agreements
Amount outstanding at end of period$558,752  396,151  
Weighted interest rate on outstanding amount0.81 %0.87 %
Maximum outstanding at any month-end$558,752  408,754  
Average balance$446,826  383,791  
Weighted-average interest rate0.80 %0.59 %

Subordinated Debentures
In addition to funds obtained in the ordinary course of business, the Company formed or acquired financing subsidiaries for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities that entitle the investor to receive cumulative cash distributions thereon. Subordinated debentures were issued in conjunction with the trust preferred securities and the terms of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are the same. For regulatory capital purposes, the trust preferred securities are included in Tier 1 capital up to a certain limit. The Company also has subordinated debt that qualifies as Tier 2 capital. The subordinated debentures outstanding as of September 30, 2019 were $140 million, including fair value adjustments from acquisitions.

Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, there may be various outstanding commitments to obtain funding and to extend credit, such as letters of credit and un-advanced loan commitments, which are not reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these transactions.

Off-balance sheet arrangements also include any obligation related to a variable interest held in an unconsolidated entity. The Company does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these transactions. For additional information regarding the Company’s interests in unconsolidated variable interest entities (“VIE”), see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

70


Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the possibility that the Company will not be able to fund present and future obligations as they come due because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding at a reasonable cost. The objective of liquidity management is to maintain cash flows adequate to meet current and future needs for credit demand, deposit withdrawals, maturing liabilities and corporate operating expenses. Effective liquidity management entails three elements:
1.assessing on an ongoing basis, the current and expected future needs for funds, and ensuring that sufficient funds or access to funds exist to meet those needs at the appropriate time;
2.providing for an adequate cushion of liquidity to meet unanticipated cash flow needs that may arise from potential adverse circumstances ranging from high probability/low severity events to low probability/high severity; and
3.balancing the benefits between providing for adequate liquidity to mitigate potential adverse events and the cost of that liquidity.

The Company has a wide range of versatility in managing the liquidity and asset/liability mix. The Bank’s ALCO meets regularly to assess liquidity risk, among other matters. The Company monitors liquidity and contingency funding alternatives through management reports of liquid assets (e.g., debt securities), both unencumbered and pledged, as well as borrowing capacity, both secured and unsecured, including off-balance sheet funding sources. The Company evaluates its potential funding needs across alternative scenarios and maintains contingency funding plans consistent with the Company’s access to diversified sources of contingent funding.

The following table identifies certain liquidity sources and capacity available to the Company as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2019		December 31,
2018
FHLB advances
Borrowing capacity$2,251,142  2,103,860  
Amount utilized(8,676) (444,749) 
Amount available$2,242,466  1,659,111  
FRB discount window
Borrowing capacity$923,092  875,936  
Amount utilized—  —  
Amount available$923,092  875,936  
Unsecured lines of credit available$230,000  230,000  
Unencumbered debt securities
U.S. government and federal agency$147,434  23,649  
U.S. government sponsored enterprises28,007  108,952  
State and local governments440,253  618,613  
Corporate bonds147,383  290,817  
Residential mortgage-backed securities254,281  220,653  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities195,791  273,439  
Total unencumbered debt securities$1,213,149  1,536,123  

71


Capital Resources
Maintaining capital strength continues to be a long-term objective of the Company. Abundant capital is necessary to sustain growth, provide protection against unanticipated declines in asset values, and to safeguard the funds of depositors. Capital is also a source of funds for loan demand and enables the Company to effectively manage its assets and liabilities. The Company has the capacity to issue 117,187,500 shares of common stock of which 92,180,618 have been issued as of September 30, 2019. The Company also has the capacity to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock of which none have been issued as of September 30, 2019. Conversely, the Company may decide to utilize a portion of its strong capital position, as it has done in the past, to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock, depending on market price and other relevant considerations.

The Federal Reserve has adopted capital adequacy guidelines that are used to assess the adequacy of capital in supervising a bank holding company. The federal banking agencies implemented final rules (“Final Rules”) to establish a new comprehensive regulatory capital framework with a phase-in period beginning on January 1, 2015 and ending on January 1, 2019. The Final Rules implemented certain regulatory amendments based on the recommendation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and substantially amended the regulatory risk-based capital rules applicable to the Company. The Final Rules require the Company to hold a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. As of September 30, 2019, management believes the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and there are no conditions or events subsequent to this date that management believes have changed the Company’s or Bank’s risk-based capital category.

The following table illustrates the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios and the Federal Reserve’s capital adequacy guidelines as of September 30, 2019:
Total Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)Common Equity Tier 1 (To Risk-Weighted Assets)Leverage Ratio/
Tier 1 Capital (To Average Assets)
Glacier Bank actual regulatory ratios
14.57 %13.43 %13.43 %11.78 %
Minimum capital requirements
8.00 %6.00 %4.50 %4.00 %
Minimum capital requirements plus capital conservation buffer
10.50 %8.50 %7.00 %N/A  
Well capitalized requirements
10.00 %8.00 %6.50 %5.00 %


72


Federal and State Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return using the accrual method of accounting. All required tax returns have been timely filed. Financial institutions are subject to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, in the same general manner as other corporations. The federal statutory corporate income tax rate is 21 percent.

Under Montana, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Arizona law, financial institutions are subject to a corporation income tax, which incorporates or is substantially similar to applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The corporation income tax is imposed on federal taxable income, subject to certain adjustments. State taxes are incurred at the rate of 6.75 percent in Montana, 6.925 percent in Idaho, 4.95 percent in Utah, 4.63 percent in Colorado and 4.9 percent in Arizona. Washington, Wyoming and Nevada do not impose a corporate income tax.

Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $36.4 million and $28.7 million, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was 19.2 percent and 17.8 percent, respectively. The current and prior year’s low effective income tax rates are due to income from tax-exempt debt securities, municipal loans and leases and benefits from federal income tax credits. Income from tax-exempt debt securities, loans and leases was $36.9 million and $41.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Benefits from federal income tax credits were $7.9 million and $6.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities (“CDE”) which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”). Administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (“CDFI Fund”) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the NMTC program is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The federal income tax credits received are claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. The Company also has equity investments in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (“LIHTC”) which are indirect federal subsidies used to finance the development of affordable rental housing for low-income households. The federal income tax credits are claimed over a ten-year credit allowance period. The Company has investments of $18.8 million in Qualified School Construction bonds whereby the Company receives quarterly federal income tax credits in lieu of taxable interest income. The federal income tax credits on these debt securities are subject to federal and state income tax.

Following is a list of expected federal income tax credits to be received in the years indicated.
 
(Dollars in thousands)New
Markets
Tax Credits		Low-Income
Housing
Tax Credits		Debt
Securities
Tax Credits		Total
2019$4,153  6,830  850  11,833  
20204,475  8,026  813  13,314  
20214,712  7,793  759  13,264  
20223,944  7,722  695  12,361  
20233,348  7,611  663  11,622  
Thereafter1,416  33,042  1,565  36,023  
$22,048  71,024  5,345  98,417  

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Average Balance Sheet
The following schedule provides 1) the total dollar amount of interest and dividend income of the Company for earning assets and the average yields; 2) the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest bearing liabilities and the average rates; 3) net interest and dividend income and interest rate spread; and 4) net interest margin (tax-equivalent).
Three Months ended Nine Months ended
 September 30, 2019September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)Average
Balance		Interest and
Dividends		Average
Yield/
Rate		Average
Balance		Interest and
Dividends		Average
Yield/
Rate
Assets
Residential real estate loans$994,906  $12,156  4.89 %$950,516  $34,345  4.82 %
Commercial loans 1
7,378,337  98,465  5.29 %6,905,151  272,269  5.27 %
Consumer and other loans906,148  11,658  5.10 %871,544  33,145  5.08 %
Total loans 2
9,279,391  122,279  5.23 %8,727,211  339,759  5.21 %
Tax-exempt investment securities 3
899,914  9,280  4.13 %938,998  29,212  4.15 %
Taxable investment securities 4
1,917,045  14,250  2.97 %1,891,560  42,225  2.98 %
Total earning assets12,096,350  145,809  4.78 %11,557,769  411,196  4.76 %
Goodwill and intangibles429,191  373,207  
Non-earning assets672,550  593,011  
Total assets$13,198,091  $12,523,987  
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits$3,513,908  $—  — %$3,182,783  $—  — %
NOW and DDA accounts2,473,375  1,091  0.17 %2,396,828  3,037  0.17 %
Savings accounts1,445,323  270  0.07 %1,398,539  757  0.07 %
Money market deposit accounts1,845,184  1,540  0.33 %1,733,245  3,675  0.28 %
Certificate accounts929,441  2,412  1.03 %912,283  6,648  0.97 %
Total core deposits10,207,231  5,313  0.21 %9,623,678  14,117  0.20 %
Wholesale deposits 5
146,339  901  2.44 %159,314  3,062  2.57 %
FHLB advances222,449  2,035  3.58 %349,998  8,937  3.37 %
Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds
645,426  2,698  1.66 %598,907  7,824  1.75 %
Total interest bearing liabilities
11,221,445  10,947  0.39 %10,731,897  33,940  0.42 %
Other liabilities101,806  109,090  
Total liabilities11,323,251  10,840,987  
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock903  870  
Paid-in capital1,292,182  1,152,076  
Retained earnings531,181  501,158  
Accumulated other comprehensive income
50,574  28,896  
Total stockholders’ equity1,874,840  1,683,000  
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$13,198,091  $12,523,987  
Net interest income (tax-equivalent)$134,862  $377,256  
Net interest spread (tax-equivalent)4.39 %4.34 %
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)4.42 %4.36 %
______________________________
1Includes tax effect of $1.2 million and $3.5 million on tax-exempt municipal loan and lease income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
2Total loans are gross of the allowance for loan and lease losses, net of unearned income and include loans held for sale. Non-accrual loans were included in the average volume for the entire period.
3Includes tax effect of $1.9 million and $6.0 million on tax-exempt debt securities income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
4Includes tax effect of $275 thousand and $863 thousand on federal income tax credits for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
5Wholesale deposits include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposit and certificate accounts.
74


Rate/Volume Analysis
Net interest income can be evaluated from the perspective of relative dollars of change in each period. Interest income and interest expense, which are the components of net interest income, are shown in the following table on the basis of the amount of any increases (or decreases) attributable to changes in the dollar levels of the Company’s interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities (“volume”) and the yields earned and paid on such assets and liabilities (“rate”). The change in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in both volume and rates has been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.
Nine Months ended
2019 vs. 2018
 Increase (Decrease) Due to:
(Dollars in thousands)VolumeRateNet
Interest income
Residential real estate loans$3,415  1,640  5,055  
Commercial loans (tax-equivalent)32,784  14,541  47,325  
Consumer and other loans4,131  1,027  5,158  
Investment securities (tax-equivalent)(1,591) (117) (1,708) 
Total interest income38,739  17,091  55,830  
Interest expense
NOW and DDA accounts236  (23) 213  
Savings accounts58  57  115  
Money market deposit accounts48  1,170  1,218  
Certificate accounts(40) 2,049  2,009  
Wholesale deposits54  200  254  
FHLB advances3,028  (825) 2,203  
Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds
879  954  1,833  
Total interest expense4,263  3,582  7,845  
Net interest income (tax-equivalent)$34,476  13,509  47,985  

Net interest income (tax-equivalent) increased $48.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The interest income for the first nine months of 2019 increased over the same period last year primarily from increased loan growth in all categories, with the largest increase in the Company’s commercial loan portfolio. Furthermore, increases in interest rates on existing variable rate loans and new loans also increased the loan interest income. Total interest expense increased from the prior year primarily from increased balances of FHLB advances, coupled with interest rate increases in money market deposit accounts and certificate accounts.

Effect of inflation and changing prices
GAAP often requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without consideration for change in relative purchasing power over time due to inflation. Virtually all assets of the Company are monetary in nature; therefore, interest rates generally have a more significant impact on a company’s performance than does the effect of inflation.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

The Company’s assessment of market risk as of September 30, 2019 indicates there are no material changes in the quantitative and qualitative disclosures from those in the 2018 Annual Report.


Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as required by Exchange Act Rules 240.13a-15(b) and 15d-14(c)) as of September 30, 2019. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s current disclosure controls and procedures are effective and timely, providing them with material information relating to the Company required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act.

Changes in Internal Controls
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the third quarter of 2019, to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.


PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in various claims, legal actions and complaints which arise in the ordinary course of business. In the Company’s opinion, all such matters are adequately covered by insurance, are without merit or are of such kind, or involve such amounts, that unfavorable disposition would not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.


Item 1A. Risk Factors

The Company believes there have been no material changes from risk factors previously disclosed in the 2018 Annual Report. The risks and uncertainties described in the 2018 Annual Report should be carefully reviewed. These are not the only risks and uncertainties that the Company faces. Additional risks and uncertainties that the Company does not currently know about or that the Company currently believes are immaterial, or that the Company has not predicted, may also harm its business operations or adversely affect the Company. If any of these risks or uncertainties actually occurs, the Company’s business, financial condition, operating results or liquidity could be adversely affected.


Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a)Not Applicable

(b)Not Applicable

(c)Not Applicable


76


Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

(a)Not Applicable

(b)Not Applicable


Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable


Item 5. Other Information

(a)Not Applicable

(b)Not Applicable


Item 6. Exhibits
 
31.1  Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002

31.2  Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002

32  Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS  XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.

101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104  Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
77


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
November 4, 2019/s/ Randall M. Chesler
Randall M. Chesler
President and CEO
November 4, 2019/s/ Ron J. Copher
Ron J. Copher
Executive Vice President and CFO


78