0000928816-01-500588.txt : 20011101 0000928816-01-500588.hdr.sgml : 20011101 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0000928816-01-500588 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: 485BPOS PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 3 FILED AS OF DATE: 20011030 EFFECTIVENESS DATE: 20011030 FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND /MA/ CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0000868648 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: [] IRS NUMBER: 046661045 STATE OF INCORPORATION: MA FISCAL YEAR END: 0630 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: 485BPOS SEC ACT: 1940 Act SEC FILE NUMBER: 811-06190 FILM NUMBER: 1769941 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: ONE POST OFFICE SQ CITY: BOSTON STATE: MA ZIP: 02109 BUSINESS PHONE: 6172921471 FORMER COMPANY: FORMER CONFORMED NAME: PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND DATE OF NAME CHANGE: 19901107 FORMER COMPANY: FORMER CONFORMED NAME: PUTNAM OVERSEAS GROWTH FUND DATE OF NAME CHANGE: 19920703 FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND /MA/ CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0000868648 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: [] IRS NUMBER: 046661045 STATE OF INCORPORATION: MA FISCAL YEAR END: 0630 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: 485BPOS SEC ACT: 1933 Act SEC FILE NUMBER: 033-37214 FILM NUMBER: 1769942 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: ONE POST OFFICE SQ CITY: BOSTON STATE: MA ZIP: 02109 BUSINESS PHONE: 6172921471 FORMER COMPANY: FORMER CONFORMED NAME: PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND DATE OF NAME CHANGE: 19901107 FORMER COMPANY: FORMER CONFORMED NAME: PUTNAM OVERSEAS GROWTH FUND DATE OF NAME CHANGE: 19920703 485BPOS 1 pig1.txt PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 30, 2001 Registration No. 33-37214 811-6190 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 --------------- FORM N-1A ---- REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 / X / ---- ---- Pre-Effective Amendment No. / / ---- ---- Post-Effective Amendment No. 11 / X / and/or ---- ---- REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY / X / ACT OF 1940 ---- ---- Amendment No. 13 / X / (Check appropriate box or boxes) ---- --------------- PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter) One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code (617) 292-1000 --------------- It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box) ---- / / immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) ---- ---- / X / on October 30, 2001 pursuant to paragraph (b) ---- ---- / / 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) ---- ---- / / on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) ---- ---- / / 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) ---- ---- / / on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. ---- If appropriate, check the following box: ---- / / this post-effective amendment designates a new ---- effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment. ------------------ JOHN R. VERANI, Vice President PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND One Post Office Square Boston, Massachusetts 02109 (Name and address of agent for service) ------------------ Copy to: JOHN W. GERSTMAYR, Esquire ROPES & GRAY One International Place Boston, Massachusetts 02110 Prospectus October 30, 2001 Putnam International Growth Fund Class A, B, C and M shares Investment Category: Growth This prospectus explains what you should know about this mutual fund before you invest. Please read it carefully. Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management), which has managed mutual funds since 1937, manages the fund. These securities have not been approved or disapproved by the Securities and Exchange Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any statement to the contrary is a crime. CONTENTS 2 Fund summary 2 Goal 2 Main investment strategies 2 Main risks 3 Performance information 4 Fees and expenses 5 What are the fund's main investment strategies and related risks? 9 Who manages the fund? 9 How does the fund price its shares? 10 How do I buy fund shares? 13 How do I sell fund shares? 15 How do I exchange fund shares? 16 Fund distributions and taxes 17 Financial highlights [SCALE LOGO OMITTED] Fund summary GOAL The fund seeks capital appreciation. MAIN INVESTMENT STRATEGIES -- INTERNATIONAL STOCKS We invest mainly in common stocks of companies outside the United States. We first select the countries and industries we believe are attractive, then we look for companies that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size. Although we emphasize investments in developed countries, we may also invest in companies located in developing (also known as emerging) markets. MAIN RISKS The main risks that could adversely affect the value of the fund's shares and the total return on your investment include: * The risks of investing outside the United States, such as currency fluctuations, economic or financial instability, lack of timely or reliable financial information or unfavorable political or legal developments. These risks are increased for investments in emerging markets. * The risk that the stock price of one or more of the companies in the fund's portfolio will fall, or will fail to rise. Many factors can adversely affect a stock's performance, including both general financial market conditions and factors related to a specific company or industry. This risk is generally greater for small and midsized companies, which tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments. * The risk that movements in financial markets will adversely affect the price of the fund's investments, regardless of how well the companies in which we invest perform. You can lose money by investing in the fund. The fund may not achieve its goal, and is not intended as a complete investment program. An investment in the fund is not a deposit in a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. PERFORMANCE INFORMATION The following information provides some indication of the fund's risks. The chart shows year-to-year changes in the performance of one of the fund's classes of shares, class A shares. The table following the chart compares the fund's performance to that of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, a fund's past performance is not an indication of future performance. [GRAPHIC OMITTED: vertical bar chart CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL RETURNS FOR CLASS A SHARES] CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL RETURNS FOR CLASS A SHARES 1992 -3.77% 1993 43.99% 1994 0.17% 1995 13.97% 1996 16.12% 1997 17.78% 1998 18.95% 1999 60.77% 2000 -9.06% Performance figures in the bar chart do not reflect the impact of sales charges. If they did, performance would be less than that shown. Year-to-date performance through 9/30/01 was -25.95%. During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a quarter was 35.66% (quarter ending 12/31/99) and the lowest return for a quarter was -19.05% (quarter ending 9/30/98). Average Annual Total Returns (for periods ending 12/31/00) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Since Past Past inception 1 year 5 years (2/28/91) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class A -14.29% 17.52% 14.06% Class B -13.90% 17.82% 13.84% Class C -10.56% 18.03% 13.90% Class M -12.66% 17.49% 13.75% MSCI EAFE Index -14.17% 7.13% 6.92% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unlike the bar chart, this performance information reflects the impact of sales charges. Class A and class M share performance reflects the current maximum initial sales charges; class B, and class C share performance reflects the maximum applicable deferred sales charge if shares had been redeemed on 12/31/00 and, for class B shares, assumes conversion to class A shares after eight years. For periods before the inception of class B shares (6/1/94), class C shares (7/26/99) and class M shares (12/01/94), performance shown for these classes in the table is based on the performance of the fund's class A shares, adjusted to reflect the appropriate sales charge and the higher 12b-1 fees paid by the class B, class C and class M shares. The fund's share performance through 6/30/95 benefited from Putnam Management's agreement to limit the fund's expenses. The fund's performance is compared to the MSCI EAFE Index, an unmanaged index of equity securities listed on the stock exchanges of Europe, Australasia and the Far East, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. FEES AND EXPENSES This table summarizes the fees and expenses you may pay if you invest in the fund. Expenses are based on the fund's last fiscal year. Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class A Class B Class C Class M ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on (as a percentage of the offering price) 5.75% NONE NONE 3.50% Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the original purchase price or redemption proceeds, whichever is lower) NONE* 5.00% 1.00% NONE* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that are deducted from fund assets) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Annual Management Distribution Other Fund Operating Fees (12b-1) Fees Expenses Expenses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class A 0.60% 0.25% 0.28% 1.13% Class B 0.60% 1.00% 0.28% 1.88% Class C 0.60% 1.00% 0.28% 1.88% Class M 0.60% 0.75% 0.28% 1.63% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * A deferred sales charge of up to 1% on class A shares and of 0.65% on class M shares may be imposed on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge. EXAMPLE The example translates the expenses shown in the preceding table into dollar amounts. By doing this, you can more easily compare the cost of investing in the fund to the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example makes certain assumptions. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods shown and then, except as shown for class B shares and class C shares, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It also assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund's operating expenses remain the same. The example is hypothetical; your actual costs and returns may be higher or lower. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class A $684 $913 $1,161 $1,871 Class B $691 $891 $1,216 $2,005* Class B (no redemption) $191 $591 $1,016 $2,005* Class C $291 $591 $1,016 $2,201 Class C (no redemption) $191 $591 $1,016 $2,201 Class M $510 $846 $1,205 $2,215 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Reflects the conversion of class B shares to class A shares, which pay lower 12b-1 fees. Conversion occurs no more than eight years after purchase. What are the fund's main investment strategies and related risks? Any investment carries with it some level of risk that generally reflects its potential for reward. We pursue the fund's goal by investing mainly in stocks issued by companies outside the United States. Under normal market conditions, we invest at least 65% of the fund's total assets in the equity securities of companies located in at least three countries other than the United States. To determine whether a company is located outside of the United States, we look at the following factors: where the company's securities trade, where the company is located or organized, or where the company derives its revenues or profits. We will consider, among other factors, a company's valuation, financial strength, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. A description of the risks associated with the fund's main investment strategies follows. * Common stocks. Common stock represents an ownership interest in a company. The value of a company's stock may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company's products or services. A stock's value may also fall because of factors affecting not just the company, but also companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries, such as increases in production costs. The value of a company's stock may also be affected by changes in financial markets that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates. In addition, a company's stock generally pays dividends only after the company invests in its own business and makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of a company's stock will usually react more strongly than its bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company's financial condition or prospects. Stocks of smaller companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies. Stocks of companies we believe are fast-growing may trade at a higher multiple of current earnings than other stocks. The value of such stocks may be more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings than the values of other stocks. If our assessment of the prospects for a company's earnings growth is wrong, or if our judgment of how other investors will value the company's earnings growth is wrong, then the price of the company's stock may fall or not approach the value that we have placed on it. Seeking earnings growth may result in significant investments in the technology sector, which may be subject to greater volatility than other sectors of the economy. Companies we believe are undergoing positive change and whose stock we believe is undervalued by the market may have experienced adverse business developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If our assessment of a company's prospects is wrong, or if other investors do not similarly recognize the value of the company, then the price of the company's stock may fall or may not approach the value that we have placed on it. * Foreign investments. Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including: * Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. * Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, imposition of restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases. * Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in the United States. * Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States. * Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund's foreign investments. * Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments. * Lower yield: Common stocks of foreign companies have historically offered lower dividends than stocks of comparable U.S. companies. Foreign withholding taxes may further reduce the amount of income available to distribute to shareholders of the fund. The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in less developed countries, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be changing rapidly, which can cause instability. These countries are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation, deflation or currency devaluation, which could hurt their economies and securities markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative. Certain of these risks may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations. Special U.S. tax considerations may apply to the fund's foreign investments. * Derivatives. We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, warrants and swap contracts. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. However, we may also choose not to use derivatives, based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. The prices of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility. The use of derivatives may also increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. Other risks arise from our potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund's derivatives positions at any time. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (those investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivative transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about the risks of derivatives, see the statement of additional information (SAI). * Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, we may make other investments, such as investments in preferred stocks, convertible securities and debt securities, which may be subject to other risks, as described in the SAI. * Alternative strategies. Under normal market conditions, we keep the fund's portfolio fully invested, with minimal cash holdings. However, at times we may judge that market conditions make pursuing the fund's usual investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders. We then may temporarily use alternative strategies that are mainly designed to limit losses, including investing solely in the United States. We may choose, however, not to use these strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal. * Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund's goal, investment strategies and other policies without shareholder approval, except as otherwise indicated. Who manages the fund? The fund's Trustees oversee the general conduct of the fund's business. The Trustees have retained Putnam Management to be the fund's investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for the fund and managing the fund's other affairs and business. The fund pays Putnam Management a quarterly management fee for these services based on the fund's average net assets. The fund paid Putnam Management a management fee of 0.60% of average net assets for the fund's last fiscal year. Putnam Management's address is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109. The following officers of Putnam Management have had primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the fund's portfolio since the years shown below. Their experience as portfolio managers or investment analysts over at least the last five years is shown. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Manager Since Experience ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Omid Kamshad 1996 1996 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Justin M. Scott 1991 1988 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Joshua L. Byrne 2000 1993 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Simon Davis 2000 2000 - Present Putnam Management Senior Vice President Prior to Sept. 2000 Deutsche asset Management ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Stephen S. Oler 2000 1997 - Present Putnam Management Senior Vice President Prior to June 1997 Templeton Investments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How does the fund price its shares? The price of the fund's shares is based on its net asset value (NAV). The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange each day the exchange is open. The fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values short-term investments that will mature within 60 days at amortized cost, which approximates market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value. The fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund's NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the New York Stock Exchange, the value of the fund's shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. If events materially affecting the values of the fund's foreign investments occur between the close of foreign markets and the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, these investments will be valued at their fair value. How do I buy fund shares? You can open a fund account with as little as $500 and make additional investments at any time with as little as $50 ($15 through systematic investing). The fund sells its shares at the offering price, which is the NAV plus any applicable sales charge. Your financial advisor or Putnam Investor Services generally must receive your completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange for your shares to be bought at that day's offering price. You can buy shares: * Through a financial advisor. Your advisor will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services, and may charge you for his or her services. * Through systematic investing. You can make regular investments of $15 or more per month through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account. Application forms are available through your advisor or Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. * Subsequent investments via the Internet. If you have an existing Putnam fund account and you have completed and returned an Electronic Investment Authorization Form, you can buy additional shares online at www.putnaminvestments.com. For more information, contact your advisor or Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. You may also complete an order form and write a check for the amount you wish to invest, payable to the fund. Return the check and completed form to Putnam Investor Services. The fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if the fund determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders. WHICH CLASS OF SHARES IS BEST FOR ME? This prospectus offers you a choice of four classes of fund shares: A, B, C and M. This allows you to choose among different types of sales charges and different levels of ongoing operating expenses, as illustrated in the "Fees and expenses" section. The class of shares that is best for you depends on a number of factors, including the amount you plan to invest and how long you plan to hold the shares. Here is a summary of the differences among the classes of shares: Class A shares * Initial sales charge of up to 5.75% * Lower sales charge for investments of $50,000 or more * No deferred sales charge (except on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge) * Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B, C or M shares because of lower 12b-1 fee Class B shares * No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work for you * Deferred sales charge of up to 5.00% if you sell shares within six years of purchase * Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or M shares because of higher 12b-1 fee * Convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, reducing the future 12b-1 fee (may convert sooner in some cases) * Orders for one or more funds totaling $250,000 or more per day and cumulative orders of $1,000,000 or more in accounts eligible to purchase class A shares with reduced or no initial sales charge under a right of accumulation will be treated as orders for class A shares or refused Class C shares * No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work for you * Deferred sales charge of 1.00% if you sell shares within one year of purchase * Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or M shares because of higher 12b-1 fee * No conversion to class A shares, so future 12b-1 fee does not decrease Class M shares * Initial sales charge of up to 3.50% * Lower sales charge for investments of $50,000 or more * No deferred sales charge (except on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge) * Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B or C shares because of lower 12b-1 fee * Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fee * No conversion to class A shares, so future 12b-1 fee does not decrease Initial sales charges for class A and M shares ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class A sales charge Class M sales charge as a percentage of: as a percentage of: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Amount of purchase Net amount Offering Net amount Offering at offering price ($) invested price* invested price* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under 50,000 6.10% 5.75% 3.63% 3.50% 50,000 but under 100,000 4.71 4.50 2.56 2.50 100,000 but under 250,000 3.63 3.50 1.52 1.50 250,000 but under 500,000 2.56 2.50 1.01 1.00 500,000 but under 1,000,000 2.04 2.00 NONE NONE 1,000,000 and above NONE NONE NONE NONE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Offering price includes sales charge. Deferred sales charges for class B, class C and certain class A and class M shares. If you sell (redeem) class B shares within six years of purchase, you will generally pay a deferred sales charge according to the following schedule. Year after purchase 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Charge 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 1% 0% A deferred sales charge of 1% will apply to class C shares if redeemed within one year of purchase. A deferred sales charge of up to 1% may apply to class A shares purchased without an initial sales charge if redeemed within two years of purchase. A deferred sales charge of 0.65% may apply to class M shares purchased without a sales charge if redeemed within one year of purchase. Deferred sales charges will be based on the lower of the shares' cost and current NAV. Shares not subject to any charge will be redeemed first, followed by shares held longest. You may sell shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions without a charge at any time. * You may be eligible for reductions and waivers of sales charges. Sales charges may be reduced or waived under certain circumstances and for certain groups. Information about reductions and waivers of sales charges is included in the SAI. You may consult your financial advisor or Putnam Retail Management for assistance. * Distribution (12b-1) plans. The fund has adopted distribution plans to pay for the marketing of fund shares and for services provided to shareholders. The plans provide for payments at annual rates (based on average net assets) of up to 0.35% on class A shares and 1.00% on class B, class C and class M shares. The Trustees currently limit payments on class A and class M shares to 0.25% and 0.75% of average net assets, respectively. Because these fees are paid out of the fund's assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment. The higher fees for class B, class C and class M shares may cost you more than paying the initial sales charge for class A shares. Because class C and class M shares, unlike class B shares, do not convert to class A shares, class C and class M shares may cost you more over time than class B shares. How do I sell fund shares? You can sell your shares back to the fund any day the New York Stock Exchange is open, either through your financial advisor or directly to the fund. Payment for redemption may be delayed until the fund collects the purchase price of shares, which may be up to 15 calendar days after the purchase date. * Selling shares through your financial advisor. Your advisor must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange for you to receive that day's NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge. Your advisor will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services on a timely basis and may charge you for his or her services. * Selling shares directly to the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange in order to receive that day's NAV, less any applicable sales charge By mail. Send a letter of instruction signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives to Putnam Investor Services. If you have certificates for the shares you want to sell, you must include them along with completed stock power forms. By telephone. You may use Putnam's telephone redemption privilege to redeem shares valued at less than $100,000 unless you have notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the preceding 15 days, in which case other requirements may apply. Unless you indicate otherwise on the account application, Putnam Investor Services will be authorized to accept redemption instructions received by telephone. The telephone redemption privilege is not available if there are certificates for your shares. The telephone redemption privilege may be modified or terminated without notice. * Additional requirements. In certain situations, for example, if you sell shares with a value of $100,000 or more, the signatures of all registered owners or their legal representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or certain other financial institutions. In addition, Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documents for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner. For more information concerning Putnam's signature guarantee and documentation requirements, contact Putnam Investor Services. * When will the fund pay me? The fund generally sends you payment for your shares the business day after your request is received. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. * Redemption by the fund. If you own fewer shares than the minimum set by the Trustees (presently 20 shares), the fund may redeem your shares without your permission and send you the proceeds. The fund may also redeem shares if you own more than a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently no maximum, but the Trustees could set a maximum that would apply to both present and future shareholders. How do I exchange fund shares? If you want to switch your investment from one Putnam fund to another, you can exchange your fund shares for shares of the same class of another Putnam fund at NAV. Not all Putnam funds offer all classes of shares or are open to new investors. If you exchange shares subject to a deferred sales charge, the transaction will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when you originally purchased the shares. The deferred sales charge will be computed using the schedule of any fund into or from which you have exchanged your shares that would result in your paying the highest deferred sales charge applicable to your class of shares. For purposes of computing the deferred sales charge, the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date of original purchase and will not be affected by any subsequent exchanges among funds. To exchange your shares, complete and return an Exchange Authorization Form, which is available from Putnam Investor Services. A telephone exchange privilege is currently available for amounts up to $500,000. The telephone exchange privilege is not available if the fund issued certificates for your shares. You may also exchange shares via the Internet at www.putnaminvestments.com. Ask your financial advisor or Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other Putnam funds. Some Putnam funds are not available in all states. The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term trading. Excessive exchange activity may interfere with portfolio management and have an adverse effect on all shareholders. In order to limit excessive exchange activity and otherwise to promote the best interests of the fund, the fund reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Consult Putnam Investor Services before requesting an exchange. Fund distributions and taxes The fund normally distributes any net investment income and any net realized capital gains annually. You may choose to: * reinvest all distributions in additional shares; * receive any distributions from net investment income in cash while reinvesting capital gains distributions in additional shares; or * receive all distributions in cash. If you do not select an option when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested. If you do not cash a distribution check within a specified period or notify Putnam Investor Services to issue a new check, the distribution will be reinvested in the fund. You will not receive any interest on uncashed distribution or redemption checks. Similarly, if any correspondence sent by the fund or Putnam Investor Services is returned as "undeliverable," fund distributions will automatically be reinvested in the fund or in another Putnam fund. For federal income tax purposes, distributions of investment income are taxable as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long you have owned your shares. Distributions are taxable to you even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund before your investment (and thus were included in the price you paid). Distributions of gains from investments that the fund owned for more than one year are taxable as capital gains. Distributions of gains from investments that the fund owned for one year or less are taxable as ordinary income. Distributions are taxable whether you receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares. The fund's investments in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In that case, the fund's return on those investments would be decreased. Shareholders may be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to foreign taxes. In addition, the fund's investment in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of your shares will generally also be subject to tax. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes. Financial highlights The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand a fund's recent financial performance. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. The total returns represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. This information has been derived from the fund's financial statements, which have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Its report and the fund's financial statements are included in the fund's annual report to shareholders, which is available upon request.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (For a common share outstanding throughout the period) CLASS A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Per-share operating performance Year ended June 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, beginning of period $29.92 $21.64 $20.00 $17.58 $14.25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investment operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net investment income (a) .16 .54 .07 .20 .15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments (6.64) 8.87 2.14 3.26 3.39 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total from investment operations (6.48) 9.41 2.21 3.46 3.54 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Less distributions: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net investment income (.39) (.34) (.21) (.25) (.15) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net realized gain on investments (1.81) (.79) (.36) (.79) (.06) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From return of capital -- (d) -- -- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total distributions (2.20) (1.13) (.57) (1.04) (.21) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, end of period $21.24 $29.92 $21.64 $20.00 $17.58 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total return at net asset value (%)(b) (22.43) 44.03 11.57 20.73 25.13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratios and supplemental data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net assets, end of period (in thousands) $6,896,924 $7,040,669 $2,928,662 $1,827,331 $728,849 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%)(c) 1.13 1.14 1.27 1.36 1.59 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of net investment income to average net assets (%) .63 2.01 .38 1.07 .98 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Portfolio turnover (%) 73.80 99.53 97.24 93.53 86.40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) Per share net investment income has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. (b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges. (c) Includes amounts paid through expense offset and brokerage service arrangements. (d) Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (For a common share outstanding throughout the period) CLASS B ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Per-share operating performance Year ended June 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, beginning of period $29.23 $21.20 $19.63 $17.32 $14.10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investment operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net investment income (loss)(a) (.04) .35 (.07) .06 .03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments (6.46) 8.67 2.10 3.21 3.34 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total from investment operations (6.50) 9.02 2.03 3.27 3.37 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Less distributions: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net investment income (.20) (.20) (.10) (.17) (.09) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net realized gain on investments (1.81) (.79) (.36) (.79) (.06) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From return of capital -- (d) -- -- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total distributions (2.01) (.99) (.46) (.96) (.15) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, end of period $20.72 $29.23 $21.20 $19.63 $17.32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total return at net asset value (%)(b) (23.00) 43.00 10.75 19.87 24.09 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratios and supplemental data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net assets, end of period (in thousands) $2,983,524 $3,591,546 $1,821,024 $1,226,917 $472,663 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%)(c) 1.88 1.89 2.02 2.11 2.34 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%) (.16) 1.26 (.38) .31 .18 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Portfolio turnover (%) 73.80 99.53 97.24 93.53 86.40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. (b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges. (c) Includes amounts paid through expense offset and brokerage service arrangements. (d) Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (For a common share outstanding throughout the period) CLASS C ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For the period Per-share Year ended July 26, 1999+ operating performance June 30 to June 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2001 2000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, beginning of period $29.74 $21.87 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investment operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net investment income (loss)(a) (.02) .32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments (6.59) 8.66 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total from investment operations (6.61) 8.98 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Less distributions: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net investment income (.29) (.32) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net realized gain on investments (1.81) (.79) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From return of capital -- (d) -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total distributions (2.10) (1.11) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, end of period $21.03 $29.74 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total return at net asset value (%)(b) (23.01) 41.54 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratios and supplemental data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net assets, end of period (in thousands) $637,547 $439,522 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%)(c) 1.88 1.76 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%) (.07) 1.12 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Portfolio turnover (%) 73.80 99.53 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Commencement of operations. * Not annualized. (a) Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. (b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges. (c) Includes amounts paid through expense offset and brokerage service arrangements. (d) Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (For a common share outstanding throughout the period) CLASS M ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Per-share operating performance Year ended June 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, beginning of period $29.61 $21.45 $19.85 $17.48 $14.22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investment operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net investment income (loss)(a) .03 .40 (.02) .10 .07 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments (6.54) 8.79 2.11 3.26 3.36 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total from investment operations (6.51) 9.19 2.09 3.36 3.43 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Less distributions: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net investment income (.25) (.24) (.13) (.20) (.11) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net realized gain on investments (1.81) (.79) (.36) (.79) (.06) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From return of capital -- (d) -- -- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total distributions (2.06) (1.03) (.49) (.99) (.17) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, end of period $21.04 $29.61 $21.45 $19.85 $17.48 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total return at net asset value (%)(b) (22.75) 43.32 10.97 20.18 24.40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratios and supplemental data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net assets, end of period (in thousands) $302,838 $367,638 $208,064 $140,202 $58,471 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%)(c) 1.63 1.64 1.77 1.86 2.09 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%) .11 1.51 (.12) .54 .44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Portfolio turnover (%) 73.80 99.53 97.24 93.53 86.40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. (b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges. (c) Includes amounts paid through expense offset and brokerage service arrangements. (d) Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.
Make the most of your Putnam privileges As a Putnam mutual fund shareholder, you have access to a number of services that can help you build a more effective and flexible financial program. Here are some of the ways you can use these privileges to make the most of your Putnam mutual fund investment. * SYSTEMATIC INVESTMENT PLAN Invest as much as you wish ($25 or more) on any business day of the month except for the 29th, 30th or 31st. The amount you choose will be automatically transferred each month from your checking or savings account. * SYSTEMATIC WITHDRAWAL Make regular withdrawals of $50 or more monthly, quarterly, or semiannually from your Putnam mutual fund account valued at $10,000 or more. Your automatic withdrawal may be made on any business day of the month except for the 29th, 30th or 31st. * SYSTEMATIC EXCHANGE Transfer assets automatically from one Putnam account to another on a regular, prearranged basis. There is no additional charge for this service. * FREE EXCHANGE PRIVILEGE Exchange money between Putnam funds in the same class of shares without charge. The exchange privilege allows you to adjust your investments as your objectives change. A signature guarantee is required for exchanges of more than $500,000 and shares of all Putnam funds may not be available to all investors. * DIVIDENDS PLUS Diversify your portfolio by investing dividends and other distributions from one Putnam fund automatically into another at net asset value. * STATEMENT OF INTENTION To reduce a front-end sales charge, you may agree to invest a minimum dollar amount over 13 months. Depending on your fund, the minimum is $25,000, $50,000, or $100,000. Whenever you make an investment under this arrangement, you or your investment advisor should notify Putnam Investor Services that a Statement of Intention is in effect. Investors may not maintain, within the same fund, simultaneous plans for systematic investment or exchange (into the fund) and systematic withdrawal or exchange (out of the fund). These privileges are subject to change or termination. Many of these services can be accessed online at www.putnaminvestments.com. For more information about any of these services and privileges, call your investment advisor or a Putnam customer service representative toll free at 1-800-225-1581. For more information about Putnam International Growth Fund The fund's statement of additional information (SAI) and annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders include additional information about the fund. The SAI, and the independent accountant's report and financial statements included in the fund's most recent annual report to its shareholders, are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means they are part of this prospectus for legal purposes. The fund's annual report discusses the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund's performance during its last fiscal year. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about any Putnam fund, or make shareholder inquiries, by contacting your financial advisor, by visiting Putnam's Internet site, or by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-225-1581. You may review and copy information about the fund, including its SAI, at the Securities and Exchange Commission's public reference room in Washington, D.C. You may call the Commission at 1-202-942-8090 for information about the operation of the public reference room. You may also access reports and other information about the fund on the EDGAR Database on the Commission's Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov., or by writing the Commission's Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. You may need to refer to the fund's file number. PUTNAM INVESTMENTS One Post Office Square Boston, Massachusetts 02109 1-800-225-1581 Address correspondence to Putnam Investor Services P.O. Box 41203 Providence, Rhode Island 02940-1203 www.putnaminvestments.com File No. 811-6190 NP009 73732 10/01 Prospectus October 30, 2001 Putnam International Growth Fund Class A shares -- for eligible retirement plans Investment Category: Growth This prospectus explains what you should know about this mutual fund before you invest. Please read it carefully. This prospectus only offers class A shares of the fund without a sales charge to eligible retirement plans. Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management), which has managed mutual funds since 1937, manages the fund. These securities have not been approved or disapproved by the Securities and Exchange Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any statement to the contrary is a crime. CONTENTS 2 Fund summary 2 Goal 2 Main investment strategies 2 Main risks 3 Performance information 3 Fees and expenses 4 What are the fund's main investment strategies and related risks? 7 Who manages the fund? 8 How does the fund price its shares? 9 How do I buy fund shares? 9 How do I sell fund shares? 10 How do I exchange fund shares? 10 Fund distributions and taxes 11 Financial highlights Putnam Defined Contribution Plans [SCALE LOGO OMITTED] Fund summary GOAL The fund seeks capital appreciation. MAIN INVESTMENT STRATEGIES -- INTERNATIONAL STOCKS We invest mainly in common stocks of companies outside the United States. We first select the countries and industries we believe are attractive, then we look for companies that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size. Although we emphasize investments in developed countries, we may also invest in companies located in developing (also known as emerging) markets. MAIN RISKS The main risks that could adversely affect the value of the fund's shares and the total return on your investment include: * The risks of investing outside the United States, such as currency fluctuations, economic or financial instability, lack of timely or reliable financial information or unfavorable political or legal developments. These risks are increased for investments in emerging markets. * The risk that the stock price of one or more of the companies in the fund's portfolio will fall, or will fail to rise. Many factors can adversely affect a stock's performance, including both general financial market conditions and factors related to a specific company or industry. This risk is generally greater for small and midsized companies, which tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments. * The risk that movements in financial markets will adversely affect the price of the fund's investments, regardless of how well the companies in which we invest perform. You can lose money by investing in the fund. The fund may not achieve its goal, and is not intended as a complete investment program. An investment in the fund is not a deposit in a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. PERFORMANCE INFORMATION The following information provides some indication of the fund's risks. The chart shows year-to-year changes in the performance of the fund's class A shares. The table following the chart compares the fund's performance to that of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, a fund's past performance is not an indication of future performance. [GRAPHIC OMITTED: vertical bar chart CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL RETURNS] CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL RETURNS 1992 -3.77% 1993 43.99% 1994 0.17% 1995 13.97% 1996 16.12% 1997 17.78% 1998 18.95% 1999 60.77% 2000 -9.06% Year-to-date performance through 9/30/01 was -25.95%. During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a quarter was 35.66% (quarter ending 12/31/99) and the lowest return for a quarter was -19.05% (quarter ending 9/30/98). Average Annual Total Returns (for periods ending 12/31/00) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Since Past Past inception 1 year 5 years (2/28/91) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class A -9.06% 18.92% 14.76% MSCI EAFE Index -14.17% 7.13% 6.92% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class A share performance reflects the waiver of sales charges for purchases through eligible retirement plans. The fund's share performance through 6/30/95 benefited from Putnam Management's agreement to limit the fund's expenses. The fund's performance is compared to the MSCI EAFE Index, an unmanaged index of equity securities listed on the stock exchanges of Europe, Australasia and the Far East, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. FEES AND EXPENSES This table summarizes the fees and expenses you may pay if you invest in class A shares of the fund. Expenses are based on the fund's last fiscal year. Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maximum Sales Charge (Load) NONE Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) 0.75%* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that are deducted from fund assets) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Distribution Total Annual Management (12b-1) Other Fund Operating Fees Fees Expenses Expenses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class A 0.60% 0.25% 0.28% 1.13% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * The deferred sales charge is applicable only to a plan that redeems 90% or more of its cumulative purchases within two years of its initial purchase, and only if Putnam Retail Management paid a commission on the plan's purchases. EXAMPLE The example translates the expenses shown in the preceding table into dollar amounts. By doing this, you can more easily compare the cost of investing in the fund to the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example makes certain assumptions. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods shown and then redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It also assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund's operating expenses remain the same. The example is hypothetical; your actual costs and returns may be higher or lower. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class A $190 $359 $622 $1,375 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ What are the fund's main investment strategies and related risks? Any investment carries with it some level of risk that generally reflects its potential for reward. We pursue the fund's goal by investing mainly in stocks issued by companies outside the United States. Under normal market conditions, we invest at least 65% of the fund's total assets in the equity securities of companies located in at least three countries other than the United States. To determine whether a company is located outside of the United States, we look at the following factors: where the company's securities trade, where the company is located or organized, or where the company derives its revenues or profits. We will consider, among other factors, a company's valuation, financial strength, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. A description of the risks associated with the fund's main investment strategies follows. * Common stocks. Common stock represents an ownership interest in a company. The value of a company's stock may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company's products or services. A stock's value may also fall because of factors affecting not just the company, but also companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries, such as increases in production costs. The value of a company's stock may also be affected by changes in financial markets that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates. In addition, a company's stock generally pays dividends only after the company invests in its own business and makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of a company's stock will usually react more strongly than its bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company's financial condition or prospects. Stocks of smaller companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies. Stocks of companies we believe are fast-growing may trade at a higher multiple of current earnings than other stocks. The value of such stocks may be more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings than the values of other stocks. If our assessment of the prospects for a company's earnings growth is wrong, or if our judgment of how other investors will value the company's earnings growth is wrong, then the price of the company's stock may fall or not approach the value that we have placed on it. Seeking earnings growth may result in significant investments in the technology sector, which may be subject to greater volatility than other sectors of the economy. Companies we believe are undergoing positive change and whose stock we believe is undervalued by the market may have experienced adverse business developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If our assessment of a company's prospects is wrong, or if other investors do not similarly recognize the value of the company, then the price of the company's stock may fall or may not approach the value that we have placed on it. * Foreign investments. Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including: Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. * Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, imposition of restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases. * Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in the United States. * Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States. * Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund's foreign investments. * Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments. * Lower yield: Common stocks of foreign companies have historically offered lower dividends than stocks of comparable U.S. companies. Foreign withholding taxes may further reduce the amount of income available to distribute to shareholders of the fund. The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in less developed countries, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be changing rapidly, which can cause instability. These countries are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation, deflation or currency devaluation, which could hurt their economies and securities markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative. Certain of these risks may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations. * Derivatives. We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, warrants and swap contracts. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. However, we may also choose not to use derivatives, based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. The prices of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility. Other risks arise from our potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund's derivatives positions at any time. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (those investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivative transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about the risks of derivatives, see the statement of additional information (SAI). * Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, we may make other investments, such as investments in preferred stocks, convertible securities and debt securities, which may be subject to other risks, as described in the SAI. * Alternative strategies. Under normal market conditions, we keep the fund's portfolio fully invested, with minimal cash holdings. However, at times we may judge that market conditions make pursuing the fund's usual investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders. We then may temporarily use alternative strategies that are mainly designed to limit losses, including investing solely in the United States. We may choose, however, not to use these strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal. * Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund's goal, investment strategies and other policies without shareholder approval, except as otherwise indicated. Who manages the fund? The fund's Trustees oversee the general conduct of the fund's business. The Trustees have retained Putnam Management to be the fund's investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for the fund and managing the fund's other affairs and business. The fund pays Putnam Management a quarterly management fee for these services based on the fund's average net assets. The fund paid Putnam Management a management fee of 0.60% of average net assets for the fund's last fiscal year. Putnam Management's address is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109. The following officers of Putnam Management have had primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the fund's portfolio since the years shown below. Their experience as portfolio managers or investment analysts over at least the last five years is shown. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Manager Since Experience --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Omid Kamshad 1996 1996 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Justin M. Scott 1991 1988 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Joshua L. Byrne 2000 1993 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simon Davis 2000 2000 - Present Putnam Management Senior Vice President Prior to Deutsche Asset September 2000 Management --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stephen S. Oler 2000 1997 - Present Putnam Management Senior Vice President Prior to June 1997 Templeton Investments --------------------------------------------------------------------------- How does the fund price its shares? The price of the fund's shares is based on its net asset value (NAV). The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange each day the exchange is open. The fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values short-term investments that will mature within 60 days at amortized cost, which approximates market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value. The fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund's NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the New York Stock Exchange, the value of the fund's shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. If events materially affecting the values of the fund's foreign investments occur between the close of foreign markets and the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, these investments will be valued at their fair value. How do I buy fund shares? All orders to purchase shares must be made through your employer's retirement plan. For more information about how to purchase shares of the fund through your employer's plan or limitations on the amount that may be purchased, please consult your employer. Putnam Retail Management generally must receive your plan's completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange for shares to be bought at that day's offering price. To eliminate the need for safekeeping, the fund will not issue certificates for shares. The fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if Putnam Management determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders. * Distribution (12b-1) plan. The fund has adopted a distribution plan to pay for the marketing of class A shares and for services provided to shareholders. The plan provides for payments at an annual rate (based on average net assets) of up to 0.35%. The Trustees currently limit payments on class A shares to 0.25% of average net assets. Because the fees are paid out of the fund's assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment. * Eligible retirement plans. An employer-sponsored retirement plan is eligible to purchase class A shares without an initial sales charge through this prospectus if it invests at least $1 million in class A shares. A deferred sales charge of up to 0.75% will apply if the plan redeems 90% or more of its cumulative purchases within two years of the plan's initial purchase of class A shares, and only if Putnam Retail Management paid a commission on the plan's purchase. How do I sell fund shares? Subject to any restrictions imposed by your employer's plan, you can sell your shares through the plan back to the fund any day the New York Stock Exchange is open. For more information about how to sell shares of the fund through your employer's plan, including any charges that the plan may impose, please consult your employer. Your plan administrator must send a signed letter of instruction to Putnam Investor Services. The price you will receive is the next NAV per share calculated after the fund receives the instruction in proper form. In order to receive that day's NAV, Putnam Investor Services must receive the instruction before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The fund generally sends payment for your shares the business day after your request is received. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. How do I exchange fund shares? Subject to any restrictions your plan imposes, you can exchange your fund shares for shares of other Putnam funds offered through your employer's plan without a sales charge. Contact your plan administrator or Putnam Investor Services for more information. The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term trading. Excessive exchange activity may interfere with portfolio management and have an adverse effect on all shareholders. In order to limit excessive exchange activity and otherwise to promote the best interests of the fund, the fund reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Fund distributions and taxes The fund normally distributes any net investment income and any net realized capital gains annually. The terms of your employer's plan will govern how your employer's plan may receive distributions from the fund. Generally, periodic distributions from the fund to your employer's plan are reinvested in additional fund shares, although your employer's plan may permit you to receive fund distributions from net investment income in cash while reinvesting capital gains distributions in additional shares or to receive all fund distributions in cash. If you do not select another option, all distributions will be reinvested in additional fund shares. Generally, for federal income tax purposes, fund distributions are taxable as ordinary income, except that any distributions of long-term capital gains will be taxed as such regardless of how long you have held your shares. However, distributions by the fund to retirement plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under federal income tax laws will not be taxable. Special tax rules apply to investments through such plans. You should consult your tax advisor to determine the suitability of the fund as an investment through such a plan and the tax treatment of distributions (including distributions of amounts attributable to an investment in the fund) from such a plan. The fund's investments in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In that case, the fund's return on those investments would be decreased. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes. Financial highlights The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand a fund's recent financial performance. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. The total returns represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. This information has been derived from the fund's financial statements, which have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Its report and the fund's financial statements are included in the fund's annual report to shareholders, which is available upon request.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (For a common share outstanding throughout the period) CLASS A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Per-share operating performance Year ended June 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, beginning of period $29.92 $21.64 $20.00 $17.58 $14.25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investment operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net investment income (a) .16 .54 .07 .20 .15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments (6.64) 8.87 2.14 3.26 3.39 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total from investment operations (6.48) 9.41 2.21 3.46 3.54 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Less distributions: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net investment income (.39) (.34) (.21) (.25) (.15) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net realized gain on investments (1.81) (.79) (.36) (.79) (.06) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From return of capital -- (d) -- -- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total distributions (2.20) (1.13) (.57) (1.04) (.21) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, end of period $21.24 $29.92 $21.64 $20.00 $17.58 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total return at net asset value (%)(b) (22.43) 44.03 11.57 20.73 25.13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratios and supplemental data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net assets, end of period (in thousands) $6,896,924 $7,040,669 $2,928,662 $1,827,331 $728,849 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%)(c) 1.13 1.14 1.27 1.36 1.59 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of net investment income to average net assets (%) .63 2.01 .38 1.07 .98 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Portfolio turnover (%) 73.80 99.53 97.24 93.53 86.40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) Per share net investment income has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. (b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges. (c) Includes amounts paid through expense offset and brokerage service arrangements. (d) Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.
[This page left intentionally blank] [This page left intentionally blank] [This page left intentionally blank] For more information about Putnam International Growth Fund The fund's statement of additional information (SAI) and annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders include additional information about the fund. The SAI, and the independent accountant's report and financial statements included in the fund's most recent annual report to its shareholders, are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means they are part of this prospectus for legal purposes. The fund's annual report discusses the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund's performance during its last fiscal year. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about the fund and other Putnam funds, or make shareholder inquiries, by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-752-9894. You may review and copy information about the fund, including its SAI, at the Securities and Exchange Commission's public reference room in Washington, D.C. You may call the Commission at 1-202-942-8090 for information about the operation of the public reference room. You may also access reports and other information about the fund on the EDGAR Database on the Commission's Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov., or by writing the Commission's Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. You may need to refer to the fund's file number. PUTNAM INVESTMENTS Putnam Defined Contribution Plans One Post Office Square Boston, Massachusetts 02109 1-800-752-9894 Address correspondence to Putnam Investor Services P.O. Box 9740 Providence, Rhode Island 02940-9740 www.putnaminvestments.com 76058 10/01 File No. 811-6190 Prospectus October 30, 2001 Putnam International Growth Fund Class Y shares Investment Category: Growth This prospectus explains what you should know about this mutual fund before you invest. Please read it carefully. Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management), which has managed mutual funds since 1937, manages the fund. These securities have not been approved or disapproved by the Securities and Exchange Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any statement to the contrary is a crime. CONTENTS 2 Fund summary 2 Goal 2 Main investment strategies 2 Main risks 3 Performance information 4 Fees and expenses 4 What are the fund's main investment strategies and related risks? 7 Who manages the fund? 8 How does the fund price its shares? 9 How do I buy fund shares? 9 How do I sell fund shares? 10 How do I exchange fund shares? 10 Fund distributions and taxes 11 Financial highlights Putnam Defined Contribution Plans [SCALE LOGO OMITTED] Fund summary GOAL The fund seeks capital appreciation. MAIN INVESTMENT STRATEGIES -- INTERNATIONAL STOCKS We invest mainly in common stocks of companies outside the United States. We first select the countries and industries we believe are attractive, then we look for companies that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size. Although we emphasize investments in developed countries, we may also invest in companies located in developing (also known as emerging) markets. MAIN RISKS The main risks that could adversely affect the value of the fund's shares and the total return on your investment include: * The risks of investing outside the United States, such as currency fluctuations, economic or financial instability, lack of timely or reliable financial information or unfavorable political or legal developments. These risks are increased for investments in emerging markets. * The risk that the stock price of one or more of the companies in the fund's portfolio will fall, or will fail to rise. Many factors can adversely affect a stock's performance, including both general financial market conditions and factors related to a specific company or industry. This risk is generally greater for small and midsized companies, which tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments. * The risk that movements in financial markets will adversely affect the price of the fund's investments, regardless of how well the companies in which we invest perform. You can lose money by investing in the fund. The fund may not achieve its goal, and is not intended as a complete investment program. An investment in the fund is not a deposit in a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. PERFORMANCE INFORMATION The following information provides some indication of the fund's risks. The chart shows year-to-year changes in the performance of the fund's class Y shares. The table following the chart compares the fund's performance to that of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, a fund's past performance is not an indication of future performance. [GRAPHIC OMITTED: vertical bar chart CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL RETURNS] CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL RETURNS 1992 -3.77% 1993 43.99% 1994 0.17% 1995 13.97% 1996 16.43% 1997 17.94% 1998 19.25% 1999 61.19% 2000 -8.84% Year-to-date performance through 9/30/01 was -25.81%. During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a quarter was 35.77% (quarter ending 12/31/99) and the lowest return for a quarter was -19.00% (quarter ending 9/30/98). Performance of class Y shares in the bar chart and table following the chart, for periods prior to their inception on 7/12/96, is derived from the historical performance of class A shares (not offered by this prospectus). Performance of class Y shares prior to their inception does not reflect the initial sales charge currently applicable to class A shares or differences in operating expenses which, for class Y shares, are lower than the operating expenses applicable to class A shares. Average Annual Total Returns (for periods ending 12/31/00) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Since Past Past inception 1 year 5 years (2/28/91) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class Y -8.84% 19.20% 14.89% MSCI EAFE -14.17% 7.13% 6.92% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The fund's share performance through 6/30/95 benefited from Putnam Management's agreement to limit the fund's expenses. The fund's performance is compared to the MSCI EAFE Index, an unmanaged index of equity securities listed on the stock exchanges of Europe, Australasia and the Far East, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. FEES AND EXPENSES This table summarizes the fees and expenses you may pay if you invest in class Y shares of the fund. Expenses are based on the fund's last fiscal year. Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that are deducted from fund assets) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total Annual Management Other Fund Operating Fees Expenses Expenses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class Y 0.60% 0.28% 0.88% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXAMPLE The example translates the expenses shown in the preceding table into dollar amounts. By doing this, you can more easily compare the cost of investing in the fund to the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example makes certain assumptions. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods shown and then redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It also assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund's operating expenses remain the same. The example is hypothetical; your actual costs and returns may be higher or lower. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class Y $90 $281 $488 $1,084 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ What are the fund's main investment strategies and related risks? Any investment carries with it some level of risk that generally reflects its potential for reward. We pursue the fund's goal by investing mainly in stocks issued by companies outside the United States. Under normal market conditions, we invest at least 65% of the fund's total assets in the equity securities of companies located in at least three countries other than the United States. To determine whether a company is located outside of the United States, we look at the following factors: where the company's securities trade, where the company is located or organized, or where the company derives its revenues or profits. We will consider, among other factors, a company's valuation, financial strength, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. A description of the risks associated with the fund's main investment strategies follows. * Common stocks. Common stock represents an ownership interest in a company. The value of a company's stock may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company's products or services. A stock's value may also fall because of factors affecting not just the company, but also companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries, such as increases in production costs. The value of a company's stock may also be affected by changes in financial markets that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates. In addition, a company's stock generally pays dividends only after the company invests in its own business and makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of a company's stock will usually react more strongly than its bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company's financial condition or prospects. Stocks of smaller companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies. Stocks of companies we believe are fast-growing may trade at a higher multiple of current earnings than other stocks. The value of such stocks may be more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings than the values of other stocks. If our assessment of the prospects for a company's earnings growth is wrong, or if our judgment of how other investors will value the company's earnings growth is wrong, then the price of the company's stock may fall or not approach the value that we have placed on it. Seeking earnings growth may result in significant investments in the technology sector, which may be subject to greater volatility than other sectors of the economy. Companies we believe are undergoing positive change and whose stock we believe is undervalued by the market may have experienced adverse business developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If our assessment of a company's prospects is wrong, or if other investors do not similarly recognize the value of the company, then the price of the company's stock may fall or may not approach the value that we have placed on it. * Foreign investments. Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including: * Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. * Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, imposition of restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases. * Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in the United States. * Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States. * Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund's foreign investments. * Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments. * Lower yield: Common stocks of foreign companies have historically offered lower dividends than stocks of comparable U.S. companies. Foreign withholding taxes may further reduce the amount of income available to distribute to shareholders of the fund. The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in less developed countries, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be changing rapidly, which can cause instability. These countries are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation, deflation or currency devaluation, which could hurt their economies and securities markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative. Certain of these risks may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations. * Derivatives. We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, warrants and swap contracts. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. However, we may also choose not to use derivatives, based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. The prices of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility. Other risks arise from our potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund's derivatives positions at any time. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (those investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivative transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about the risks of derivatives, see the statement of additional information (SAI). * Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, we may make other investments, such as investments in preferred stocks, convertible securities and debt securities, which may be subject to other risks, as described in the SAI. * Alternative strategies. Under normal market conditions, we keep the fund's portfolio fully invested, with minimal cash holdings. However, at times we may judge that market conditions make pursuing the fund's usual investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders. We then may temporarily use alternative strategies that are mainly designed to limit losses, including investing solely in the United States. We may choose, however, not to use these strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal. * Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund's goal, investment strategies and other policies without shareholder approval, except as otherwise indicated. Who manages the fund? The fund's Trustees oversee the general conduct of the fund's business. The Trustees have retained Putnam Management to be the fund's investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for the fund and managing the fund's other affairs and business. The fund pays Putnam Management a quarterly management fee for these services based on the fund's average net assets. The fund paid Putnam Management a management fee of 0.60% of average net assets for the fund's last fiscal year. Putnam Management's address is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109. The following officers of Putnam Management have had primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the fund's portfolio since the years shown below. Their experience as portfolio managers or investment analysts over at least the last five years is shown. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Manager Since Experience ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Omid Kamshad 1996 1996 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Justin M. Scott 1991 1988 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Joshua L. Byrne 2000 1993 - Present Putnam Management Managing Director ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Simon Davis 2000 2000 - Present Putnam Management Senior Vice President Prior to Sept. 2000 Deutsche Asset Management ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Stephen S. Oler 2000 1997 - Present Putnam Management Senior Vice President Prior to June 1997 Templeton Investments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How does the fund price its shares? The price of the fund's shares is based on its net asset value (NAV). The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange each day the exchange is open. The fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values short-term investments that will mature within 60 days at amortized cost, which approximates market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value. The fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund's NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the New York Stock Exchange, the value of the fund's shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. If events materially affecting the values of the fund's foreign investments occur between the close of foreign markets and the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, these investments will be valued at their fair value. How do I buy fund shares? All orders to purchase shares must be made through your employer's retirement plan. For more information about how to purchase shares of the fund through your employer's plan or limitations on the amount that may be purchased, please consult your employer. Putnam Retail Management generally must receive your plan's completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange for shares to be bought at that day's offering price. To eliminate the need for safekeeping, the fund will not issue certificates for shares. The fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if Putnam Management determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the funds and its shareholders. * Eligible purchasers. A defined contribution plan (including a corporate IRA) is eligible to purchase class Y shares if * the plan, its sponsor and other employee benefit plans of the sponsor invest at least $150 million in Putnam funds and other investments managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates, or * the plan's sponsor confirms a good faith expectation that investments in Putnam-managed assets by the sponsor and its employee benefit plans will attain $150 million (using the higher of purchase price or current market value) within one year of initial purchase, and agrees that class Y shares may be redeemed and class A shares purchased if that level is not attained. College savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code and are approved by Putnam Retail Management are also eligible to purchase class Y shares. How do I sell fund shares? Subject to any restrictions imposed by your employer's plan, you can sell your shares through the plan back to the fund any day the New York Stock Exchange is open. For more information about how to sell shares of the fund through your employer's plan, including any charges that the plan may impose, please consult your employer. Your plan administrator must send a signed letter of instruction to Putnam Investor Services. The price you will receive is the next NAV per share calculated after the fund receives the instruction in proper form. In order to receive that day's NAV, Putnam Investor Services must receive the instruction before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The fund generally sends payment for your shares the business day after your request is received. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. How do I exchange fund shares? Subject to any restrictions your plan imposes, you can exchange your fund shares for shares of other Putnam funds offered through your employer's plan without a sales charge. Contact your plan administrator or Putnam Investor Services for more information. The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term trading. Excessive exchange activity may interfere with portfolio management and have an adverse effect on all shareholders. In order to limit excessive exchange activity and otherwise to promote the best interests of the fund, the fund reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Fund distributions and taxes The fund normally distributes any net investment income and any net realized capital gains annually. The terms of your employer's plan will govern how your employer's plan may receive distributions from the fund. Generally, periodic distributions from the fund to your employer's plan are reinvested in additional fund shares, although your employer's plan may permit you to receive fund distributions from net investment income in cash while reinvesting capital gains distributions in additional shares or to receive all fund distributions in cash. If you do not select another option, all distributions will be reinvested in additional fund shares. Generally, for federal income tax purposes, fund distributions are taxable as ordinary income, except that any distributions of long-term capital gains will be taxed as such regardless of how long you have held your shares. However, distributions by the fund to retirement plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under federal income tax laws will not be taxable. Special tax rules apply to investments through such plans. You should consult your tax advisor to determine the suitability of the fund as an investment through such a plan and the tax treatment of distributions (including distributions of amounts attributable to an investment in the fund) from such a plan. The fund's investments in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In that case, the fund's return on those investments would be decreased. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes. Financial highlights The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand a fund's recent financial performance. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. The total returns represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. This information has been derived from the fund's financial statements, which have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Its report and the fund's financial statements are included in the fund's annual report to shareholders, which is available upon request.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (For a common share outstanding throughout the period) CLASS Y ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For the period Per-share July 12, 1996+ operating performance Year ended June 30 to June 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, beginning of period $30.07 $21.72 $20.05 $17.60 $13.88 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investment operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net investment income (a) .23 .61 .14 .22 .20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments (6.69) 8.92 2.13 3.30 3.75 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total from investment operations (6.46) 9.53 2.27 3.52 3.95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Less distributions: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net investment income (.45) (.39) (.24) (.28) (.17) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From net realized gain on investments (1.81) (.79) (.36) (.79) (.06) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From return of capital -- (d) -- -- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total distributions (2.26) (1.18) (.60) (1.07) (.23) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net asset value, end of period $21.35 $30.07 $21.72 $20.05 $17.60 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total return at net asset value (%)(b) (22.25) 44.43 11.83 21.08 25.44 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratios and supplemental data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Net assets, end of period (in thousands) $1,251,589 $1,027,174 $255,867 $151,139 $96,375 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%)(c) .88 .89 1.02 1.11 1.30 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ratio of net investment income to average net assets (%) .92 2.26 .70 1.22 1.26 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Portfolio turnover (%) 73.80 99.53 97.24 93.53 86.40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Commencement of operations. * Not annualized. (a) Per share net investment income has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. (b) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges. (c) Includes amounts paid through expense offset and brokerage service arrangements. (d) Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.
[This page left intentionally blank] [This page left intentionally blank] [This page left intentionally blank] For more information about Putnam International Growth Fund The fund's statement of additional information (SAI) and annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders include additional information about the fund. The SAI, and the independent accountant's report and financial statements included in the fund's most recent annual report to its shareholders, are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means they are part of this prospectus for legal purposes. The fund's annual report discusses the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund's performance during its last fiscal year. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about the fund and other Putnam funds, or make shareholder inquiries, by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-752-9894. You may review and copy information about the fund, including its SAI, at the Securities and Exchange Commission's public reference room in Washington, D.C. You may call the Commission at 1-202-942-8090 for information about the operation of the public reference room. You may also access reports and other information about the fund on the EDGAR Database on the Commission's Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov., or by writing the Commission's Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. You may need to refer to the fund's file number. PUTNAM INVESTMENTS Putnam Defined Contribution Plans One Post Office Square Boston, Massachusetts 02109 1-800-752-9894 Address correspondence to Putnam Investor Services P.O. Box 9740 Providence, Rhode Island 02940-9740 www.putnaminvestments.com 76059 10/01 File No. 811-6190 PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND FORM N-1A PART B STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI") October 30, 2001 This SAI is not a prospectus. If the fund has more than one form of current prospectus, each reference to the prospectus in the SAI shall include all of the fund's prospectuses, unless otherwise noted. The SAI should be read together with the applicable prospectus. Certain disclosure has been incorporated by reference from the fund's annual report. For a free copy of the fund's annual report or prospectus dated October 30, 2001, as revised from time to time, call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 or write Putnam Investor Services, Mailing address: P.O. Box 41203, Providence, RI 02940-1203. Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the fund. Part II includes information about the fund and the other Putnam funds. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION I-3 INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS I-3 CHARGES AND EXPENSES I-5 INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE I-13 ADDITIONAL OFFICERS I-14 INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS I-15 PART II MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS II-1 TAXES II-26 MANAGEMENT II-30 DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE II-37 HOW TO BUY SHARES II-39 DISTRIBUTION PLANS II-49 INVESTOR SERVICES II-53 SIGNATURE GUARANTEES II-56 SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS II-57 SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY II-57 STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES II-57 COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE II-58 SECURITIES RATINGS II-63 DEFINITIONS II-67 SAI PART I FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION Putnam International Growth Fund is a Massachusetts business trust organized on October 5, 1990. A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The fund is an open-end management investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest. The Trustees may, without shareholder approval, create two or more series of shares representing separate investment portfolios. Any such series of shares may be divided without shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares having such preferences and special or relative rights and privileges as the Trustees determine. The fund offers classes of shares with different sales charges and expenses. Each share has one vote, with fractional shares voting proportionally. Shares of all classes will vote together as a single class except when otherwise required by law or as determined by the Trustees. Shares are freely transferable, are entitled to dividends as declared by the Trustees, and, if the fund were liquidated, would receive the net assets of the fund. The fund may suspend the sale of shares at any time and may refuse any order to purchase shares. Although the fund is not required to hold annual meetings of its shareholders, shareholders holding at least 10% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote have the right to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees, or to take other actions as provided in the Agreement and Declaration of Trust. The fund is a "diversified" investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940. This means that with respect to 75% of its total assets, the fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one issuer (except U.S. government securities). The remaining 25% of its total assets is not subject to this restriction. To the extent the fund invests a significant portion of its assets in the securities of a particular issuer, it will be subject to an increased risk of loss if the market value of such issuer's securities declines. INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed without a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities, the fund may not and will not: (1) Borrow money in excess of 10% of the value (taken at the lower of cost or current value) of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made, and then only from banks as a temporary measure to facilitate the meeting of redemption requests (not for leverage) which might otherwise require the untimely disposition of portfolio investments or for extraordinary or emergency purposes. Such borrowings will be repaid before any additional investments are purchased. (2) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws. (3) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which are secured by interests in real estate, and securities representing interests in real estate, and it may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein. (4) Purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts, except that the fund may purchase and sell financial futures contracts and options and may enter into foreign exchange contracts and other financial transactions not involving physical commodities. (5) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which the fund may invest consistent with its investment policies, by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio securities. (6) With respect to 75% of its total assets, invest in the securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest or principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities. (7) With respect to 75% of its total assets, acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any issuer. (8) Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry. (9) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the fund's shares of beneficial interest, except for permitted borrowings. The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities" of the fund means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares, or (2) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy. The following non-fundamental investment policies may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder approval: The fund will not invest in (a) securities which are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of the fund (or the person designated by the Trustees of the fund to make such determinations) to be readily marketable), and (c) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, if, as a result, more than 15% of the fund's net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in securities described in (a), (b) and (c) above. All percentage limitations on investments (other than pursuant to the non-fundamental restriction) will apply at the time of the making of an investment and shall not be considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists immediately after and as a result of such investment. CHARGES AND EXPENSES Management fees Under a Management Contract dated October 21, 1996, the fund pays a quarterly fee to Putnam Management based on the average net assets of the fund, as determined at the close of each business day during the quarter, at the annual rate of: 0.80% of the first $500 million of average net assets; 0.70% of the next $500 million of average net assets; 0.65% of the next $500 million of average net assets; 0.60% of the next $5 billion of average net assets; 0.575% of the next $5 billion of average net assets; 0.555% of the next $5 billion of average net assets; 0.54% of the next $5 billion of average net assets; and 0.53% of any excess thereafter. For the past three fiscal years, pursuant to the Management Contract, the fund incurred the following fees: Fiscal Management year fee paid 2001 $74,422,514 2000 $53,176,675 1999 $25,491,780 Brokerage commissions The following table shows brokerage commissions paid during the fiscal periods indicated: Fiscal Brokerage year commissions 2001 $35,513,421 2000 $40,073,790* 1999 $18,043,150 *The increase in brokerage commissions paid by the fund during this fiscal year compared to the previous fiscal year is primarily a result of the fund's significant asset growth during the period. The following table shows transactions placed with brokers and dealers during the most recent fiscal year to recognize research, statistical and quotation services received by Putnam Management and its affiliates: Dollar value Percent of of these total Amount of transactions transactions commissions $9,157,736,006 48.84% $18,177,130 Administrative expense reimbursement The fund reimbursed Putnam Management for administrative services during fiscal 2001, including compensation of certain fund officers and contributions to the Putnam Investments, LLC Profit Sharing Retirement Plan for their benefit, as follows: Portion of total reimbursement for Total compensation and reimbursement contributions $48,859 $40,766 Trustee responsibilities and fees The Trustees are responsible for generally overseeing the conduct of fund business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management furnishes a continuing investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on its behalf. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages the fund's other affairs and business. Each Trustee receives a fee for his or her services. Each Trustee also receives fees for serving as Trustee of other Putnam funds. The Trustees periodically review their fees to assure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Trustees meet monthly over a two-day period, except in August. The Executive Committee, which consists solely of Trustees not affiliated with Putnam Management and is responsible for recommending Trustee compensation, estimates that Committee and Trustee meeting time together with the appropriate preparation requires the equivalent of at least three business days per Trustee meeting. The following table shows the year each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds, the fees paid to each Trustee by the fund for fiscal 2001 and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds during calendar year 2000:
COMPENSATION TABLE -- PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND Estimated annual Total Aggregate Pension or retirement benefits from all compensation compensation from benefits accrued as Putnam funds upon from all Putnam Trustee/Year the fund (1) part of fund expenses retirement (2) funds (3) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jameson A. Baxter/ 1994 (4) $4,838 $1,217 $100,000 $200,000 Charles B. Curtis/ 2001 (9) -- -- 100,000 200,500 Hans H. Estin/ 1972 (6) 5,524 2,558 97,904 269,000 John A. Hill/ 1985 (4)(8) 4,838 1,825 100,000 200,000 Ronald J. Jackson/ 1996 (4) 4,838 1,411 100,000 200,000 Paul L. Joskow/ 1997 (4) 4,838 898 100,000 191,000 Elizabeth T. Kennan/ 1992 5,596 1,791 100,000 199,500 Lawrence J. Lasser/ 1992 (7) 0 1,018 92,500 107,000 John H. Mullin, III/ 1997 (4) 4,838 1,348 100,000 199,000 Robert E. Patterson/ 1984 5,576 898 100,000 200,000 George Putnam, III/ 1984 (8) 7,218 781 150,000 225,000 A.J.C. Smith/ 1986 (7) 0 1,821 91,833 106,000 W. Thomas Stephens/ 1997 (4) 5,524 1,259 100,000 198,500 W. Nicholas Thorndike/ 1992 5,483 2,512 100,000 197,000
(1) Includes an annual retainer and an attendance fee for each meeting attended. (2) Assumes that each Trustee retires at the normal retirement date. For Trustees who are not within three years of retirement, estimated benefits for each Trustee are based on Trustee feerates in effect during calendar 2000. (3) As of December 31, 2000, there were 124 funds in the Putnam family. (4) Includes compensation deferred pursuant to a Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan. The total amounts of deferred compensation payable by the fund to Mr. Baxter, Mr. Hill, Mr. Jackson, Mr. Joskow, Mr. Mullin, and Mr. Stephens as of June 30, 2001 were $10,627, $20,509, $14,464, $14,232, $14,189 and $6,889, respectively, including income earned on such amounts. (5) Includes additional compensation for services through June 30, 2000. (6) Reflects retirement from the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds on June 30, 2001. (7) Commencing July 1, 2000, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., compensates Mr. Lasser and Mr. Smith for their services as Trustees. The estimated annual retirement benefits and related fund expenseas shown in this table for Messrs. Lasser and Smith reflect benefits earned under the funds' retirement plan prior to that date. (8) Includes additional compensation for services commencing July 1, 2000. (9) Elected by the Board of Trustees as a trustee effective on July 1, 2001. Under a Retirement Plan for Trustees of the Putnam funds (the "Plan"), each Trustee who retires with at least five years of service as a Trustee of the funds is entitled to receive an annual retirement benefit equal to one-half of the average annual compensation paid to such Trustee for the last three years of service prior to retirement. This retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee's lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for a number of years equal to such Trustee's years of service. A death benefit, also available under the Plan, assures that the Trustee and his or her beneficiaries will receive benefit payments for the lesser of an aggregate period of (i) ten years or (ii) such Trustee's total years of service. The Plan Administrator (a committee comprised of Trustees that are not "interested persons" of the fund, as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) may terminate or amend the Plan at any time, but no termination or amendment will result in a reduction in the amount of benefits (i) currently being paid to a Trustee at the time of such termination or amendment, or (ii) to which a current Trustee would have been entitled had he or she retired immediately prior to such termination or amendment. For additional information concerning the Trustees, see "Management" in Part II of this SAI. Share ownership At September 30, 2001, the officers and Trustees of the fund as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of the fund, and, except as noted below, no person owned of record or to the knowledge of the fund beneficially 5% or more of any class of shares of the fund. Shareholder name Percentage Class and address Owned B Charles Schwab & Co. Inc. 5.00% 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104 B Merrill Lynch Pierce 10.60% 165 Broadway 1 Liberty Plaza New York, NY 10006 C Merrill Lynch Pierce 18.30% 165 Broadway 1 Liberty Plaza New York, NY 10006 M Fleet Trust Co. 9.70% 159 Main St. E Rochester, NY 14604 M Swebak & Co. 6.40% Y* The Bank One Corporation 10.00% * The address for the names listed is: c/o Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, as trustee of agent, 859 Willard Street, Quincy, MA 02269 Distribution fees During fiscal 2001, the fund paid the following 12b-1 fees to Putnam Retail Management: Class A Class B Class C Class M $17,436,624 $33,275,207 $5,791,893 $2,491,017 Class A sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges Putnam Retail Management received sales charges with respect to class A shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated: Sales charges Total retained by Putnam Contingent Fiscal front-end Retail Management deferred sales year sales charges after dealer concessions charges 2001 $13,609,139 $2,303,153 $340,830 2000 $17,757,430 $2,987,521 $213,100 1999 $9,047,680 $1,479,337 $119,903 Class B contingent deferred sales charges Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class B shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated: Contingent deferred Fiscal year sales charges 2001 $4,198,877 2000 $2,596,905 1999 $2,286,647 Class C contingent deferred sales charges Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class C shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated: Contingent deferred Fiscal year sales charges 2001 $234,426 2000* $37,675 *Reflects the period from July 26, 1999 (inception of class C shares) through June 30, 2000. Class M sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges Putnam Retail Management received sales charges with respect to class M shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated: Sales charges Total retained by Putnam Contingent Fiscal front-end Retail Management deferred sales year sales charges after dealer concessions charges 2001 $572,571 $92,409 $0 2000 $1,184,094 $191,184 $0 1999 $901,218 $145,913 $0 Investor servicing and custody fees and expenses During the 2001 fiscal year, the fund incurred $28,670,900 in fees and out-of-pocket expenses for investor servicing and custody services provided by Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company. INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE Standard performance measures (for periods ended June 30, 2001) Class A Class B Class C Class M Class Y Inception Date 2/28/91 6/1/94 7/26/99 12/1/94 7/12/96 Average annual total return 1 year -26.90% -26.55% -23.72% -25.44% -22.25% 5 year 12.16% 12.39% 12.65% 12.12% 13.79% 10 year 12.72% 12.50% 12.54% 12.42% 13.54% Life of fund+ 11.70% 11.45% 11.50% 11.38% 12.48% +Reflecting an expense limitation in effect during the period. In the absence of the expense limitation, total return shown would have been lower. For a portion of this period, the fund was offered on a limited basis and had limited assets. Returns for class A and class M shares reflect the deduction of the current maximum initial sales charges of 5.75% for class A shares and 3.50% for class M shares. Returns for class B and class C shares reflect the deduction of the applicable contingent deferred sales charge ("CDSC"), which for class B is 5% in the first year, declining to 1% in the sixth year, and is eliminated thereafter, and for class C is 1% in the first year and eliminated thereafter. Returns shown for class B, class C, class M and class Y shares for periods prior to their inception are derived from the historical performance of class A shares, adjusted to reflect both the deduction of the initial sales charge or CDSC, if any, currently applicable to each class and in the case of class B, class C and class M shares, the higher operating expenses applicable to such shares. Returns shown for class A shares have not been adjusted to reflect payments under the class A distribution plan prior to its implementation. All returns assume reinvestment of distributions at net asset value and represent past performance; they do not guarantee future results. Investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost. See "Standard Performance Measures" in Part II of this SAI for information on how performance is calculated. ADDITIONAL OFFICERS In addition to the persons listed as fund officers in Part II of this SAI, each of the following persons is also a Vice President of the fund and certain of the other Putnam funds, the total number of which is noted parenthetically. Officer s of Putnam Management hold the same offices in Putnam Management's parent company, Putnam Investments, Inc. Officer Name (Date of birth) (Number of funds) Omid Kamshad (9/12/62) (8 funds). Managing Director of Putnam Management. Justin M. Scott (9/16/57) (24 funds). Managing Director of Putnam Management. Joshua L. Byrne (7/21/64) (4 funds). Managing Director of Putnam Management. Stephen Oler (4/8/61) (4 funds). Senior Vice President of Putnam Management. Prior to June 1997, Mr. Oler was a Vice President at Templeton Investments. Simon Davis (12/7/65) (5 funds). Senior Vice President of Putnam Management. Prior to September 2000, Mr. Davis was lead Fund Manager at Deutsche Asset Management. INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 160 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110 are the fund's independent accountants, providing audit services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and assistance and consultation in connection with the review of various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The Report of Independent Accountants, financial highlights and financial statements included in the fund's Annual Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2001, filed electronically on August 22, 2001 (File No. 811-6190), are incorporated by reference into this SAI. The financial highlights included in the prospectus and incorporated by reference into this SAI and the financial statements incorporated by reference into the prospectus and this SAI have been so included and incorporated in reliance upon the report of the independent accountants, given on their authority as experts in auditing and accounting. TABLE OF CONTENTS MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS II-1 TAXES II-26 MANAGEMENT II-30 DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE II-37 HOW TO BUY SHARES II-39 DISTRIBUTION PLANS II-49 INVESTOR SERVICES II-53 SIGNATURE GUARANTEES II-56 SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS II-57 SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY II-57 STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES II-57 COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE II-58 SECURITIES RATINGS II-63 DEFINITIONS II-67 THE PUTNAM FUNDS STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI") PART II As noted in the prospectus, in addition to the principal investment strategies and the principal risks described in the prospectus, the fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to other risks, which are described below. Because the following is a combined description of investment strategies of all of the Putnam funds, certain matters described herein may not apply to your fund. Unless a strategy or policy described below is specifically prohibited by the investment restrictions explained in the fund's prospectus or Part I of this SAI, or by applicable law, the fund may engage in each of the practices described below. Shareholders who purchase shares at net asset value through employer-sponsored defined contribution plans should also consult their employer for information about the extent to which the matters described below apply to them. MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS Foreign Investments Foreign securities are normally denominated and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, the value of the fund's foreign investments and the value of its shares may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. There may be less information publicly available about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those in the United States. The securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Foreign brokerage commissions and other fees are also generally higher than in the United States. Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may involve certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities or in the recovery of the fund's assets held abroad) and expenses not present in the settlement of investments in U.S. markets. In addition, foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls, foreign withholding taxes or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political or financial instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the value of the fund's investments in certain foreign countries. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply. Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be more limited than those available with respect to investments in the United States or in other foreign countries. The laws of some foreign countries may limit the fund's ability to invest in securities of certain issuers organized under the laws of those foreign countries. The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, typically are increased in connection with investments in "emerging markets." For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be in their infancy and developing rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized and expropriated the assets of private companies. High rates of inflation or currency devaluations may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. Investments in emerging markets may be considered speculative. The currencies of certain emerging market countries have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar, and future devaluations may adversely affect the value of assets denominated in such currencies. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation or deflation for many years, and future inflation may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may affect the value of investments in emerging markets and the availability of additional investments in these markets. The small size, limited trading volume and relative inexperience of the securities markets in these countries may make investments in securities traded in emerging markets illiquid and more volatile than investments in securities traded in more developed countries, and the fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before making investments in securities traded in emerging markets. There may be little financial or accounting information available with respect to issuers of emerging market securities, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the value of prospects of an investment in such securities. Certain of the foregoing risks may also apply to some extent to securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in foreign currencies or that are traded in foreign markets, or securities of U.S. issuers having significant foreign operations. Foreign Currency Transactions To manage its exposure to foreign currencies, the fund may engage without limit in foreign currency exchange transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency, foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts and related options. In addition, the fund may write covered call and put options on foreign currencies for the purpose of increasing its current return. Generally, the fund may engage in both "transaction hedging" and "position hedging." The fund may also engage in foreign currency transactions for non-hedging purposes, subject to applicable law. When it engages in transaction hedging, the fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will engage in transaction hedging when it desires to "lock in" the U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging the fund will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date on which such payments are made or received. The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (or cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in that foreign currency. If conditions warrant, for transaction hedging purposes the fund may also enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date ("forward contracts") and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. A foreign currency forward contract is a negotiated agreement to exchange currency at a future time at a rate or rates that may be higher or lower than the spot rate. Foreign currency futures contracts are standardized exchange-traded contracts and have margin requirements. In addition, for transaction hedging purposes the fund may also purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. For transaction hedging purposes the fund may also purchase exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option. The fund may engage in position hedging to protect against a decline in the value relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated or quoted (or an increase in the value of the currency in which the securities the fund intends to buy are denominated, when the fund holds cash or short-term investments). For position hedging purposes, the fund may purchase or sell, on exchanges or in over-the-counter markets, foreign currency futures contracts, foreign currency forward contracts and options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. In connection with position hedging, the fund may also purchase or sell foreign currency on a spot basis. It is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver. Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities which the fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency. See "Risk factors in options transactions." The fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from writing a call or put option, which increases the fund's current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written. The fund's currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management will engage in such "cross hedging" activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge. The fund may also engage in non-hedging currency transactions. For example, Putnam Management may believe that exposure to a currency is in the fund's best interest but that securities denominated in that currency are unattractive. In that case the fund may purchase a currency forward contract or option in order to increase its exposure to the currency. In accordance with SEC regulations, the fund will segregate liquid assets in its portfolio to cover forward contracts used for non-hedging purposes. The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions. Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces. The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in turn reflects relative values of two currencies, the U.S. dollar and the foreign currency in question. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, investors may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing of foreign currencies. There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets. The decision as to whether and to what extent the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions will depend on a number of factors, including prevailing market conditions, the composition of the fund's portfolio and the availability of suitable transactions. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions at any given time or from time to time. Currency forward and futures contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. The contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades. A foreign currency futures contract is a standardized contract for the future delivery of a specified amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated by the CFTC, such as the New York Mercantile Exchange. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward contracts may be in any amount agreed upon by the parties rather than predetermined amounts. Also, forward foreign exchange contracts are traded directly between currency traders so that no intermediary is required. A forward contract generally requires no margin or other deposit. At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect to futures contracts are effected on a commodities exchange; a clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes responsibility for closing out such contracts. Positions in the foreign currency futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade which provides a secondary market in such contracts. Although the fund intends to purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin. Foreign currency options. In general, options on foreign currencies operate similarly to options on securities and are subject to many of the risks described above. Foreign currency options are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market, although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of individual nations, but also on the euro, the joint currency of most countries in the European Union. The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular option at any specific time. Options on foreign currencies are affected by all of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and investments generally. Settlement procedures. Settlement procedures relating to the fund's investments in foreign securities and to the fund's foreign currency exchange transactions may be more complex than settlements with respect to investments in debt or equity securities of U.S. issuers, and may involve certain risks not present in the fund's domestic investments. For example, settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or foreign currencies may occur within a foreign country, and the fund may be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Foreign currency conversion. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the "spread") between prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer. Options on Securities Writing covered options. The fund may write covered call options and covered put options on optionable securities held in its portfolio, when in the opinion of Putnam Management such transactions are consistent with the fund's investment objective(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the fund at a stated exercise price; put options give the purchaser the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a stated price. The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of securities exchanges). In the case of put options, the fund will hold cash and/or high-grade short-term debt obligations equal to the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition, the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write combinations of covered puts and calls on the same underlying security. The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the fund's return on the underlying security in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other things, the relationship between the exercise price and the current market value of the underlying security, the volatility of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying security. By writing a call option, the fund limits its opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security. By writing a put option, the fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then-current market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the security subsequently appreciates in value. The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in which it purchases an offsetting option. The fund realizes a profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or more than the premium received from writing the option. If the fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as "margin," or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the underlying security. As the value of the underlying security varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and other self-regulatory organizations. Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying security's market price. In order for a put option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the premium paid for the put option and by transaction costs. Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the fund wants ultimately to buy. Such hedge protection is provided during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying security's market price. In order for a call option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. Risk Factors in Options Transactions The successful use of the fund's options strategies depends on the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to write a call option based on Putnam Management's expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam Management's expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price. When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters into a closing sale transaction before the option's expiration. If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the security's price does not change. The effective use of options also depends on the fund's ability to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular time or at an acceptable price. If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the market for particular options or series of options. A market may discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally. In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations. A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on particular types of options transactions, such as opening transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing Corporation, new series of options on that security will no longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise. Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the options. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security, the trading of options on that security is normally halted as well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be unable to close out its positions until options trading resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be locked into its position until one of the two restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund, as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment if the prohibition remained in effect until the put option's expiration. Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition, because of time differences between the United States and various foreign countries, and because different holidays are observed in different countries, foreign options markets may be open for trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of the underlying interest in the United States. Over-the-counter ("OTC") options purchased by the fund and assets held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of any limitation on the fund's ability to invest in illiquid securities. Investments in Miscellaneous Fixed-Income Securities If the fund may invest in inverse floating obligations, premium securities, or interest-only or principal-only classes of mortgage-backed securities (IOs and POs), it may do so without limit. The fund, however, currently does not intend to invest more than 15% of its assets in inverse floating obligations or more than 35% of its assets in IOs and POs under normal market conditions. Lower-rated Securities The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as "junk bonds"). The lower ratings of certain securities held by the fund reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and could limit the fund's ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities. Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer's historical financial condition and the rating agencies' analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer's current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor's (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the security's market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security. See "Securities ratings." Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the fund's assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of the fund's assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the fund's net asset value. The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its retention will assist in meeting the fund's investment objective(s). Issuers of lower-rated securities are often highly leveraged, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness. At times, a substantial portion of the fund's assets may be invested in an issue of which the fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates, holds all or a major portion. Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund's net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer's obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund's operating expenses and adversely affect the fund's net asset value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from the fund's ownership or operation of such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers. In addition, the fund's intention to qualify as a "regulated investment company" under the Internal Revenue Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets. Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its option to "call," or redeem, its securities. If an issuer were to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment return as the securities redeemed. The fund may invest without limit in so-called "zero-coupon" bonds and "payment-in-kind" bonds. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, it may be necessary at times for the fund to liquidate investments in order to satisfy its dividend requirements. To the extent the fund invests in securities in the lower rating categories, the achievement of the fund's goals is more dependent on Putnam Management's investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in securities in the higher rating categories. This also may be true with respect to tax-exempt securities, as the amount of information about the financial condition of an issuer of tax-exempt securities may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded. Loan Participations The fund may invest in "loan participations." By purchasing a loan participation, the fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. Many such loans are secured, and most impose restrictive covenants which must be met by the borrower. These loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan. The fund's ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loan participations held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan participation would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund's net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loan participations in which the fund will invest, however, Putnam Management will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. Putnam Management's analysis may include consideration of the borrower's financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. Putnam Management will be unable to access non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loan participations in which the fund may invest are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the fund to invest in a particular loan participation will depend almost exclusively on Putnam Management's, and the original lending institution's, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loan participations may be of any quality, including "distressed" loans, and will be subject to the fund's credit quality policy. Loan participations may be structured in different forms, including novations, assignments and participating interests. In a novation, the fund assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. The fund assumes the position of a co-lender with other syndicate members. As an alternative, the fund may purchase an assignment of a portion of a lender's interest in a loan. In this case, the fund may be required generally to rely upon the assigning bank to demand payment and enforce its rights against the borrower, but would otherwise be entitled to all of such bank's rights in the loan. The fund may also purchase a participating interest in a portion of the rights of a lending institution in a loan. In such case, it will be entitled to receive payments of principal, interest and premium, if any, but will not generally be entitled to enforce its rights directly against the agent bank or the borrower, and must rely for that purpose on the lending institution. The fund may also acquire a loan participation directly by acting as a member of the original lending syndicate. The fund will in many cases be required to rely upon the lending institution from which it purchases the loan participation to collect and pass on to the fund such payments and to enforce the fund's rights under the loan. As a result, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the fund from receiving principal, interest and other amounts with respect to the underlying loan. When the fund is required to rely upon a lending institution to pay to the fund principal, interest and other amounts received by it, Putnam Management will also evaluate the creditworthiness of the lending institution. The borrower of a loan in which the fund holds a participation interest may, either at its own election or pursuant to terms of the loan documentation, prepay amounts of the loan from time to time. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any loan prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original loan participation. Corporate loans in which the fund may purchase a loan participation are made generally to finance internal growth, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, leveraged buy-outs and other corporate activities. Under current market conditions, most of the corporate loan participations purchased by the fund will represent interests in loans made to finance highly leveraged corporate acquisitions, known as "leveraged buy-out" transactions. The highly leveraged capital structure of the borrowers in such transactions may make such loans especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions. In addition, loan participations generally are subject to restrictions on transfer, and only limited opportunities may exist to sell such participations in secondary markets. As a result, the fund may be unable to sell loan participations at a time when it may otherwise be desirable to do so or may be able to sell them only at a price that is less than their fair market value. Certain of the loan participations acquired by the fund may involve revolving credit facilities under which a borrower may from time to time borrow and repay amounts up to the maximum amount of the facility. In such cases, the fund would have an obligation to advance its portion of such additional borrowings upon the terms specified in the loan participation. To the extent that the fund is committed to make additional loans under such a participation, it will at all times hold and maintain in a segregated account liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet such commitments. Certain of the loan participations acquired by the fund may also involve loans made in foreign currencies. The fund's investment in such participations would involve the risks of currency fluctuations described above with respect to investments in the foreign securities. Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes Floating rate and variable rate demand notes and bonds may have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but may have features that permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. The issuer has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days notice to the holders. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a bank's prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate. Mortgage Related and Asset-backed Securities Mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") and certain stripped mortgage-backed securities represent a participation in, or are secured by, mortgage loans. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from credit card agreements. The ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited. Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing or foreclosure of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-related securities. In that event the fund may be unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the mortgage-related securities in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-related securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-related securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-related securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending to increase the life of mortgage-related securities. If the life of a mortgage-related security is inaccurately predicted, the fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are less effective than other types of securities as a means of "locking in" attractive long-term interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments of principal; another is the possibility of significant unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower rates. As a result, these securities may have less potential for capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of rising interest rates. Prepayments may also significantly shorten the effective maturities of these securities, especially during periods of declining interest rates. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, a reduction in prepayments may increase the effective maturities of these securities, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing the volatility of the fund. Prepayments may cause losses on securities purchased at a premium. At times, some mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will have higher than market interest rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their par value. Unscheduled prepayments, which are made at par, will cause the fund to experience a loss equal to any unamortized premium. CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, these CMOs represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any other person or entity. Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by issuing multiple classes of securities, each having different maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOs of different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid. If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of particular classes or series of a CMO would have the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, slower than anticipated prepayments can extend the effective maturities of CMOs, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing their volatility. Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually structured with two classes that receive different portions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage loans. The yield to maturity on an interest only or "IO" class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund's yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, principal only or "POs" tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the fund's ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time. Hybrid Instruments These instruments are generally considered derivatives and include indexed or structured securities, and combine the elements of futures contracts or options with those of debt, preferred equity or a depository instrument. A hybrid instrument may be a debt security, preferred stock, warrant, convertible security, certificate of deposit or other evidence of indebtedness on which a portion of or all interest payments, and/or the principal or stated amount payable at maturity, redemption or retirement, is determined by reference to prices, changes in prices, or differences between prices, of securities, currencies, intangibles, goods, articles or commodities (collectively, "underlying assets"), or by another objective index, economic factor or other measure, including interest rates, currency exchange rates, or commodities or securities indices (collectively, "benchmarks"). Hybrid instruments may take a number of forms, including, but not limited to, debt instruments with interest or principal payments or redemption terms determined by reference to the value of an index at a future time, preferred stock with dividend rates determined by reference to the value of a currency, or convertible securities with the conversion terms related to a particular commodity. The risks of investing in hybrid instruments reflect a combination of the risks of investing in securities, options, futures and currencies. An investment in a hybrid instrument may entail significant risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional debt instrument that has a fixed principal amount, is denominated in U.S. dollars or bears interest either at a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a common, nationally published benchmark. The risks of a particular hybrid instrument will depend upon the terms of the instrument, but may include the possibility of significant changes in the benchmark(s) or the prices of the underlying assets to which the instrument is linked. Such risks generally depend upon factors unrelated to the operations or credit quality of the issuer of the hybrid instrument, which may not be foreseen by the purchaser, such as economic and political events, the supply and demand of the underlying assets and interest rate movements. Hybrid instruments may be highly volatile and their use by a fund may not be successful. Hybrid instruments may bear interest or pay preferred dividends at below market (or even relatively nominal) rates. Alternatively, hybrid instruments may bear interest at above market rates but bear an increased risk of principal loss (or gain). The latter scenario may result if "leverage" is used to structure the hybrid instrument. Leverage risk occurs when the hybrid instrument is structured so that a given change in a benchmark or underlying asset is multiplied to produce a greater value change in the hybrid instrument, thereby magnifying the risk of loss as well as the potential for gain. Hybrid instruments can be an efficient means of creating exposure to a particular market, or segment of a market, with the objective of enhancing total return. For example, a fund may wish to take advantage of expected declines in interest rates in several European countries, but avoid the transaction costs associated with buying and currency-hedging the foreign bond positions. One solution would be to purchase a U.S. dollar-denominated hybrid instrument whose redemption price is linked to the average three year interest rate in a designated group of countries. The redemption price formula would provide for payoffs of less than par if rates were above the specified level. Furthermore, a fund could limit the downside risk of the security by establishing a minimum redemption price so that the principal paid at maturity could not be below a predetermined minimum level if interest rates were to rise significantly. The purpose of this arrangement, known as a structured security with an embedded put option, would be to give the fund the desired European bond exposure while avoiding currency risk, limiting downside market risk, and lowering transaction costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that the strategy will be successful and a fund could lose money if, for example, interest rates do not move as anticipated or credit problems develop with the issuer of the hybrid instrument. Hybrid instruments are potentially more volatile and carry greater market risks than traditional debt instruments. Depending on the structure of the particular hybrid instrument, changes in a benchmark may be magnified by the terms of the hybrid instrument and have an even more dramatic and substantial effect upon the value of the hybrid instrument. Also, the prices of the hybrid instrument and the benchmark or underlying asset may not move in the same direction or at the same time. Hybrid instruments may also carry liquidity risk since the instruments are often "customized" to meet the portfolio needs of a particular investor, and therefore, the number of investors that are willing and able to buy such instruments in the secondary market may be smaller than that for more traditional debt securities. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of such an investment could be zero. In addition, because the purchase and sale of hybrid investments could take place in an over-the-counter market without the guarantee of a central clearing organization, or in a transaction between the fund and the issuer of the hybrid instrument, the creditworthiness of the counterparty of the issuer of the hybrid instrument would be an additional risk factor the fund would have to consider and monitor. Hybrid instruments also may not be subject to regulation by the CFTC, which generally regulates the trading of commodity futures by U.S. persons, the SEC, which regulates the offer and sale of securities by and to U.S. persons, or any other governmental regulatory authority. Structured investments. A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments (such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities ("structured securities") backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts. Securities of Other Investment Companies. Securities of other investment companies, including shares of closed-end investment companies, unit investment trusts and open-end investment companies, represent interests in professionally managed portfolios that may invest in any type of instrument. These types of instruments are often structured to perform in a similar fashion to a broad based securities index. Investing in these types of securities involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but may involve additional expenses at the investment company-level, such as portfolio management fees and operating expenses. In addition, these types of investments involve the risk that they will not perform in exactly the same fashion, or in response to the same factors, as the index or underlying instruments. Certain types of investment companies, such as closed-end investment companies, issue a fixed number of shares that trade on a stock exchange or over-the-counter at a premium or a discount to their net asset value. Others are continuously offered at net asset value, but may also be traded in the secondary market. The extent to which a fund can invest in securities of other investment companies is limited by federal securities laws. Tax-exempt Securities General description. As used in this SAI, the term "Tax-exempt securities" includes debt obligations issued by a state, its political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and authorities) and their agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and the corresponding state's personal income tax. Such obligations are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which Tax-exempt securities may be issued include the refunding of outstanding obligations or the payment of general operating expenses. Short-term Tax-exempt securities are generally issued by state and local governments and public authorities as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue receipts or bond sales to finance such public purposes. In addition, certain types of "private activity" bonds may be issued by public authorities to finance projects such as privately operated housing facilities; certain local facilities for supplying water, gas or electricity; sewage or solid waste disposal facilities; student loans; or public or private institutions for the construction of educational, hospital, housing and other facilities. Such obligations are included within the term Tax-exempt securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and state personal income tax (such interest may, however, be subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may also constitute Tax-exempt securities, although the current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues. Participation interests (Money Market Funds only). The money market funds may invest in Tax-exempt securities either by purchasing them directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or principal payments, or both, on Tax-exempt securities, provided that, in the opinion of counsel, any discount accruing on a certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related Tax-exempt securities will be exempt from federal income tax to the same extent as interest on the Tax-exempt securities. The money market funds may also invest in Tax-exempt securities by purchasing from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of Tax-exempt securities. These participations may be backed in whole or in part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the money market funds in connection with the arrangement. The money market funds will not purchase such participation interests unless it receives an opinion of counsel or a ruling of the Internal Revenue Service that interest earned by it on Tax-exempt securities in which it holds such participation interests is exempt from federal income tax. No money market fund expects to invest more than 5% of its assets in participation interests. Stand-by commitments. When the fund purchases Tax-exempt securities, it has the authority to acquire stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect to those Tax-exempt securities. A stand-by commitment may be considered a security independent of the Tax-exempt security to which it relates. The amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be substantially the same as the market value of the underlying Tax-exempt security to a third party at any time. The fund expects that stand-by commitments generally will be available without the payment of direct or indirect consideration. The fund does not expect to assign any value to stand-by commitments. Yields. The yields on Tax-exempt securities depend on a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the Tax-exempt security market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The ratings of nationally recognized securities rating agencies represent their opinions as to the credit quality of the Tax-exempt securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, Tax-exempt securities with the same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not directly related to the investment quality of particular issues or the general movement of interest rates and may be due to such factors as changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of Tax-exempt securities or changes in the investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by the fund, an issue of Tax-exempt securities or other investments may cease to be rated, or its rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by the fund. Neither event will require the elimination of an investment from the fund's portfolio, but Putnam Management will consider such an event in its determination of whether the fund should continue to hold an investment in its portfolio. "Moral obligation" bonds. The fund does not currently intend to invest in so-called "moral obligation" bonds, where repayment is backed by a moral commitment of an entity other than the issuer, unless the credit of the issuer itself, without regard to the "moral obligation," meets the investment criteria established for investments by the fund. Municipal leases. The fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, "lease obligations") of municipal authorities or entities. Lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality's taxing power is pledged. Certain of these lease obligations contain "non-appropriation" clauses, which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In the case of a "non-appropriation" lease, the fund's ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property, and in any event, foreclosure of that property might prove difficult. Inverse Floaters have variable interest rates that typically move in the opposite direction from movements in prevailing short-term interest rate levels - rising when prevailing short-term interest rate fall, and vice versa. The prices of inverse floaters can be considerably more volatile than the prices of bonds with comparable maturities. Additional risks. Securities in which the fund may invest, including Tax-exempt securities, are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related to municipalities and other public entities), and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the power, ability or willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their Tax-exempt securities may be materially affected. From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress for the purpose of restricting or eliminating the federal income tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain purposes, especially industrial development bonds and private activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and yields of these types of Tax-exempt securities. Further proposals limiting the issuance of Tax-exempt securities may well be introduced in the future. If it appeared that the availability of Tax-exempt securities for investment by the fund and the value of the fund's portfolio could be materially affected by such changes in law, the Trustees of the fund would reevaluate its investment objective and policies and consider changes in the structure of the fund or its dissolution. Convertible Securities Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for, at a specific price or formula within a particular period of time, a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer. Convertible securities entitle the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid or accrued on preferred stock until the security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. The market value of a convertible security is a function of its "investment value" and its "conversion value." A security's "investment value" represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (i.e., a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value is dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer and the seniority of the security in the issuer's capital structure. A security's "conversion value" is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current price of the underlying security. If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security will trade like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security will be more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. The fund's investments in convertible securities may at times include securities that have a mandatory conversion feature, pursuant to which the securities convert automatically into common stock or other equity securities at a specified date and a specified conversion ratio, or that are convertible at the option of the issuer. Because conversion of the security is not at the option of the holder, the fund may be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock even at times when the value of the underlying common stock or other equity security has declined substantially. The fund's investments in convertible securities, particularly securities that are convertible into securities of an issuer other than the issuer of the convertible security, may be illiquid. The fund may not be able to dispose of such securities in a timely fashion or for a fair price, which could result in losses to the fund. Alternative Investment Strategies Under normal market conditions, each fund seeks to remain fully invested and to minimize its cash holdings. However, at times Putnam Management may judge that market conditions make pursuing a fund's investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders. Putnam Management then may temporarily use alternative strategies that are mainly designed to limit the fund's losses. In implementing these strategies, the funds may invest primarily in debt securities, preferred stocks, U.S. Government and agency obligations, cash or money market instruments, or any other securities Putnam Management considers consistent with such defensive strategies. Money market instruments, or short-term debt instruments, consist of obligations such as commercial paper, bank obligations (i.e., certificates of deposit and bankers' acceptances), repurchase agreements and various government obligations, such as Treasury bills. These instruments have a remaining maturity of one year or less and are generally of high credit quality. Money market instruments may be structured to be, or may employ a trust or other form so that they are, eligible investments for money market funds. For example, put features can be used to modify the maturity of a security or interest rate adjustment features can be used to enhance price stability. If a structure fails to function as intended, adverse tax or investment consequences may result. Neither the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) nor any other regulatory authority has ruled definitively on certain legal issues presented by certain structured securities. Future tax or other regulatory determinations could adversely affect the value, liquidity, or tax treatment of the income received from these securities or the nature and timing of distributions made by the funds. Private Placements and Restricted Securities The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such investments, especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund's net asset value. While such private placements may often offer attractive opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the securities so purchased are often "restricted securities," i.e., securities which cannot be sold to the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A), or which are "not readily marketable" because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or restrictions on resale. The absence of a trading market can make it difficult to ascertain a market value for illiquid investments. Disposing of illiquid investments may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult or impossible for the fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price. The fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering such securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting such registration. Also market quotations are less readily available. The judgment of Putnam Management may at times play a greater role in valuing these securities than in the case of publicly traded securities. Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act of 1933. The fund may be deemed to be an "underwriter" for purposes of the Securities Act of 1933 when selling restricted securities to the public, and in such event the fund may be liable to purchasers of such securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading. The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security is readily marketable (as described in the investment restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures established by the Trustees and the Trustees have delegated such authority to Putnam Management. Futures Contracts and Related Options Subject to applicable law the fund may invest without limit in futures contracts and related options for hedging and non-hedging purposes, such as to manage the effective duration of the fund's portfolio or as a substitute for direct investment. A financial futures contract sale creates an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month for a stated price. A financial futures contract purchase creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. The determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade -- known as "contract markets" -- approved for such trading by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC"), and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant contract market. Although futures contracts (other than index futures) by their terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into a closing transaction, the amount of the fund's potential loss is unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is effected by the purchaser's entering into a futures contract sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss. In general, 40% of the gain or loss arising from the closing out of a futures contract traded on an exchange approved by the CFTC is treated as short-term gain or loss, and 60% is treated as long-term gain or loss. Unlike when the fund purchases or sells a security, no price is paid or received by the fund upon the purchase or sale of a futures contract. Upon entering into a contract, the fund is required to deposit with its custodian in a segregated account in the name of the futures broker an amount of liquid assets. This amount is known as "initial margin." The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different from that of margin in security transactions in that futures contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit which is returned to the fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Futures contracts also involve brokerage costs. Subsequent payments, called "variation margin" or "maintenance margin," to and from the broker (or the custodian) are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying security or commodity fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as "marking to the market." For example, when the fund has purchased a futures contract on a security and the price of the underlying security has risen, that position will have increased in value and the fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment based on that increase in value. Conversely, when the fund has purchased a security futures contract and the price of the underlying security has declined, the position would be less valuable and the fund would be required to make a variation margin payment to the broker. The fund may elect to close some or all of its futures positions at any time prior to their expiration in order to reduce or eliminate a hedge position then currently held by the fund. The fund may close its positions by taking opposite positions which will operate to terminate the fund's position in the futures contracts. Final determinations of variation margin are then made, additional cash is required to be paid by or released to the fund, and the fund realizes a loss or a gain. Such closing transactions involve additional commission costs. The fund does not intend to purchase or sell futures or related options for other than hedging purposes, if, as a result, the sum of the initial margin deposits on the fund's existing futures and related options positions and premiums paid for outstanding options on futures contracts would exceed 5% of the fund's net assets. Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to terminate existing positions. In return for the premium paid, options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right to assume a position in a futures contract at the specified option exercise price at any time during the period of the option. The fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying options directly on the underlying securities or purchasing and selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities which the fund expects to purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. As with options on securities, the holder or writer of an option may terminate his position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can be effected. The fund will be required to deposit initial margin and maintenance margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it pursuant to brokers' requirements similar to those described above in connection with the discussion of futures contracts. Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options. Successful use of futures contracts by the fund is subject to Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in various factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates. Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on futures contracts involves less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the hedged investments. The writing of an option on a futures contract involves risks similar to those risks relating to the sale of futures contracts. The use of options and futures strategies also involves the risk of imperfect correlation among movements in the prices of the securities underlying the futures and options purchased and sold by the fund, of the options and futures contracts themselves, and, in the case of hedging transactions, of the securities which are the subject of a hedge. The successful use of these strategies further depends on the ability of Putnam Management to forecast interest rates and market movements correctly. There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by exchanges of special procedures which may interfere with the timely execution of customer orders. To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and close out positions will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although outstanding contracts or options on the exchange that had been issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms. U.S. Treasury security futures contracts and options. U.S. Treasury security futures contracts require the seller to deliver, or the purchaser to take delivery of, the type of U.S. Treasury security called for in the contract at a specified date and price. Options on U.S. Treasury security futures contracts give the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume a position in a U.S. Treasury security futures contract at the specified option exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Successful use of U.S. Treasury security futures contracts by the fund is subject to Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in the direction of interest rates and other factors affecting markets for debt securities. For example, if the fund has sold U.S. Treasury security futures contracts in order to hedge against the possibility of an increase in interest rates which would adversely affect securities held in its portfolio, and the prices of the fund's securities increase instead as a result of a decline in interest rates, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of its securities which it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions. In addition, in such situations, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily maintenance margin requirements at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. There is also a risk that price movements in U.S. Treasury security futures contracts and related options will not correlate closely with price movements in markets for particular securities. For example, if the fund has hedged against a decline in the values of tax-exempt securities held by it by selling Treasury security futures and the values of Treasury securities subsequently increase while the values of its tax-exempt securities decrease, the fund would incur losses on both the Treasury security futures contracts written by it and the tax-exempt securities held in its portfolio. Index futures contracts. An index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on index futures contracts. For example, the Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index ("S&P 500") is composed of 500 selected common stocks, most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The S&P 500 assigns relative weightings to the common stocks included in the Index, and the value fluctuates with changes in the market values of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts are to buy or sell 500 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500 were $150, one contract would be worth $75,000 (500 units x $150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 500 units of the S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will gain $2,000 (500 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a futures contract to sell 500 units of the stock index at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $1,000 (500 units x loss of $2). There are several risks in connection with the use by the fund of index futures. One risk arises because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the prices of the index futures and movements in the prices of securities which are the subject of the hedge. Putnam Management will, however, attempt to reduce this risk by buying or selling, to the extent possible, futures on indices the movements of which will, in its judgment, have a significant correlation with movements in the prices of the securities sought to be hedged. Successful use of index futures by the fund is also subject to Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in the direction of the market. For example, it is possible that, where the fund has sold futures to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the index on which the futures are written may advance and the value of securities held in the fund's portfolio may decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the futures and also experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions. In addition, in such situations, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so. In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the index futures and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the prices of index futures may not correlate perfectly with movements in the underlying index due to certain market distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which could distort the normal relationship between the index and futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract more speculators than the securities market does. Increased participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and also because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the index and movements in the prices of index futures, even a correct forecast of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not result in a profitable position over a short time period. Options on stock index futures. Options on index futures are similar to options on securities except that options on index futures give the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in an index futures contract (a long position if the option is a call and a short position if the option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Upon exercise of the option, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer's futures margin account which represents the amount by which the market price of the index futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the option on the index future. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing level of the index on which the future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid. Options on Indices As an alternative to purchasing call and put options on index futures, the fund may purchase and sell call and put options on the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in a manner identical to the use of options on index futures. Index Warrants The fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices ("index warrants"). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant. The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the fund's use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Although the fund will normally invest only in exchange-listed warrants, index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the fund's ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do. Short-term Trading In seeking the fund's objective(s), Putnam Management will buy or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes it appropriate to do so. From time to time the fund will buy securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A change in the securities held by the fund is known as "portfolio turnover" and generally involves some expense to the fund. This expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income. As a result of the fund's investment policies, under certain market conditions the fund's portfolio turnover rate may be higher than that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at acquisition were one year or less. The fund's portfolio turnover rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a change in the fund's portfolio. Securities Loans The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, thereby realizing additional income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. As a matter of policy, securities loans are made to broker-dealers pursuant to agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan, "marked-to-market" daily. The borrower pays to the fund an amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the borrower. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell the securities. Repurchase Agreements The fund, unless it is a money market fund, may enter into repurchase agreements, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets. Money market funds may invest without limit in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the fund acquires a security for a relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject to the obligation of the seller to repurchase and the fund to resell such security at a fixed time and price (representing the fund's cost plus interest). It is the fund's present intention to enter into repurchase agreements only with commercial banks and registered broker-dealers and only with respect to obligations of the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities. Repurchase agreements may also be viewed as loans made by the fund which are collateralized by the securities subject to repurchase. Putnam Management will monitor such transactions to ensure that the value of the underlying securities will be at least equal at all times to the total amount of the repurchase obligation, including the interest factor. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the proceeds of the sale including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a loss of principal and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and required to return the underlying collateral to the seller's estate. Pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money market instruments. Forward Commitments The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time ("forward commitments") if the fund sets aside, on the books and records of its custodian, liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-announced ("TBA") purchase commitments, the unit price and the estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of decline in the value of the fund's other assets. Where such purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer to consummate the sale. The dealer's failure to do so may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price. Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into, the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward commitments. The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions or to sell securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, equivalent deliverable securities, or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date, are held as "cover" for the transaction. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into. Swap Agreements The fund may enter into swap agreements and other types of over-the-counter transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions. Depending on their structures, swap agreements may increase or decrease the fund's exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, or other factors such as security prices or inflation rates. The value of the fund's swap positions would increase or decrease depending on the changes in value of the underlying rates, currency values, or other indices or measures. The fund's ability to engage in certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations. The fund's ability to realize a profit from such transactions will depend on the ability of the financial institutions with which it enters into the transactions to meet their obligations to the fund. Under certain circumstances, suitable transactions may not be available to the fund, or the fund may be unable to close out its position under such transactions at the same time, or at the same price, as if it had purchased comparable publicly traded securities. Derivatives Certain of the instruments in which the fund may invest, such as futures contracts, options and forward contracts, are considered to be "derivatives." Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, such as a security or an index. Further information about these instruments and the risks involved in their use is included elsewhere in the prospectus or in this SAI. The fund's use of derivatives may cause the fund to recognize higher amounts of short-term capital gains, generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates. TAXES Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund must, among other things: (a) derive at least 90% of its gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale of stock, securities and foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies; (b) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its taxable net investment income, its net tax-exempt income, and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses for such year; and (c) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each fiscal quarter, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund's assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund's total assets and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its assets is invested in the securities (other than those of the U.S. Government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses. If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner, to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including capital gain dividends). If the fund failed to qualify as a regulated investment company accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. In addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment. If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year substantially all of its ordinary income for such year and substantially all of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 (or later if the fund is permitted so to elect and so elects), plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. A dividend paid to shareholders by the fund in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by the fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding year. The fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax. Fund distributions. Distributions from the fund (other than exempt-interest dividends, as discussed below) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income to the extent derived from the fund's investment income and net short-term capital gains. Distributions of net capital gains (that is, the excess of net gains from the sale of capital assets held more than one year over net losses from the sale of capital assets held for not more than one year) will be taxable to shareholders as such, regardless of how long a shareholder has held the shares in the fund. Exempt-interest dividends. The fund will be qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders only if, at the close of each quarter of the fund's taxable year, at least 50% of the total value of the fund's assets consists of obligations the interest on which is exempt from federal income tax. Distributions that the fund properly designates as exempt-interest dividends are treated as interest excludable from shareholders' gross income for federal income tax purposes but may be taxable for federal alternative minimum tax purposes and for state and local purposes. If the fund intends to be qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends, the fund may be limited in its ability to enter into taxable transactions involving forward commitments, repurchase agreements, financial futures and options contracts on financial futures, tax-exempt bond indices and other assets. Part or all of the interest on indebtedness, if any, incurred or continued by a shareholder to purchase or carry shares of the fund paying exempt-interest dividends is not deductible. The portion of interest that is not deductible is equal to the total interest paid or accrued on the indebtedness, multiplied by the percentage of the fund's total distributions (not including distributions from net long-term capital gains) paid to the shareholder that are exempt-interest dividends. Under rules used by the Internal Revenue Service to determine when borrowed funds are considered used for the purpose of purchasing or carrying particular assets, the purchase of shares may be considered to have been made with borrowed funds even though such funds are not directly traceable to the purchase of shares. In general, exempt-interest dividends, if any, attributable to interest received on certain private activity obligations and certain industrial development bonds will not be tax-exempt to any shareholders who are "substantial users" of the facilities financed by such obligations or bonds or who are "related persons" of such substantial users. A fund that is qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends will inform investors within 60 days of the fund's fiscal year-end of the percentage of its income distributions designated as tax-exempt. The percentage is applied uniformly to all distributions made during the year. The percentage of income designated as tax-exempt for any particular distribution may be substantially different from the percentage of the fund's income that was tax-exempt during the period covered by the distribution. Hedging transactions. If the fund engages in hedging transactions, including hedging transactions in options, futures contracts, and straddles, or other similar transactions, it will be subject to special tax rules (including constructive sale, mark-to-market, straddle, wash sale, and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the fund, defer losses to the fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund's securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains or convert short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The fund will endeavor to make any available elections pertaining to such transactions in a manner believed to be in the best interests of the fund. Certain of the fund's hedging activities (including its transactions, if any, in foreign currencies or foreign currency-denominated instruments) are likely to produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If the fund's book income exceeds its taxable income, the distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the fund's remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of the recipient's basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If the fund's book income is less than its taxable income, the fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment. Return of capital distributions. If the fund makes a distribution to you in excess of its current and accumulated "earnings and profits" in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of your tax basis in your shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces your tax basis in your shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by you of your shares. Dividends and distributions on the fund's shares are generally subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the fund's realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholder's investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the fund's net asset value reflects gains that are either unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Distributions are taxable to a shareholder even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund prior to the shareholder's investment (and thus included in the price paid by the shareholder). Securities issued or purchased at a discount. The fund's investment in securities issued at a discount and certain other obligations will (and investments in securities purchased at a discount may) require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. In order to generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio that it otherwise would have continued to hold. Capital loss carryover. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryovers. The amounts and expiration dates of any capital loss carryovers available to the fund are shown in Note 1 (Federal income taxes) to the financial statements included in Part I of this SAI or incorporated by reference into this SAI. Foreign currency-denominated securities and related hedging transactions. The fund's transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt securities and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. If more than 50% of the fund's assets at year end consists of the securities of foreign corporations, the fund may elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities the fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In such a case, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes. A shareholder's ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, as a result of which a shareholder may not get a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Investment by the fund in "passive foreign investment companies" could subject the fund to a U.S. federal income tax or other charge on the proceeds from the sale of its investment in such a company; however, this tax can be avoided by making an election to mark such investments to market annually or to treat the passive foreign investment company as a "qualified electing fund." A "passive foreign investment company" is any foreign corporation: (i) 75 percent or more of the income of which for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average percentage of the assets of which (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce or are held for the production of passive income is at least 50 percent. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation from active business and certain income received from related persons. Sale or redemption of shares. The sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise the gain or loss on the sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, if a shareholder sells shares at a loss within six months of purchase, any loss will be disallowed for Federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received on such shares. In addition, any loss (not already disallowed as provided in the preceding sentence) realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of fund shares will be disallowed if other shares of the same fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss. Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans. Special tax rules apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax adviser to determine the suitability of shares of a fund as an investment through such plans and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation. Backup withholding. The fund generally is required to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of the taxable dividends and other distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails to furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividends or interest income, or who fails to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. Pursuant to recently enacted tax legislation, the back-up withholding tax rate will be (i) 30.5% for amounts paid after August 6, 2001 through the end of 2001, (ii) 30% for amounts paid during 2002 and 2003, (iii) 29% for amounts paid during 2004 and 2005, and (iv) 28% for amounts paid during 2006 through 2010. This legislation will expire and the back-up withholding rate will be 31% for amounts paid after December 31, 2010, unless Congress enacts tax legislation providing otherwise. The Internal Revenue Service recently revised its regulations affecting the application to foreign investors of the back-up withholding and withholding tax rules described above. The new regulations are generally effective for payments made after December 31, 2000. In some circumstances, the new rules increase the certification and filing requirements imposed on foreign investors in order to qualify for exemption from back-up withholding tax rates and for reduced withholding tax rates under income tax treaties. Foreign investors in a fund should consult their tax advisers with respect to the potential application of these new regulations. MANAGEMENT Trustees Name (Date of birth) John A. Hill (1/31/42), Chairman and Trustee. Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, First Reserve Corporation (a registered investment adviser investing in companies in the world-wide energy industry on behalf of institutional investors). Director of Devon Energy Corporation (formerly known as Snyder Oil Corporation), TransMontaigne Oil Company, St. Lukes-Roosevelt of New York, Sarah Lawrence College and various private companies owned by First Reserve Corporation. Jameson A. Baxter (9/6/43), Trustee. President, Baxter Associates, Inc. (a management consulting and private investments firm). Director of ASHTA Chemicals, Inc., Banta Corporation (a printing and digital imaging firm), and Ryerson Tull, Inc. (a steel service corporation). Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees, Mount Holyoke College. Charles B. Curtis (4/27/40), Trustee. President and Chief Operating Officer, Nuclear Threat Initiative. Member of the Department of Defense's Policy Board, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Electric Power Research Institute Advisory Council, the Board of Directors of the Gas Technology Institute, the University of Chicago Board of Governors for Argonne National Laboratory, the Board of Directors of EG&G Technical Services, Inc. (fossil energy research and development support), and the Environment and Natural Resources Program Steering Committee, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Ronald J. Jackson (12/17/43), Trustee. Former Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Fisher-Price, Inc. (a toy manufacturer). Paul L. Joskow (6/30/47), Trustee. Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics and Management and Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Director, National Grid Group (a UK based holding company with interests in electric power and telecommunications networks), State Farm Indemnity Company (an automobile insurance company) and the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (a non-profit research institution). President of the Yale University Council. Elizabeth T. Kennan (2/25/38), Trustee. President Emeritus of Mount Holyoke College. Director, Northeast Utilities, Talbots (a distributor of women's apparel) and Cambus-Kenneth Bloodstock (a limited liability company involved in thoroughbred horse breeding and farming). Trustee of Franklin Pierce College. *Lawrence J. Lasser (11/1/42), Trustee and Vice President. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Investment Management, LLC. Director of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and the United Way of Massachusetts Bay. John H. Mullin, III (6/15/41), Trustee. Chairman and CEO of Ridgeway Farm (a limited liability company engaged in timber and farming). Director of Graphic Packaging International Corp. (a company engaged in the manufacture of packaging products, formerly known as ACX Technologies, Inc.), Alex. Brown Realty, Inc., The Liberty Corporation (a company engaged in the broadcasting industry) and Progress Energy, Inc. (a utility company, formerly known as Carolina Power & Light). +Robert E. Patterson (3/15/45), Trustee. President and Trustee of Cabot Industrial Trust (a publicly traded real estate investment trust). Director of Brandywine Trust Company. *George Putnam III (8/10/51), President and Trustee. President, New Generation Research, Inc. (a publisher of financial advisory and other research services relating to bankrupt and distressed companies) and New Generation Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment adviser). Director of The Boston Family Office, L.L.C. (a registered investment advisor). *A.J.C. Smith (4/13/34), Trustee. Director of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Trident Corp. (a limited partnership with over 30 institutional investors). W. Thomas Stephens (9/2/42), Trustee. President and Chief Executive Officer of MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. (a forest products and building materials company). Chairman of Mail-Well (a printing and energy company). Director of Qwest Communications, Xcel Energy Inc. (a public utility company, formerly known as New Century Energies), Trans Canada Pipeliners and Norske Skog Canada Ltd. (a paper company formerly known as Fletcher Challenger Canada). W. Nicholas Thorndike (3/28/33), Trustee. Director of various corporations and charitable organizations, including Courier Corporation (a book manufacturer) and Providence Journal Co.(a newspaper publisher). Trustee of Cabot Industrial Trust (a publicly traded real estate investment trust) and Northeastern University. Member of the Advisory Board of National Grid USA (an electric company). Officers Name (Date of birth) Charles E. Porter (7/26/38), Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Principal Financial Officer. Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Patricia C. Flaherty (12/1/46), Senior Vice President. Senior Vice President of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Gordon H. Silver (7/3/47), Vice President. Senior Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Brett C. Browchuk (2/27/63), Vice President. Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Ian C. Ferguson (7/3/57), Vice President. Senior Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Richard A. Monaghan (8/25/54), Vice President. Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management. Richard G. Leibovitch (10/31/63), Vice President. Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Prior to February 1999, Mr. Leibovitch was a Managing Director at J.P. Morgan. John R. Verani (6/11/39), Vice President. Senior Vice President of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Management. Michael T. Healy (1/24/58), Assistant Treasurer and Principal Accounting Officer. Managing Director of Putnam Investments, LLC and Putnam Investor Services. Judith Cohen (6/7/45), Clerk. *Trustees who are or may be deemed to be "interested persons" (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund, Putnam Management or Putnam Retail Management. Messrs. Putnam, III, Lasser and Smith are deemed "interested persons" by virtue of their positions as officers or shareholders of the fund, or directors of Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management, or Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., the parent company of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management. +Members of the Executive Committee of the Trustees. The Executive Committee meets between regular meetings of the Trustees as may be required to review investment matters and other affairs of the fund and may exercise all of the powers of the Trustees. ---------------------------- Certain other officers of Putnam Management are officers of the fund. See "Additional officers" in Part I of this SAI. The mailing address of each of the officers and Trustees is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109. Except as stated below, the principal occupations of the officers and Trustees for the last five years have been with the employers as shown above, although in some cases they have held different positions with such employers. Prior to May 2000 and November 1999, Mr. Smith was Chairman and CEO, respectively, of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Prior to March 2000 and September 1998, Dr. Joskow was a Director of New England Electric System (a public utility holding company) and a consultant to National Economic Research Associates, respectively. Prior to September 2000, June 2000, and November 1999, Dr. Kennan was a Director of Chastain Real Estate, Bell Atlantic and Kentucky Home Life Insurance, respectively. Prior to October 1997 and January 1998, Mr. Mullin was a Director of Dillon, Reed and Co. Inc. and The Ryland Group, Inc., respectively. Prior to 1996, Mr. Stephens was Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Officer of Johns Manville Corporation. Prior to September 2000 and April 2000, Mr. Thorndike was a Director of Bradley Real Estate, Inc. and a Trustee of Eastern Utilities Associates, respectively. Prior to May 1997, Mr. Curtis was Deputy Secretary of Energy. Prior to February 1998, Mr. Patterson was Executive Vice President and Director of Acquisitions of Cabot Partners Limited Partnership. Prior to November 1998, Mr. Monaghan was Managing Director at Merrill Lynch. Each Trustee of the fund receives an annual fee and an additional fee for each Trustees' meeting attended. Trustees who are not interested persons of Putnam Management and who serve on committees of the Trustees receive additional fees for attendance at certain committee meetings and for special services rendered in that connection. All of the Trustees are Trustees of all the Putnam funds and each receives fees for his or her services. For details of Trustees' fees paid by the fund and information concerning retirement guidelines for the Trustees, see "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the fund provides that the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the fund, except if it is determined in the manner specified in the Agreement and Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the fund or that such indemnification would relieve any officer or Trustee of any liability to the fund or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the benefit of its Trustees and officers. Putnam Management and its affiliates Putnam Management is one of America's oldest and largest money management firms. Putnam Management's staff of experienced portfolio managers and research analysts selects securities and constantly supervises the fund's portfolio. By pooling an investor's money with that of other investors, a greater variety of securities can be purchased than would be the case individually; the resulting diversification helps reduce investment risk. Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds since 1937. As of December 31, 2000, the firm serves as the investment manager for the funds in the Putnam Family, with over $269 billion in assets in nearly 14 million shareholder accounts. An affiliate, The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC, manages domestic and foreign institutional accounts and mutual funds, including the accounts of many Fortune 500 companies. Another affiliate, Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, provides investment advice to institutional clients under its banking and fiduciary powers. At December 31, 2000, Putnam Management and its affiliates managed over $370 billion in assets, including nearly $16 billion in tax-exempt securities and $90 billion in retirement plan assets. Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management, Putnam Advisory Company, LLC and Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company are subsidiaries of Putnam Investments, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments Trust. Putnam Investment Trust is a holding company which in turn is, except for a minority stake owned by employees, owned by Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., a publicly-owned holding company whose principal businesses are international insurance and reinsurance brokerage, employee benefit consulting and investment management. Trustees and officers of the fund who are also officers of Putnam Management or its affiliates or who are stockholders of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. will benefit from the advisory fees, sales commissions, distribution fees, custodian fees and transfer agency fees paid or allowed by the fund. The Management Contract Under a Management Contract between the fund and Putnam Management, subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management, at its expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on behalf of the fund. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages, supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and clerical services (including determination of the fund's net asset value, but excluding shareholder accounting services) and places all orders for the purchase and sale of the fund's portfolio securities. Putnam Management may place fund portfolio transactions with broker-dealers that furnish Putnam Management, without cost to it, certain research, statistical and quotation services of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising the fund and other clients. In so doing, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay greater brokerage commissions than it might otherwise pay. For details of Putnam Management's compensation under the Management Contract, see "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management's compensation under the Management Contract may be reduced in any year if the fund's expenses exceed the limits on investment company expenses imposed by any statute or regulatory authority of any jurisdiction in which shares of the fund are qualified for offer or sale. The term "expenses" is defined in the statutes or regulations of such jurisdictions, and generally excludes brokerage commissions, taxes, interest, extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan, payments made under such plan. Under the Management Contract, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation to the extent that the fund's expenses exceed such lower expense limitation as Putnam Management may, by notice to the fund, declare to be effective. The expenses subject to this limitation are exclusive of brokerage commissions, interest, taxes, deferred organizational and extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan, payments required under such plan. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on Putnam Management's compensation, expenses of the fund shall not reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits that may reduce designated fund expenses. The terms of any expense limitation from time to time in effect are described in the prospectus and/or Part I of this SAI. In addition to the fee paid to Putnam Management, the fund reimburses Putnam Management for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their assistants who provide certain administrative services for the fund and the other Putnam funds, each of which bears an allocated share of the foregoing costs. The aggregate amount of all such payments and reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees. The amount of this reimbursement for the fund's most recent fiscal year is included in "Charges and Expenses" in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management pays all other salaries of officers of the fund. The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam Management including, without limitation, auditing, legal, custodial, investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses. The fund pays the cost of typesetting for its prospectuses and the cost of printing and mailing any prospectuses sent to its shareholders. Putnam Retail Management pays the cost of printing and distributing all other prospectuses. The Management Contract provides that Putnam Management shall not be subject to any liability to the fund or to any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties on the part of Putnam Management. The Management Contract may be terminated without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by Putnam Management, on 30 days' written notice. It may be amended only by a vote of the shareholders of the fund. The Management Contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. The Management Contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not "interested persons" of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a "majority of the outstanding voting securities" as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940. Portfolio Transactions Investment decisions. Investment decisions for the fund and for the other investment advisory clients of Putnam Management and its affiliates are made with a view to achieving their respective investment objectives. Investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular client involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain clients even though it could have been bought or sold for other clients at the same time. Likewise, a particular security may be bought for one or more clients when one or more other clients are selling the security. In some instances, one client may sell a particular security to another client. It also sometimes happens that two or more clients simultaneously purchase or sell the same security, in which event each day's transactions in such security are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such clients in a manner which in Putnam Management's opinion is equitable to each and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each. There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more clients will have an adverse effect on other clients. Brokerage and research services. Transactions on U.S. stock exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets and other agency transactions involve the payment by the fund of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such commissions vary among different brokers. A particular broker may charge different commissions according to such factors as the difficulty and size of the transaction. Transactions in foreign investments often involve the payment of fixed brokerage commissions, which may be higher than those in the United States. There is generally no stated commission in the case of securities traded in the over-the-counter markets, but the price paid by the fund usually includes an undisclosed dealer commission or mark-up. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by the fund includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer. It is anticipated that most purchases and sales of securities by funds investing primarily in tax-exempt securities and certain other fixed-income securities will be with the issuer or with underwriters of or dealers in those securities, acting as principal. Accordingly, those funds would not ordinarily pay significant brokerage commissions with respect to securities transactions. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information concerning commissions paid by the fund. It has for many years been a common practice in the investment advisory business for advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to receive brokerage and research services (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 Act")) from broker-dealers that execute portfolio transactions for the clients of such advisers and from third parties with which such broker-dealers have arrangements. Consistent with this practice, Putnam Management receives brokerage and research services and other similar services from many broker-dealers with which Putnam Management places the fund's portfolio transactions and from third parties with which these broker-dealers have arrangements. These services include such matters as economic analysis, investment research and database services, industry and company reviews, evaluations of investments, recommendations as to the purchase and sale of investments, performance measurement services, subscriptions, pricing services, quotation services, news services and computer equipment (investment-related hardware and software) utilized by Putnam Management's managers and analysts. Where the services referred to above are used by Putnam Management not exclusively for research purposes, Putnam Management, based upon its own allocations of expected use, bears that portion of the cost of these services which directly relates to their non-research use. Some of these services are of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising various of their clients (including the fund), although not all of these services are necessarily useful and of value in managing the fund. The management fee paid by the fund is not reduced because Putnam Management and its affiliates receive these services even though Putnam Management might otherwise be required to purchase some of these services for cash. Putnam Management places all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for the fund and buys and sells investments for the fund through a substantial number of brokers and dealers. In so doing, Putnam Management uses its best efforts to obtain for the fund the most favorable price and execution available, except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable price and execution, Putnam Management, having in mind the fund's best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant, including, by way of illustration, price, the size of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security or other investment, the amount of the commission, the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in other transactions. As permitted by Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act, and by the Management Contract, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay a broker-dealer which provides "brokerage and research services" (as defined in the 1934 Act) to Putnam Management an amount of disclosed commission for effecting securities transactions on stock exchanges and other transactions for the fund on an agency basis in excess of the commission which another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction. Putnam Management's authority to cause the fund to pay any such greater commissions is subject to such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. Putnam Management does not currently intend to cause the fund to make such payments. It is the position of the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission that Section 28(e) does not apply to the payment of such greater commissions in "principal" transactions. Accordingly Putnam Management will use its best effort to obtain the most favorable price and execution available with respect to such transactions, as described above. The Management Contract provides that commissions, fees, brokerage or similar payments received by Putnam Management or an affiliate in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio investments of the fund, less any direct expenses approved by the Trustees, shall be recaptured by the fund through a reduction of the fee payable by the fund under the Management Contract. Putnam Management seeks to recapture for the fund soliciting dealer fees on the tender of the fund's portfolio securities in tender or exchange offers. Any such fees which may be recaptured are likely to be minor in amount. Consistent with the Conduct Rules of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. and subject to seeking the most favorable price and execution available and such other policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management may consider sales of shares of the fund (and, if permitted by law, of the other Putnam funds) as a factor in the selection of broker-dealers to execute portfolio transactions for the fund. Principal Underwriter Putnam Retail Management is the principal underwriter of shares of the fund and the other continuously offered Putnam funds. Putnam Retail Management is not obligated to sell any specific amount of shares of the fund and will purchase shares for resale only against orders for shares. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information on sales charges and other payments received by Putnam Retail Management. Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and officers and Trustees of the fund are subject to significant restrictions on engaging in personal securities transactions. These restrictions are set forth in the Codes of Ethics adopted by Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management (The Putnam Investments' Code of Ethics) and by the fund (the Putnam Funds' Code of Ethics). The Putnam Investments' Code of Ethics and the Putnam Funds' Code of Ethics, in accordance with Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, contain provisions and requirements designed to identify and address certain conflicts of interest between personal investment activities and the interests of the fund. The Putnam Investments' Code of Ethics does not prohibit personnel from investing in securities that may be purchased or held by the fund. However, the Putnam Investments' Code, consistent with standards recommended by the Investment Company Institute's Advisory Group on Personal Investing and requirements established by Rule 17j-1, among other things, prohibits personal securities investments without pre-clearance, imposes time periods during which personal transactions may not be made in certain securities by employees with access to investment information, and requires the timely submission of broker confirmations and quarterly reporting of personal securities transactions. Additional restrictions apply to portfolio managers, traders, research analysts and others involved in the investment advisory process. The Putnam Funds' Code of Ethics incorporates and applies the restrictions of Putnam Investments' Code of Ethics to officers and Trustees of the fund who are affiliated with Putnam Investments. The Putnam Funds' Code does not prohibit unaffiliated officers and Trustees from investing in securities that may be held by the fund; however, the Putnam Funds' Code regulates the personal securities transactions of unaffiliated Trustees of the fund, including limiting the time periods during which they may personally buy and sell certain securities and requiring them to submit quarterly reports of personal securities transactions. The fund's Trustees, in compliance with Rule 17j-1, approved Putnam Investments' and the Putnam Funds' Codes of Ethics and are required to approve any material changes to these Codes. The Trustees also provide continued oversight of personal investment policies and annually evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the Codes of Ethics. Investor Servicing Agent and Custodian Putnam Investor Services, a division of Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company ("PFTC"), is the fund's investor servicing agent (transfer, plan and dividend disbursing agent), for which it receives fees that are paid monthly by the fund as an expense of all its shareholders. The fee paid to Putnam Investor Services is determined on the basis of the number of shareholder accounts, the number of transactions and the assets of the fund. Putnam Investor Services has won the DALBAR Service Award ten times in the past eleven years. In 1997, 1998 and 2000, Putnam was the only company to win all three DALBAR Awards: for service to investors, to financial advisors, and to variable annuity contract holders. DALBAR, Inc. an independent research firm, presents the awards to financial services firms that provide consistently excellent service. PFTC is the custodian of the fund's assets. In carrying out its duties under its custodian contract, PFTC may employ one or more subcustodians whose responsibilities include safeguarding and controlling the fund's cash and securities, handling the receipt and delivery of securities and collecting interest and dividends on the fund's investments. PFTC and any subcustodians employed by it have a lien on the securities of the fund (to the extent permitted by the fund's investment restrictions) to secure charges and any advances made by such subcustodians at the end of any day for the purpose of paying for securities purchased by the fund. The fund expects that such advances will exist only in unusual circumstances. Neither PFTC nor any subcustodian determines the investment policies of the fund or decides which securities the fund will buy or sell. PFTC pays the fees and other charges of any subcustodians employed by it. The fund may from time to time pay custodial expenses in full or in part through the placement by Putnam Management of the fund's portfolio transactions with the subcustodians or with a third-party broker having an agreement with the subcustodians. The fund pays PFTC an annual fee based on the fund's assets, securities transactions and securities holdings and reimburses PFTC for certain out-of-pocket expenses incurred by it or any subcustodian employed by it in performing custodial services. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information on fees and reimbursements for investor servicing and custody received by PFTC. The fees may be reduced by credits allowed by PFTC. DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE The fund determines the net asset value per share of each class of shares once each day the New York Stock Exchange (the "Exchange") is open. Currently, the Exchange is closed Saturdays, Sundays and the following holidays: New Year's Day, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents' Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. The fund determines net asset value as of the close of regular trading on the Exchange, currently 4:00 p.m. However, equity options held by the fund are priced as of the close of trading at 4:10 p.m., and futures contracts on U.S. government and other fixed-income securities and index options held by the fund are priced as of their close of trading at 4:15 p.m. Securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at prices which, in the opinion of Putnam Management, most nearly represent the market values of such securities. Currently, such prices are determined using the last reported sale price or, if no sales are reported (as in the case of some securities traded over-the-counter), the last reported bid price, except that certain securities are valued at the mean between the last reported bid and asked prices. Short-term investments having remaining maturities of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, which approximates market value. All other securities and assets are valued at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. Liabilities are deducted from the total, and the resulting amount is divided by the number of shares of the class outstanding. Reliable market quotations are not considered to be readily available for long-term corporate bonds and notes, certain preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities, and certain foreign securities. These investments are valued at fair value on the basis of valuations furnished by pricing services, which determine valuations for normal, institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships between securities which are generally recognized by institutional traders. If any securities held by the fund are restricted as to resale, Putnam Management determines their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. The fair value of such securities is generally determined as the amount which the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. The valuation procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of the restrictions on disposition of the securities (including any registration expenses that might be borne by the fund in connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors are also generally considered, such as the cost of the investment, the market value of any unrestricted securities of the same class, the size of the holding, the prices of any recent transactions or offers with respect to such securities and any available analysts' reports regarding the issuer. Generally, trading in certain securities (such as foreign securities) is substantially completed each day at various times prior to the close of the Exchange. The values of these securities used in determining the net asset value of the fund's shares are computed in their local currencies as of such times. Currency exchange rates are normally determined at the close of trading in London, England (11:00 a.m., New York time). Also, because of the amount of time required to collect and process trading information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values of certain securities (such as convertible bonds, U.S. government securities and tax-exempt securities) are determined based on market quotations collected earlier in the day at the latest practicable time prior to the close of the Exchange. Occasionally, events affecting the value of such securities may occur between the time of the determination of value and the close of the Exchange which will not be reflected in the computation of the fund's net asset value. If events materially affecting the value of such securities occur during such period, then these securities will be valued at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. In addition, securities held by some of the funds may be traded in foreign markets that are open for business on days that the fund is not, and the trading of such securities on those days may have an impact on the value of a shareholder's investment at a time when the shareholder cannot buy and sell shares of the fund. Money market funds generally value their portfolio securities at amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. HOW TO BUY SHARES Each prospectus describes briefly how investors may buy shares of the fund and identifies the share classes offered by that prospectus. Because of these different sales charges and expenses, the investment performance of the classes will vary. For more information, including your eligibility to purchase certain classes of shares, contact your investment dealer or Putnam Retail Management (at 1-800-225-1581).This section of the SAI contains more information on how to buy shares and the features of all share classes offered by Putnam funds. These features include the sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges (CDSCs) payable by investors, the conditions under which those charges may be reduced, and the sales charges, commissions and other amounts payable by Putnam Retail Management to investment dealers. As set forth under the following sub-headings of this section, some features apply to all classes, while others apply only to certain classes: * General Information describes how to buy shares, identifies the classes, describes ways of reducing sales charges that apply to all classes and describes certain payments to investment dealers. * Additional Information about Class A and Class M Shares describes the allocation of initial sales charges between Putnam Retail Management and investment dealers, ways of reducing those sales charges, the CDSC payable by purchasers of $1 million or more of class A shares and the commissions on those purchases payable by Putnam Retail Management to investment dealers. * Additional Information about Class B and Class C Shares describes the commissions payable by Putnam Retail Management to investment dealers. General Information The fund is currently making a continuous offering of its shares. The fund receives the entire net asset value of shares sold. The fund will accept unconditional orders for shares to be executed at the public offering price based on the net asset value per share next determined after the order is placed. In the case of class A shares and class M shares, the public offering price is the net asset value plus the applicable sales charge, if any. No sales charge is included in the public offering price of other classes of shares. In the case of orders for purchase of shares placed through dealers, the public offering price will be based on the net asset value determined on the day the order is placed, but only if the dealer receives the order before the close of regular trading on the Exchange. If the dealer receives the order after the close of the Exchange, the price will be based on the net asset value next determined. If funds for the purchase of shares are sent directly to Putnam Investor Services, they will be invested at the public offering price based on the net asset value next determined after receipt. Payment for shares of the fund must be in U.S. dollars; if made by check, the check must be drawn on a U.S. bank. Initial and subsequent purchases must satisfy the minimums stated in the prospectus, except that (i) individual investments under certain employee benefit plans or Tax Qualified Retirement Plans may be lower, (ii) persons who are already shareholders may make additional purchases of $50 or more by sending funds directly to Putnam Investor Services (see "Your investing account" below), and (iii) for investors participating in systematic investment plans and military allotment plans, the initial and subsequent purchases must be $25 or more. Information about these plans is available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. As a convenience to investors, shares may be purchased through a systematic investment plan. Pre-authorized monthly bank drafts for a fixed amount (at least $25) are used to purchase fund shares at the applicable public offering price next determined after Putnam Retail Management receives the proceeds from the draft. A shareholder may choose any day of the month and, if a given month (for example, February) does not contain that particular date, or if the date falls on a weekend or holiday, the draft will be processed on the next business day. Further information and application forms are available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. Except for funds that declare a distribution daily, distributions to be reinvested are reinvested without a sales charge in shares of the same class as of the ex-dividend date using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Dividends for Putnam money market funds are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Distributions for all other funds that declare a distribution daily are reinvested without a sales charge as of the last day of the period for which distributions are paid using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Payment in securities. In addition to cash, the fund may accept securities as payment for fund shares at the applicable net asset value. Generally, the fund will only consider accepting securities to increase its holdings in a portfolio security, or if Putnam Management determines that the offered securities are a suitable investment for the fund and in a sufficient amount for efficient management. While no minimum has been established, it is expected that the fund would not accept securities with a value of less than $100,000 per issue as payment for shares. The fund may reject in whole or in part any or all offers to pay for purchases of fund shares with securities, may require partial payment in cash for such purchases to provide funds for applicable sales charges, and may discontinue accepting securities as payment for fund shares at any time without notice. The fund will value accepted securities in the manner described in the section "Determination of Net Asset Value" for valuing shares of the fund. The fund will only accept securities which are delivered in proper form. The fund will not accept options or restricted securities as payment for shares. The acceptance of securities by certain funds in exchange for fund shares is subject to additional requirements. For federal income tax purposes, a purchase of fund shares with securities will be treated as a sale or exchange of such securities on which the investor will generally realize a taxable gain or loss. The processing of a purchase of fund shares with securities involves certain delays while the fund considers the suitability of such securities and while other requirements are satisfied. For information regarding procedures for payment in securities, contact Putnam Retail Management. Investors should not send securities to the fund except when authorized to do so and in accordance with specific instructions received from Putnam Retail Management. Class A shares and class M shares are generally sold with a sales charge payable at the time of purchase (except for class A shares and class M shares of money market funds). As used in this SAI and unless the context requires otherwise, the term "class A shares" includes shares of funds that offer only one class of shares. The prospectus contains a table of applicable sales charges. Class B shares and class C shares are sold subject to a CDSC payable upon redemption within a specified period after purchase. The prospectus contains a table of applicable CDSCs. Class B shares will automatically convert into class A shares no later than the end of the month eight years after the purchase date, and may, in the discretion of the Trustees, convert to class A shares earlier. Class B shares acquired by exchanging class B shares of another Putnam fund will convert into class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase. Class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert into Class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class B shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion of class B shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for Federal tax purposes. Class Y shares, which are not subject to sales charges or a CDSC, are available only to certain defined contribution plans and college savings plans. See the prospectus that offers class Y shares for more information. Sales without sales charges or contingent deferred sales charges. The fund may sell shares without a sales charge or CDSC to: (i) current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employee benefit plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest; (ii) employer-sponsored retirement plans, for the repurchase of shares in connection with repayment of plan loans made to plan participants (if the sum loaned was obtained by redeeming shares of a Putnam fund sold with a sales charge) (not offered by tax-exempt funds); (iii) clients of administrators of tax-qualified employer-sponsored retirement plans which have entered into agreements with Putnam Retail Management (not offered by tax-exempt funds); (iv) registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management; employees of financial institutions having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management or otherwise having an arrangement with any such broker-dealer or financial institution with respect to sales of fund shares; and their family members (Putnam Retail Management is regarded as the dealer of record for all such accounts); (v) investors meeting certain requirements who sold shares of certain Putnam closed-end funds pursuant to a tender offer by such closed-end fund; (vi) a trust department of any financial institution purchasing shares of the fund in its capacity as trustee of any trust (other than a tax-qualified retirement plan trust), through an arrangement approved by Putnam Retail Management, if the value of the shares of the fund and other Putnam funds purchased or held by all such trusts exceeds $1 million in the aggregate; and (vii) "wrap accounts" maintained for clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions or financial intermediaries who have entered into agreements with Putnam Retail Management with respect to such accounts, which in all cases shall be subject to a wrap fee economically comparable to a sales charge. Fund shares offered pursuant to this waiver may not be advertised as "no load," or otherwise offered for sale at NAV without a wrap fee. The fund may issue its shares at net asset value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection with the acquisition of substantially all of the securities owned by other investment companies or personal holding companies. The CDSC will be waived on redemptions to pay premiums for insurance under Putnam's insured investor program. Investors who set up an Systematic Withdrawal Plan ("SWP") for a share account (see "Plans available to shareholders -- Systematic Withdrawal Plan") may withdraw through the SWP up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth below) each year without incurring any CDSC. Shares not subject to a CDSC (such as shares representing reinvestment of distributions) will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limitation. If there are insufficient shares not subject to a CDSC, shares subject to the lowest CDSC liability will be redeemed next until the 12% limit is reached. The 12% figure is calculated on a pro rata basis at the time of the first payment made pursuant to an SWP and recalculated thereafter on a pro rata basis at the time of each SWP payment. Therefore, shareholders who have chosen an SWP based on a percentage of the net asset value of their account of up to 12% will be able to receive SWP payments without incurring a CDSC. However, shareholders who have chosen a specific dollar amount (for example, $100 per month from the fund that pays income distributions monthly) for their periodic SWP payment should be aware that the amount of that payment not subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on the net asset value of their account. For example, if the net asset value of the account is $10,000 at the time of payment, the shareholder will receive $100 free of the CDSC (12% of $10,000 divided by 12 monthly payments). However, if at the time of the next payment the net asset value of the account has fallen to $9,400, the shareholder will receive $94 free of any CDSC (12% of $9,400 divided by 12 monthly payments) and $6 subject to the lowest applicable CDSC. This SWP privilege may be revised or terminated at any time. No CDSC is imposed on the redemption of shares of any class subject to a CDSC to the extent that the shares redeemed (i) are no longer subject to the holding period therefor, (ii) resulted from reinvestment of distributions, or (iii) were exchanged for shares of another Putnam fund, provided that the shares acquired in such exchange or subsequent exchanges (including shares of a Putnam money market fund) will continue to remain subject to the CDSC, if applicable, until the applicable holding period expires. In determining whether the CDSC applies to each redemption, shares not subject to a CDSC are redeemed first. The fund will waive any CDSC on redemptions, in the case of individual, joint or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts, in the event of death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder, for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified retirement plans ("Benefit Payments"), or, in the case of living trust accounts, in the event of the death or post-purchase disability of the settlor of the trust. Benefit Payments currently include, without limitation, (1) distributions from an IRA due to death or disability, (2) a return of excess contributions to an IRA or 401(k) plan, and (3) distributions from retirement plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code or from a 403(b) plan due to death, disability, retirement or separation from service. These waivers may be changed at any time. A redemption fee will not be imposed in cases of shareholder death or disability or other circumstances in which the fund would waive a CDSC as stated above. Payments to dealers. Putnam Retail Management may, at its expense, pay concessions in addition to the payments disclosed in the prospectus to dealers that satisfy certain criteria established from time to time by Putnam Retail Management relating to increasing net sales of shares of the Putnam funds over prior periods, and certain other factors. Additional Information About Class A and Class M Shares The underwriter's commission is the sales charge shown in the prospectus less any applicable dealer discount. Putnam Retail Management will give dealers ten days' notice of any changes in the dealer discount. Putnam Retail Management retains the entire sales charge on any retail sales made by it. Putnam Retail Management offers several plans by which an investor may obtain reduced sales charges on purchases of class A shares and class M shares. The variations in sales charges reflect the varying efforts required to sell shares to separate categories of purchasers. These plans may be altered or discontinued at any time. The public offering price of class A and class M shares is the net asset value plus a sales charge that varies depending on the size of your purchase. The fund receives the net asset value. The sales charge is allocated between your investment dealer and Putnam Retail Management as shown in the following table, except when Putnam Retail Management, in its discretion, allocates the entire amount to your investment dealer. For Growth Funds, Growth and Income Funds and Asset Allocation Funds only:
CLASS A CLASS M Amount of Amount of Sales charge sales charge Sales charge sales charge as a reallowed to as a reallowed to percentage dealers as a percentage dealers as a Amount of transaction of offering percentage of of offering percentage of at offering price ($) price offering price price offering price ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under 50,000 5.75% 5.00% 3.50% 3.00% 50,000 but under 100,000 4.50 3.75 2.50 2.00 100,000 but under 250,000 3.50 2.75 1.50 1.00 250,000 but under 500,000 2.50 2.00 1.00 1.00 500,000 but under 1,000,000 2.00 1.75 NONE NONE 1,000,000 and above NONE NONE NONE NONE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For Income Funds only (except for Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund and Putnam Preferred Income Fund): CLASS A CLASS M Amount of Amount of Sales charge sales charge Sales charge sales charge as a reallowed to as a reallowed to percentage dealers as a percentage dealers as a Amount of transaction of offering percentage of of offering percentage of at offering price ($) price offering price price offering price ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under 50,000 4.75% 4.25% 3.25% 3.00% 50,000 but under 100,000 4.50 4.00 2.25 2.00 100,000 but under 250,000 3.50 3.00 1.50 1.25 250,000 but under 500,000 2.50 2.25 1.00 1.00 500,000 but under 1,000,000 2.00 1.75 NONE NONE 1,000,000 and above NONE NONE NONE NONE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund and Putnam Preferred Income Fund only: CLASS A CLASS M Amount of Amount of Sales charge sales charge Sales charge sales charge as a reallowed to as a reallowed to percentage dealers as a percentage dealers as a Amount of transaction of offering percentage of of offering percentage of at offering price ($) price offering price price offering price ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under 100,000 3.25% 3.00% 2.00% 1.80% 100,000 but under 250,000 2.50 2.25 1.50 1.30 250,000 but under 500,000 2.00 1.75 1.00 1.00 500,000 but under 1,000,000 1.50 1.25 NONE NONE 1,000,000 and above NONE NONE NONE NONE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For Tax Free Funds only: CLASS A CLASS M Amount of Amount of Sales charge sales charge Sales charge sales charge as a reallowed to as a reallowed to percentage dealers as a percentage dealers as a Amount of transaction of offering percentage of of offering percentage of at offering price ($) price offering price price offering price ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Under 25,000 4.75% 4.50% 3.25% 3.00% 25,000 but under 50,000 4.50 4.25 3.25 3.00 50,000 but under 100,000 4.50 4.25 2.25 2.00 100,000 but under 250,000 3.75 3.50 1.50 1.25 250,000 but under 500,000 3.00 2.75 1.00 1.00 500,000 but under 1,000,000 2.00 1.85 NONE NONE 1,000,000 and above NONE NONE NONE NONE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combined purchase privilege. The following persons may qualify for the sales charge reductions or eliminations shown in the prospectus by combining into a single transaction the purchase of class A shares or class M shares with other purchases of any class of shares: (i) an individual, or a "company" as defined in Section 2(a)(8) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (which includes corporations which are corporate affiliates of each other); (ii) an individual, his or her spouse and their children under twenty-one, purchasing for his, her or their own account; (iii) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing for a single trust estate or single fiduciary account (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code")); (iv) tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (not including tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 403(b)(7) (a "403(b) plan") of the Code; and (v) employee benefit plans of a single employer or of affiliated employers, other than 403(b) plans. A combined purchase currently may also include shares of any class of other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than money market funds) purchased at the same time through a single investment dealer, if the dealer places the order for such shares directly with Putnam Retail Management. Cumulative quantity discount (right of accumulation). A purchaser of class A shares or class M shares may qualify for a cumulative quantity discount by combining a current purchase (or combined purchases as described above) with certain other shares of any class of Putnam funds already owned. The applicable sales charge is based on the total of: (i) the investor's current purchase; and (ii) the maximum public offering price (at the close of business on the previous day) of: (a) all shares held by the investor in all of the Putnam funds (except money market funds); and (b) any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds; and (iii) the maximum public offering price of all shares described in paragraph (ii) owned by another shareholder eligible to participate with the investor in a "combined purchase" (see above). To qualify for the combined purchase privilege or to obtain the cumulative quantity discount on a purchase through an investment dealer, when each purchase is made the investor or dealer must provide Putnam Retail Management with sufficient information to verify that the purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount. The shareholder must furnish this information to Putnam Investor Services when making direct cash investments. Statement of Intention. Investors may also obtain the reduced sales charges for class A shares or class M shares shown in the prospectus for investments of a particular amount by means of a written Statement of Intention, which expresses the investor's intention to invest that amount (including certain "credits," as described below) within a period of 13 months in shares of any class of the fund or any other continuously offered Putnam fund (excluding money market funds). Each purchase of class A shares or class M shares under a Statement of Intention will be made at the public offering price applicable at the time of such purchase to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated in the Statement of Intention. A Statement of Intention may include purchases of shares made not more than 90 days prior to the date that an investor signs a Statement; however, the 13-month period during which the Statement of Intention is in effect will begin on the date of the earliest purchase to be included. An investor may receive a credit toward the amount indicated in the Statement of Intention equal to the maximum public offering price as of the close of business on the previous day of all shares he or she owns on the date of the Statement of Intention which are eligible for purchase under a Statement of Intention (plus any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange of such eligible shares). Investors do not receive credit for shares purchased by the reinvestment of distributions. Investors qualifying for the "combined purchase privilege" (see above) may purchase shares under a single Statement of Intention. The Statement of Intention is not a binding obligation upon the investor to purchase the full amount indicated. The minimum initial investment under a Statement of Intention is 5% of such amount, and must be invested immediately. Class A shares or class M shares purchased with the first 5% of such amount will be held in escrow to secure payment of the higher sales charge applicable to the shares actually purchased if the full amount indicated is not purchased. When the full amount indicated has been purchased, the escrow will be released. If an investor desires to redeem escrowed shares before the full amount has been purchased, the shares will be released from escrow only if the investor pays the sales charge that, without regard to the Statement of Intention, would apply to the total investment made to date. To the extent that an investor purchases more than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention and qualifies for a further reduced sales charge, the sales charge will be adjusted for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period, upon recovery from the investor's dealer of its portion of the sales charge adjustment. Once received from the dealer, which may take a period of time or may never occur, the sales charge adjustment will be used to purchase additional shares at the then current offering price applicable to the actual amount of the aggregate purchases. These additional shares will not be considered as part of the total investment for the purpose of determining the applicable sales charge pursuant to the Statement of Intention. No sales charge adjustment will be made unless and until the investor's dealer returns any excess commissions previously received. To the extent that an investor purchases less than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention within the 13-month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period. This adjustment will be made by redeeming shares from the account to cover the additional sales charge, the proceeds of which will be paid to the investor's dealer and Putnam Retail Management in accordance with the prospectus. If the account exceeds an amount that would otherwise qualify for a reduced sales charge, that reduced sales charge will be applied. Statements of Intention are not available for certain employee benefit plans. Statement of Intention forms may be obtained from Putnam Retail Management or from investment dealers. Interested investors should read the Statement of Intention carefully. Group purchases of class A and class M shares. Members of qualified groups may purchase class A shares of the fund at a group sales charge rate of 4.50% of the public offering price (4.71% of the net amount invested). The dealer discount on such sales is 3.75% of the offering price. Members of qualified groups may also purchase class M shares at net asset value. To receive the class A or class M group rate, group members must purchase shares through a single investment dealer designated by the group. The designated dealer must transmit each member's initial purchase to Putnam Retail Management, together with payment and completed application forms. After the initial purchase, a member may send funds for the purchase of shares directly to Putnam Investor Services. Purchases of shares are made at the public offering price based on the net asset value next determined after Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services receives payment for the shares. The minimum investment requirements described above apply to purchases by any group member. Only shares purchased under the class A group discount are included in calculating the purchased amount for the purposes of these requirements. Qualified groups include the employees of a corporation or a sole proprietorship, members and employees of a partnership or association, or other organized groups of persons (the members of which may include other qualified groups) provided that: (i) the group has at least 25 members of which, with respect to the class A discount only, at least 10 members participate in the initial purchase; (ii) the group has been in existence for at least six months; (iii) the group has some purpose in addition to the purchase of investment company shares at a reduced sales charge; (iv) the group's sole organizational nexus or connection is not that the members are credit card holders of a company, policy holders of an insurance company, customers of a bank or broker-dealer, clients of an investment adviser or security holders of a company; (v) with respect to the class A discount only, the group agrees to provide its designated investment dealer access to the group's membership by means of written communication or direct presentation to the membership at a meeting on not less frequently than an annual basis; (vi) the group or its investment dealer will provide annual certification in form satisfactory to Putnam Investor Services that the group then has at least 25 members and, with respect to the class A discount only, that at least ten members participated in group purchases during the immediately preceding 12 calendar months; and (vii) the group or its investment dealer will provide periodic certification in form satisfactory to Putnam Investor Services as to the eligibility of the purchasing members of the group. Members of a qualified group include: (i) any group which meets the requirements stated above and which is a constituent member of a qualified group; (ii) any individual purchasing for his or her own account who is carried on the records of the group or on the records of any constituent member of the group as being a good standing employee, partner, member or person of like status of the group or constituent member; or (iii) any fiduciary purchasing shares for the account of a member of a qualified group or a member's beneficiary. For example, a qualified group could consist of a trade association which would have as its members individuals, sole proprietors, partnerships and corporations. The members of the group would then consist of the individuals, the sole proprietors and their employees, the members of the partnerships and their employees, and the corporations and their employees, as well as the trustees of employee benefit trusts acquiring class A shares for the benefit of any of the foregoing. A member of a qualified group may, depending upon the value of class A shares of the fund owned or proposed to be purchased by the member, be entitled to purchase class A shares of the fund at non-group sales charge rates shown in the prospectus which may be lower than the group sales charge rate, if the member qualifies as a person entitled to reduced non-group sales charges. Such a group member will be entitled to purchase at the lower rate if, at the time of purchase, the member or his or her investment dealer furnishes sufficient information for Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services to verify that the purchase qualifies for the lower rate. Interested groups should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Retail Management. The fund reserves the right to revise the terms of or to suspend or discontinue group sales at any time. Purchases of $1 million or more of Class A shares. Purchases of class A shares of $1 million or more are not subject to an initial sales charge, but may be subject to a CDSC, as described below, unless the dealer of record has, with Putnam Retail Management's approval, waived its commission or agreed to refund its commission to Putnam Retail Management if a CDSC would otherwise apply. * For a class A qualified benefit plan (any employer-sponsored plan or arrangement), a CDSC of 0.50% (0.75% for a plan with less than $5 million in Putnam funds and other investments managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates) applies if the plan redeems 90% or more of its cumulative purchases within two years of the plan's initial purchase of class A shares. * For any other purchaser, a CDSC of 1.00% or 0.50% applies to redemptions within the first or second year, respectively, of purchase. On sales at net asset value to a class A qualified benefit plan, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions to the dealer of record at the time of the sale on net monthly purchases up to the following rates: 1.00% of the first $1 million, 0.75% of the next $1 million and 0.50% thereafter. On sales at net asset value to other investors, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase at net asset value. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first net asset value purchase following the end of the prior period. These commissions are paid at the rate of 1.00% of the amount under $3 million, 0.50% of the next $47 million and 0.25% thereafter. Purchases of less than $1 million of Class A shares for rollover IRAs. Purchases of class A shares for a Putnam Rollover IRA that is not part of a Class A qualified benefit plan addressed above with less than $1 million in proceeds from a retirement plan for which a Putnam fund is an investment option are not subject to an initial sales charge or CDSC. Putnam Retail Management does not pay commissions to the dealer of record at the time of the sale of such shares. Purchases of Class M shares for rollover IRAs. Purchases of class M shares for a Putnam Rollover IRA with proceeds in any amount from a retirement plan for which a Putnam fund is an investment option are not subject to an initial sales charge but may be subject to a CDSC on shares redeemed within one year of purchase at the rates set forth below, which are equal to commissions Putnam Retail Management pays to the dealer of record at the time of the sale of class M shares. These purchases will not be subject to a CDSC if the dealer of record has, with Putnam Retail Management's approval, waived its commission or agreed to refund its commission to Putnam Retail Management if a CDSC would otherwise apply. Class M CDSC and dealer commission ---------------------------------- All growth, growth and income, and asset allocation funds: 0.65% All income funds (except two funds listed below): 0.40% Preferred Income Fund 0.25% Money Market Fund 0.15% Additional Information About Class B and Class C Shares Except as noted below, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 4% commission on sales of class B shares of the fund only to those financial intermediaries who have entered into service agreements with Putnam Retail Management. For tax-exempt funds, this commission includes a 0.20% pre-paid service fee (except for Putnam Municipal Income Fund, which has a 0.25% pre-paid service fee). For Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 2.75% commission to financial intermediaries selling class B shares of the fund. Putnam Management pays financial intermediaries a 1% commission on sales of class C shares of a fund. Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of class B and class C shares to compensate it for the cost of paying the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for class B or class C share sales. DISTRIBUTION PLANS If the fund or a class of shares of the fund has adopted a distribution plan, the prospectus describes the principal features of the plan. This SAI contains additional information which may be of interest to investors. Continuance of a plan is subject to annual approval by a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the fund and who have no direct or indirect interest in the plan or related arrangements (the "Qualified Trustees"), cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose. All material amendments to a plan must be likewise approved by the Trustees and the Qualified Trustees. No plan may be amended in order to increase materially the costs which the fund may bear for distribution pursuant to such plan without also being approved by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be. A plan terminates automatically in the event of its assignment and may be terminated without penalty, at any time, by a vote of a majority of the Qualified Trustees or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be. Putnam Retail Management compensates qualifying dealers (including, for this purpose, certain financial institutions) for sales of shares and the maintenance of shareholder accounts. Putnam Retail Management may suspend or modify its payments to dealers. The payments are also subject to the continuation of the relevant distribution plan, the terms of the service agreements between the dealers and Putnam Retail Management and any applicable limits imposed by the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Financial institutions receiving payments from Putnam Retail Management as described above may be required to comply with various state and federal regulatory requirements, including among others those regulating the activities of securities brokers or dealers. Except as otherwise agreed between Putnam Retail Management and a dealer, for purposes of determining the amounts payable to dealers for shareholder accounts for which such dealers are designated as the dealer of record, "average net asset value" means the product of (i) the average daily share balance in such account(s) and (ii) the average daily net asset value of the relevant class of shares over the quarter. Class A shares: Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class A shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record) except as described below. No payments are made during the first year after purchase on shares purchased at net asset value by shareholders that invest at least $1 million or that are class A qualified benefit plans, unless the shareholder has made arrangements with Putnam Retail Management and the dealer of record has waived the sales commission. Rate Fund ---- ---- 0.25% All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below 0.50% for shares purchased Putnam Diversified Equity Trust on or before 7/1/95; 0.25% for shares purchased after 7/1/95 0.20% Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund Putnam Tax-Free Insured Fund 0.20% for shares purchased Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund on or before 12/31/89; Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust 0.25% for shares purchased The George Putnam Fund of Boston after 12/31/89 Putnam Global Growth Fund Putnam Global Natural Resources Fund Putnam Health Sciences Trust The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income Putnam Investors Fund Putnam Vista Fund Putnam Voyager Fund 0.20% for shares purchased Putnam High Yield Trust on or before 3/31/90; Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/90 0.20% for shares purchased Putnam Income Fund on or before 3/31/91; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/91 0.20% for shares purchased Putnam Municipal Income Fund on or before 5/7/92; 0.25% for shares purchased after 5/7/92 0.15% for shares purchased Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt Income Fund on or before 3/6/92; 0.20% Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund for shares purchased after Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund 3/6/92 0.15% for shares purchased Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund on or before 5/11/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 5/11/92 0.15% for shares purchased Putnam New York Tax Exempt Opportunities Fund on or before 7/12/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 7/12/92 0.15% for shares purchased Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund on or before 12/31/92; Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund 0.20% for shares purchased Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund after 12/31/92 Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund 0.15% for shares purchased Putnam Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund on or before 3/5/93; 0.20% for shares purchased after 3/5/93 0.15% for shares purchased Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income Fund on or before 7/8/93; 0.20% Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund for shares purchased after 7/8/93 0.00% Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Putnam Preferred Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Class B shares: Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). Rate Fund ---- ---- 0.25% All funds currently making payments under a class B distribution plan, except for those listed below 0.25%, except that the Putnam Municipal Income Fund first year's service fees Putnam Tax-Free Insured Fund of 0.25% are prepaid at Putnam Tax-Free High Yield time of sale 0.25%, except that the Putnam Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund first year's service fees Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund of 0.20% are prepaid at Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income Fund time of sale Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Opportunities Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund 0.00% Putnam Money Market Fund Class C shares: Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). Rate Fund ---- ---- 1.00% All funds currently making payments under a class C distribution plan, except the fund listed below 0.50% Putnam Money Market Fund Class M shares: Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record), except as follows. No payments are made during the first year after purchase on shares purchased at net asset value for Putnam Rollover IRAs, unless the dealer of record has waived the sales commission. Rate Fund ---- ---- 0.65% All growth, growth and income and asset allocation funds currently making payments under a class M distribution plan 0.40% All income funds currently making payments under a class M distribution plan (except for Putnam Preferred Income Fund and Putnam Money Market Fund) 0.25% Putnam Preferred Income Fund 0.15% Putnam Money Market Fund INVESTOR SERVICES Shareholder Information Each time shareholders buy or sell shares, they will receive a statement confirming the transaction and listing their current share balance. (Under certain investment plans, a statement may only be sent quarterly.) Shareholders will receive a statement confirming reinvestment of distributions in additional fund shares (or in shares of other Putnam funds for Dividends Plus accounts) promptly following the quarter in which the reinvestment occurs. To help shareholders take full advantage of their Putnam investment, they will receive a Welcome Kit and a periodic publication covering many topics of interest to investors. The fund also sends annual and semiannual reports that keep shareholders informed about its portfolio and performance, and year-end tax information to simplify their recordkeeping. Easy-to-read, free booklets on special subjects such as the Exchange Privilege and IRAs are available from Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders may call Putnam Investor Services toll-free weekdays at 1-800-225-1581 between 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Boston time for more information, including account balances. Shareholders can also visit the Putnam web site at http://www.putnaminvestments.com. Your Investing Account The following information provides more detail concerning the operation of a Putnam Investing Account. For further information or assistance, investors should consult Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders who purchase shares through a defined contribution plan should note that not all of the services or features described below may be available to them, and they should contact their employer for details. A shareholder may reinvest a cash distribution without a front-end sales charge or without the reinvested shares being subject to a CDSC, as the case may be, by delivering to Putnam Investor Services the uncashed distribution check, endorsed to the order of the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive the properly endorsed check within 1 year after the date of the check. The Investing Account also provides a way to accumulate shares of the fund. In most cases, after an initial investment of $500, a shareholder may send checks to Putnam Investor Services for $50 or more, made payable to the fund, to purchase additional shares at the applicable public offering price next determined after Putnam Investor Services receives the check. Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank and must be payable in U.S. dollars. Putnam Investor Services acts as the shareholder's agent whenever it receives instructions to carry out a transaction on the shareholder's account. Upon receipt of instructions that shares are to be purchased for a shareholder's account, shares will be purchased through the investment dealer designated by the shareholder. Shareholders may change investment dealers at any time by written notice to Putnam Investor Services, provided the new dealer has a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management. Shares credited to an account are transferable upon written instructions in good order to Putnam Investor Services and may be sold to the fund as described under "How do I sell fund shares?" in the prospectus. Money market funds and certain other funds will not issue share certificates. A shareholder may send to Putnam Investor Services any certificates which have been previously issued for safekeeping at no charge to the shareholder. Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide certain additional reports and administrative material to qualifying institutional investors with fiduciary responsibilities to assist these investors in discharging their responsibilities. Institutions seeking further information about this service should contact Putnam Retail Management, which may modify or terminate this service at any time. Putnam Investor Services may make special services available to shareholders with investments exceeding $1,000,000. Contact Putnam Investor Services for details. The fund pays Putnam Investor Services' fees for maintaining Investing Accounts. Reinstatement Privilege An investor who has redeemed shares of the fund may reinvest (within 1 year) the proceeds of such sale in shares of the same class of the fund, or may be able to reinvest (within 1 year) the proceeds in shares of the same class of one of the other continuously offered Putnam funds (through the exchange privilege described in the prospectus), including, in the case of shares subject to a CDSC, the amount of CDSC charged on the redemption. Any such reinvestment would be at the net asset value of the shares of the fund(s) the investor selects, next determined after Putnam Retail Management receives a Reinstatement Authorization. The time that the previous investment was held will be included in determining any applicable CDSC due upon redemptions and, in the case of class B shares, the eight-year period for conversion to class A shares. Shareholders will receive from Putnam Retail Management the amount of any CDSC paid at the time of redemption as part of the reinstated investment, which may be treated as capital gains to the shareholder for tax purposes. Exercise of the Reinstatement Privilege does not alter the federal income tax treatment of any capital gains realized on a sale of fund shares, but to the extent that any shares are sold at a loss and the proceeds are reinvested in shares of the fund, some or all of the loss may be disallowed as a deduction. Consult your tax adviser. Investors who desire to exercise the Reinstatement Privilege should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services. Exchange Privilege Except as otherwise set forth in this section, by calling Putnam Investor Services, investors may exchange shares valued up to $500,000 between accounts with identical registrations, provided that no certificates are outstanding for such shares and no address change has been made within the preceding 15 days. During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder activity, shareholders may experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor Services by telephone to exercise the telephone exchange privilege. Putnam Investor Services also makes exchanges promptly after receiving a properly completed Exchange Authorization Form and, if issued, share certificates. If the shareholder is a corporation, partnership, agent, or surviving joint owner, Putnam Investor Services will require additional documentation of a customary nature. Because an exchange of shares involves the redemption of fund shares and reinvestment of the proceeds in shares of another Putnam fund, completion of an exchange may be delayed under unusual circumstances if the fund were to suspend redemptions or postpone payment for the fund shares being exchanged, in accordance with federal securities laws. Exchange Authorization Forms and prospectuses of the other Putnam funds are available from Putnam Retail Management or investment dealers having sales contracts with Putnam Retail Management. The prospectus of each fund describes its investment objective(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these objectives and policies carefully before requesting an exchange. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states. The fund reserves the right to change or suspend the exchange privilege at any time. Shareholders would be notified of any change or suspension. Additional information is available from Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also exchange their shares at net asset value for shares of the fund, as set forth in the current prospectus of each fund. For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is a sale on which the investor generally will realize a capital gain or loss depending on whether the net asset value at the time of the exchange is more or less than the investor's basis. The exchange privilege may be revised or terminated at any time. Shareholders would be notified of any such change or suspension. Dividends PLUS Shareholders may invest the fund's distributions of net investment income or distributions combining net investment income and short-term capital gains in shares of the same class of another continuously offered Putnam fund (the "receiving fund") using the net asset value per share of the receiving fund determined on the date the fund's distribution is payable. No sales charge or CDSC will apply to the purchased shares unless the fund paying the distribution is a money market fund. The prospectus of each fund describes its investment objective(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these objective(s) and policies carefully before investing their distributions in the receiving fund. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states. The minimum account size requirement for the receiving fund will not apply if the current value of your account in the fund paying the distribution is more than $5,000. Shareholders of other Putnam funds (except for money market funds, whose shareholders must pay a sales charge or become subject to a CDSC) may also use their distributions to purchase shares of the fund at net asset value. For federal tax purposes, distributions from the fund which are reinvested in another fund are treated as paid by the fund to the shareholder and invested by the shareholder in the receiving fund and thus, to the extent comprised of taxable income and deemed paid to a taxable shareholder, are taxable. The Dividends PLUS program may be revised or terminated at any time. Plans Available To Shareholders The plans described below are fully voluntary and may be terminated at any time without the imposition by the fund or Putnam Investor Services of any penalty. All plans provide for automatic reinvestment of all distributions in additional shares of the fund at net asset value. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may modify or cease offering these plans at any time. Systematic Withdrawal Plan ("SWP"). An investor who owns or buys shares of the fund valued at $10,000 or more at the current public offering price may open a SWP plan and have a designated sum of money ($50 or more) paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually to the investor or another person. (Payments from the fund can be combined with payments from other Putnam funds into a single check through a designated payment plan.) Shares are deposited in a plan account, and all distributions are reinvested in additional shares of the fund at net asset value (except where the plan is utilized in connection with a charitable remainder trust). Shares in a plan account are then redeemed at net asset value to make each withdrawal payment. Payment will be made to any person the investor designates; however, if shares are registered in the name of a trustee or other fiduciary, payment will be made only to the fiduciary, except in the case of a profit-sharing or pension plan where payment will be made to a designee. As withdrawal payments may include a return of principal, they cannot be considered a guaranteed annuity or actual yield of income to the investor. The redemption of shares in connection with a plan generally will result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. Some or all of the losses realized upon redemption may be disallowed pursuant to the so-called wash sale rules if shares of the same fund from which shares were redeemed are purchased (including through the reinvestment of fund distributions) within a period beginning 30 days before, and ending 30 days after, such redemption. In such a case, the basis of the replacement shares will be increased to reflect the disallowed loss. Continued withdrawals in excess of income will reduce and possibly exhaust invested principal, especially in the event of a market decline. The maintenance of a plan concurrently with purchases of additional shares of the fund would be disadvantageous to the investor because of the sales charge payable on such purchases. For this reason, the minimum investment accepted while a plan is in effect is $1,000, and an investor may not maintain a plan for the accumulation of shares of the fund (other than through reinvestment of distributions) and a plan at the same time. The cost of administering these plans for the benefit of those shareholders participating in them is borne by the fund as an expense of all shareholders. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may terminate or change the terms of the plan at any time. A plan will be terminated if communications mailed to the shareholder are returned as undeliverable. Investors should consider carefully with their own financial advisers whether the plan and the specified amounts to be withdrawn are appropriate in their circumstances. The fund and Putnam Investor Services make no recommendations or representations in this regard. Tax Qualified Retirement Plans; 403(b) and SEP Plans. (Not offered by funds investing primarily in tax-exempt securities.) Investors may purchase shares of the fund through the following Tax Qualified Retirement Plans, available to qualified individuals or organizations: Standard and variable profit-sharing (including 401(k)) and money purchase pension plans; and Individual Retirement Account Plans (IRAs). Each of these Plans has been qualified as a prototype plan by the Internal Revenue Service. Putnam Investor Services will furnish services under each plan at a specified annual cost. Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company serves as trustee under each of these Plans. Forms and further information on these Plans are available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. In addition, specialized professional plan administration services are available on an optional basis; contact Putnam Defined Contribution Plan Services at 1-800-225-2465, extension 8600. A 403(b) Retirement Plan is available for employees of public school systems and organizations which meet the requirements of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Forms and further information on the 403(b) Plan are also available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. Shares of the fund may also be used in simplified employee pension (SEP) plans. For further information on the Putnam prototype SEP plan, contact an investment dealer or Putnam Retail Management. Consultation with a competent financial and tax adviser regarding these Plans and consideration of the suitability of fund shares as an investment under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or otherwise, is recommended. SIGNATURE GUARANTEES Requests to redeem shares having a net asset value of $100,000 or more, or to transfer shares or make redemption proceeds payable to anyone other than the registered account owners, must be signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives and must be guaranteed by a bank, broker/dealer, municipal securities dealer or broker, credit union, national securities exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency, savings association or trust company, provided such institution is authorized and acceptable under and conforms with Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company's signature guarantee procedures. A copy of such procedures is available upon request. In certain situations, for example, if you want your redemption proceeds sent to an address other than your address as it appears on Putnam's records, you may also need to provide a signature guarantee. Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner. Contact Putnam Investor Services for more information on Putnam's signature guarantee and documentation requirements. SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS The fund may not suspend shareholders' right of redemption, or postpone payment for more than seven days, unless the Exchange is closed for other than customary weekends or holidays, or if permitted by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission during periods when trading on the Exchange is restricted or during any emergency which makes it impracticable for the fund to dispose of its securities or to determine fairly the value of its net assets, or during any other period permitted by order of the Commission for protection of investors. SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. However, the Agreement and Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by the fund or the Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of fund property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the fund would be unable to meet its obligations. The likelihood of such circumstances is remote. STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES Yield and total return data for the fund may from time to time be presented in Part I of this SAI and in advertisements. In the case of funds with more than one class of shares, all performance information is calculated separately for each class. The data is calculated as follows. Total return for one-, five- and ten-year periods (or for such shorter periods as the fund has been in operation or shares of the relevant class have been outstanding) is determined by calculating the actual dollar amount of investment return on a $1,000 investment in the fund made at the beginning of the period, at the maximum public offering price for class A shares and class M shares and net asset value for other classes of shares, and then calculating the annual compounded rate of return which would produce that amount. Total return for a period of one year is equal to the actual return of the fund during that period. Total return calculations assume deduction of the fund's maximum sales charge or CDSC, if applicable, and reinvestment of all fund distributions at net asset value on their respective reinvestment dates. The fund's yield is presented for a specified thirty-day period (the "base period"). Yield is based on the amount determined by (i) calculating the aggregate amount of dividends and interest earned by the fund during the base period less expenses for that period, and (ii) dividing that amount by the product of (A) the average daily number of shares of the fund outstanding during the base period and entitled to receive dividends and (B) the per share maximum public offering price for class A shares or class M shares, as appropriate, and net asset value for other classes of shares on the last day of the base period. The result is annualized on a compounding basis to determine the yield. For this calculation, interest earned on debt obligations held by the fund is generally calculated using the yield to maturity (or first expected call date) of such obligations based on their market values (or, in the case of receivables-backed securities such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMAs"), based on cost). Dividends on equity securities are accrued daily at their stated dividend rates. The amount of expenses used in determining the fund's yield includes, in addition to expenses actually accrued by the fund, an estimate of the amount of expenses that the fund would have incurred if brokerage commissions had not been used to reduce such expenses. If the fund is a money market fund, yield is computed by determining the percentage net change, excluding capital changes, in the value of an investment in one share over the seven-day period for which yield is presented (the "base period"), and multiplying the net change by 365/7 (or approximately 52 weeks). Effective yield represents a compounding of the yield by adding 1 to the number representing the percentage change in value of the investment during the base period, raising that sum to a power equal to 365/7, and subtracting 1 from the result. If the fund is a tax-exempt fund, the tax-equivalent yield during the base period may be presented for shareholders in one or more stated tax brackets. Tax-equivalent yield is calculated by adjusting the tax-exempt yield by a factor designed to show the approximate yield that a taxable investment would have to earn to produce an after-tax yield equal, for that shareholder, to the tax-exempt yield. The tax-equivalent yield will differ for shareholders in other tax brackets. At times, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation or assume expenses of the fund in order to reduce the fund's expenses. The per share amount of any such fee reduction or assumption of expenses during the fund's past five fiscal years (or for the life of the fund, if shorter) is set forth in the footnotes to the table in the section entitled "Financial highlights" in the prospectus. Any such fee reduction or assumption of expenses would increase the fund's yield and total return for periods including the period of the fee reduction or assumption of expenses. All data are based on past performance and do not predict future results. COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE Independent statistical agencies measure the fund's investment performance and publish comparative information showing how the fund, and other investment companies, performed in specified time periods. Three agencies whose reports are commonly used for such comparisons are set forth below. From time to time, the fund may distribute these comparisons to its shareholders or to potential investors. The agencies listed below measure performance based on their own criteria rather than on the standardized performance measures described in the preceding section. Lipper, Inc. distributes mutual fund rankings monthly. The rankings are based on total return performance calculated by Lipper, generally reflecting changes in net asset value adjusted for reinvestment of capital gains and income dividends. They do not reflect deduction of any sales charges. Lipper rankings cover a variety of performance periods, including year-to-date, 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year performance. Lipper classifies mutual funds by investment objective and asset category. Morningstar, Inc. distributes mutual fund ratings twice a month. The ratings are divided into five groups: highest, above average, neutral, below average and lowest. They represent the fund's historical risk/reward ratio relative to other funds in its broad investment class as determined by Morningstar, Inc. Morningstar ratings cover a variety of performance periods, including 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, 10-year and overall performance. The performance factor for the overall rating is a weighted-average assessment of the fund's 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year total return performance (if available) reflecting deduction of expenses and sales charges. Performance is adjusted using quantitative techniques to reflect the risk profile of the fund. The ratings are derived from a purely quantitative system that does not utilize the subjective criteria customarily employed by rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's Investor Service, Inc. Wiesenberger, a division of Thomson Financial, publishes and distributes mutual fund rankings on a monthly basis. The rankings are based entirely on total return calculated by Weisenberger for periods such as year-to-date, 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, 10-year and 15-year. Mutual funds are ranked in general categories (e.g., international bond, international equity, municipal bond, and maximum capital gain). Weisenberger rankings do not reflect deduction of sales charges or certain fees. Independent publications may also evaluate the fund's performance. The fund may from time to time refer to results published in various periodicals, including Barrons, Financial World, Forbes, Fortune, Investor's Business Daily, Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine, Money, U.S. News and World Report and The Wall Street Journal. Independent, unmanaged indexes, such as those listed below, may be used to present a comparative benchmark of fund performance. The performance figures of an index reflect changes in market prices, reinvestment of all dividend and interest payments and, where applicable, deduction of foreign withholding taxes, and do not take into account brokerage commissions or other costs. Because the fund is a managed portfolio, the securities it owns will not match those in an index. Securities in an index may change from time to time. The Consumer Price Index, prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a commonly used measure of the rate of inflation. The index shows the average change in the cost of selected consumer goods and services and does not represent a return on an investment vehicle. Credit Suisse First Boston Global High Yield Index is an index of fixed income, non-convertible, U.S. dollar denominated securities having a rating of BB and below by Standard & Poor's or Ba by Moody's. The index is constructed to mirror the U.S. high yield debt market. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is an index of 30 common stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock market performance. The Dow Jones Utilities Average is an index of 15 utility stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock market performance for the utilities industry. The Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index is an index composed of securities from The Lehman Brothers Government/Corporate Bond Index, The Lehman Brothers Mortgage-Backed Securities Index and The Lehman Brothers Asset-Backed Securities Index and is frequently used as a broad market measure for fixed-income securities. The Lehman Brothers Asset-Backed Securities Index is an index composed of credit card, auto, and home equity loans. Included in the index are pass-through, bullet (noncallable), and controlled amortization structured debt securities; no subordinated debt is included. All securities have an average life of at least one year. The Lehman Brothers Corporate Bond Index is an index of publicly issued, fixed-rate, non-convertible investment-grade domestic corporate debt securities frequently used as a general measure of the performance of fixed-income securities. The Lehman Brothers Government Bond Index is an index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations and debt obligations of U.S. government agencies (including mortgage-backed securities) frequently used as a general gauge of the market for fixed-income, government securities. The Lehman Brothers Government/Corporate Bond Index is an index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations, debt obligations of U.S. government agencies (excluding mortgage-backed securities), fixed-rate, non-convertible, investment-grade corporate debt securities and U.S. dollar-denominated, SEC-registered non-convertible debt issued by foreign governmental entities or international agencies used as a general measure of the performance of fixed-income securities. The Lehman Brothers GNMA Index is an index of mortgage-backed pass-through securities securities of the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) bonds frequently used as a general gauge of the market for GNMA securities. The Lehman Brothers Intermediate Government Bond Index is an index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations and debt obligations of U.S. government agencies (excluding mortgage-backed securities) with maturities of up to ten years frequently used as a general gauge of the market for intermediate-term, fixed-income, government securities. The Lehman Brothers Intermediate Treasury Bond Index is an index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations with maturities of up to ten years and is used as a general gauge of the market for intermediate-term fixed-income securities. The Lehman Brothers Long-Term Treasury Bond Index is an index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations (excluding flower bonds and foreign-targeted issues) that are U.S. dollar-denominated and have maturities of 10 years or greater. The Lehman Brothers Mortgage-Backed Securities Index is an index that includes fixed-rate securities backed by the mortgage pools of the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), and Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA). The Lehman Brothers Municipal Bond Index is an index of long-term, investment-grade, fixed-rate tax-exempt bonds. The Lehman Brothers Treasury Bond Index is an index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations (excluding flower bonds and foreign-targeted issues) that are U.S. dollar denominated, have a minimum of one year to maturity, and are issued in amounts over $50 million. The Lipper Money Market Average is an arithmetic average of the total return of all money market mutual funds tracked by Lipper, Inc. The Lipper Natural Resources Average is an arithmetic average of the total return of all mutual funds tracked by Lipper, Inc. that invest more than 65% of their equity holdings in the natural resources industries. The Lipper Tax Exempt Money Market Average is an arithmetic average of the total return of all tax exempt money market mutual funds tracked by Lipper, Inc. The Merrill Lynch All-Convertible Index is an index of convertible securities that is commonly used as a general measure of performance for the convertible securities market. The Merrill Lynch 91-Day Treasury Bill Index is an index that measures the performance of U.S. Treasury bills currently available in the marketplace. The Merrill Lynch Perpetual Preferred Index is an index of perpetual preferred securities that is commonly used as a general measure of performance for the preferred-stock market. The Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets Index is an index of equity securities issued by companies located in emerging markets with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets Free Index is an index of equity securities issued by companies located in emerging markets, available to non-domestic investors, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Morgan Stanley Capital International EAFE Index is an index of equity securities issued by companies located in Europe, Australasia and the Far East, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Morgan Stanley Capital International Europe Index is an index of equity securities issued by companies located in one of the 15 European countries, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Morgan Stanley Capital International Pacific Index is an index of equity securities issued by companies located in one of five Asian countries and listed on the exchanges of Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore/Malaysia, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Morgan Stanley Capital International World Index is an index of global equity securities with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Morgan Stanley Capital International World Free Index is an index of global equity securities, available to non-domestic investors, with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The NASDAQ Industrial Average is an index of stocks traded in The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. National Market System. The Russell 1000 Index is an index composed of the 1,000 largest companies in the Russell 3000 Index, representing approximately 89% of the Russell 3000 total market capitalization. The Russell 1000 Growth Index is an index composed of securities with greater-than-average growth orientation within the Russell 1000 Index. Companies in this index tend to exhibit higher price-to-book and price-earnings ratios, lower dividend yields and higher forecasted growth values than other companies in the Russell 1000 Index. The Russell 2000 Index is an index composed of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000 Index, representing approximately 11% of the Russell 3000 total market capitalization. The Russell 2000 Growth Index is an index composed of securities with greater-than-average growth orientation within the Russell 2000 Index. Companies in this index tend to exhibit higher price-to-book and price-earnings ratios, lower dividend yields and higher forecasted growth values than other companies in the Russell 2000 Index. The Russell 3000 Index is an index composed of the 3,000 largest U.S. companies ranked by total market capitalization, representing approximately 98% of the U.S. investable equity market. The Russell Midcap Index is an index composed of the 800 smallest companies in the Russell 1000 Index, representing approximately 26% of the Russell 1000 total market capitalization. The Russell Midcap Growth Index is an index composed of securities with greater-than-average growth orientation within the Russell Midcap Index. Each security's growth orientation is determined by a composite score of the security's price-to-book ratio and forecasted growth rate. Growth stocks tend to have higher price-to-book ratios and forecasted growth rates than value stocks. The Salomon Brothers Extended Market Index is an index of global equity securities of smaller companies with all values expressed in U.S. dollars. The Salomon Brothers Long-Term High-Grade Corporate Bond Index is an index of publicly traded corporate bonds having a rating of at least AA by Standard & Poor's or Aa by Moody's and is frequently used as a general measure of the performance of fixed-income securities. The Salomon Brothers Long-Term Treasury Index is an index of U.S. government securities with maturities greater than 10 years. The Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index is an index that tracks the performance of the 18 government bond markets of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Portugal. Country eligibility is determined by market capitalization and investability criteria. The Salomon Brothers Non-U.S. World Government Bond Index is an index of foreign government bonds calculated to provide a measure of performance in the government bond markets outside of the United States. Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index is an index of common stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock market performance. Standard & Poor's 40 Utilities Index is an index of 40 utility stocks. Standard & Poor's/Barra Value Index is an index constructed by ranking the securities in the Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index by price-to-book ratio and including the securities with the lowest price-to-book ratios that represent approximately half of the market capitalization of the Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index. In addition, Putnam Retail Management may distribute to shareholders or prospective investors illustrations of the benefits of reinvesting tax-exempt or tax-deferred distributions over specified time periods, which may include comparisons to fully taxable distributions. These illustrations use hypothetical rates of tax-advantaged and taxable returns and are not intended to indicate the past or future performance of any fund. SECURITIES RATINGS The ratings of securities in which the fund may invest will be measured at the time of purchase and, to the extent a security is assigned a different rating by one or more of the various rating agencies, Putnam Management will use the highest rating assigned by any agency. Putnam Management will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced. The following rating services describe rated securities as follows: Moody's Investors Service, Inc. Bonds Aaa -- Bonds which are rated Aaa are judged to be of the best quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and are generally referred to as "gilt edged." Interest payments are protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable margin and principal is secure. While the various protective elements are likely to change, such changes as can be visualized are most unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of such issues. Aa -- Bonds which are rated Aa are judged to be of high quality by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what are generally known as high grade bonds. They are rated lower than the best bonds because margins of protection may not be as large as in Aaa securities or fluctuation of protective elements may be of greater amplitude or there may be other elements present which make the long-term risk appear somewhat larger than the Aaa securities. A -- Bonds which are rated A possess many favorable investment attributes and are to be considered as upper-medium-grade obligations. Factors giving security to principal and interest are considered adequate, but elements may be present which suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future. Baa -- Bonds which are rated Baa are considered as medium grade obligations, (i.e., they are neither highly protected nor poorly secured). Interest payments and principal security appear adequate for the present but certain protective elements may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great length of time. Such bonds lack outstanding investment characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as well. Ba -- Bonds which are rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements; their future cannot be considered as well-assured. Often the protection of interest and principal payments may be very moderate, and thereby not well safeguarded during both good and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of position characterizes bonds in this class. B -- Bonds which are rated B generally lack characteristics of the desirable investment. Assurance of interest and principal payments or of maintenance of other terms of the contract over any long period of time may be small. Caa -- Bonds which are rated Caa are of poor standing. Such issues may be in default or there may be present elements of danger with respect to principal or interest. Ca -- Bonds which are rated Ca represent obligations which are speculative in a high degree. Such issues are often in default or have other marked shortcomings. C -- Bonds which are rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds, and issues so rated can be regarded as having extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing. Notes MIG 1/VMIG 1 -- This designation denotes best quality. There is present strong protection by established cash flows, superior liquidity support or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing. MIG 2/VMIG 2 -- This designation denotes high quality. Margins of protection are ample although not so large as in the preceding group. Commercial paper Issuers rated Prime-1 (or supporting institutions) have a superior ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations. Prime-1 repayment ability will often be evidenced by the following characteristics: -- Leading market positions in well established industries. -- High rates of return on funds employed. -- Conservative capitalization structure with moderate reliance on debt and ample asset protection. -- Broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges and high internal cash generation. -- Well established access to a range of financial markets and assured sources of alternate liquidity. Issuers rated Prime-2 (or supporting institutions) have a strong ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations. This will normally be evidenced by many of the characteristics cited above to a lesser degree. Earnings trends and coverage ratios, while sound, may be more subject to variation. Capitalization characteristics, while still appropriate, may be more affected by external conditions. Ample alternate liquidity is maintained. Standard & Poor's Bonds AAA -- An obligation rated AAA has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor's. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong. AA -- An obligation rated AA differs from the highest-rated obligations only in small degree. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong. A -- An obligation rated A is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong. BBB -- An obligation rated BBB exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Obligations rated BB, B, CCC, CC and C are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. BB indicates the lowest degree of speculation and C the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these are outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions. BB -- An obligation rated BB is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. B -- An obligation rated B is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated BB, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligations. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. CCC -- An obligation rated CCC is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. CC -- An obligation rated CC is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. C -- The C rating may be used to cover a situation where a bankruptcy petition has been filed, or similar action has been taken, but payments on this obligation are being continued. D -- An obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when interest payments or principal payments are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor's believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition, or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized. Notes SP-1 -- Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. Those issues determined to possess overwhelming safety characteristics are given a plus (+) designation. SP-2 -- Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest. SP-3 -- Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest. Commercial paper A-1 -- This highest category indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong. Those issues determined to possess extremely strong safety characteristics are denoted with a plus sign (+) designation. A-2 -- Capacity for timely payment on issues with this designation is satisfactory. However, the relative degree of safety is not as high as for issues designated `A-1'. A-3 -- Issues carrying this designation have adequate capacity for timely payment. They are, however, more vulnerable to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances than obligations carrying the higher designations. Duff & Phelps Corporation Long-Term Debt AAA -- Highest credit quality. The risk factors are negligible, being only slightly more than for risk-free U.S. Treasury debt. AA+, AA, AA- -- High credit quality. Protection factors are strong. Risk is modest but may vary slightly from time to time because of economic conditions. A+, A, A- -- Protection factors are average but adequate. However, risk factors are more variable and greater in periods of economic stress. BBB+, BBB, BBB- -- Below-average protection factors but still considered sufficient for prudent investment. Considerable variability in risk during economic cycles. BB+, BB, BB- -- Below investment grade but deemed likely to meet obligations when due. Present or prospective financial protection factors fluctuate according to industry conditions or company fortunes. Overall quality may move up or down frequently within this category. B+, B, B- -- Below investment grade and possessing risk that obligations will not be met when due. Financial protection factors will fluctuate widely according to economic cycles, industry conditions and/or company fortunes. Potential exists for frequent changes in the rating within this category or into a higher or lower rating grade. CCC -- Well below investment-grade securities. Considerable uncertainty exists as to timely payment of principal, interest or preferred dividends. Protection factors are narrow and risk can be substantial with unfavorable economic/industry conditions, and/or with unfavorable company developments. DD -- Defaulted debt obligations. Issuer failed to meet scheduled principal and/or interest payments. Fitch Investors Service, Inc. AAA -- Bonds considered to be investment grade and of the highest credit quality. The obligor has an exceptionally strong ability to pay interest and repay principal, which is unlikely to be affected by reasonably foreseeable events. AA -- Bonds considered to be investment grade and of very high credit quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay principal is very strong, although not quite as strong as bonds rated AAA. A -- Bonds considered to be investment grade and of high credit quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay principal is considered to be strong, but may be more vulnerable to adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances than bonds with higher ratings. BBB -- Bonds considered to be investment grade and of satisfactory credit quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay principal is considered to be adequate. Adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances, however, are more likely to have adverse impact on these bonds, and therefore impair timely payment. The likelihood that the ratings of these bonds will fall below investment grade is higher than for bonds with higher ratings. BB -- Bonds considered to be speculative. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay principal may be affected over time by adverse economic changes. However, business and financial alternatives can be identified which could assist the obligor in satisfying its debt service requirements. B -- Bonds are considered highly speculative. Bonds in this class are lightly protected as to the obligor's ability to pay interest over the life of the issue and repay principal when due. CCC -- Bonds have certain characteristics which, with passing of time, could lead to the possibility of default on either principal or interest payments. CC -- Bonds are minimally protected. Default in payment of interest and/or principal seems probable. C -- Bonds are in actual or imminent default in payment of interest or principal. DDD -- Bonds are in default and in arrears in interest and/or principal payments. Such bonds are extremely speculative and should be valued only on the basis of their value in liquidation or reorganization of the obligor. DEFINITIONS "Putnam Management" -- Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund's investment manager. "Putnam Retail Management" -- Putnam Retail Management (formerly Putnam Mutual Funds), the fund's principal underwriter. "Putnam Fiduciary Trust -- Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, the fund's Company" custodian. "Putnam Investor Services" -- Putnam Investor Services, a division of Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, the fund's investor servicing agent. PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND FORM N-1A PART C OTHER INFORMATION Item 23. Exhibits (a) Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended August 12, 1996 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 6 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (b) By-Laws, as amended through July 21, 2000 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (c)(1) Portions of Agreement and Declaration of Trust Relating to Shareholders' Rights -- Incorporated by reference to the Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (c)(2) Portions of By-Laws Relating to Shareholders' Rights -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (d) Management Contract dated October 21,1996 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 6 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (e)(1) Distributor's Contract dated June 1, 1994 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (e)(2) Form of Dealer Sales Contract -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (e)(3) Form of Financial Institution Sales Contract -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (f) Trustee Retirement Plan dated October 4, 1996 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (g) Custodian Agreement with Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company dated May 3, 1991, as amended June 1, 2001 -- Exhibit 1. (h) Investor Servicing Agreement dated June 3, 1991 with Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (i) Opinion of Ropes & Gray, including consent -- Incorporated by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (j) Consent of Independent Accountants -- Exhibit 2. (k) Not applicable. (l) Investment Letter from Putnam Investments, LLC to the Registrant -- Incorporated by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (m)(1) Class A Distribution Plan and Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (m)(2) Class B Distribution Plan and Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (m)(3) Class C Distribution Plan and Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No.9 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (m)(4) Class M Distribution Plan and Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (m)(5) Form of Dealer Service Agreement Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (m)(6) Form of Financial Institution Service Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (n) Rule 18f-3 Plan -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No.9 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (p)(1) The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. (p)(2) Putnam Investments Code of Ethics -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement. Item 24. Persons Controlled by or under Common Control with Registrant None. Item 25. Indemnification The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (File No. 811-6190). Items 26 and 27. Item 26. Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser Except as set forth below, the directors and officers of the Registrant's investment adviser have been engaged during the past two fiscal years in no business, vocation or employment of a substantial nature other than as directors or officers of the investment adviser or certain of its corporate affiliates. Certain officers of the investment adviser serve as officers of some or all of the Putnam funds. The address of the investment adviser, its corporate affiliates and the Putnam Funds is one Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.
Name Non-Putnam business and other connections ---- ----------------------------------------- Lauren Allansmith Prior to August 1999, Analyst, Loomis Sayles, Senior Vice President One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 Blake Anderson Trustee, Salem Female Charitable Society, Managing Director Salem MA 01970 Jane N. Barlow Prior to January 2000, Office Management, Vice President Distinction Resourcing Limited, 2/4 Great Eastern Street, London, EC2A 3NT Stephen A. Balter Prior to March 2000, Vice President and Vice President Analyst, Pioneer Investment Management, 60 State St., Boston, MA 02109 Rob A. Bloemker Prior to September 1999, Managing Director, Senior Vice President Lehman Brothers, 555 California St., 30th floor, San Francisco, CA 94104 Anna Bulkovshteyn Prior to July 1999, Quantitative Analyst, Sun Assistant Vice President Life Investment Management, 200 King Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3T4 Canada Jason T. Cecchini Prior to August 2000, Project Analyst, Fleet Assistant Vice President Boston Financial, 100 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110 Paul L. Check Prior to October 2000, Morgan Stanley Dean Vice President Witter, 1585 Broadway, New York, NY 10036 Myung Chol Chon Prior to March 2001, Manager, Risk Vice President Management-Trading, Royal Bank of Canada, 200 Bay Street, South Tower 15th, Toronto, Ontario, M5J 2J5 Sabina M. Ciminero Prior to August 2000, Research Associate, Assistant Vice President International Graduate School of Management, Soldiers Field Road, Boston, MA 02163; Prior to August 1999, Research Associate, Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field Road, Boston, MA 02163 James Conklin Prior to May 2000, Vice President, Lehman Vice President Brothers, 3 World Financial Center, New York, NY 10285 C. Beth Cotner Director, The Lyric Stage Theater, 140 Senior Vice President Clarendon St., Boston, MA 02116 Collin Crownover Prior to October 2000, Research Officer, Vice President Barclays Global Investors, 45 Fremont St., San Francisco, CA 94105 Lindsey L. Curley Prior to June 1999, Portfolio Analyst, Standish, Assistant Vice President Ayer & Wood, Inc., One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02110. John R.S. Cutler Member, Burst Media, L.L.C., 10 New England Vice President Executive Park, Burlington, MA 01803 Kenneth Daly President, Andover River Rd. TMA, River Road Managing Director Transportation Management Association, 7 Shattuck Rd., Andover, MA 01810 Simon Davis Prior to September 2000, Lead Manager, Senior Vice President Deutsche Asset Management, 1 Appold St., London, EC2 Michael E. DeFao Prior to February 2000, Senior Vice President Assistant Vice President and General Counsel, UAM Fund Services, Inc., Boston, MA 02110 David Depew Prior to February 2001, Vice President, Senior Vice President Wellington Management, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109 Ralph C. Derbyshire Board Member, MSPCC, 399 Boylston St., Senior Vice President Boston, MA; Board Member, Winchester After School Program, Skillings Rd., Winchester, MA Lisa DeConto Prior to June 2000, Associate Partner, Westgate Senior Vice President Group, 175 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110 Erin J. DeRoche Prior to January 2001, Compensation Consultant, Assistant Vice President Partners Healthcare System, Inc., 101 Merrimac Street #5, Boston, MA 02114 Stephen P. Dexter Prior to June 1999, Senior Vice President and Senior Vice President Senior Portfolio Manger, Scudder Kemper, Inc. One International Place, Boston, MA Kenneth J. Doerr Prior to November 2000, Mid-Cap Portfolio Senior Portfolio Manager Manager, Principal, Equinox Capital Management, 590 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022 Emily Durbin Board of Directors, Family Service, Inc., Vice President Lawrence, MA 01840 Karnig H. Durgarian Board Member, EBRI, Suite 600, 2121 K St., Managing Director N.W., Washington, DC 20037-1896. Trustee, American Assembly, 122 C. St., N.W., Suite 350, Washington, DC 20001 Masato Ebayashi Prior to October 2000, General Manager, HR Vice President and GA, Daido Concrete Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Higashi-Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-0015 Nathan W. Eigerman Trustee, Flower Hill Trust, 298 Marlborough St., Senior Vice President #4, Boston, MA 02116 Tony H. Elavia Prior to September 1999, Executive Vice Senior Vice President President, Voyageur Asset Management, 90 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55402 Kerim Engin Prior to February 2001, Consultant, StrategyX, Vice President 2681 N. Orchard St., Chicago, IL 60614; Prior to September 2000, Director Quantitative Research, 181 West Madison St., Chicago, IL 60602 Irene M. Esteves Board of Director Member, American Management Managing Director Association Finance Council, 1601 Broadway, New York, NY; Board of Director Member, First Night Boston, 20 Park Plaza, Suite 927, Boston, MA; Board of Director Member, SC Johnson Commercialmarkets, 8310 16th St., Stutevant, WI 53177; Board of Director Member, Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation, 24 Province St., Boston, MA; Board of Director Member, Mrs. Bairds Bakeries, 515 Jones St., Suite 200, Fort Worth, Texas 76102 James M. Falvey, Jr. Prior to August 2000, Senior Vice President, Senior Vice President Dresdner, Kleinwort, Benson, One Boston Place, Boston, MA 02108 Ian Ferguson Trustee, Park School, 171 Goddard Avenue, Senior Managing Director Brookline, MA 02146 Peter M. Fleisher Prior to July 1999, Senior Vice President, Fleet Senior Vice President National Bank, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109 Daisy D. Foquet Prior to September 2000, Analyst, Dresdner Vice President RCM Global Investors, 10 Fenchurch Street, London EC3M 3LB. Prior to September 1999, Analyst, Prudential Portfolio Managers, Lawrence Putney Hill, London EC4R 0EU Jason Fromer Prior to August 2000, Currency/Macro Trader, Vice President Soros Fund Management, 888 7th Avenue, 33rd Floor, New York, NY 10106 Reto Gallati Prior to March 2000, Head of Bank Risk Senior Vice President Management, Director, KPMG LLP, Badenerstrasse 172, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland Matthew R. Gage Prior to December, 1999, Audit Manager, Ernst Assistant Vice President & Young LLP, 200 Clarendon St., Boston, MA 02116 Vivek Gandhi Prior to October 1999, Vice President, Alliance Vice President Capital Management, 1 Findlayson Green, Singapore, India; Bartlett R. Geer Prior to November 2000, Senior Vice President, Senior Vice President State Street Research & Management, 1 Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 John H. Gernon Prior to June 2000, Vice President, Fidelity Senior Vice President Investments, Inc., 82 Devonshire St., Boston, MA 02109 Frederik Gjerstad Prior to November 2000, Portfolio Analyst, Vice President Frank Russell Company, 909 A Street, Tacoma, WA 98422 John T. Golden Prior to June 2000, Second Vice President, John Vice President Hancock Funds, 101 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02199 Andrew Graham Prior to October 1999, Fund Manager, Scottish Senior Vice President Widows Investment Management, Port Hamilton, 67 Morrison St., Edinburgh, Scotland J. Peter Grant Trustee, The Dover Church, Dover, MA 02030 Senior Vice President Matthew D. Griffin Prior to August 2000, Vice President, Harbor Vice President Capital Management, 125 High Street, Boston, MA 02110 Avram Gusman Prior to July 2000, Senior Vice Presidment and Vice President Managing Director, Fleet Boston Financial, 100 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110 Paul E. Haagensen Director, Haagensen Research Foundation, 630 Senior Vice President West 168th St., New York, NY 10032 Raymond K. Haddad Prior to September 2000, Research Associate, Vice President Schroder & Co., 787 7th Avenue, New York, NY 10019; Prior to September 2000, Research Associate, Sanford C. Bernstein, 767 5th Avenue, New York, NY 19153 Eric N. Harthun Prior to March 2000, Portfolio Manager, Boston Vice President Partners Asset Management, One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 Deborah R. Healey Corporator, New England Baptist Hospital, 125 Senior Vice President Parker Hill Ave., Boston, MA 02120; Director, NEB Enterprises, 125 Parket Hill Ave., Boston, MA 02120 Karen Herold Prior to May 2000, Research Analyst, Assistant Vice President PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109 Brennan M. Hinkle Prior to November 2000, Manager - Compensation, Vice President Aetna Financial Services, 151 Farmington Ave., Hartford, CT 06183 Theron S. Hoffman Prior to November 2000, Executive Vice Senior Managing Director President, The Thomson Corporation, MetroCenter, 1 Station Place, Stamford, CT 06902 Joseph Hosler Prior to February 2000, Vice President, Vice President Independent Investment Associates, 53 State St., Boston, MA 02109 Ronald H. Hua Prior to August 1999, Quantitative Analyst, Vice President Fidelity Investments, 82 Devonshire St., Boston, MA 02109 Eric A. Hutcherson Prior to March 2000, Professional Development Vice President Manager, Lotus Development Corp., 55 Cambridge Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02142 Hitoshi Inoue Prior to February 2000, General Vice President Manager/Mutual Fund Sales, Baring Asset Management (Japan) Limited, 11-A1 Imperial Tower, 1-1-1 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Stefan Iris Prior to December 1999, Investment Operations Assistant Vice President Specialist, John Hancock Funds, 101 Huntington Ave., Boston,MA 02199 Takeshi Itai Prior to March 2000, Vice President and Client Senior Vice President Portfolio Manager, Chase Trust Bank Tokyo, 5-2-20- Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-6113 Arjun Jayaraman Prior to November 2000, Quantitative Analyst, Assistant Vice President Harborview Trading Associates, 425 E. 63rd St., E., New York, NY 10021 Amrit Kanwal Prior to August 1999, Vice President, Corporate Managing Director Development and Strategy, Sequa Corporation, 200 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10166 Rikiya Kato Prior to July 2000, Senior Portfolio Manager, Vice President Daiwa SB Investments, 7-9 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 103-0027 Maximilian G. Kaufmann Prior to October 2000, Quantitative Analyst, Assistant Vice President Citibank Global Asset Management, 100 First Stamford Place, Stamford, CT 06902 John L. Kellerman Prior to March 2001, Senior Vice President- Senior Vice President Head of Trading, Sanwa Financial Products, Inc., 1185 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 11036 Charles H. Krahmer Prior to March 2000, Unit Manager and Business Assistant Vice President Analyst, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water St., Boston, MA 02109 Leo Kropywiansky Prior to June 2000, Vice President, Primark Vice President Decision Economics, 1 World Trade Center, New York, NY 10048 Deborah F. Kuenstner Director, Board of Pensions, Presbyterian Managing Director Church, 1001 Market St., Philadelphia, PA Sharon H. Lane Prior to August 2000, Information Specialist, Assistant Vice President Arthur D. Little School of Management, 194 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467; Prior to March 2000, Senior Information Research Specialist, Bain & Co., 2 Copley Place, Boston, MA 02117 Lawrence J. Lasser Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., President, Director and Chief Executive 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020; Board of Governors and Executive Committee, Investment Company Institute, 1401 H. St., N.W. Suite 1200, Washington, DC 20005; Board of Overseers, Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington, Ave., Boston, MA 02115; Trustee, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA; Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th St., New York, NY 10021; Member of the Board of Directors of the United Way of Massachusetts Bay, 245 Summer St., Suite 1401, Boston, MA 02110; Trustee of the Vineyard Open Land Foundation, RFD Box 319X, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 Matthew J. Leighton Prior to August 2000, Contractor, Synergistics Assistant Vice President Tech, Inc., 222 Forbes Road, Braintree, MA 02184; Prior to September 1999, Assistant Treasurer, State Street Boston Corporation, P.O. Box ; 9280, Boston, MA 02209 Jesse S. Levitt Prior to August 2000, Financial Analyst, Assistant Vice President Columbia University Investment Office, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 401 New York, NY 10115 Robert Lindenberg Prior to August 2000, Director, Technology, Vice President Fleet Boston Financial, 100 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110. Helen Liu Prior to August 2000, Assistant Vice President Vice President and Senior Quantitative Analyst, Banc of America Capital Management, 100 North Broadway, St. Louis, MO 63102 Dean M. Maki Prior to November 2000, Senior Economist, Vice President Federal Reserve Board, 20th & C Streets, N.W., Washington, DC 20551 Shigeki Makino Prior to August 2000, Director of Research, Managing Director Fidelity Investments, 82 Devonshire St., Boston, MA 02109 James Malone Prior to September 2000, Senior Associate, Assistant Vice President PricewaterhouseCoopers 160 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02109 Kevin Maloney Institutional Director, Financial Management Managing Director Association, University of South Florida, College of Business Administration, Suite 3331, Tampa, FL 33620 Sarah Marshall Prior to August 1999, Associate, McKinsey & Vice President Company, Inc., 55 E. 52nd St., New York, NY 10010 Jennifer L. Martanacik Prior to January 2001, Client Relations Manager, Assistant Vice President Thomson Financial, 22 Thomson Place, Boston, MA 02210 Erwin W. Martens Prior to October 1999, Global HSAP, Lehman Managing Director Brothers, 3 World Financial Center, New York, NY 10281 Michael A. Mata Prior to January 2001, Vice President, Lehman Assistant Vice President Brothers, 3 World Financial Center, New York, NY 10285 Yumiko Matsubara Prior to August 2000, Senior Consultant, Ernst Assistant Vice President & Yong Global Financial Services, 223 Uchisaiwai-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100- 0011 Nicholas J.A. Melhuish Prior to August 1999, Assistant Director of Vice President Schroder Investment Management, 31 Gresham St., London, England ECZV8AQ James P. Miller Prior to May 2000, Managing Director, Bear Senior Vice President Stearns & Co., Inc., 245 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10067 Jeanne L. Mockard Trustee, The Bryn Mawr School, 109 W. Senior Vice President Melrose Avenue, Baltimore, MA 21210 Brian J. Monahan Prior to August 2000, Global Emerging Markets Assistant Vice President Equity Trader, Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo, and Co. LLC, 40 Rowes Wharf, Boston, MA 02110 Colin Moore Prior to June 2000, Chief Investment Officer, Managing Director Rockefeller & Co., Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10112 Dirk Morris Prior to October 1999, Vice President-Global Managing Director Strategist, Bankers Trust, Chifley Tower, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Kathleen M. Moynihan Prior to August 1999, Attorney, Bell, Boyd & Assistant Vice President Loyd, 70 W. Madison St., Chicago, IL 60602 Donald E. Mullin Corporate Representative and Board Member, Senior Vice President Delta Dental Plan of Massachusetts, 10 Presidents Landing, P.O. Box 94104, Medford, MA 02155 Kerry E. Munsell Prior to January 2001, Director of Purchasing, Assistant Vice President Assistant Secretary, Au Bon Pain corporation, 19 Fid Kennedy Avenue, Boston, MA 02210 Kevin F. Murphy Prior to December 1999, Managing Director, Senior Vice President BankBoston N.A., 210 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116 Jonathan M. Nash Prior to April 2000, European Sales Manager, Vice President M.F.S. International U.K. Ltd., One Angel Court, London, England EC2R 7HJ Colin Naughton Prior to January 2001, Senior Analyst, Standard Assistant Vice President & Poor's, 24 Hartwell Ave., Lexington, MA 02421 Craig R. Oliver Prior to August 2000, Principal, Analyst, State Vice President Street Global Advisors, Two International Place, Boston, MA 02109 Nancy O'Brien Prior to September 1999, Manager Corporate Assistant Vice President Disbursements, Fidelity Investments, 82 Devonshire St., Boston, MA 02129 Dennis E. O'Rourke Prior to March 2000, Analyst, BankBoston N.A., Vice President 210 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116 Keith Plapinger Chairman and Trustee, Advent School, 17 Vice President Brimmer St., Boston, MA 02108 Charles E. Porter Trustee, Anatolia College, 130 Bowdoin St., Executive Vice President Suite 1201, Boston, MA 02108; Governor, Handel & Hayden Society, Horticulture Hall, 300 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA 02115 Ranjit Ranjamani Prior to June 2000, Director of Finance and Vice President Business Planning, Xenergy, Inc., 3 Burlington Woods, Burlington, MA 01803 Jakub Rehor Prior to July 2000, Research Associate, Sanford Assistant Vice President C. Bernstein, 767 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10153 Thomas V. Reilly Trustee, Knox College, 2 East South St., Managing Director Galesburg, IL 61401 Richard C. Renkas Prior to September 2000, Manager of Assistant Vice President Engineering, Equity Office Properties Trust, 2 North Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606 Brian C. Rose Prior to April 2000, Equity Analyst, Loomis, Assistant Vice President Sayles & Co. Lp, 1 Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 James J. Russell Prior to May 2000, Senior Data Analyst, Assistant Vice President Redwood Investment Systems, Inc., 76 Summer St., Boston, MA 02110; Prior to May 2000, Senior Data Analyst, IDD Information Systems, 100 Fifth Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451 Jeff B. Sacknowitz Prior to November 1999, Investment Associate, Vice President Independence Investment Associates, 53 State St., Boston, MA 02109 Robert Salvin Prior to July 2000, Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President Really Easy Internet Inc., 3925 W. Braker Lane, Austin, TX 78759; Prior to January 2000, Managing Director, BancBoston Robertson Stephens, 100 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110 Paul D. Scanlon Prior to October 1999, Senior Vice President, Vice President Olympus Healthcare Group, 775 Trapelo Road, Waltham, MA 02452 Calvin E. Schmid Prior to July 2000, Vice President Human Senior Vice President Resources Leadership Development, J.P. Morgan, 60 Wall St., New York, NY 10005 Justin M. Scott Director, DSI Proprieties (Neja) Ltd., Epping Managing Director Rd., Reydon, Essex CM19 5RD Robert E. Secor Prior to December 1999, Senior Consultant, Assistant Vice President Fame Information Services, 148 State Street, Boston, MA 02110 Anthony R. Sellitto, III Prior to September 2000, Senior Vice President, Senior Vice President Berger Fund Associates, 210 University Blvd., Denver, CO 80206 Gordon H. Silver Trustee, Wang Center for the Performing Arts, Managing Director 270 Tremont St., Boston, MA 02116 Amy P. Skaff Prior to November 2000, Consultant, Ernst & Assistant Vice President Young, 200 Clarendon St., Boston, MA 02135 Luke A. Smith Prior to December 1999, Quantitative Systems Assistant Vice President Analyst, Colonial Management, One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 Karan S. Sodhi Prior to November 2000, Research Analyst, Vice President Stephens, Inc., 175 Federal St., Boston, MA 02110 Juan Carlos Sosa Prior to September 2000, Analyst, State Street Vice President Research & Management, One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 Eric H. Sorensen Prior to August 2000, Managing Director, Managing Director Global Head of Quantitative Research, Salomon Smith Barney, 7 World Trade Center, New York, NY 10048 Steven Spiegel Director, Ultra Diamond and Gold Outlet, 29 Senior Managing Director East Madison St., Suite 1800, Chicago, IL 60602; Director, FACES New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Trustee, Babson College, One College Drive, Wellesley, MA 02157 David R. Thompson Prior to August 2000, Senior Equity Analyst, Vice President Liberty Funds Group, One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 Stephen W. Vandermark Prior to March 2000, Vice President, Senior Vice President Quantitative Analytics, Lehman Brothers, 3 World Financial Center, New York, NY 10285 John Varanelli Prior to July 2000, Senior Vice President, US Vice President Trust Bank, 40 Court Street, Boston, MA 02108 Susan Wall Prior to July 2000, Program Manager, Liberty Assistant Vice President Mutual Group, 25 Borthwick Ave., Portsmouth, NH 03801 Richard B. Weed Prior to December 2000, Senior Portfolio Senior Vice President Manager, State Street Global Advisors, 2 International Place, Boston, MA 02110 Beth K. Werths Prior to October 2000, Vice President and Assistant Vice President Assistant Secretary, First Union Corp./Evergreen Funds, 200 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116 James C. Wiess Prior to April 2000, Portfolio Manager, J.P. Senior Vice President Morgan, 60 Wall St., New York, NY 10005 Eric Wetlaufer President and Member of Board of Directors, Managing Director The Boston Security Analysts Society, Inc., 100 Boylston St., Suite 1050, Boston, MA 02110 Edward F. Whalen Member of the Board of Directors, Hockomock Senior Vice President Area YMCA, 300 Elmwood St., North Attleboro, MA 02760 Kelly A. Woolbert Prior to November 1999, Investment Analyst, Vice President MetLife Investment Services, 99 High Street, Boston, MA 02110 Richard P. Wyke Director, Salem YMCA, One Sewall St., Salem, Senior Vice President MA 01970 Frederick M. Wynn, Jr., Prior to June 2000, Senior Equity Analyst, Vice President Berger Fund Associates, 210 University Blvd., Denver, CO 80206 Alex Zinny Prior to June 2000, Proprietary Trader, Leerink Assistant Vice President Swann, One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111
Item 27. Principal Underwriter (a) Putnam Retail Management, Inc. is the principal underwriter for each of the following investment companies, including the Registrant: Putnam American Government Income Fund, Putnam Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund, Putnam Asset Allocation Funds, Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund, Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund, Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund, Putnam Classic Equity Fund, Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust, Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Europe Growth Fund, Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Funds Trust, The George Putnam Fund of Boston, Putnam Global Equity Fund, Putnam Global Governmental Income Trust, Putnam Global Growth Fund, Putnam Global Natural Resources Fund, The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income, Putnam Health Sciences Trust, Putnam High Yield Trust, Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund, Putnam Income Fund, Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund, Putnam International Growth Fund, Putnam Investment Funds, Putnam Investors Fund, Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Municipal Income Fund, Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam New Opportunities Fund, Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam New York Tax Exempt Money Market Fund, Putnam New York Tax Exempt Opportunities Fund, Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam OTC & Emerging Growth Fund, Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Preferred Income Fund, Putnam Strategic Income Fund, Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund, Putnam Tax-Free Income Trust, Putnam Tax Smart Funds Trust, Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust, Putnam Utilities Growth and Income Fund, Putnam Variable Trust, Putnam Vista Fund, Putnam Voyager Fund, Putnam Voyager Fund II. (b) The directors and officers of the Registrant's principal underwriter are listed below. None of the officers are officers of the Registrant except: Name Position and Offices with Registrant Richard Monaghan Vice President Gordon Silver Vice President The principal business address of each person is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109: Name Position and Offices with Underwriter ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aaron III,Jefferson F. Vice President Abrahamsen,Jill M. Asst. Vice President Addonisio,Corrado Asst. Vice President Ahonen,Jennifer D. Vice President Allouise,Donna A. Asst. Vice President Alpaugh,Christopher S. Senior Vice President Altomare,Mario P. Vice President Aoki,Hidemi Vice President Arends,Laura D. Vice President Asher,Steven E. Senior Vice President Avery,Scott A. Senior Vice President Aymond,Christian E. Senior Vice President Aymond,Colin C. Senior Vice President Babcock III,Warren W. Senior Vice President Baker,Christopher H. Vice President Ball,Colleen H. Asst. Vice President Baltimore,Mark H. Vice President Barlow,Jane Vice President Barnett,William E. Asst. Vice President Barrett,Thomas Vice President Battit,Suzanne J Senior Vice President Beatty,Elizabeth A. Vice President Beatty,Steven M. Senior Vice President Bergeron,Christopher E. Vice President Beringer,Thomas C. Vice President Bettencourt,Jennifer L. Asst. Vice President Boccio,Roseann E. Asst. Vice President Boneparth,John F. Managing Director Bosinger,Paul C. Asst. Vice President Bouchard,Keith R. Senior Vice President Bradford Jr.,Linwood E. Managing Director Bresnahan,Leslee R. Managing Director Brown,Timothy K. Senior Vice President Buckner,Gail D. Senior Vice President Bunker,Christopher M. Vice President Burrill,Gregory J. Senior Vice President Cabana,Susan D. Senior Vice President Calcagno-Tahn,M.Joann Senior Vice President Callinan,Richard E. Vice President Campbell,Christopher F. Asst. Vice President Caramazza,Pierre C. Asst. Vice President Carey,Christopher P. Vice President Carlson,Joseph E. Senior Vice President Carlstrom,Camille L. Asst. Vice President Caruso,Robert M. Vice President Casey,David M. Senior Vice President Cass,William D. Vice President Castle Jr.,James R. Senior Vice President Cecchini,Jason T. Asst. Vice President Chapman,Frederick Vice President Chappell-Deal,Cynthia Asst. Vice President Choksi,Manisha J. Vice President Chrostowski,Louis F. Senior Vice President Chun,Christina W. Asst. Vice President Church,Daniel J. Senior Vice President Clark,Richard B. Senior Vice President Clermont,Mary Vice President Cohen,Jeff M. Vice President Colleary,Gerry Senior Vice President Collette,A. Joseph Vice President Commane,Karen L. Vice President Condon,Meagan L. Asst. Vice President Coneeny,Mark L. Managing Director Connelly,Donald A. Senior Vice President Connolly,William T. Managing Director Cooley,Jonathan A. Asst. Vice President Corbett,Dennis Vice President Corvinus,F. Nicholas Senior Vice President Corwin,Kathleen K. Vice President Cote,Marie C. Asst. Vice President Cotto,Stephen P Asst. Vice President Cotton,Rick Vice President Coveney,Anne M. Senior Vice President Cristo,Chad H. Senior Vice President Critchell Jr.,D.Alan Vice President Curran,Peter J. Managing Director Curry,John D. Senior Vice President Dahill,Jessica E. Vice President Daly,Kenneth L. Managing Director Davidian,Raymond A. Asst. Vice President Daylor,Donna M. Vice President DeConto,Lisa B. Senior Vice President DeFao,Michael E. Asst. Vice President DeRoche,Erin J. Asst. Vice President DiRe,Lisa M. Asst. Vice President Diaz,Roger Vice President Dirstine,Michael T. Vice President Divney,Kevin M. Senior Vice President Donadio,Joyce M. Asst. Vice President Donaldson,Scott M. Senior Vice President Dougherty,Thomas Senior Vice President Durbin,Emily J. Vice President Durkee,Christine Vice President Ebayashi,Masato Vice President Edlin,David B. Managing Director Eidelberg,Kathleen E. Asst. Vice President Elder,Michael D. Senior Vice President Emhof,Joseph R. Vice President Esposito,Vincent Managing Director Esteves,Irene M. Sr Managing Director Fardy,Michael S. Vice President Favaloro,Beth A. Senior Vice President Fiedler,Stephen J. Asst. Vice President Fishman,Mitchell B. Senior Vice President Flaherty,Patricia C. Senior Vice President Fleisher,Kate Vice President Fleming,Ellen E. Vice President Foley,Timothy P. Senior Vice President Galloni,Antonio M. Vice President Gennaco,Joseph P. Managing Director Gernon,John H. Senior Vice President Gessner,Mark A. Vice President Gibbs,Stephen C. Vice President Gipson,Zachary A. Asst. Vice President Goodfellow,Mark D. Vice President Goodman,Robert Managing Director Grace,Linda K. Senior Vice President Grant,Lisa M. Vice President Grant,Mitchell T. Managing Director Graviere,Patrice Senior Vice President Grey,Eric M. Vice President Grillo,Tracy E. Asst. Vice President Grove,Denise Senior Vice President Groves,Gina R. Asst. Vice President Guerin,Donnalee Vice President Gundersen,Jan S. Asst. Vice President Hadley,Christopher Vice President Hagan IV,J. A. Asst. Vice President Haines,James B. Vice President Halloran,James E. Senior Vice President Halloran,Thomas W. Managing Director Hamilton,Melissa A. Asst. Vice President Hanus,Michael J. Senior Vice President Harbeck,John D. Senior Vice President Harring,Linda Senior Vice President Hartley-Sullivan,Deborah Vice President Hayes,Tracey A. Asst. Vice President Hayes-Castro,Deanna R. Vice President Hazzard,Jessica L. Vice President Healey,Michelyn M. Asst. Vice President Heller,Kim G. Vice President Henderson,Jane Senior Vice President Herman,C. Christopher Senior Vice President Hess,Kristen R. Asst. Vice President Higdon,Eric D. Vice President Hilliard,Geoffrey W. Senior Vice President Hinkle,Brennan M. Vice President Hoey,Thomas J. Senior Vice President Hoffman,Theron S. Sr Managing Director Holder-Watts,Sherrie V. Senior Vice President Holland,Jeffrey K. Vice President Holland,Julie E. Asst. Vice President Holmes,Maureen A. Vice President Hotchkiss,Michael F. Senior Vice President Huang,Jesse C. Vice President Hutcherson,Eric A. Vice President Hutchins,Robert B. Vice President Hyland,John P. Vice President Inoue,Hitoshi Vice President Itai,Takeshi Senior Vice President Jackman,Sean R. Asst. Vice President Jacobsen,Dwight D. Managing Director Jilek Jr.,D. D. Asst. Vice President Jones,Thomas A. Senior Vice President Kaminsky,Gregory C. Senior Vice President Kaminsky,Michael J Asst. Vice President Kanwal,Amrit Managing Director Kapinos,Peter J. Vice President Keenan,Matthew H. Senior Vice President Keene,Sabrina S. Asst. Vice President Keith,Pamela J. Asst. Vice President Kelley,Brian J. Senior Vice President Kelly,A.Siobhan Vice President Kelly,David Senior Vice President Kennedy,Alicia C. Vice President Kilcullen,Daniel M. Managing Director Kinsman,Anne Senior Vice President Kircher,Richard T. Asst. Vice President Kirk,Deborah H. Senior Vice President Kline,Bonnie S. Asst. Vice President Kringdon,Joseph D. Managing Director LaFleur,Katie L. Vice President Lacascia,Charles M. Senior Vice President Landers,Bruce M. Vice President Landers,Michael J. Vice President Lathrop,James D. Senior Vice President Lawlor,Stephanie T. Vice President Leipsitz,Margaret Vice President Lemire,Kevin Senior Vice President Levy,Eric S. Senior Vice President Levy,Norman S. Vice President Lewandowski Jr.,Edward V. Senior Vice President Lewandowski,Edward V. Senior Vice President Lewis,Paul Vice President Li,Mei Asst. Vice President Lieberman,Samuel L. Senior Vice President Lilien,David R. Senior Vice President Lord,Caroline F. Asst. Vice President Luciano,Joseph A. Asst. Vice President MacDonald,Richard A. Senior Vice President Maglio,Nancy T. Asst. Vice President Malone,James Asst. Vice President Mancini,Dana Vice President Mancini,Jane M. Managing Director Mann,Ellen M. Asst. Vice President Marrone,Alfred J. Asst. Vice President Martens,Erwin W. Managing Director Martino,Michael Managing Director Martz,Emily L. Vice President Mata,Michael A. Senior Vice President McAvoy,Bridget Vice President McCarthy,Anne B. Asst. Vice President McConville,Paul D. Senior Vice President McCracken,Brian Vice President McCutcheon,Bruce A Senior Vice President McDermott,Nancy J. Asst. Vice President McDermott,Robert J. Vice President McDevitt,William E. Vice President McInis,Brian S. Vice President McNamee,Mary G. Senior Vice President Meehan,Robert F. Senior Vice President Melehan,Daniel P. Vice President Michejda,Marek A. Senior Vice President Miller Jr.,Edward D. Asst. Vice President Miller,Jeffrey M. Managing Director Minsk,Judith Vice President Monaghan,Richard A. Director Monahan,Kimberly A. Vice President Moody,Paul R. Senior Vice President Moore,Jerome B. Vice President Moret,Mitchell L. Senior Vice President Morey,John P. Senior Vice President Moscardini,Andrew J. Vice President Mosher,Barry L. Vice President Moynihan,Kathleen M. Asst. Vice President Mrozienski,Joseph M. Asst. Vice President Mullen,Donald E. Senior Vice President Munsell,Kerry E. Asst. Vice President Munson,Brian D. Vice President Murphy Jr.,Kenneth W. Vice President Murray,Brendan R. Senior Vice President Nadherny,Robert Managing Director Nagashima,Toshio Managing Director Nakamura,Denise-Marie Vice President Nash,Jonathan M. Vice President Natale,Lisa A. Vice President Neary,Ellen R. Vice President Nelson,Alexander L. Managing Director Nickodemus,John P. Managing Director Nicolazzo,Jon C. Vice President Noble,John D. Senior Vice President O'Brien-Wilkins,Nancy M. Asst. Vice President O'Connell Jr.,Paul P. Vice President O'Connell,Gayle M. Vice President O'Connor,Brian P. Vice President O'Connor,Matthew P. Senior Vice President O'Toole,Daniel J. Vice President Olsen,Stephen Asst. Vice President Orr,Kevin Vice President Owens,Sayuri F. Asst. Vice President Palmer,Patrick J. Vice President Pampliega,Carlos Senior Vice President Parker,Ryan C. Asst. Vice President Parr,Cynthia O. Senior Vice President Peck Jr.,Charles J. Asst. Vice President Perkins,Erin M. Asst. Vice President Peters,Jeffrey F. Managing Director Phoenix,John G. Senior Vice President Phoenix,Joseph Managing Director Pike,John R. Vice President Pisciotta,Jason M. Asst. Vice President Plapinger,Keith Senior Vice President Powers,Brian S. Vice President Provost,Paul M. Vice President Puddle,David G. Senior Vice President Pulkrabek,Scott M. Vice President Putnam,George Director Quinn,Michael R. Vice President Quinn,Patrick J. Asst. Vice President Reed,Frank C. Vice President Renkas,Richard C. Asst. Vice President Rider,Wendy A. Senior Vice President Rodts,Jennifer M. Asst. Vice President Rosmarin,Adam L. Vice President Rotell,Paul M. Asst. Vice President Rowe,Robert B. Vice President Rusko,Steven N. Asst. Vice President Ryan,William M. Vice President Saunders,Catherine A. Managing Director Sawyer,Matthew A. Vice President Scales,Matthew B. Vice President Schepp-Dries,Peter Senior Vice President Schlosberg,Alan R. Asst. Vice President Schmid,Calvin E. Senior Vice President Schultz,Mitchell D. Managing Director Scordato,Christine A. Senior Vice President Segers,Elizabeth R. Managing Director Selden,Denise D. Senior Vice President Seward,Lindsay H. Asst. Vice President Shamburg,John B. Vice President Shanahan,Christopher W. Vice President Short,Jonathan D. Senior Vice President Siebold,Mark J. Vice President Siemon Jr.,Frank E. Asst. Vice President Silva,J. P. Senior Vice President Silver,Gordon H. Sr Managing Director Silver,Jill R. Asst. Vice President Skistimas Jr,John J. Vice President Smith,Lori E. Vice President Solano,Nicole M. Asst. Vice President Soule,Scott W. Asst. Vice President Spiegel,Steven Sr Managing Director Spigelmeyer III,Carl M. Vice President Starishevsky,Daniel Senior Vice President Starr,Loren M. Managing Director Statuta,Jason M. Vice President Steen,Kevin P. Vice President Stickney,Paul R. Senior Vice President Stuart,James F. Vice President Stumpf,Ralph-Ingo Senior Vice President Sullivan,Brian L. Senior Vice President Sullivan,Elaine M. Senior Vice President Sullivan,Kevin J. Senior Vice President Sullivan,Maryann Asst. Vice President Suzuki,Toshimi Senior Vice President Sweeney,Janet C. Senior Vice President Tanaka,Toshiaki Vice President Tavares,April M. Vice President Taylor Jr,David G. Vice President Telling,John R. Senior Vice President Tibbetts,Richard B. Managing Director Toda,Hiroyuki Vice President Tomohiro,Masamitsu Asst. Vice President Torrisi,Brian E. Vice President Tracey,John B. Asst. Vice President Troped Blacker,Bonnie Senior Vice President Upham,Scott E. Vice President Vande Water,Katie D. Senior Vice President Vierra,Scott G. Senior Vice President Walsh,Julia A. Asst. Vice President Walsh,Stephen M. Senior Vice President Warde,Elizabeth A. Asst. Vice President Waters,Mitchell J. Senior Vice President Welch III,William A. Asst. Vice President Werths,Beth K. Asst. Vice President Whalen,Brian Senior Vice President Whalen,Edward F. Managing Director Whitaker,J. g. Senior Vice President White,Patrick J. Asst. Vice President Whiting,Amanda M. Vice President Wicklund,Jeffrey A. Vice President Williams,Jason M. Asst. Vice President Woodlock,Ronald J. Vice President Woolverton,William H. Managing Director Wright Jr.,Edmund F. Vice President Young,Jason P. Vice President Zografos,Laura J. Senior Vice President Zukowski,Virginia A. Senior Vice President deMont,Lisa M. Senior Vice President Item 28. Location of Accounts and Records Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Rules promulgated thereunder are Registrant's Clerk, Judith Cohen; Registrant's investment adviser, Putnam Investment Management, LLC; Registrant's principal underwriter, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership; Registrant's custodian, Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company ("PFTC"); and Registrant's transfer and dividend disbursing agent, Putnam Investor Services, a division of PFTC. The address of the Clerk, investment adviser, principal underwriter, and custodian and transfer and dividend disbursing agent is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109. Item 29. Management Services None. Item 30. Undertakings None. NOTICE A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust of Putnam International Growth Fund is on file with the Secretary of State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and notice is hereby given that this instrument is executed on behalf of the Registrant by an officer of the Registrant as an officer and not individually and the obligations of or arising out of this instrument are not binding upon any of the Trustees, officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Registrant. POWER OF ATTORNEY I, the undersigned Trustee of each of the funds listed on Schedule A hereto, hereby severally constitute and appoint John Hill, George Putnam III, Charles E. Porter, Patricia Flaherty, John W. Gerstmayr, Bryan Chegwidden and Gordon H. Silver, and each of them singly, my true and lawful attorneys, with full power to them and each of them, to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacity indicated below, the Registration Statements on Form N-1A of each of the funds listed on Schedule A hereto and any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to said Registration Statements and to file the same with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto my said attorneys, and each of them acting alone, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, and hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorneys or any of them may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. WITNESS my hand and seal on the date set forth below. Signature Title Date /s/ Charles B. Curtis ---------------------------- Trustee July 1, 2001 Charles B. Curtis Schedule A Putnam American Government Income Fund Putnam Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund Putnam Asset Allocation Funds Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund Putnam Classic Equity Fund Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust Putnam Diversified Income Trust Putnam Equity Income Fund Putnam Europe Growth Fund Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Funds Trust The George Putnam Fund of Boston Putnam Global Equity Fund Putnam Global Governmental Income Trust Putnam Global Growth Fund Putnam Global Natural Resources Fund The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income Putnam Health Sciences Trust Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund Putnam High Yield Trust Putnam Income Fund Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund Putnam International Growth Fund Putnam Investment Funds Putnam Investors Fund Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Money Market Fund Putnam Municipal Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Opportunities Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Opportunities Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam OTC & Emerging Growth Fund Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Preferred Income Fund Putnam Strategic Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Putnam Tax-Free Income Trust Putnam Tax Smart Funds Trust Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust Putnam Utilities Growth and Income Fund Putnam Variable Trust Putnam Vista Fund Putnam Voyager Fund Putnam Voyager Fund II SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this Registration Statement under Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act of 1933 and has duly caused this Amendment to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of Boston, and The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on the 29th day of October, 2001. Putnam International Growth Fund By: /s/ Gordon H. Silver, Vice President Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated: Signature Title John A Hill Chairman of the Board; Trustee George Putnam, III President; Principal Executive Officer; Trustee Charles E. Porter Executive Vice President; Treasurer and Principal Financial Officer Michael T. Healy Assistant Treasurer and Principal Accounting Officer Jameson A. Baxter Trustee Charles B. Curtis Trustee Ronald J. Jackson Trustee Paul L. Joskow Trustee Elizabeth T. Kennan Trustee Lawrence J. Lasser Trustee John H. Mullin, III Trustee Robert E. Patterson Trustee A.J.C. Smith Trustee W. Thomas Stephens Trustee W. Nicholas Thorndike Trustee By: /s/ Gordon H. Silver, as Attorney-in-Fact October 30, 2001 Putnam International Growth Fund -- Exhibit List Item 23 Exhibit (g) Custodian Agreement with Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company dated May 3, 1991, as amended June 1, 2001. (j) Consent of Independent Accountants. EX-99.G CUST AGREEMT 3 exnng2.txt EX-99.G CUST AGREEMT Exhibit 1 CUSTODIAN AGREEMENT AGREEMENT amended and restated as of June 1, 2001, between each of the Putnam Funds listed in Schedule A, each of such Funds acting on its own behalf separately from all the other Funds and not jointly or jointly and severally with any of the other Funds (each of the Funds being hereinafter referred to as the "Fund"), and Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company (the "Custodian"). WHEREAS, the Custodian represents to the Fund that it is eligible to serve as a custodian and foreign custody manager for a management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"), and WHEREAS, the Fund wishes to appoint the Custodian as the Fund's custodian and foreign custody manager. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. Appointment of Custodian. The Fund hereby employs and appoints the Custodian as custodian of its assets for the term and subject to the provisions of this Agreement. At the direction of the Custodian, the Fund agrees to deliver to the Sub-Custodians appointed pursuant to Section 2 below (the "Sub-Custodians") securities, funds and other property owned by it. The Custodian shall have no responsibility or liability for or on account of securities, funds or other property not so delivered to the Sub-Custodians. Upon request, the Fund shall deliver to the Custodian or to such Sub-Custodians as the Custodian may direct such proxies, powers of attorney or other instruments as may be reasonably necessary or desirable in connection with the performance by the Custodian or any Sub-Custodian of their respective obligations under this Agreement or any applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement. 2. Appointment of Sub-Custodians. The Custodian may at any time and from time to time appoint, at its own cost and expense, as a Sub-Custodian for the Fund any bank or trust company which meets the requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder to act as a custodian, provided that the Fund shall have approved any such bank or trust company and the Custodian gives prompt notice to the Fund of any such appointment. The agreement between the Custodian and any Sub-Custodian shall be substantially in the form of the Sub-Custodian agreement attached hereto as Exhibit 1 (the "Sub-Custodian Agreement") unless otherwise approved by the Fund, provided, however, that the agreement between the Custodian and any Sub-Custodian appointed primarily for the purpose of holding foreign securities of the Fund shall be substantially in the form of the Sub-Custodian Agreement attached hereto as Exhibit 1(A) (the "Foreign Sub-Custodian Agreement"; the "Sub-Custodian Agreement" and the "Foreign Sub-Custodian Agreement" are herein referred to collectively and each individually as the "Sub-Custodian Agreement"). All Sub-Custodians shall be subject to the instructions of the Custodian and not the Fund. The Custodian may, at any time in its discretion, remove any bank or trust company which has been appointed as a Sub-Custodian but shall in such case promptly notify the Fund in writing of any such action. Securities, funds and other property of the Fund delivered pursuant to this Agreement shall be held exclusively by Sub-Custodians appointed pursuant to the provisions of this Section 2. The Sub-Custodians which the Fund has approved to date are set forth in Schedule B hereto. Schedule B shall be amended from time to time as Sub-Custodians are changed, added or deleted. With respect to the securities, funds or other property held by a Sub-Custodian, the Custodian shall be liable to the Fund if and only to the extent that such Sub-Custodian is liable to the Custodian. The Custodian shall nevertheless be liable to the Fund for its own negligence in transmitting any instructions received by it from the Fund and for its own negligence in connection with the delivery of any securities, funds or other property of the Fund to any such Sub-Custodian. In the event that any Sub-Custodian appointed pursuant to the provisions of this Section 2 fails to perform any of its obligations under the terms and conditions of the applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement, the Custodian shall use its best efforts to cause such Sub-Custodian to perform such obligations. In the event that the Custodian is unable to cause such Sub-Custodian to perform fully its obligations thereunder, the Custodian shall forthwith terminate such Sub-Custodian and, if necessary or desirable, appoint another Sub-Custodian in accordance with the provisions of this Section 2. The Custodian may with the approval of the Fund commence any legal or equitable action which it believes is necessary or appropriate in connection with the failure by a Sub-Custodian to perform its obligations under the applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement. Provided the Custodian shall not have been negligent with respect to any such matter, such action shall be at the expense of the Fund. The Custodian shall keep the Fund fully informed regarding such action and the Fund may at any time upon notice to the Custodian elect to take responsibility for prosecuting such action. In such event the Fund shall have the right to enforce and shall be subrogated to the Custodian's rights against any such Sub-Custodian for loss or damage caused the Fund by such Sub-Custodian. At the written request of the Fund, the Custodian will terminate any Sub-Custodian appointed pursuant to the provisions of this Section 2 in accordance with the termination provisions of the applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement. The Custodian will not amend any Sub-Custodian Agreement in any material manner except upon the prior written approval of the Fund and shall in any case give prompt written notice to the Fund of any amendment to the Sub-Custodian Agreement. 3. Duties of the Custodian with Respect to Property of the Fund Held by Sub-Custodians. 3.1 Holding Securities - The Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians to hold and, by book-entry or otherwise, identify as belonging to the Fund all non-cash property delivered to such Sub-Custodian. 3.2 Delivery of Securities - The Custodian shall cause Sub-Custodians holding securities of the Fund to release and deliver securities owned by the Fund held by the Sub-Custodian or in a Securities System (as defined in Section 3.12) account of the Sub-Custodian only upon receipt of Proper Instructions (as defined in Section 3.16), which may be continuing instructions when deemed appropriate by the parties, and only in the following cases: 3.2.1 Upon sale of such securities for the account of the Fund and receipt of payment therefor; provided, however, that a Sub-Custodian may release and deliver securities prior to the receipt of payment therefor if (i) in the Sub-Custodian's judgment, (A) release and delivery prior to payment is required by the terms of the instrument evidencing the security or (B) release and delivery prior to payment is the prevailing method of settling securities transactions between institutional investors in the applicable market and (ii) release and delivery prior to payment is in accordance with generally accepted trade practice and with any applicable governmental regulations and the rules of Securities Systems or other securities depositories and clearing agencies in the applicable market. The Custodian agrees, upon request, to advise the Fund of all pending transactions in which release and delivery will be made prior to the receipt of payment therefor; 3.2.2 Upon the receipt of payment in connection with any repurchase agreement related to such securities entered into by the Fund; 3.2.3 In the case of a sale effected through a Securities System, in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.12 hereof; 3.2.4 To the depository agent in connection with tender or other similar offers for portfolio securities of the Fund; provided that, in any such case, the cash or other consideration is thereafter to be delivered to the Sub-Custodian; 3.2.5 To the issuer thereof or its agent, when such securities are called, redeemed, retired or otherwise become payable; provided that, in any such case, the cash or other consideration is to be delivered to the Sub-Custodian; 3.2.6 To the issuer thereof, or its agent for transfer into the name of the Fund or into the name of any nominee or nominees of the Sub-Custodian or into the name or nominee name of any agent appointed pursuant to Section 3.11 or any other name permitted pursuant to Section 3.3; or for exchange for a different number of bonds, certificates or other evidence representing the same aggregate face amount or number of units; provided that, in any such case, the new securities are to be delivered to the Sub-Custodian; 3.2.7 Upon the sale of such securities for the account of the Fund, to the broker or its clearing agent, against a receipt, for examination in accordance with "street delivery" custom; provided that in any such case, the Sub-Custodian shall have no responsibility or liability for any loss arising from the delivery of such securities prior to receiving payment for such securities except as may arise from the Sub-Custodian's own negligence or willful misconduct; 3.2.8 For exchange or conversion pursuant to any plan of merger, consolidation, recapitalization, reorganization or readjustment of the securities of the issuer of such securities, or pursuant to provisions for conversion contained in such securities, or pursuant to any deposit agreement; provided that, in any such case, the new securities and cash, if any, are to be delivered to the Sub-Custodian; 3.2.9 In the case of warrants, rights or similar securities, the surrender thereof in the exercise of such warrants, rights or similar securities or the surrender of interim receipts or temporary securities for definitive securities; provided that, in any such case, the new securities and cash, if any, are to be delivered to the Sub-Custodian; 3.2.10 For delivery in connection with any loans of securities made by the Fund; 3.2.11 For delivery as security in connection with any borrowings by the Fund requiring a pledge of assets by the Fund, but only against receipt of amounts borrowed; 3.2.12 Upon receipt of instructions from the transfer agent ("Transfer Agent") for the Fund, for delivery to such Transfer Agent or to the shareholders of the Fund in connection with distributions in kind, as may be described from time to time in the Fund's Declaration of Trust and currently effective registration statement, if any, in satisfaction of requests by Fund shareholders for repurchase or redemption; 3.2.13 For delivery to another Sub-Custodian of the Fund; and 3.2.14 For any other proper corporate purpose, but only upon receipt of, in addition to Proper Instructions, a certified copy of a resolution of the Trustees or of the Executive Committee of the Fund signed by an officer of the Fund and certified by its Clerk or an Assistant Clerk, specifying the securities to be delivered, setting forth the purpose for which such delivery is to be made, declaring such purposes to be proper corporate purposes, and naming the person or persons to whom delivery of such securities shall be made. 3.3 Registration of Securities. Securities of the Fund held by the Sub-Custodians hereunder (other than bearer securities) shall be registered in the name of the Fund or in the name of any nominee of the Fund or of any nominee of the Sub-Custodians or any Eligible Foreign Custodian subject to a Contract (each as defined in Section 3.11A) or eligible securities depository (as defined in Section 3.11B), which nominee shall be assigned exclusively to the Fund, unless the Fund has authorized in writing the appointment of a nominee to be used in common with other registered investment companies having the same investment adviser as the Fund, or in the name or nominee name of any agent appointed pursuant to Section 3.12. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Sub-Custodian, agent, Eligible Foreign Custodian or eligible securities depository may hold securities of the Fund in a nominee name which is used for its other clients provided that such name is not used by the Sub-Custodian, agent, Eligible Foreign Custodian or eligible securities depository for its own securities and that securities of the Fund are, by book-entry or otherwise, at all times identified as belonging to the Fund and distinguished from other securities held for other clients using the same nominee name. In addition, and notwithstanding the foregoing, a Sub-Custodian or agent thereof or Eligible Foreign Custodian or eligible securities depository may hold securities of the Fund in its own name if such registration is the prevailing method in the applicable market by which custodians register securities of institutional clients and provided that securities of the Fund are, by book-entry or otherwise, at all times identified as belonging to the Fund and distinguished from other securities held for other clients or for the Sub-Custodian or agent thereof or Eligible Foreign Custodian or eligible securities depository. All securities accepted by a Sub-Custodian under the terms of a Sub-Custodian Agreement shall be in good delivery form. 3.4 Bank Accounts. The Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians to open and maintain a separate bank account or accounts in the name of the Fund or the Custodian, subject only to draft or order by the Sub-Custodian acting pursuant to the terms of a Sub-Custodian Contract or by the Custodian acting pursuant to this Agreement, and shall hold in such account or accounts, subject to the provisions hereof, all cash received by it from or for the account of the Fund, other than cash maintained by the Fund in a bank account established and used in accordance with Rule 17f-3 under the 1940 Act. Funds held by the Sub-Custodian for the Fund may be deposited by it to its credit as sub-custodian or to the Custodian's credit as custodian in the Banking Department of the Sub-Custodian or in such other banks or trust companies as it may in its discretion deem necessary or desirable; provided, however, that every such bank or trust company shall be qualified to act as a custodian under the 1940 Act and that each such bank or trust company and the funds to be deposited with each such bank or trust company shall be approved by vote of a majority of the Trustees of the Fund. Such funds shall be deposited by the Sub-Custodian or the Custodian in its capacity as sub-custodian or custodian, respectively, and shall be withdrawable by the Sub-Custodian or the Custodian only in that capacity. The Sub-Custodian shall be liable for actual losses incurred by the Fund attributable to any failure on the part of the Sub-Custodian to report accurate cash availability information with respect to the Fund's or the Custodian's bank accounts maintained by the Sub-Custodian or any of its agents. 3.5 Payments for Shares. The Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians to deposit into the Fund's account amounts received from the Transfer Agent of the Fund for shares of the Fund issued by the Fund and sold by its distributor. The Custodian will provide timely notification to the Fund of any receipt by the Sub-Custodian from the Transfer Agent of payments for shares of the Fund. 3.6 Availability of Federal Funds. Upon mutual agreement between the Fund and the Custodian, the Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians, upon the receipt of Proper Instructions, to make federal funds available to the Fund as of specified times agreed upon from time to time by the Fund and the Custodian with respect to amounts received by the Sub-Custodians for the purchase of shares of the Fund. 3.7 Collection of Income. The Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians to collect on a timely basis all income and other payments with respect to registered securities held hereunder, including securities held in a Securities System, to which the Fund shall be entitled either by law or pursuant to custom in the securities business, and shall collect on a timely basis all income and other payments with respect to bearer securities if, on the date of payment by the issuer, such securities are held by the Sub-Custodian or agent thereof and shall credit such income, as collected, to the Fund's account. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Custodian shall cause the Sub-Custodian to detach and present for payment all coupons and other income items requiring presentation as and when they become due and shall collect interest when due on securities held under the applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement. Arranging for the collection of income due the Fund on securities loaned pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.2.10 shall be the responsibility of the Fund. The Custodian will have no duty or responsibility in connection therewith, other than to provide the Fund with such information or data as may be necessary to assist the Fund in arranging for the timely delivery to the Sub-Custodian of the income to which the Fund is properly entitled. 3.8 Payment of Fund Monies. Upon receipt of Proper Instructions, which may be continuing instructions when deemed appropriate by the parties, the Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians to pay out monies of the Fund in the following cases only: 3.8.1 Upon the purchase of securities for the account of the Fund but only (a) against the delivery of such securities to the Sub-Custodian (or any bank, banking firm or trust company doing business in the United States or abroad which is qualified under the 1940 Act, as amended, to act as a custodian and has been designated by the Sub-Custodian as its agent for this purpose) or any Eligible Foreign Custodian or eligible securities depository and registered in the name of the Fund or in the name of a nominee of the Sub-Custodian, any Eligible Foreign Custodian or eligible securities depository referred to in Section 3.3 hereof or in proper form for transfer; provided, however, that the Sub-Custodian may cause monies of the Fund to be paid out prior to delivery of such securities if (i) in the Sub-Custodian's judgment, (A) payment prior to delivery is required by the terms of the instrument evidencing the security or (B) payment prior to delivery is the prevailing method of settling securities transactions between institutional investors in the applicable market and (ii) payment prior to delivery is in accordance with generally accepted trade practice and with any applicable governmental regulations and the rules of Securities Systems or other securities depositories and clearing agencies in the applicable market; the Custodian agrees, upon request, to advise the Fund of all pending transactions in which payment will be made prior to the receipt of securities in accordance with the provision to the foregoing sentence; (b) in the case of a purchase effected through a Securities System, in accordance with the conditions set forth in Section 3.13 hereof; or (c)(i) in the case of a repurchase agreement entered into between the Fund and the Sub-Custodian, another bank, or a broker-dealer against delivery of the securities either in certificate form or through an entry crediting the Sub-Custodian's account at the Federal Reserve Bank with such securities or (ii) in the case of a repurchase agreement entered into between the Fund and the Sub-Custodian, against delivery of a receipt evidencing purchase by the Fund of securities owned by the Sub-Custodian along with written evidence of the agreement by the Sub-Custodian to repurchase such securities from the Fund; or (d) for transfer to a time deposit account of the Fund in any bank, whether domestic or foreign, which transfer may be effected prior to receipt of a confirmation of the deposit from the applicable bank or a financial intermediary; 3.8.2 In connection with conversion, exchange or surrender of securities owned by the Fund as set forth in Section 3.2 hereof; 3.8.3 For the redemption or repurchase of shares issued by the Fund as set forth in Section 3.10 hereof; 3.8.4 For the payment of any expense or liability incurred by the Fund, including but not limited to the following payments for the account of the Fund: interest, taxes, management, accounting, transfer agent and legal fees, including the Custodian's fee; and operating expenses of the Fund whether or not such expenses are to be in whole or part capitalized or treated as deferred expenses; 3.8.5 For the payment of any dividends or other distributions declared to shareholders of the Fund; 3.8.6 For transfer to another Sub-Custodian of the Fund; 3.8.7 For any other proper purpose, but only upon receipt of, in addition to Proper Instructions, a certified copy of a resolution of the Trustees or of the Executive Committee of the Fund signed by an officer of the Fund and certified by its Clerk or an Assistant Clerk, specifying the amount of such payment, setting forth the purpose for which such payment is to be made, declaring such purpose to be a proper purpose, and naming the person or persons to whom such payments is to be made. 3.9 Liability for Payment in Advance of Receipt of Securities Purchased. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, in any and every case where payment for purchase of securities for the account of the Fund is made by a Sub-Custodian in advance of receipt of the securities purchased in the absence of specific written instructions from the Fund to so pay in advance, the Custodian shall cause the Sub-Custodian to be absolutely liable to the Fund in the event any loss results to the Fund from the payment by the Sub-Custodian in advance of delivery of such securities. 3.10 Payments for Repurchase or Redemptions of Shares of the Fund. From such funds as may be available, the Custodian shall, upon receipt of Proper Instructions, cause one or more Sub-Custodians to make funds available for payment to a shareholder who has delivered to the Transfer Agent a request for redemption or repurchase of shares of the Fund. In connection with the redemption or repurchase of shares of the Fund, the Custodian is authorized, upon receipt of Proper Instructions, to cause one or more Sub-Custodian, to wire funds to or through a commercial bank designated by the redeeming shareholder. In connection with the redemption or repurchase of shares of the Fund, the Custodian, upon receipt of Proper Instructions, shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians to honor checks drawn on the Sub-Custodian by a shareholder when presented to the Sub-Custodian in accordance with such procedures and controls as are mutually agreed upon from time to time among the Fund, the Custodian and the Sub-Custodian. 3.11 Appointment of Agents with respect to U.S. Assets. With respect to Fund assets maintained in the United States, the Custodian may permit any Sub-Custodian at any time or times in its discretion to appoint (and may at any time remove) any other bank or trust company which is itself qualified under the 1940 Act to act as a custodian, as its agent to carry out such of the provisions of this Section 3 as the Sub-Custodian may from time to time direct; provided, however, that the appointment of any agent shall not relieve the Custodian or any Sub-Custodian of its responsibilities or liabilities hereunder and provided that any such agent shall have been approved by vote of the Trustees of the Fund. The agents which the Fund and the Custodian have approved to date are set forth in Schedule B hereto. Any Sub-Custodian Agreement shall provide that the engagement by the Sub-Custodian of one or more agents shall not relieve the Sub-Custodian of its responsibilities or liabilities thereunder. 3.11A Appointment of Foreign Custody Manager. Pursuant to Rule 17f-5 under the 1940 Act, the Fund's Trustees appoint the Custodian as foreign custody manager and delegate to the Custodian, and the Custodian accepts such delegation and agrees to perform, the duties set forth below concerning the safekeeping of the Fund's assets in each of the countries set forth in Schedule B-1, as may be amended from time to time by the Fund and the Custodian. The Custodian agrees to exercise reasonable care, prudence and diligence such as a person having responsibility for the safekeeping of the Fund's foreign assets would exercise. The Fund acknowledges that advance notice may be required before the Custodian shall be able to perform its duties with respect to a country added to Schedule B-1 (such advance notice to be reasonable in light of the specific facts and circumstances attendant to performance of duties in such country). The Custodian may at any time and from time to time appoint, at its own cost and expense, as a sub-foreign custody manager any Sub-Custodian that meets the requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder to act as a foreign custody manager, provided that the Fund shall have approved the delegation of responsibilities to such Sub-Custodian as sub-foreign custody manager, and the Custodian gives prompt notice to the Fund of any such appointment. The Custodian or Sub-Custodian, as the case may be, is authorized to take such actions on behalf of or in the name of the Fund as are reasonably required to discharge its duties, which are as follows: 3.11A.1 The Custodian shall cause the Sub-Custodian to place and maintain the Fund's assets with a custodian; provided that (i) each custodian is either an eligible foreign custodian, as defined in subparagraph (a)(1) of Rule 17f-5 or a bank eligible to serve as a custodian under Section 17(f) of the 1940 Act ("Eligible Foreign Custodian"); and (ii) the Sub-Custodian shall have determined that the Fund's assets will be subject to reasonable care, based on the standards applicable to custodians in the relevant market, after considering all factors relevant to the safekeeping of such assets, including, without limitation, those factors set forth in clauses (i) through (iv) of subparagraph (c)(1) of Rule 17f-5. 3.11A.2 The foreign custody arrangements are governed by a written contract that the Sub-Custodian has determined will provide reasonable care for the Fund's assets based on those factors set forth in clauses (i) through (iv) of subparagraph (c)(1) of Rule 17f-5, which contract shall include the provisions required by clause (i) of subparagraph (c)(2) of Rule 17f-5, or in lieu of any or all of such provisions, the contract may contain such other provisions that the Sub-Custodian determines will provide, in their entirety, the same or a greater level of care and protection for the Fund's assets as the provisions set forth in such clause, in their entirety. 3.11A.3 The Sub-Custodian shall have established a system to monitor at reasonable intervals (but at least annually) the appropriateness of maintaining the Fund's assets with each Eligible Foreign Custodian selected hereunder. The Sub-Custodian shall monitor the continuing appropriateness of placement of the Fund's assets in accordance with the criteria set forth above. The Sub-Custodian shall monitor the continuing performance of the contract governing the Fund's arrangements in accordance with the criteria set forth above. 3.11A.4 The Custodian shall provide to the Fund's Trustees at least annually, and more frequently if requested by the Fund, written reports specifying placement of the Fund's assets with each Eligible Foreign Custodian selected hereunder, and shall promptly report as to any material changes to the Fund's foreign custody arrangements. 3.11A.5 If an arrangement with a specific Eligible Foreign Custodian selected hereunder no longer meets the requirements of this Agreement, the Sub-Custodian shall withdraw the Fund's assets from the non-complying arrangement as soon as reasonably practicable; provided, however, that if in the reasonable judgement of the Sub-Custodian, such withdrawal would require liquidation of any of the Fund's assets or would materially impair the liquidity, value or other investment characteristics of the Fund's assets, it shall be the duty of the Sub-Custodian to provide the Fund's investment manager information regarding the particular circumstances and to act only in accordance with Proper Instructions with respect to such liquidation or other withdrawal. If a specific Eligible Foreign Custodian fails to perform any of its obligations under the terms and conditions of the applicable contract, the Sub-Custodian shall use its best efforts to cause such Eligible Foreign Custodian to perform such obligations. If the Sub-Custodian is unable to cause such Eligible Foreign Custodian to perform fully its obligations thereunder, the Sub-Custodian shall terminate such Eligible Foreign Custodian and, if necessary or desirable, appoint another Eligible Foreign Custodian. At the written request of the Fund, the Custodian shall cause the Sub-Custodian to terminate any Eligible Foreign Custodian in accordance with the termination provisions under the applicable contract. 3.11A.6 Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, the Fund, acting through its Trustees, its investment manager or its other authorized representative, may direct the Custodian (and, in turn, the Custodian may direct the Sub-Custodian) to place and maintain the Fund's assets with a particular Eligible Foreign Custodian. In such event, the Custodian and, as applicable, the Sub-Custodian shall be entitled to rely on any such instruction as a Proper Instruction under the terms of the Custodian Agreement and the Sub-Custodian Agreement, respectively, and shall have no duties under this Section with respect to such arrangement save those that it may undertake specifically in writing with respect to each particular instance. 3.11B Deposit of Fund Assets in Foreign Securities Depositories. The Custodian may permit any Sub-Custodian to deposit and/or maintain non-U.S. investments of the Fund in any non-U.S. Securities Depository provided such Securities Depository meets the requirements of an "eligible securities depository" under Rule 17f-7 under the 1940 Act, or any successor rule or regulation, or which by order of the Securities and Exchange Commission is exempted therefrom. Prior to the placement of any assets of the Fund with a non-U.S. Securities Depository, the Sub-Custodian: (a) shall provide to the Fund's investment manager an assessment of the custody risks associated with maintaining assets with such Securities Depository; and (b) shall have established a system to monitor the custody risks associated with maintaining assets with such Securities Depository. The Sub-Custodian shall monitor such risks on a continuing basis and promptly notify the Fund's investment manager of any material changes in such risk. If an arrangement with a non-U.S. Securities Depository with which the assets of the Fund are maintained hereunder no longer meets the requirements of this Agreement, the Sub-Custodian shall withdraw the Fund's assets from the non-complying arrangement as soon as reasonably practicable; provided, however, that if in the reasonable judgement of the Sub-Custodian, such withdrawal would require liquidation of any of the Fund's assets or would materially impair the liquidity, value or other investment characteristics of the Fund's assets, it shall be the duty of the Sub-Custodian to provide the Fund's investment manager with information regarding the particular circumstances and to act only in accordance with Proper Instructions with respect to such liquidation or other withdrawal. In performing its duties under this subsection, the Sub-Custodian shall use reasonable care, prudence and diligence. The Sub-Custodian may rely on such reasonable sources of information as may be available including but not limited to: (i) published ratings; (ii) information supplied by a subcustodian that is a participant in such Securities Depository; (iii) industry surveys or publications; (iv) information supplied by the depository itself, by its auditors (internal or external) or by the relevant Foreign Financial Regulatory Authority. It is acknowledged that information procured through some or all of these sources may not be independently verifiable by the Sub-Custodian and that direct access to Securities Depositories is limited under most circumstances. Accordingly, the Sub-Custodian shall not be responsible for errors or omissions in its duties hereunder provided that it has performed its monitoring and assessment duties with reasonable care. The risk assessment shall be provided to the Fund's investment manager by such means as the Sub-Custodian shall reasonably establish. Notice of material change in such assessment may be provided by the Sub-Custodian in the manner established as customary for transmission of material market information. 3.12 Deposit of Fund Assets in Securities Systems. The Custodian may permit any Sub-Custodian to deposit and/or maintain securities owned by the Fund in a clearing agency registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which acts as a securities depository, or in the book-entry system authorized by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and certain federal agencies, collectively referred to herein as "Securities System" in accordance with applicable rules and regulations (including Rule 17f-4 of the 1940 Act) and subject to the following provisions: 3.12.1 The Sub-Custodian may, either directly or through one or more agents, keep securities of the Fund in a Securities System provided that such securities are represented in an account ("Account") of the Sub-Custodian in the Securities System which shall not include any assets of the Sub-Custodian other than assets held as a fiduciary, custodian or otherwise for customers; 3.12.2 The records of the Sub-Custodian with respect to securities of the Fund which are maintained in a Securities System shall identify by book-entry those securities belonging to the Fund; 3.12.3 The Sub-Custodian shall pay for securities purchased for the account of the Fund upon (i) receipt of advice from the Securities System that such securities have been transferred to the Account, and (ii) the making of an entry on the records of the Sub-Custodian to reflect such payment and transfer for the account of the Fund. The Sub-Custodian shall transfer securities sold for the account of the Fund upon (i) receipt of advice from the Securities System that payment for such securities has been transferred to the Account, and (ii) the making of an entry on the records of the Sub-Custodian to reflect such transfer and payment for the account of the Fund. Copies of all advices from the Securities System of transfers of securities for the account of the Fund shall be maintained for the Fund by the Sub-Custodian or such an agent and be provided to the Fund at its request. The Sub-Custodian shall furnish the Fund confirmation of each transfer to or from the account of the Fund in the form of a written advice or notice and shall furnish to the Fund copies of daily transaction sheets reflecting each day's transactions in the Securities System for the account of the Fund on the next business day; 3.12.4 The Sub-Custodian shall provide the Fund with any report obtained by the Sub-Custodian on the Securities System's accounting system, internal accounting controls and procedures for safeguarding securities deposited in the Securities System; 3.12.5 The Sub-Custodian shall utilize only such Securities Systems as are approved by the Board of Trustees of the Fund, and included on a list maintained by the Custodian; 3.12.6 Anything to the contrary in this Agreement notwithstanding, the Sub-Custodian shall be liable to the Fund for any loss or damage to the Fund resulting from use of the Securities System by reason of any negligence, misfeasance or misconduct of the Sub-Custodian or any of its agents or of any of its or their employees or from failure of the Sub-Custodian or any such agent to enforce effectively such rights as it may have against the Securities System; at the election of the Fund, it shall be entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the Sub-Custodian with respect to any claim against the Securities System or any other person which the Sub-Custodian may have as a consequence of any such loss or damage if and to the extent that the Fund has not been made whole for any such loss or damage. 3.12A Depositary Receipts. Only upon receipt of Proper Instructions, the Sub-Custodian shall instruct an Eligible Foreign Custodian or an agent of the Sub-Custodian appointed pursuant to the applicable Contract (an "Agent") to surrender securities to the depositary used by an issuer of American Depositary Receipts or International Depositary Receipts (hereinafter collectively referred to as "ADRs") for such securities against a written receipt therefor adequately describing such securities and written evidence satisfactory to the Eligible Foreign Custodian or Agent that the depositary has acknowledged receipt of instructions to issue with respect to such securities ADRs in the name of the Sub-Custodian, or a nominee of the Sub-Custodian, for delivery to the Sub-Custodian. Only upon receipt of Proper Instructions, the Sub-Custodian shall surrender ADRs to the issuer thereof against a written receipt therefor adequately describing the ADRs surrendered and written evidence satisfactory to the Sub-Custodian that the issuer of the ADRs has acknowledged receipt of instructions to cause its depository to deliver the securities underlying such ADRs to an Eligible Foreign Custodian or an Agent. 3.12B Foreign Exchange Transactions and Futures Contracts. Only upon receipt of Proper Instructions, the Sub-Custodian shall enter into foreign exchange contracts or options to purchase and sell foreign currencies for spot and future delivery on behalf and for the account of the Fund or shall enter into futures contracts or options on futures contracts. Such transactions may be undertaken by the Sub-Custodian with such banking institutions, including the Sub-Custodian and Eligible Foreign Custodian(s) appointed pursuant to the applicable Contract, as principals, as approved and authorized by the Fund. Foreign exchange contracts, futures contracts and options, other than those executed with the Sub-Custodian, shall for all purposes of this Agreement be deemed to be portfolio securities of the Fund. 3.12C Option Transactions. Only upon receipt of Proper Instructions, the Sub-Custodian shall enter into option transactions in accordance with the provisions of any agreement among the Fund, the Custodian and/or the Sub-Custodian and a broker-dealer. 3.13 Ownership Certificates for Tax Purposes. The Custodian shall cause one or more Sub-Custodians as may be appropriate to execute ownership and other certificates and affidavits for all federal and state tax purposes in connection with receipt of income or other payments with respect to securities of the Fund held by the Sub-Custodian and in connection with transfers of securities. 3.14 Proxies. The Custodian shall, with respect to the securities held by the Sub-Custodians, cause to be promptly executed by the registered holder of such securities, if the securities are registered other than in the name of the Fund or a nominee of the fund, all proxies, without indication of the manner in which such proxies are to be voted, and shall promptly deliver to the Fund such proxies, all proxy soliciting materials and all notices relating to such securities. 3.15 Communications Relating to Fund Portfolio Securities. The Custodian shall cause the Sub-Custodians to transmit promptly to the Custodian, and the Custodian shall transmit promptly to the Fund, all written information (including, without limitation, pendency of calls and maturities of securities and expirations of rights in connection therewith) received by the Sub-Custodian from issuers of the securities being held for the account of the Fund. With respect to tender or exchange offers, the Custodian shall cause the Sub-Custodian to transmit promptly to the Fund, all written information received by the Sub-Custodian from issuers of the securities whose tender or exchange is sought and from the party (or his agents) making the tender or exchange offer. If the Fund desires to take action with respect to any tender offer, exchange offer or any other similar transaction, the Fund shall notify the Custodian of the action the Fund desires such Sub-Custodian to take, provided, however, neither the Custodian nor the Sub-Custodian shall be liable to the Fund for the failure to take any such action unless such instructions are received by the Custodian at least four business days prior to the date on which the Sub-Custodian is to take such action or, in the case of foreign securities, such longer period as shall have been agreed upon in writing by the Custodian and the Sub-Custodian. 3.16 Proper Instructions. Proper Instructions as used throughout this Agreement means a writing signed or initialed by one or more person or persons who are authorized by the Trustees of the Fund and the Custodian. Each such writing shall set forth the specific transaction or type of transaction involved, including a specific statement of the purpose for which such action is requested. Oral instructions will be considered Proper Instructions if the Custodian or Sub-Custodian, as the case may be, reasonably believes them to have been given by a person authorized to give such instructions with respect to the transaction involved. All oral instructions shall be confirmed in writing. Proper Instructions also include communications effected directly between electro-mechanical or electronic devices provided that the Trustees have approved such procedures. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Trustee, officer, employee or agent of the Fund shall be permitted access to any securities or similar investments of the Fund deposited with any Sub-Custodian or any agent of any Sub-Custodian for any reason except in accordance with the provisions of Rule 17f-2 under the 1940 Act. 3.17 Actions Permitted Without Express Authority. The Custodian may in its discretion, and may permit one or more Sub-Custodians in their discretion, without express authority from the Fund to: 3.17.1 make payments to itself or others for minor expenses of handling securities or other similar items relating to its duties under this Agreement, or in the case of a Sub-Custodian, under the applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement, provided that all such payments shall be accounted for to the Fund; 3.17.2 surrender securities in temporary form for securities in definitive form; 3.17.3 endorse for collection, in the name of the Fund, checks, drafts and other negotiable instruments; and 3.17.4 in general, attend to all non-discretionary details in connection with the sale, exchange, substitution, purchase, transfer and other dealings with the securities and property of the Fund except as otherwise directed by the Trustees of the Fund. 3.18 Evidence of Authority. The Custodian shall be protected in acting upon any instructions, notice, request, consent, certificate or other instrument or paper believed by it to be genuine and to have been properly executed by or on behalf of the Fund. 3.19 Investment Limitations. In performing its duties generally, and more particularly in connection with the purchase, sale and exchange of securities made by or for the Fund, the Custodian may assume, unless and until notified in writing to the contrary, that Proper Instructions received by it are not in conflict with or in any way contrary to any provisions of the Fund's Declaration of Trust or By-Laws (or comparable documents) or votes or proceedings of the shareholders or Trustees of the Fund. The Custodian shall in no event be liable to the Fund and shall be indemnified by the Fund for any violation of any investment limitations to which the Fund is subject or other limitations with respect to the Fund's powers to expend funds, encumber securities, borrow or take similar actions affecting its portfolio. 4. Performance Standards. The Custodian shall use its best efforts to perform its duties hereunder in accordance with the standards set forth in Schedule C hereto. Schedule C may be amended from time to time as agreed to by the Custodian and the Trustees of the Fund. 5. Records. The Custodian shall create and maintain all records relating to the Custodian's activities and obligations under this Agreement and cause all Sub-Custodians to create and maintain all records relating to the Sub-Custodian's activities and obligations under the appropriate Sub-Custodian Agreement in such manner as will meet the obligations of the Fund under the 1940 Act, with particular attention to Sections 17(f) and 31 thereof and Rules 17f-2, 31a-1 and 31a-2 thereunder, applicable federal and state tax laws, and any other law or administrative rules or procedures which may be applicable to the Fund. All such records shall be the property of the Fund and shall at all times during the regular business hours of the Custodian or during the regular business hours of the Sub-Custodian, as the case may be, be open for inspection by duly authorized officers, employees or agents of the Custodian and Fund and employees and agents of the Securities and Exchange Commission. At the Fund's request, the Custodian shall supply the Fund and cause one or more Sub-Custodians to supply the Custodian with a tabulation of securities owned by the Fund and held under this Agreement. When requested to do so by the Fund and for such compensation as shall be agreed upon, the Custodian shall include and cause one or more Sub-Custodians to include certificate numbers in such tabulations. 6. Opinion and Reports of Fund's Independent Accountants. The Custodian shall take all reasonable actions, as the Fund may from time to time request, to furnish such information with respect to its activities hereunder as the Fund's independent public accountants may request in connection with the accountant's verification of the Fund's securities and similar investments as required by Rule 17f-2 under the 1940 Act, the preparation of the Fund's registration statement and amendments thereto, the Fund's reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission, and with respect to any other requirements of such Commission. The Custodian shall also direct any Sub-Custodian to take all reasonable actions, as the Fund may from time to time request, to furnish such information with respect to its activities under the applicable Sub-Custodian Agreement as the Fund's independent public accountant may request in connection with the accountant's verification of the Fund's securities and similar investments as required by Rule 17f-2 under the 1940 Act, the preparation of the Fund's registration statement and amendments thereto, the Fund's reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission, and with respect to any other requirements of such Commission. 7. Reports of Custodian's and Sub-Custodians' Independent Accountants. The Custodian shall provide the Fund, at such times as the Fund may reasonably require, with reports by its independent public accountant on its accounting system, internal accounting controls and procedures for safeguarding securities, including securities deposited and/or maintained in Securities Systems, relating to services provided by the Custodian under this Agreement. The Custodian shall also cause one or more of the Sub-Custodians to provide the Fund, at such time as the Fund may reasonably require, with reports by independent public accountants on their accounting systems, internal accounting controls and procedures for safeguarding securities, including securities deposited and/or maintained in Securities Systems, relating to services provided by those Sub-Custodians under their respective Sub-Custody Agreements. Such reports, which shall be of sufficient scope and in sufficient detail as may reasonably be required by the Fund, shall provide reasonable assurance that any material inadequacies would be disclosed by such examinations, and, if there is no such inadequacies, shall so state. 8. Compensation. The Custodian shall be entitled to reasonable compensation for its services and expenses as custodian, as agreed upon from time to time between the Fund and the Custodian. Such expenses shall not include, however, the fees paid by the Custodian to any Sub-Custodian. 9. Responsibility of Custodian. The Custodian shall exercise reasonable care and diligence in carrying out the provisions of this Agreement and shall not be liable to the Fund for any action taken or omitted by it in good faith without negligence. So long as and to the extent that it is in the exercise of reasonable care, neither the Custodian nor any Sub-Custodian shall be responsible for the title, validity or genuineness of any property or evidence of title thereto received by it or delivered by it pursuant to this Agreement and shall be held harmless in acting upon any notice, request, consent, certificate or other instrument reasonably believed by it to be genuine and, if in writing, reasonably believed by it to be signed by the proper party or parties. It shall be entitled to rely on and may act upon advice of counsel (who may be counsel for the Fund) on all matters, and shall be without liability for any action reasonably taken or omitted pursuant to such advice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the responsibility of the Custodian or a Sub-Custodian with respect to redemptions effected by check shall be in accordance with a separate Agreement entered into between the Custodian and the Fund. It is also understood that the Custodian shall not be liable for any loss resulting from a Sovereign Risk or Force Majeure. A "Sovereign Risk" shall mean nationalization, expropriation, devaluation, revaluation, confiscation, seizure, cancellation, destruction or similar action by any governmental authority, de facto or de jure; or enactment, promulgation, imposition or enforcement by any such governmental authority of currency restrictions, exchange controls, taxes, levies or other charges affecting the Fund's property; or acts of war, terrorism, insurrection or revolution; or any other similar act or event beyond the Custodian's control. "Force Majeure" shall mean any circumstance or event which is beyond the reasonable control of the Custodian, a Sub-Custodian or any agent of the Custodian or a Sub-Custodian and which adversely affects the performance by the Custodian of its obligations hereunder, by the Sub-Custodian of its obligations under its Sub-Custodian Agreement or by any other agent of the Custodian or the Sub-Custodian, including any event caused by, arising out of or involving (a) an act of God, (b) accident, fire, water damage or explosion, (c) any computer, system or other equipment failure or malfunction caused by any computer virus or the malfunction or failure of any communications medium, (d) any interruption of the power supply or other utility service, (e) any strike or other work stoppage, whether partial or total, (f) any delay or disruption resulting from or reflecting the occurrence of any Sovereign Risk, (g) any disruption of, or suspension of trading in, the securities, commodities or foreign exchange markets, whether or not resulting from or reflecting the occurrence of any Sovereign Risk, (h) any encumbrance on the transferability of a currency or a currency position on the actual settlement date of a foreign exchange transaction, whether or not resulting from or reflecting the occurrence of any Sovereign Risk, or (i) any other cause similarly beyond the reasonable control of the Custodian. If the Fund requires the Custodian which in turn may require a Sub-Custodian to take any action with respect to securities, which action involves the payment of money or which action may, in the opinion of the Custodian or the Sub-Custodian result in the Custodian or its nominee or a Sub-Custodian or its nominee being liable for the payment of money or incurring liability of some other form, the Fund, as a prerequisite to requiring the Custodian or the Custodian requiring any Sub-Custodian to take such action, shall provide indemnity to the Custodian in an amount and form satisfactory to it. The Fund agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Custodian and its nominee from and against all taxes, charges, expenses, assessments, claims and liabilities (including counsel fees) incurred or assessed against it or its nominee or any Sub-Custodian or its nominee in connection with the performance of this Agreement, or any Sub-Custodian Agreement except, as to the Custodian, such as may arise from its or its nominee's own negligent action, negligent failure to act or willful misconduct, and as to a Sub-Custodian, such as may arise from such Sub-Custodian's or its nominee's own negligent action, negligent failure to act or willful misconduct. The negligent action, negligent failure to act or willful misconduct of the Custodian shall not diminish the Fund's obligation to indemnify the Custodian in the amount, but only in the amount, of any indemnity required to be paid to a Sub-Custodian under its Sub-Custodian Agreement. The Custodian may assign this indemnity from the Fund directly to, and for the benefit of, any Sub-Custodian. The Custodian is authorized, and may authorize any Sub-Custodian, to charge any account of the Fund for such items and such fees. To secure any such authorized charges and any advances of cash or securities made by the Custodian or any Sub-Custodian to or for the benefit of the Fund for any purpose which results in the Fund incurring an overdraft at the end of any business day or for extraordinary or emergency purposes during any business day, the Fund hereby grants to the Custodian a security interest in and pledges to the Custodian securities up to a maximum of 10% of the value of the Fund's net assets for the purpose of securing payment of any such advances and hereby authorizes the Custodian on behalf of the Fund to grant to any Sub-Custodian a security interest in and pledge of securities held for the Fund (including those which may be held in a Securities System) up to a maximum of 10% of the value of the net assets held by such Sub-Custodian. The specific securities subject to such security interest may be designated in writing from time to time by the Fund or its investment adviser. In the absence of any designation of securities subject to such security interest, the Custodian or the Sub-Custodian, as the case may be, may designate securities held by it. Should the Fund fail to repay promptly any authorized charges or advances of cash or securities, the Custodian or the Sub-Custodian shall be entitled to use such available cash and to dispose of pledged securities and property as is necessary to repay any such authorized charges or advances and to exercise its rights as a secured party under the U.C.C. The Fund agrees that a Sub-Custodian shall have the right to proceed directly against the Fund and not solely as subrogee to the Custodian with respect to any indemnity hereunder assigned to a Sub-Custodian, and in that regard, the Fund agrees that it shall not assert against any Sub-Custodian proceeding against it any defense or right of set-off the Fund may have against the Custodian arising out of the negligent action, negligent failure to act or willful misconduct of the Custodian, and hereby waives all rights it may have to object to the right of a Sub-Custodian to maintain an action against it. 10. Successor Custodian. If a successor custodian shall be appointed by the Trustees of the Fund, the Custodian shall, upon termination, cause to be delivered to such successor custodian, duly endorsed and in the form for transfer, all securities, funds and other properties then held by the Sub-Custodians and all instruments held by the Sub-Custodians relative thereto and cause the transfer to an account of the successor custodian all of the Fund's securities held in any Securities System. If no such successor custodian shall be appointed, the Custodian shall, in like manner, upon receipt of a certified copy of a vote of the Trustees of the Fund, cause to be delivered at the office of the Custodian and transfer such securities, funds and other properties in accordance with such vote. In the event that no written order designating a successor custodian or certified copy of a vote of the Trustees shall have been delivered to the Custodian on or before the date when such termination shall become effective, then the Custodian shall have the right to deliver to a bank or trust company, which meets the requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, such securities, funds and other properties. Thereafter, such bank or trust company shall be the successor of the Custodian under this Agreement. In the event that such securities, funds and other properties remain in the possession of the Custodian or any Sub-Custodian after the date of termination hereof owing to failure of the Fund to procure the certified copy of the vote referred to or of the Trustees to appoint a successor custodian, the Custodian shall be entitled to fair compensation for its services during such period as the Sub-Custodians retain possession of such securities, funds and other properties and the provisions of this Agreement relating to the duties and obligations of the Custodian shall remain in full force and effect. 11. Effective Period, Termination and Amendment. This Agreement shall become effective as of its execution, shall continue in full force and effect until terminated as hereinafter provided, may be amended at any time by mutual agreement of the parties hereto and may be terminated by either party by an instrument in writing delivered or mailed, postage prepaid to the other party, such termination to take effect not sooner than thirty (30) days after the date of such delivery or mailing; provided either party may at any time immediately terminate this Agreement in the event of the appointment of a conservator or receiver for the other party or upon the happening of a like event at the direction of an appropriate regulatory agency or court of competent jurisdiction. No provision of this Agreement may be amended or terminated except by a statement in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the amendment or termination is sought. Upon termination of the Agreement, the Fund shall pay to the Custodian such compensation as may be due as of the date of such termination and shall likewise reimburse the Custodian and through the Custodian any Sub-Custodian for its costs, expenses and disbursements. 12. Interpretation. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding and agreement of the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof. In connection with the operation of this Agreement, the Custodian and the Fund may from time to time agree in writing on such provisions interpretive of or in addition to the provisions of this Agreement as may in their joint opinion be consistent with the general tenor of this Agreement. No interpretive or additional provisions made as provided in the preceding sentence shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Agreement. 13. Governing Law. This instrument is executed and delivered in The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and shall be governed by and construed according to the internal laws of said Commonwealth, without regard to principles of conflicts of law. 14. Notices. Notices and other writings delivered or mailed postage prepaid to the Fund addressed to the Fund attention: Executive Vice President, or to such other person or address as the Fund may have designated to the Custodian in writing, or to the Custodian at One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109 attention: Director of Custody Services, or to such other address as the Custodian may have designated to the Fund in writing, shall be deemed to have been properly delivered or given hereunder to the respective addressee. 15. Binding Obligation. This Agreement shall be binding on and shall inure to the benefit of the Fund and the Custodian and their respective successors and assigns, provided that neither party hereto may assign this Agreement or any of its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the other party. 16. Declaration of Trust. A copy of the Declaration of Trust of each of the Funds is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and notice is hereby given that this instrument is executed on behalf of the Trustees of each of the Funds as Trustees and not individually and that the obligations of this instrument are not binding on any of the Trustees or officers or shareholders individually, but are binding only on the assets and property of each Fund with respect to its obligations hereunder. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has caused this instrument to be executed in its name and behalf as of the day and year first above written. THE PUTNAM FUNDS LISTED IN SCHEDULE A By: /s/ Charles E. Porter --------------------- Charles E. Porter Executive Vice President and Treasurer PUTNAM FIDUCIARY TRUST COMPANY By: /s/ Paul G. Bucuvalas --------------------- Paul G. Bucuvalas Managing Director and Director of Custody Services Putnam Investments, LLC ("Putnam"), the owner of the Custodian, agrees that Putnam shall be the primary obligor with respect to compensation due the Sub-Custodians pursuant to the Sub-Custodian Agreements in connection with the Sub-Custodians' performance of their responsibilities thereunder and agrees to take all actions necessary and appropriate to assure that the Sub-Custodians shall be compensated in the amounts and on the schedules agreed to by the Custodian and the Sub-Custodians pursuant to those Agreements. PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, LLC By: /s/ Loren M. Starr --------------------- Loren M. Starr Managing Director and Treasurer EX-99.J OTHER OPININ 4 exnnj3.txt EX-99.J OTHER OPININ CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Post-Effective Amendment No. 11 to the registration statement on Form N-1A (File No. 33-37214) ("Registration Statement") of our report dated August 13, 2001, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights appearing in the June 30, 2001, Annual Report of Putnam International Growth Fund, which are also incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Financial highlights" and "Independent Accountants and Financial Statements" in such Registration Statement. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Boston, Massachusetts October 24, 2001