STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The following table summarizes the consolidated stock-based compensation expense by line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:



	Fiscal Year
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Cost of SunPower Energy Services revenue	$	2,369	$	2,599	$	5,956
Cost of SunPower Technologies revenue	2,626		2,889		11,133
Research and development	5,497		6,448		11,896
Sales, general and administrative	17,724		22,738		32,514
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	28,216	$	34,674	$	61,499

The following table summarizes the consolidated stock-based compensation expense by type of award:



	Fiscal Year
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Restricted stock units	$	27,922	$	34,548	$	58,562
Change in stock-based compensation capitalized in inventory	294		126		2,937
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	28,216	$	34,674	$	61,499

As of December 30, 2018, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation related to outstanding restricted stock units was $47.9 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

Equity Incentive Programs

Stock-based Incentive Plans

During fiscal 2018, we have three stock incentive plans: (i) the Third Amended and Restated 2005 SunPower Corporation Stock Incentive Plan ("2005 Plan"); (ii) the PowerLight Corporation Common Stock Option and Common Stock Purchase Plan ("PowerLight Plan"); and (iii) the SunPower Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan ("2015 Plan"). The PowerLight Plan, which was adopted by PowerLight’s Board of Directors in October 2000, was assumed by us by way of the acquisition of PowerLight in fiscal 2007. The 2005 Plan was adopted by our Board of Directors in August 2005, and was approved by shareholders in November 2005. The 2015 Plan, which subsequently replaced the 2005 Plan, was adopted by our Board of Directors in February 2015, and was approved by shareholders in June 2015. On November 13, 2018, we filed post-effective amendments to registration statements associated with the 2005 Plan and the PowerLight Plan, among others, to deregister shares no longer required to be registered for issuance under those plans, as no new awards had been made and all options had been exercised or had expired.

The 2015 Plan allows for the grant of options, as well as grant of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units and other equity rights. The 2015 Plan also allows for tax withholding obligations related to stock option exercises or restricted stock awards to be satisfied through the retention of shares otherwise released upon vesting. The 2015 Plan includes an automatic annual increase mechanism equal to the lower of three percent of the outstanding shares of all classes of our common stock measured on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, 6 million shares, or such other number of shares as determined by our Board of Directors. In fiscal 2015, our Board of Directors voted to reduce the stock incentive plan’s automatic increase from 3% to 2% for 2016. As of December 30, 2018, approximately 11.2 million shares were available for grant under the 2015 Plan.

Incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, and stock appreciation rights may be granted at no less than the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant. The options and rights become exercisable when and as determined by our Board of Directors, although these terms generally do not exceed ten years for stock options. We have not granted stock options since fiscal 2008. All previously granted stock options have been exercised or expired and accordingly no options remain outstanding. Under the 2015 Plan, the restricted stock grants and restricted stock units typically vest in equal installments annually over three or four years.

The majority of shares issued are net of the minimum statutory withholding requirements that we pay on behalf of our employees. During fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, we withheld 0.7 million, 0.6 million and 1.0 million shares, respectively, to satisfy the employees' tax obligations. We pay such withholding requirements in cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. Shares withheld are treated as common stock repurchases for accounting and disclosure purposes and reduce the number of shares outstanding upon vesting.

Restricted Stock Units and Stock Options

The following table summarizes our non-vested restricted stock units' activities:



	Restricted Stock Units
	Shares (in thousands)		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share¹
Outstanding as of January 1, 2017	6,147		$	21.85
Granted	4,863		6.76
Vested²	(1,738	)	25.87
Forfeited	(1,979	)	18.15
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017	7,293		11.83
Granted	4,449		7.77
Vested²	(2,266	)	14.45
Forfeited	(1,816	)	10.10
Outstanding as of December 30, 2018	7,660		9.11


¹	We estimate the fair value of our restricted stock awards and units at our stock price on the grant date.


²	Vestedrestricted stock awards include shares withheld on behalf of employees to satisfy the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements.

There were no options outstanding and exercisable as of December 30, 2018. The intrinsic value of the options exercised in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 were zero, $1.7 thousand, and zero, respectively. There were no stock options granted in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016.